Question 1.

What is psychology? The work of a psychologist can range from counseling individuals with

anxiety to advising companies on how to build better teams. The mind is highly complex, and

conditions that relate to it can be hard to treat. Thought processes, emotions, memories,

dreams, perceptions, and so on cannot be seen physically, like a skin rash or heart defect.

While physical signs of some mental health issues can be observed, such as the plaques

that develop with Alzheimer’s disease, many theories of psychology are based on

observation of human behavior. A practicing psychologist will meet with patients, carry out

assessments to find out what their concerns are and what is causing any difficulties, and

recommend or provide treatment, for example, through counselling and psychotherapy.

Psychologists may have other roles, too. They may carry out studies to advise health

authorities and other bodies on social and other strategies, assess children who find it

difficult to learn in school, give workshops on how to prevent bullying, work with recruitment

teams in companies, and much more. Brazierr, Y. (2018, February 1). Psychology: Definitions,

branches, history, and how to become one. Www.medicalnewstoday.com.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154874

Psychology Emerges as a Separate Discipline. During the mid-1800s, a German physiologist

named Wilhelm Wundt was using scientific research methods to investigate reaction times.
His book published in 1873, "Principles of Physiological Psychology," outlined many of the
major connections between the science of physiology and the study of human thought and
behavior.2 He later opened the world’s first psychology lab in 1879 at the University of Leipzig.
This event is generally considered the official start of psychology as a separate and distinct
scientific discipline.
How did Wundt view psychology? He perceived the subject as the study of human

consciousness and sought to apply experimental methods to studying internal mental

processes. While his use of a process known as introspection is seen as unreliable and

unscientific today, his early work in psychology helped set the stage for future experimental

methods. An estimated 17,000 students attended Wundt’s psychology lectures, and

hundreds more pursued degrees in psychology and studied in his psychology lab. While his

influence dwindled as the field matured, his impact on psychology is unquestionable. Cherry,

K. (2022a, November 29). The Origins of Psychology. Verywell Mind.

https://www.verywellmind.com/a-brief-history-of-psychology-through-the-years-2795245

Wilhelm Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig

in Germany in 1879. This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening

is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Indeed, Wundt is often

regarded as the father of psychology. McLeod, S. (2023a, October 6). Wilhelm Wundt - Father

of Psychology . Simplypsychology.org. https://www.simplypsychology.org/wundt.html

Question 2.2.1
Gabrieli, John. E. D. (2011). The Mind is What the Brain Does | Introduction to Psychology | Brain
and Cognitive Sciences. MIT OpenCourseWare. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/9-00sc-introduction-
to-psychology-fall-2011/resources/the-mind-is-what-the-brain-does/
I watched the video to gain more understanding on the topic at hand, and then used the
understanding when I looked at other websites as i was now aware of exactly what i was
looking for.

The brain and behavior are core topics in the study of psychology. After all, it is

the brain and behavior that influence how we think, feel, and respond in every
aspect of our lives. They are also central to our mental health, well-being, and

functioning. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/lesson-three-brain-and-behavior-

2795291

• Having a theory of mind is important as it provides the ability to predict and

interpret the behavior of others. Ruhl, C. (2023, February 14). Theory Of Mind In
Psychology: People Thinking. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/theory-
of-mind.html

The products of the mind are highly abstract, and many people have struggled with the idea
that these abstract concepts, ideas, beliefs, and feelings could arise directly from the very
concrete functioning of the brain. However, most people now accept that the brain gives rise
to the mind, though this is by no means a unanimous opinion. Some religions emphasize the
primacy of the soul as a source of the mind, while some philosophers have argued that the
brain alone cannot fully account for the actions of the mind. While conscious mind states
can, to a certain extent, now be mapped on the brain, it is still impossible to tell what a
person is thinking based on brain imaging.

THE MIND AND PSYCHOLOGY

The mind is the primary domain of psychology. From rectifying problematic thought patterns
to uncovering the workings of memory, mental illness, and emotions, psychology is heavily
involved in the analysis of the mind. For generations, philosophers were the primary people
studying the mind, but much philosophy of mind has now become the domain of psychology.
Cognitive psychologists and neuropsychologists in particular are interested in how brain
states affect mind states. Mind. (2015, August 12). GoodTherapy.org Therapy Blog.
https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/mind/

Question 2.2.2
Cognitive psychology involves the study of internal mental processes—all of the
workings inside your brain, including perception, thinking, memory, attention,
language, problem-solving, and learning.1
Cognitive psychology--the study of how people think and process information-
-helps researchers understand the human brain. It also allows psychologists to
help people deal with psychological difficulties.

