SCIENCE

Sir Hamidi
Cells at work
 Grade Doesn't Define You.
You Bukan Telur Ayam.

Ali
Aminah

Rasa/ taste SuhulHaba

Bau/ smell Temperature1
Heat
Bunyi/ sound
Cahaya/ light
Sentuhan/ touch

at④
"
''
teng KoraK
p
Otak Saraf kranium "
Kat tepi
Brain Cranial nerve
"

Sistem saraf pusat Sistem saraf periferi

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous
system
Saraf tunjang Saraf spina
Spinal cord Spinal nerve

Salabat
a
pen
pen pal

D
D ⑦
W
UN hamidi Wan

makan (eating)
bernafas (breathing)
berjalan (walking) denyutan jantung (heartbeat)
membaca (reading)
menari (dancing)
bersin (sneezing)
alihkan tangan dari objek panas Rangsangan bunyi O
Afektor
menyanyi (singing) (remove hand from hot object)
Sound stimulus Affector
[] Tindakan disedari [] Tindakan tidak disedari
= automatik
(conscious action) im puts
(unconscious action=automatic)
[] Mengikut kehendak impulse Pusat kawalan
[] Tidak mengikut kehendak
(following williness) (Not following williness) = mentafsir &
membuat keputusan
[] Medula oblongata
Otak Medulla oblongata
Control centre
Brain [] Saraf tunjung
impels = interprets &
Spinal cord
impulse makes decision

O
Efektor Otak
Lebih lambat Lebih laju Effector Brain
Slower Faster

-2-
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Afektor
Affector
Impuls
Impulse
= = Efektor

,
Effector

Rangsangan haba
[]kadar pernafasan TINDAKAN REFLEKS Heat stimulus
breathing rate REFLEX REACTION

[]denyutan jantung mengalihkan tangan dari

heartbeat
[]bersin
=
objek panas/ tajam
remove hand from hot/
sharp object Impuls
Saraf tunjang
sneezing Impulse
Spinal cord

1. Mengesan rangsangan/ to detect stimulus

2. Menghasilkan gerakbalas yang sesuai/ to produce appropriate response

E.IE
Gelap/Dark Cerah/ Bright 3. Mengkoordinasi anggota badan/ to coordinate body

ez÷r
Keamatan cahaya rendah Keamatan cahaya tinggi
4. Mengelakkan kecederaan/ to prevent injury
Low light intensity High light intensity
Saiz pupil membesar Saiz pupil mengecil
Larger pupil size Smaller pupil size
Untuk meningkatkan Untuk mengurangkan
jumlah cahaya yang jumlah cahaya yang
masuk ke dalam mata masuk ke dalam mata
To increase amount of To decrease amount of
light entering the eyes light entering the eyes

Reseptor bau =

÷÷¥ sel deria bau

Smell receptor =
sensory cell of smell
1. Bhn kimia dlm udara larut dlm mukus. 1. Chemicals in air dissolve in mucus.
2. Reseptor bau dirangsang. 2. Smell receptor is stimulated.
Mukus 3. Impuls dihasilkan. 3. Impulse is produced.
Mucus 4. Impuls dihantar ke otak oleh sel saraf. 4. Impulse is sent to brain by nerve cell.
5. Otak mentafsir bau. 5. Brain interprets the smell.
Chuang )
Rongga hidung
Nasal cavity
espace ,
ogives
¥
Bhn kimia dlm udara
.
.

Chemicals in air
Ketika selesema, mukus menjadi tebal.
Reseptor bau tidak dpt dirangsang.
Impuls tidak dpt dihasilkan.
Otak tidak terima impuls dan
tidak dpt mentafsir bau.
When having flu, mucus is thick.
Smell receptor cannot be stimulated.
Impulse cannot be produced.
Brain does not receive impulse and
cannot interpret smell.

-3-
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Liang
Pore
1. Bhn kimia makanan larut dlm air liur. 1. Food chemicals dissolve in saliva.
Sel penyokong 2. Bhn kimia meresap masuk ke dlm tunas rasa. 2. Chemicals diffused into taste bud.
Supporting cell 3. Reseptor rasa dirangsang. 3. Taste receptor is stimulated.
" 4. Impuls dihasilkan. 4. Impulse is produced.
Reseptor rasa
"
.
. '
c

5. Impuls dihantar ke otak oleh sel saraf. 5. Impulse is sent to the brain.
.

Taste receptor
6. Otak mentafsirkan rasa. 6. Brain interprets taste.
: ::
• ya
inputs Sel saraf
Nerve cell
Papila Tunas rasa
Papillae Taste bud Kombinasi deria rasa dan bau Combination of smell and taste senses
menyebabkan otak mentafsir makanan
causes brain to interpret the food as tastier.
menjadi lebih enak.
During flu, mucus becomes thicker.
Ketika selesema, mukus menjadi tebal.
The person lost smell sensory.
pahit Maka deria bau hilang.
f bitter

umami

A MSG merangsang reseptor yg MSG stimulates receptor that detect

Masan A. A. mengesan rasa umami. umami taste.
sour
Bhg A lebih peka kpd rasa manis. Part A is more sensitive to sweet taste. Impuls dihasilkan dan dihantar ke otak. Impulse is produced and sent to the brain.
[ masin
salty
Kerana byk reseptor utk Because part A has more receptors
f Otak mentafsir rasa umami. Brain interprets umami taste.

