IMPORTANT FORMULA

1. x 2 – (SOR) x+(POR)
2. (x + y )n=❑nC0 x n y 0+ ❑nC 1 x n−1 y 1+ ❑nC 2 x n−2 y 2+...+ ❑nC n−1 x 1 y n−1+ ❑nC n x 0 y n
n n ( n−1 ) 2 n ( n−1 )( n−2 ) 3
3. ( 1+ x ) =1+nx + x+ x +…
2! 3!
4. |x +a|<b →−b < x+ a<b
|x +a|>b → x + a>b∨x+ a←b
5.

6. Sine Rule

7. Cosine Rule

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8. Area of Triangle

9. Special angles

10. Reference or Basic angle

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11. Solving a cos θ+b sin θ=c∨a sin θ+ b cos θ=c
a cos θ+b sin θ=R cos ( θ ± α )
a sin θ+ b cos θ=R sin (θ ± α )

12. Argand Diagram

I (z )

P ( a, b)

z
b


R(z )
0 a

Modulus |z|=√ a2 +b2 .

Argument z,
arg(z )   ,      
b
 tan 1( )
a
Polar form ⇒ z=r (cos θ+isin θ)

13. Random Variables

E ( X )=∑ xP ( X=x )
E ( aX + b )=aE ( X ) +b
2
Var ( X )=E ( X )− [ E ( X ) ]
2

2
Var ( aX +b )=a Var ( X )

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14. Binomial Distribution
n r n−1
P( X=r )=❑C r p q

X  B(n, p)
Mean,   np
Variance,  2  npq
Standard Deviation,   npq

15. Poisson Distribution

X Po ( λ)
x −λ
λ e
P( X=x)= , x=0 ,1 , 2 , 3.......
x!

16. Normal Distribution

X  N(,  2 ).
f (x)

2
N ( ,  )

b x

P ( a X b )=∫ f ( ax)dx b
a

2
X  N(,  ) standardization Z  N(0, 1)

For correction, μ=np σ= √ npq

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17. Vectors
a x 1 i+ y 1 j+ z 1 k
Unit vector, a^ = =
|a| √ x 12 + y 12+ z 12
BA=OA −OB
Magnitude, |a|= √ x 12+ y 12 + z 12
a ⋅b=x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2+ z 1 z2 where a=x 1 i+ y 1 j+ z 1 k and b=x 2 i+ y 2 j+ z 2 k
If a ⋅b=0 , t h en vectors a , b are pependicular
a ⋅b
angle between the vectors a and b, ⇒ cos θ=
|a||b|
If a and b are parallel, a  b = 0
If a and b are perpendicular, |a× b|=|a||b|
|a ×b|
sine of the angle between vectors a and b, sin θ=
|a||b|
a×b
unit vector perpendicular to both vectors a and b , ⇒ n^ =
|a × b|

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Angle Between Two Straight Lines
L1 : r 1  a1  t b1
L2 : r 2  a 2  sb 2
b1  b 2
 cos 
b1 b 2

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Equation of a plane:
 A(x1, y1, z1) is a given point on the plane.
 perpendicular vector to the plane (normal vector), n=a i+b j+ z k
 R(x, y, z) is any point on the plane
 Equation of the plane, r ⋅n=a ⋅n , p=a⋅ n

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Angle Between Two Planes
n1 ⋅ n2
cos θ= , n , n are normal vectors
|n1||n 2| 1 2

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Angle Between A Line & A Plane

π : r n  an
 cos 
bn n
The normal vector, , (if not given) is
L : r  a  tb b n the cross product of two vectors on
 = (90o –  ) the plane.

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Point Of Intersection Between Line and Plane

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