• Decision-making
• Information processing
• Problem-solving Cherry, K. (2022b, December 5). Cognitive Psychology. Verywell
Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/cognitive-psychology-4157181

cognitive or mental processes like thinking, remembering, feelings and

so on. Kaur, K. (2021). Psychology: The Science of Mental Processes. Criminal Psychology and
the Criminal Justice System in India and Beyond, 1(978-981-16-4570-9), 1–19.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4570-9_1

in the field of psychology, mental processes refer to the various cognitive functions that
shape our thoughts, behaviors, and experiences. These processes play a crucial role in how
we perceive and understand the world around us, as well as how we interact with others.
There are multiple types of mental processes, each with its own definition and significance.
These processes can be broadly categorized into eight categories: Sensation, Perception,
Attention, Learning, Memory, Language, Motivation, and Emotion.

In this article, we will delve deeper into each of these mental processes, exploring their
definitions and roles in shaping human cognition. By understanding these mental processes,
we can gain insight into the complexity of the human mind and how it functions. Key
Takeaways: Mental processes are cognitive functions that shape our thoughts, behaviors,
and experiences. Kudelia, A. (2024, January 8). Understanding Mental Processes In Psychology.
Psyche Master. https://psychemaster.com/mental-processes-definition-in-psychology

Question 2.2.3
It begins by noting that all behavior is describable as an attempt on the part of an
individual to bring about some state of affairs – either to effect a change from one state of
affairs to another, or to maintain a currently existing one (Ossorio, 2006, p. 49). Jill
combs her hair, drives to work, reads a book, plays her favorite song over again, and
mentally. Bergner, R. M. (2011). What is behavior? And so what? New Ideas in Psychology,
29(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2010.08.001
Behaviour is how someone acts. It is what a person does to make something happen, to
make something change or to keep things the same. Behaviour is a response to things
that are happening:

• internally - thoughts and feelings

• externally - the environment, including other people.

Behaviour is how someone acts. It is what a person does to make something happen, to
make something change or to keep things the same. Observing behaviour is the easy
part. Understanding why someone does what they do is much more complicated. Mental
Health Branch. (2020, January 20). What is behaviour? - Principles for effective support.
Www.health.nsw.gov.au.
https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/mentalhealth/psychosocial/principles/Pages/behaviour-
whatis.aspx

Question 1.3
Freud and Jung, Freudians and Jungians (2012) | Ernst Falzeder | 8 Citations (typeset.io)

Falzeder, E. (2012). Freud and Jung, Freudians and Jungians. Jung Journal, 6(3), 24–43.

https://doi.org/10.1525/jung.2012.6.3.24

I wanted to read the article but realized I had to pay, so another website with the same article

and asked the AI provided by the website, what was in the article, the conclusion and

key points.

Freud believed the unconscious mind was the epicentre of our repressed thoughts,

traumatic memories, and fundamental drives of sex and aggression. He saw it as a storage

facility for all hidden sexual desires, resulting in neuroses, or what we would nowadays call

mental illness.

Jung’s take on the human psyche was inspired by his studies into Eastern philosophy and

religion such as Buddhism and Hinduism. He also believed that the contents of the

unconscious are not restricted to repressed material

Freud also believed that our dreams are able to access repressed or anxiety provoking

thoughts (mainly sexually repressed desires) that cannot be entertained directly for fear of

anxiety and embarrassment.

Finally, one of the more distinctive aspects of Jung’s dream theory was that dreams could

express personal, as well as collective or universal contents. This universal or collective

content was displayed through what Jung termed ‘Archetypes’.

Jung agreed that dreams could be retrospective in nature and reflect events in childhood,

but he also felt that they could anticipate future events and could be great sources of

creativity. Jacobson, S. (2018, June 4). Freud vs Jung - Similarities and Differences - Harley

TherapyTM Blog. Harley TherapyTM Blog. https://www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/freud-vs-

jung-similarities-differences.htm

Jung justified human behavior by exploring the sense of connectedness that we feel

regarding our emotions and actions. Jung’s ideas were influenced by his extensive

knowledge regarding philosophy, mythology and religion.

Jung connected his archetypal theories to a variety of religious symbols. Archetypes are the

intrinsic universal understandings of the world that are held by all humans according

to Jung.

Freud and Jung initially developed their theories together. However the two had some

major disagreements that separated psychoanalysis into two schools of thought.

Freud paid close attention to human behavior and repressed emotions. Conversely,

Jung believed that the human psyche was more multifaceted.

