This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2020.3013618, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
Cognitive Automation for Smart Decision Making
in Industrial Internet of Things
Geetanjali Rathee, Farhan Ahmad, Member, IEEE, Razi Iqbal, Senior Member, IEEE, and Mithun
Mukherjee, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—Classical automated schemes in the Industrial In-
ternet of Things (IIoT) are challenged by the problems related
to huge record storage and the way they respond. To properly
manage the manufacturing settings, cognitive systems aim to find
a way to efficiently adapt their actions based on uncertainty
management and sensory data. However, due to the lack of
existing IT integration, cognitive systems are not fully exploited
by organizations. In this paper, we provide a novel decision-
making process in the industrial informatics during information
transmission, manufacturing and storing records through the
Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and Analytic Hierarchy Pro-
cess (AHP). The proposed mechanism is analyzed and validated
rigorously using various sensing and decision-making parameters
against a baseline solution in industrial parameter settings. The
simulation results suggest that the proposed mechanism leads
to 87% efficiency in terms of better detection of the sensor
node, decision-making, and alteration of transmitted data during
analyses of product manufacturing in the IIoT.
Keywords—Industrial Internet of Things, Cognitive Automa-
tion, Data Sharing, SAW, AHP, Decision making process
I. I NTRODUCTION
Industrial automation is one of a plethora of initiatives in the
current fourth industrial revolution for developing and finding
smart solutions to tackle classic industry-related problems and
making our lives easier [1]. The term Industrial IoT (IIoT)
defines a new type of smart industry with a higher degree of
production flexibility in terms of product quality, specification,
resource utilization and cost efficiency [2]. IIoT is a network
centric concept that uses smart information and communica-
tion techniques for ensuring production flexibility in terms
of resource and cost utilization [3]–[6]. While implementing
these concepts, devices acquire new functional capabilities
to extract knowledge from facts and plan further on the
basis of this knowledge and experience. For targeting comfort
and energy preservation in business organizations, classical
automation systems were mainly concerned with monitoring
the environment and adjusting it to certain predefined ranges.
Corresponding author: Mithun Mukherjee (m.mukherjee@ieee.org)
G. Rathee is with the Department of Computer Science and Engineer-
ing, Jaypee University of Information Technology, India (e-mail: geetan-
jali.rathee123@gmail.com).
F. Ahmad is with the Cyber Security Research Group, College of En-
gineering and Technology, University of Derby, United Kingdom (e-mail:
f.ahmad@derby.ac.uk).
R. Iqbal is with the Institute of Computer Science, University of Engineer-
ing and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan (e-mail: razi.iqbal@ieee.org).
M. Mukherjee is with the School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Univer-
sity of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China (e-mail:
m.mukherjee@ieee.org).
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1
Product
Records
CPS
Product Product Cloud
Manufacturing Distribution
INDUSTRY 4.0 COGNITIVE AUTOMATION
Internet
Machine(
Learning
System
Integration Services
Web
(Services
Fig. 1. Illustration of cognitive automation system in IIoT.
However, existing automated schemes are challenged by cer-
tain issues related to storage of huge amount of record and the
way it responds. Therefore, it is desirable to introduce some
new concepts for handling future demands. In past few years,
authors started focusing on bionic principles for designing new
concepts in smart industries.
The quest to improve the industrial growth and automate
the utilization of information and controlling techniques for
reducing human intervention in production, processes lead to
a new smart technique known as Cognitive Automation [7],
[8]. In order to properly manage the manufacturing settings
in IIoT, cognitive systems have found a way to efficiently
adapt their actions on the basis of uncertainty management and
sensory data. However, due to lack of existing IT integration,
cognitive systems are not fully exploited by organizations.
They are considered as a promising technique to improve
reliability and safety for critical infrastructure elements, In-
ternet of Things (IoT) systems and transport systems. Fig. 1
depicts a decentralized IIoT architecture where entities need