qmanis mengesan rasa manis. to detect sweet taste.

m on 0
sodium
sweet glutamate

⑧
Reseptor sejuk
Reseptor sakit
Cold receptor

y
Pain receptor
"
unlit 1. Reseptor mengesan rangsangan. 1. Receptor detects stimulus.

"
?! 2. Reseptor dirangsang. 2. Receptor is stimulated.

Epidermis
3. Impuls dihasilkan dan 3. Impulse is produced and sent to the brain
dihantar ke otak oleh sel saraf. by nerve cell.
Reseptor haba 4. Otak mentafsirkan rangsangan. 4. Brain interprets stimulus.
Heat receptor
Dermis

Reseptor sentuhan 1. Ketebalan epidermis (thickness of epidermis)

Lapisan lemak
Touch receptor 2. Bilangan reseptor (number of receptors)
Fat layer

⑧ Reseptor tekanan
Pressure receptor
longan
M ) Hujung jari lebih peka.
hujung v Kerana lapisan epidermis lebih nipis.
Dan bilangan reseptor lebih banyak.
jari
Fingertip is more sensitive.
Lebih peka Kurang peka Because the epidermis layer is thinner.
More sensitive Less sensitive And more number of receptors.

Lebih banyak Kurang

More Less Lengan kurang peka.
Kerana lapisan epidermis lebih tebal.
Dan bilangan reseptor lebih sedikit.

Lebih nipis Lebih tebal Arm is less sensitive.

thickness
Thicker Because the epidermis layer is thicker.
Thinner
And the number of receptor is less.

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 m

Grade Doesn't Define You.

You Bukan Telur Ayam.

Osikel Jendela bujur Koklea

Ossicles Oval window Cochlea
Gegendang telinga Saraf auditori
Eardrum Auditory nerve

inputs
Salur telinga Otak
0
Ear canal Brain

Cuping telinga Otak mentafsir bunyi

Brain interprets sound
Earlobe (pinna)
Per Samaan
f) PerSera
→
ar

Persamaan (Similarity)
kedua-dua mempunyai pendengaran stereofonik (boleh mendengar dgn dua telinga)
-

✓ Salur separuh bulat (Semicircular canal) both have stereophonic hearing (hearing using both ears)
.
-

membantu keseimbangan badan o Perbezaan (Difference)

-

help to balance the body had pendengaran manusia 20-20,000 Hz manakala had pendengaran kelawar

%
-

lebih 20,000 Hz
Tiub Eustachio (Eustachian tube) hearing limitation of human is 20-20,000 Hz while for bat is more than 20,000 Hz

÷
seimbangkan tekanan udara dlm gegendang telinga
pada kedua-dua belah telinga Kebaikan pendengaran stereofonik

to equalise air pressure in eardrum in both ears Advantage of stereophonic hearing

dpt tentukan arah bunyi
can determine direction of sound

gegendang telinga menjadi kurang kenyal

eardrum becomes less elastic Stetoskop
getaran tidak dapat dihasilkan dan Stethoscope
dipindahkan ke koklea
vibration cannot be produced and
transferred to cochlea
otak tidak dapat mentafsir bunyi
alat bantu pendengaran
brain cannot interpret sound
hearing aid
menguatkan getaran dari gelombang bunyi
Mikrofon & pembesar suara
amplify vibration from sound wave
Microphone & speaker

-5-
 Grade Doesn't Define You.

melanin You Bukan Telur Ayam.

Sklera .

in's

sklera iris pupil pupil

''
anak mata
✓ "
Sclera

sklera (sik R) ,
koroid skier
sclera
-

choroid
Kanta mata sclera
iris retina
eye lens
toroid
pupil
choroid
ligamenpenggantung retina

suspensory ligament Saraf optik

\
optical nerve

oatitwgsihia.ae
Koori::
f
gelemair
humour gelemaca
aqueous
vitreous humour

Sklera
koroid

Korner ① kornea > Saraf optik

retina I
②gelemair d
t
pupil Qu otak
Kanta ① pupil

giggin:g& ,
T ice
:p:*
s ④ Katayama
out
silica
⑤ gelemaca
t
konjunkt.ua
⑥ retina
conjunctiva ( fotoresepturhasilkan
)
inputs
gelemair gelemaca

-6-
 Grade Doesn't Define You.
You Bukan Telur Ayam.