Monze, L. J. (2020, May 1). Differences Between Jung and Freud | Difference Between.
 Difference Between. http://www.differencebetween.net/science/psychology/differences-

between-jung-and-freud/

Freud is best-known for founding Psychoanalysis – a theory that led to Psychoanalytical

Psychotherapy and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Jung also played a role in

Psychoanalysis, though his work is seen in Jungian Therapy.

Staff, M. H. G. (2022, November 15). 5 Key Differences Between Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.

Mental Health General. https://www.mentalhealthgeneral.com/5-key-differences-

between-sigmund-freud-and-carl-jung/

Question 2.1

Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm

theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish generalizable
facts about a topic.

Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers,

and surveys with closed-ended questions.

Quantitative research is at risk for research biases including information bias, omitted
variable bias, sampling bias, or selection bias.

Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts or

experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that
are not well understood.

Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observations

described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and theories.

Qualitative research is also at risk for certain research biases including the Hawthorne
effect, observer bias, recall bias, and social desirability bias.

Quantitative and qualitative data can be collected using various methods. It is important to
use a data collection method that will help answer your research question(s).
Many data collection methods can be either qualitative or quantitative. For example, in
surveys, observational studies or case studies, your data can be represented as numbers
(e.g., using rating scales or counting frequencies) or as words (e.g., with open-ended
questions or descriptions of what you observe).

However, some methods are more commonly used in

Quantitative data collection methods

• Surveys: List of closed or multiple choice questions that is distributed to a sample

(online, in person, or over the phone).
• Experiments: Situation in which different types of variables are controlled and
manipulated to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Observations: Observing subjects in a natural environment where variables can’t be
controlled.

Qualitative data collection methods

• Interviews: Asking open-ended questions verbally to respondents.

• Focus groups: Discussion among a group of people about a topic to gather opinions
that can be used for further research.
• Ethnography: Participating in a community or organization for an extended period of
time to closely observe culture and behavior.
• Literature review: Survey of published works by other authors.

When to use qualitative vs. quantitative research

A rule of thumb for deciding whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is:

• Use quantitative research if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or

hypothesis)
• Use qualitative research if you want to understand something (concepts, thoughts,
experiences)
For most research topics you can choose a qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods
approach. Which type you choose depends on, among other things, whether you’re taking
an inductive vs. deductive research approach; your research question(s); whether you’re
doing experimental, correlational, or descriptive research; and practical considerations
such as time, money, availability of data, and access to respondents. Streefkerk, R. (2019,
April 12). Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research | Differences, Examples & Methods. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-quantitative-research/
 • Quantitative data is countable or measurable, relating to numbers. Qualitative data
is descriptive, relating to language.
• Quantitative data tells us how many, how much, or how often (e.g. “20 people signed
up to our email newsletter last week”). Qualitative data can help us to understand
the “why” or “how” behind certain behaviors, or it can simply describe a certain
attribute—for example, “The postbox is red” or “I signed up to the email newsletter
because I’m really interested in hearing about local events.”
• Quantitative data is fixed and “universal,” while qualitative data is subjective and
dynamic. For example, if something weighs 20 kilograms, that can be considered an
objective fact. However, two people may have very different qualitative accounts of
how they experience a particular event.
• Quantitative data is gathered by measuring and counting. Qualitative data is
collected by interviewing and observing.
• Quantitative data is analyzed using statistical analysis, while qualitative data is
analyzed by grouping it in terms of meaningful categories or themes. Stevens, E. (2023,
May 9). Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data: What’s the Difference? Careerfoundry.com.
https://careerfoundry.com/en/blog/data-analytics/difference-between-quantitative-and-
qualitative-data/

Bernard Fournier, A. (2019). Quantitative and Qualitative Research Answer Different Questions.

Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-difference-between-

quantitative-and-qualitative-research-4588136 (Used this website to determine my final

opinion on which research method I would have preferred to use, by looking at the

differences)
Khoshnaw, S. H. A., Shahzad, M., Ali, M., & Sultan, F. (2020). A quantitative and qualitative

analysis of the COVID–19 pandemic model. Chaos, Solitons, and Fractals, 138, 109932.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109932 (Used this website to see which method was used

and which I preferred depending on the results given)

Question 2.2
I used the context given in the assignment to answer the questions. I used no website as

the answers were given in the article used in the assignment.

I chose to use websites that had the information I felt correlated best with the

question. Then using the information, I had gained from lectures on this

specific topic I paraphrased and added what I had learnt, to create the

answers I had provided. I watched videos I felt helped me understand the

topic better and used the information i gained to choose which website I

thought was best.