to share a number of documents, records and products with
each other [9], [10] through cognitive systems. The aim of
cognitive automation system in IIoT is to design a system
that is capable of perceiving the environment and reacting
according to various situations. Sometimes, intruders may
hack the legitimate devices that record and maintain each and
every industrial activity for undertaking mischievous ventures.
In order to prevent these issues, it is needed to propose a
secure detection system that can take a smart decision upon
identification of malicious devices by blocking their activities.
In the context of smart factories, an intruder might interfere
with the data stored in the factories’ database that may contain
sensitive information. Further, from the perspective of smart
factories, an Intelligent Management System (IMS) is quite
essential to create connectivity in production and apply big
data analysis for providing decision making information. Also,
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Transactions on Industrial Informatics
in order to maintain smooth automation in decision making
process of IMS and IIoT, decision makers should also take
social, economic and environmental issues into consideration.
Now-a-days, automotive robots have drawn much attention
in IIoT for their reduced cost and increased management
capabilities. Manufacturing and optimization of production can
be efficiently managed and implemented with the support of
robotic systems due to multidimensional features of Multiple-
Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM). These techniques along
with other compromised ranking methods can be further
used in various applications such as healthcare, supply chain
evaluation, green supplier selection, transport infrastructure
selection and so on [11], [12]. For interpreting and processing
huge amount of sensory data and taking intelligent decisions
on them, we need a cognitive system capable of extracting
information and controlling the environment based on this
knowledge.
A. Research Objective
Today, existing technical solutions are not capable of com-
peting with human cognitive capabilities. The decisions can be
made by IoT devices themselves if they are cognition enabled.
A normal factory works only with a proper coordination of all
its activities; any problem in a particular section or on a spe-
cific part of the assembly line can hamper the entire work and
bring an indefinite standstill to production. However, if smart
cognition-based IoT devices are enforced across the setup, they
can collect data from all the places and create a centralized
database. Any change in data at any place will indicate a
problem and the devices would slow down production in the
subsequent sections to save resources [13], [14]. For example,
food and agriculture industries are not only labor demanding
but also require highly controlled environmental settings in
order for food preservation. Such a factory implemented with
cognition-based devices can achieve high efficiency as the
devices will automatically monitor various parts of the factory
and the related infrastructure.
These devices can also control production based on var-
ious factors (weather conditions of the area [15]) that may
favor/support the production.
B. Contribution
Cognitive systems are defined on a process of acquisition
and understanding the knowledge through experience, thought
and sense. The integration of computational power and Artifi-
cial Intelligence (AI) advancements provide the opportunity to
design a human like machine to learn from available data and
experiments [16]. Smart industries generate huge amount of
data from multiple sources and produce meaningful solutions
and insights related to enterprises. Productivity accuracy, im-
provement, scalability, cost saving and flexibility are the ma-
jor advantages of adopting automotive systems in industries.
Further, automotive industries may help to make technology
as a sub ordinate to do pattern based and repetitive decision
making work [17], [18]. Therefore, cognition in industries can
be achieved by processing and integrating entire enterprise’s
data. The aim of this paper is to propose an optimal intelligent
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2
decision making model in IIoT to achieve maximum produc-
tion benefits in terms of environmental and social development
etc. In this paper, we attempt to design an efficient and novel
decision making process to handle and control the transmitted
information using Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Basically, SAW is the most
efficient and widely used method to obtain a weighted sum