Sel rod/ Rod cell

EE peka terhadap keamatan cahaya

sensitive to light intensity

°€€
Sel kon/ Cone cell
Peka terhadap warna dlm keadaan cerah
07 Sensitive to colour in bright condition

Bintik kuning/Yellow spot

get
-

Bhg retina yg plg peka

kerana terdapat plg byk fotoreseptor
Most sensitive part on retina
because many photoreceptor

Imej terbentuk pada bintik buta

Image is formed on blind spot
Bulatan tgh rajah B kelihatan lebih kecil daripada rajah A Tiada fotoreseptor pada bintik buta
Circle in diagram B looks smaller than A No photoreceptor on blind spot
Kerana otak tersalah tafsir imej Tiada impuls dihasilkan
Because brain misinterprets the image No impulse produced
Kerana terdapat gangguan sekitar objek Otak tidak dapat mentafsir imej
Due to disturbance surrounding the object Brain cannot interpret image

Imej terbentuk di Imej terbentuk di Pembentukan lebih

depan retina belakang retina
EEE daripada satu imej

=P
*
Image is formed
in front of retina IImage is formed
behind retina
.

I
Formation of more
than one image

Bola mata terlalu panjang Bola mata terlalu pendek

Eyeball is too long Eyeball is too short Permukaan kornea tidak rata
Kanta mata terlalu tebal Kanta mata terlalu nipis Uneven surface of cornea
Eye lens is too thick Eye lens is too thin

Imej terbentuk Satu imej terbentuk

Imej terbentuk
atas retina

I
atas retina
'#I'
it
atas retina
T#E→ Image is formed
THE"
One image is formed
IImage is formed
on retina
on retina on retina

Kanta cekung Kanta cembung Kanta silinder

Concave lens Convex lens Cylindrical lens

-7-
 /
Grade Doesn't Define You.
You Bukan Telur Ayam.

rabun dekat/ \
✓
long-sightedness
✓ pakai kacamata berkanta cembung/ otot silia menjadi letih/ ciliary muscle becomes tired
wear eyeglasses with convex lens menyebabkan ketegangan mata/ causes eye strain
rabun jauh/ short-sightedness
sakit kepala/ headache
cahaya biru dari skrin meningkatkan risiko kerosakan mata
Blue light from screen increase risk of eye damage

14
( was
wide
-
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-
. .
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[] Mangsa/ Prey
e

[] Pemangsa/ Predator
l
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/
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[] Herbivor/ Herbivore
' ' ' e

[] Karnivor/ Carnivores
, .
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n
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, y
l
, \
I / ,
l
l
l l
y n
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bertindih '
e
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:

-
' '

overlapping
.
-

Stereoskopik Monokular
Stereoscopic Monokular

Kedudukan mata depan kepala [] Kedudukan mata tepi kepala

Eyes in front of head Eyes at the side of head

Medan penglihatan bertindih. Medan penglihatan luas.

Maka, dapat menganggar jarak dengan tepat. Maka, dapat mengesan pemangsa dari jauh.
Haiwan dapat memburu mangsa. Haiwan dapat melarikan diri.

Overlapping field of view. Wide field of view.

So, can estimate distance accurately. So, can detect predator from far.
Animals can hunt prey. Animals can run away.

-8-
 Grade Does Not Define You.
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"
ii.i is
← Er

=
÷

f -

Serangga - rembesan feromon Belut - penghasilan elektrik

Insects - secretion of pheromone
Eel - production of electric

O O
O
O O
O
O

Ular - organ Jacobson Ikan - garisan lateral

Snake - Jacobson's organ Fish - lateral line

:
rei -8-
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Tigmotropisme

o
Hidrotropism

Yes
Fototropisme Geotropisme

X
Phototropism Hydrotropism Geotropism Thigmotropism
Akar geotropisme positif
Pucuk fototropisme positif Akar hidrotropisme positif Pucuk geotropisme negatif Sulur lilit tigmotropisme positif

I
Shoot positive phototropism Root positive hydrotropism Root positive geotropism Tendrils positive thigmotropism
Shoot negative geotropism
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Akar tumbuh mengikut arah graviti utk

Kill
memaksimumkan penyerapan air utk fotosintesis.
s://ll.is

Root grows towards the gravity to maximise water

-

&
Pucuk tumbuh ke arah cahaya utk memaksimumkan Akar tumbuh ke arah air utk memaksimumkan

I
absorption for photosynthesis.

←
.
All
Il
penyerapan air utk fotosintesis.
/ /

penyerapan cahaya utk fotosintesis.

Shoot grows towards the light to maximise sunlight Root grows towards the water to maximise water Pucuk tumbuh melawan graviti utk memaksimumkan

I
penyerapan cahaya utk fotosintesis.
ee

~
EE

absorption for photosynthesis.

id
gas

Shoot grows against gravity to maximise sunlight

absorption for photosynthesis. absorption for photosynthesis.
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-9-
 Grade Doesn't Define You.
NOTES : You Bukan Telur Ayam.

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