of performance rating of each alternative’s overall attributes
to analyse the response or behaviour of each device through
certain parameters [19]. SAW decision making model is used
to compute the legitimacy of each communicating node by
analyzing its various characteristics. Further, the AHP method
is combined with SAW to simplify the ill-structured issues
by arranging decision factors in hierarchical manners [20],
[21]. AHP is used to further improve the computation process
of node’s legitimacy by separating its beneficial and non-
beneficial attributes. The main contributions of this paper are
summarized as follows.
1) We propose an efficient and novel cognition-enabled
smart system that can sense and control its immediate
surroundings according to the data collected from the
various sources.
2) Moreover, the SAW and AHP methods are integrated
with cognitive systems to undertake an efficient decision
making process.
3) Finally, we analyze the proposed cognitive mechanism
with several measuring parameters, such as execution
time, records accuracy, analysis of stored data, and
resource utilization.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The related
works of cognitive model-IIoT are presented in Section II.
The cognitive decision making scheme using SAW and AHP
method is described in Section III. Further, Section IV de-
tails the evaluation process of cognitive automation model.
Section V illustrates the benefits of using proposed decision
making in IIoT cognitive systems and analyzes its performance
over various metrics. Finally, Section VI concludes the paper
and highlights the future scope of the article.
II. R ELATED W ORK
IIoT stands for a dynamic reorganization, integration and
resource efficiency in industrial setups. The technical advance-
ments in communication and control systems generate new
infrastructures that can handle more and more tasks without
human intervention. Various studies have been carried out
to sense and control industrial surroundings using various
sources and efficient decision making accordingly. This sec-
tion discusses the need of decision making processing and
cognitive systems in IIoT applications. Pfeiffer et al. [22]
have discussed the advancements in control systems that may
further lead to complexity issues which are still hidden from
the users. The authors in this paper have discussed the usage
of human empowerment, understanding ability, controlling
and monitoring automated processes in industries. They have
discussed powerful and flexible methods for user experience
and usability in IIoT context.
The industrial automation deployment came into existence
in order to fasten the product manufacturing process and
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Transactions on Industrial Informatics
storage activities. For ensuring an efficient coordination while
sharing the efforts among smart devices, decomposition of
each task into a sequence is considered as a very difficult task.
Further, the task separation and assignment is considered as a
very general issue in automation systems. Lamon et al. [23]
have identified the agent features that can be considered for
fast re-configuration systems in industries.
The proposed framework’s validation showed the equal
distribution of workload among various agents. Though an
efficient utilization, distribution and evaluation of devices can
not be significantly measured using one or two parameters.
Further, automotive robots have drawn the attention in industry
4.0 for their reduced cost and increased management capabil-
ities. The manufacturing and optimization of production costs
can be efficiently managed and implemented with the support
of robotic systems. Wan et al. [24] have proposed a cognitive
smart industry for handling advanced material management
known as context aware cloud automation.
Further, a case study is projected to highlight the cost casing
and energy efficiency capabilities. The proposed mechanism is
validated through simulated results over cost and energy effi-
ciency metrics. However, the data management and response
time by the devices during data transmission is still missing
in the paper. In order to properly manage the manufacturing
settings, cognitive systems have found a way to efficiently
adapt their actions on the basis of uncertainty management and
sensory data. However, due to lack of existing IT integration,
cognitive systems are not fully exploited by organizations.
In order to reduce the latency among IoT communications
for real time monitoring and controlling the power applica-
tions, Zhao et al. [25] have proposed a high speed recording
function monitoring system that is implemented using field
programmable gate arrays. The proposed mechanism provided
remote visualization of systems in a real power substation. In
addition, Wang et al. [26] have proposed a design for IIoT
systems for continuous controlling and analyzing the control
systems. For controlling the collected data and streaming
of devices, the authors integrated the existing and newly
developed software components for fault detection and iden-
tification. The authors claimed it is a first publically reported
IoT design for process automation mechanisms. Westin et
al. [27] have presented the strategic conformance concept
by influencing initial acceptance of automation and decision
making actions. The authors have shown the match between
problem solving among individuals and decision aiding cogni-
tive systems. The paper concluded the critical discussions on
drawbacks and limitations of strategic conformance.
Though various authors have proposed several schemes on
enabling different sensors while recording the data, however,
the ability to integrate record with sensors is still missing.
Further, in order to automate the inspection, monitoring, and
controlling of industrial processes and equipment’s, Coutinho
et al. [28] have studied the shared edge caching performance
for delivery of industrial contents along with connected vehicle
applications. However, the efficient utilization of resources
while transmitting or recording information through multi
decision approach is still missing. The automatic utilization
of information and controlling techniques for reducing human
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3
power in production processes lead to the generation of a
new automatic technique known as cognitive automation.
Bruckner et al. [29] have discussed flexible and automatic
decision making concerns based on challenging conditions
such as lack of prior knowledge, contradicting and missing
information and increased amount of records in future tech-
nologies. As discussed above, several authors have proposed
various autonomous techniques in a variety of fields, such as
transportation and vehicular systems. However, the efficient
utilization and controlling of records through multi-decision
criteria methods in the industries is still at its early stage.
This paper focuses on providing an efficient utilization and
handling of autonomous records through MCDM in IIoT.
III. P ROPOSED F RAMEWORK
The proposed model is based upon cognition-automated IoT
devices that can sense and control their immediate surround-
ings according to the data collected from various sources and
can undertake efficient decision making accordingly. The prin-
ciple is that a normal industrial setup is composed of various
units and sub-units entities each with a different assigned task.
The coordination of these activities is not only time consuming
but also labor intensive. However, when various IoT enabled
nodes are setup across an industry/factory for collection of data
and automatic decision making, management becomes much
more enhanced and cost effective.
The aim of this section is to take decision on how to
react adequately to an event, object, situation and scenario.
The proposed cognitive model for industrial informatics is de-
scribed with integration of SAW and AHP model. This section
proposes a SAW mechanism integrated with AHP where IoT
based entities sense the environment, produce data and submit
their reports to a Cognitive Model (CM). It is a centralized
framework that conducts independent assessment of entities’
performance, manufacturing and availability of resources. For
sensing and analyzing ongoing processes, CMs are equipped
with intelligent devices known as intelligent sensors where
IoT-based nodes compute the data using decision making
parameters. CM evaluates the submitted reports and analyzes
the services provided by each entity in terms of response time,
efficient handling and management of records. The proposed
framework employs SAW integrated with AHP to evaluate
services of each entity. Table I describes the major divisions of
the proposed phenomenon and Figure 2 depicts the CM-IoT
framework where there is a need to record communication
and transfer information through a legitimate entity in real
time scenario. Further, SAW is engaged by CM for monitoring
the service parameters. The parameters are monitored and the
services are evaluated with respect to the finalized report of
CM. Table II provides the list of abbreviations used in this
manuscript.
A. Main Parameters for Performance Monitoring and Services
Evaluation of Sensing
We consider the following computation and service measur-
ing parameters for the performance monitoring.
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Transactions on Industrial Informatics
4

TABLE I
P ROPOSED ENTITIES OF COGNITIVE MODEL

Entity Details
CM Responsible to conduct independent assessment of entities performance, manufacturing and avilability of resources.
SAW and AHP Multi decision processing scheme to efficiently provide manufacturing, information transmission and storage records.
IoT devices Responsible to collect and provide information requested by vehicles during mobility.

TABLE II Therefore, the OMV of the parameter Pi at time t is calculated

S UMMARY OF N OTATIONS as
OMV(t−1)
pi + CMVtpi
Symbols Definition OMVtpi = (t−1)
, (3)
n pi +1
Nx1 ,x2 Number of times device x1 interacts with device x2
x1 , x2 ....xm Number of devices (t−1)
CM Cognitive model
where npi is the number of values measured for parameter
Pi i number of trust measuring parameters Pi till time (t − 1) and CMVtpi is the Current Measured
di,j Device rating of ith alternative with respect to jth criteria Value (CMV) of parameter pi at time t. Now, for the trust
OA Optimal alternative
ai , ci A set of alternatives to choose the best criteria
computation, the OMVtpi is compared with the actual values
OM Vpti OMV of Pi at time t offered by the device d. Therefore, Cpt i expressed as trust of
Wi The weights assigned to each node, i = {1, 2, . . . , n} the parameter Pi at time t is calculated as
rij Normalized decision matrix
Vij Weighted rij of alternative i and attribute j OMVtpi
S Service Cpt i = , (4)
RNSN ×1 Normalized service matrix
CMpi
where CMpi is the value provided by device d for the
parameter Pi using CM. In the following section, we elaborate
• Energy consumption: It is defined as the amount of energy on how the trust values of various parameters are used to
consumed by each device while transmitting the data and evaluate the trustworthiness of devices.
communicating among each other.
• Interaction frequency (IF): The IF can be used to identify IV. C OGNITIVE AUTOMATION E VALUATION P ROCESS
the activeness of a communicating node and therefore For the processes of resource management, record handling
detects its malicious behavior. It is the ratio of the number and efficiency measurement, the proposed framework can be
of times a device interacts with another particular device articulated as a decision making scheme. This decision making
to the average number of times it interacts with all the model can be represented hierarchically as shown in Fig. 2 that
other devices. includes three major components i.e. CM, SAW, and AHP. The
Nx1 ,x2 CM is responsible for monitoring the number of parameters
Interactionx1 ,x2 = (1) considered while evaluating the trust of each device at different
Nx1
time intervals.
where, Nx1 ,x2 is the number of times P the device x1 An improvement is suggested for SAW method to help
1
interacts with device x2 and Nx1 = ST u∈ST . ST is the decision maker to decide relative importance of attribute
the set of all the other devices. weight in systematic manner by employing AHP technique.
• Interaction timeless: The interaction timeless is the num- Further, AHP separates decision issues into constitutional parts
ber of positive interactions by the CM with respect to all by providing powerful schemes for checking consistency of
malicious and legitimate types of nodes and expressed as evaluation alternatives and measures.
legitimate The proposed CM has employed improved SAW for for-
InteractionN = . (2) mulation of trust on entities. Denote A = {ai |a1 , a2 , . . . , an }
malicious + legitimate
and C = {cj |c1 , c2 , . . . , cn } and W = w1 , w2 . . . wn as a
• Response Time (RT): The time required by a particular set of alternatives (or options), a set of criteria to select the
node to receive or transmit the information/data can be best alternative and set of weights respectively. The main steps
considered as an evaluating parameter. We define RT as employed by the CM are discussed as follows.
the amount of time required to respond to the query • Step 1: We first construct an evaluation matrix consisting
requesting by a user. of m entities/devices (alternatives) and S services.The
• Interaction effects: It denotes the positive and negative initial step of SAW is to construct a decision matrix,
interactions by legitimate or malicious devices during the denoted as D = {{di,j } : i = [1 : n], j = [1 : n]}
transmission or interaction among each other. with the intersection of each alternative and criteria.
We use these metrics for the performance evaluation while • Step 2: Further, the matrix is normalized to rij by
analyzing the trust value of each communicating device. constructing a normalized decision matrix for beneficial
Basically, these parameters may be monitored several times and non beneficial attributes known as:
during a given time interval. Denote OMV(t−1)
pi as the Overall dij
Beneficial attribute of rij = max , (5)
Measured Value (OMV) of the parameter Pi at time (t − 1). dij

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Integration Manufacturing Record Handling Integration Manufacturing Record Handling

IoT devices I0, I1, I2...In IoT devices I0, I1, I2...In

COGNITIVE COGNITIVE
AUTOMATION SYSTEM AUTOMATION SYSTEM
(CM-IoT) (CM-IoT)

SAW and AHP Decision Making Tehcniques SAW and AHP Decision Making Tehcniques

d1 d2 dn d1 d2 dn

d1p1 d1p2 d1p3 d1p1 d1p2 d1p3

Fig. 2. Hierarchical model of cognitive industry 4.0.

5) Further, the maximum eigen values Emax is iden-

dmin
ij
Non-beneficial attribute of rij = , (6)
dij
where dmax
ij is the maximum device rating value corre-
sponding to an alternative ai and criteria cj and dmin
ij
is the minimum device rating value corresponding to an
alternative ai and criteria cj .
• Step 3: A set of weights Wij (for alternative and cri-
teria) have to be decided for the service parameter by
constructing weighted normalized decision matrix as:
n
X •Step 5: Finally,
Vij = Wij × rij , Wi = 1.
i=1
Here, AHP technique is suggested in improved SAW for
helping decision makers to decide relative importance of
service parameters weights in a systematic manner. The
procedure for evaluating the AHP weights is defined as
follows:
1) Construct a pair-wise matrix comparison using rela-
tive importance of service parameters. As there are
S service parameters, the pair-wise comparison of
the ith alternative with jth criteria yields a square
matrix Sn×n , where Sij denotes relative importance
of alternative i with respect to the jth criteria.
S1 1 S2 . . . . . . S1n
S2 S21 1 . . . . . . S2n
Sn×n = . .. .. ..
.. . . .
Sn Sn1 Sn2 ... ...
2) In the comparison, service weights (Wi ) are ob-
tained by computing systematic mean of ith row
and normalized geometric mean of the rows in the
comparison matrix.
3) Validate Wi of each service parameter from step (2)
and compute normalized service (NS) matrix as:
N Sn×1 = Sn×n × Wn×1 .
4) Further, compute relative normalized service (RNS)
matrix RN Sn×1 = N Sn×1 /Wn×1 .
tified. Basically, Emax is the average of RN Sn×1
matrix. Further compute Consistency Index (CI) as
(Emax − n)/(n − 1).
6) Further, we obtain random index (RI) for the num-
ber of attributes and compute consistency ratio as
CI/RI.
• Step 4: The score of the ith alternative is computed by:
n
X
Sci = Vij , i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n . (9)
j=1
Pthe Optimal Alternative (OA) are selected
(7) n
as: OASAW = i=1 Si , where Si is the matrix score from
a set of alternatives i.
The procedure outlined above is the logic to analyze final ideal
service by considering various number of perspectives.
V. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS
A. Simulation Setup
In order to validate the results, we analyze and compare
the performance of the proposed mechanism over baseline
method [24] with various measuring parameters. The proposed
model is verified incrementally by adding the number of
devices upon each run. We consider 50 IoT devices de-
ployed uniformly in the observation area where the update
period of decision criteria is 60 sec. The IoT devices are
categorized initially into different types according to their
.. .. , (8) service behaviours such as ideal, malicious, excessive energy
. . consumption, hyper active etc. The proposed phenomenon is
1 analyzed using numerical simulation using MATLAB to show
efficiency and management of data transmission in IIoT. Other
simulation parameters are summarized in Table III.
B. Baseline Method
In order to address the secure data sharing (or say, transfer-
ring) through the cognitive devices, the authors have proposed
a cognitive smart industrial mechanism in [24] for handling
advanced material management known as context aware cloud
automation. Our proposed mechanism is analyzed over the

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TABLE III
S IMULATION PARAMETERS
Parameters Setting
Coverage Range [500, 500]m
IoT Device Response Speed [50, 150]km/h
Weight Parameters (Wi ) (25, 45)
IoT Device Bandwidth 20 MHz
I/O Block Size [50, 500] KB
baseline method, where instead of manual context handling
and management activities, cognitive devices are used for de-
cision parameters. The proposed mechanism uses the Multiple
Decision Making (SAW) method instead of the subjective
logic scheme based on various evaluation parameters. The
validity of the proposed mechanism is confirmed against multi-
ple metrics, such as resource handling, management activities,
and message alteration. The parameters mentioned above, i.e.,
energy consumption, interaction frequency, and response time,
and interaction effects as discussed in section 3, subsection ’A’
are used in the computation of the trust of each node depending
upon their various measuring parameter.
C. Adversary Model
The proposed mechanism using AHP and SAW is ana-
lyzed by introducing an adversary model where intruders try
to invade the communication mechanism or alter the data
while sharing with various devices. Traditionally, to launch an
adversary framework, the trusted entities are selected based
upon their stake-based voting schemes. In order to ensure
secure communication and spectrum sensing, some of the
entities are distributed without the security of protection where
they may be semi-trusted and vulnerable to compromise by
intruders. The attackers may launch DoS, or compromise IoTs
for generating false reports to CM. The possible number of
threats generated by intruders are as follows:
• False Report Generation (FRG): It is the one where
intruders compromise several devices for generating false
reports about channel availability and submit false reports
to FC.
m
X Altered reports
F RG = , (10)
x=1
Total generated reports
where m is total number of devices.
• DoS Attack: It is a cyber attack in which the intruder
attempts to make a device temporarily unavailable with
the intent of disrupting the communication process.
• Alteration of Transmitted Data: The intruders aim to alter
the data shared among vehicles.
The proposed mechanism is verified against various security
metrics.
D. Results and Discussions
The impact of the proposed phenomenon on the industries’
efficiency through decision making methods is discussed in
this section. Figure 3(a) depicts the accurate record of ef-
ficiency and correct decision automation by each node. As
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presented in Figure 3(a), it is apparent that the involvement
of multiple evaluation criteria while making the decision,
cognitive systems ensure better performance in comparison
of analysing one or more major parameters. The reason of
significant improvement is because of SAW and AHP schemes
where the accurate working while manufacturing, recording
and analyzing the IoT entities are measured against various
service parameters.However, the baseline approach performs
less and shows a decrease in efficiency with the increase
of network devices because of increasing complexity and
inter communication among IoT devices. Further, Figure 3(b)
presents the analysis of records measured by different IoT
devices. It can be clearly seen that for large service metrics,
less number of faults arise while validating the analyzed or
stored record of each device. However, in case of baseline
approach, the content handling and management activities can
be altered, transformed or be inaccurate because of their less
measuring parameters.
The resource utilization of each IoT device while analyzing
the records is shown in Figure 3(c). The proposed approach’s
resource utilization frequency is better in comparison of base-
line approach. The reason is that cognitive system analyses
or verifies the accuracy of each IoT device based on multi
decision criteria. The legitimacy, efficiency and proper uti-
lization of resources consumed by each node is continuously
monitored by AHP or SAW based cognitive automation sys-
tem. In addition, Fig. 4(a) illustrates the altered information
where IoT devices may behave maliciously while gathering or
storing the records. The identification of information alteration
in the case of the proposed phenomenon is very high as
compared to the baseline approach. The reason is that initially,
the SAW method is used to categorize the features of each
device that proves the validity of the node. Further, the AHP
method is used to eliminate the ill-structured or altered records
from information gathered by IoT devices. The integration of
SAW and AHP significantly detects the altered record upon
increasing the number of devices.
E. Impact of Decision Making Model in Cognitive Industrial
Informatics
We have analyzed the proposed phenomenon in term of
execution time while the nodes perform their various activities.
In addition, the analysis of automated and manual measured
records are compared. As illustrated in Fig. 4(b), the execution
time while analyzing each and every activity of individuals in
comparison to the baseline approach is more. The reason is
that the more servicing or measuring parameters are needed to
validate the node’s accuracy. In practice, SAW method is used
to analyze the cognitive activity of each node by measuring
its servicing parameters. However, to speed up the analysis or
storage process of each node, the AHP method is integrated
with the SAW algorithm.
Finally, Fig. 4(c) validates the feasibility of the proposed
approach by showing the comparison of manual and au-
tomated systems to analyze and record each activity. The
cognitive automated systems increase the accuracy and validity
of record analysis. Further, SAW and AHP method add on
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2020.3013618, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics
7

30

Resource utilization (%)

10 50
Records accuracy (%)
Baseline
Proposed

Analysis of stored
40 25

information (%)
8

6 30 20
20
4
15 Baseline
10 Baseline
2 Proposed Proposed
0 10
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
Number of devices Number of devices Number of devices

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 3. (a) Accuracy of records, (b) analysis of stored information, and (c) resource utilization.
Altered information record (%)

Cognitive and manual reports

100 0.06
Baseline Cognitive
4

Execution time (ms)

80 Proposed Manual
0.04
60 3

40
0.02
2
20 Baseline
Proposed
0 1 0
10 20 30 40 50 10 15 20 25 30 10 20 30 40 50
Number of devices Number of devices Number of devices

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 4. (a) Altered information of record, (b) execution time, and (c) cognitive and manual reports.

to significant accuracy by measuring the activity of each SAW and the AHP mechanism. In addition, the mechanism is
device against a number of service parameters. In all the validated extensively for different evaluation criteria such as
mentioned simulation results, the proposed solution leads data transmission, the accuracy of shared data, sensing time,
to approximate 87% efficiency in terms of execution time, etc. Further, the simulation results suggest that our proposed
records accuracy, resource utilization and altered information model achieves 87% in the success rate in comparison to the
because of multiple evaluating parameters to transmit and existing approach. In our future work, we will further enhance
record each entity. Till now, we have simulated baseline and the accuracy of sensing and transmitting of data through
proposed phenomenon up to 50 numbers of devices. Now, cognitive devices by considering more parameters such as
upon increasing the network size, the metrics such as message parameters’ accuracy, false report generation, and message
alteration, resource utilization, execution time and records alteration in SAW and AHP method.
accuracy will always perform better against baseline scheme.
The reason is that cognitive decision-making systems without
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8
Geetanjali Rathee received their Ph.D. in Computer
Science Engineering from Jaypee University of In-
formation Technology (JUIT), Waknaghat, Himachal
Pradesh, India in 2017. She is currently working as
an Assistant Professor in the Department of Com-
puter Science Engineering and Information Technol-
ogy with JUIT. Her research interests include hand-
off security, cognitive networks, blockchain technol-
ogy, resilience in wireless mesh networking, routing
protocols and networking, and industry 4.0. Until
now, she has approximately 25 publications in peer-
reviewed journals and more than 15 publications in international and national
conferences.
Farhan Ahmad received his Ph.D. in Computer
Science from College of Engineering and Technol-
ogy, University of Derby, UK and M.Sc. in Com-
munication and Information Technology from the
University of Bremen, Germany, in 2019 and 2014,
respectively. He is currently working as a Post-
Doctoral Research Fellow within the Cyber Security
Research Group of University of Derby, UK. His
current research focuses on cyber security and trust
management issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks,
Internet-of-Vehicles, M2M communications, smart
cities, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).
Razi Iqbal (M’12, SM’18) received the master’s and
Ph.D. degree in computer science and engineering
from Akita University, Akita, Japan. He is currently
working as a Data Analyst with Dundas Data Vi-
sualization, Canada and as a consultant with Al-
Khwarizmi Institute of Computer Science. His cur-
rent research interests include short range wireless
technologies in precision agriculture, transportation,
and education. Dr. Razi serves as an Editor and
Reviewer for several peer-reviewed journals and
currently a senior member of the IEEE a member
of the IEEE Computer and Computational Society.
Mithun Mukherjee [S’10–M’16–SM’20] received
the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from In-
dian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, India, in
2015. Currently, he is a Professor with the School
of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of In-
formation Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.
Dr. Mukherjee was a recipient of the 2017 IEEE
SigTelCom, the 2018 IEEE Systems Journal, and the
2018 IEEE ANTS Best Paper Award. He has been
a guest editor for IEEE Internet of Things Journal
and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. His
research interests include fog computing and intelligent edge computing.