JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 41, NO.
8, APRIL 15, 2023
Space Laser Communication Assisted Protection
Scheme Against SRLG Failures in Terrestrial
Optical Networks
Xin Li , Member, IEEE, Wei Xu , Hong Wang, and Shanguo Huang
Abstract—Survivability has already been an important research
focus for the terrestrial optical network (TON). Various surviv-
ability technologies such as the pre-configured structure scheme,
the multi-path protection scheme, the link/path-based restoration
scheme, the disaster-aware network deployment scheme, and the
degraded service tolerant provisioning scheme, have been devel-
oped to achieve the uninterrupted traffic transmission. However,
most of the survivability technologies strongly rely on the network
connectivity of the TON, and thus it is difficult to deal with shared
risk link group (SRLG) failures caused by natural disasters or man-
made destructions. Recently, the space laser communication (SLC)
is widely studied and obtains rapid development. It can provide
homogeneous spatial light-paths between two satellites or between
a satellite and an optical ground station (OGS). The SLC brings
a new solution to improve the survivability of the TON. In this
paper, we study the SLC assisted survivability technologies against
SRLG failures caused by natural disasters occurring on the ground.
The SLC assisted dedicated protection (SLC-DP) scheme and the
SLC assisted shared protection (SLC-SP) scheme are proposed.
Heuristic algorithms are developed to realize those two schemes.
Numerical results show that the SLC-SP scheme has a low blocking
probability and the capacity of satellite-to-earth laser links plays a
more important role than that of inter-satellite laser links.
Index Terms—Dedicated protection, shared protection, shared
risk link group (SRLG), space laser communication, survivability,
terrestrial optical networks.
I. INTRODUCTION
N RECENT years, a variety of new things have emerged
I in our lives such as big data, cloud computing, artificial
intelligence (AI), unmanned aerial vehicle, virtual reality (VR),
augmented reality (AR), 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), and the
air-space-ground integrated information network. These new
things change our way of life and enhance the quality of life
Manuscript received 8 June 2022; revised 11 October 2022 and 19 December
2022; accepted 22 December 2022. Date of publication 26 December 2022; date
of current version 17 April 2023. This work was supported in part by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61821001, 62171050, and
62125103, in part by the State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture under
Grant CARCH201906, and in part by the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory
of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, BUPT, under Grant
IPOC2021ZT15. (Corresponding author: Xin Li.)
The authors are with the School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing
University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China (e-
mail: xinli@bupt.edu.cn; xuwei658@bupt.edu.cn; wang_hong@bupt.edu.cn;
shghuang@bupt.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at
https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2022.3232110.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JLT.2022.3232110
0733-8724 © 2022 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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2261
that AI makes the complex work easier, 5G makes the data
transmission faster, IoT makes the perception wider, and satellite
networks make the interconnection far-reaching. Among these
new things, satellite networks which are the product of human
space exploration have been given a special attention. Over the
past decades, tens of thousands of satellites have been launched
into space to construct powerful satellite constellations such as
Iridium [1], Globalstar [2], Thuraya [3], BeiDou [4], Starlink [5],
and Galileo [6]. To achieve the high-rate and large-capacity data
transmission between satellites, the space laser communication
(SLC) instead of the radio frequency communication (RFC)
has been adopted by inter-satellite links and satellite-to-earth
links. In [7], the high-rate satellite communication links with
the data rates of 1 Gbps to 8 Gbps up to 80 km distance and
data rates of 10 Gbps to 100 Gbps up to 6 km distance were
achieved. In [8], the performance of the inter-satellite optical
wireless communication system with the data rate of 40 Gbps
by using the channel diversity technique was measured. Being
different from the laser communication between satellites, the
laser communication between a satellite and an optical ground
station (OGS) is easily influenced by atmosphere refractivity
and turbulence. In [9], a novel collaboration protocol for the
hybrid communication media of free space optical (FSO) and
ground fiber network was proposed to realize the efficient and
stable link quality. The data rate of 40 Gbps using a single wave-
length was achieved. In [10], a duplex optical communication
link was verified between a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and
an OGS where the down link used the modulation format of
differential phase shift keying and supported the transmission
rate of 5.12 Gbps. In [11], a demonstration of 1.72 Tbps trans-
mission of a geostationary earth orbit (GEO) uplink using the
dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology
was presented. With the development of the laser communi-
cation in inter-satellite links and satellite-to-earth links, the
satellite optical network (SON) is formed and will become
an important information and communication infrastructure in
the space area. Based on this, some researches focus on the
routing and resource allocation problem in SONs. In [12], a
mixed integer linear programing (MILP) formulation and a data
relay request provisioning algorithm was developed to address
the light-path provisioning problem for data relay services in
a GEO satellite network. In [13], an ant colony optimization
(ACO) based routing and wavelength assignment strategy was
2262
developed in SONs. It used the small window strategy to improve
the convergence speed. In [14], [15], a cross-layer optimization
model which considers the Doppler wavelength shift of the
physical layer and the transmission delay of the network layer
was presented. In this model, the ACO was used to conduct
the routing and wavelength assignment. In [16], a dual routing
engine for a two-layered and multi-domain SON was proposed.
In [17], a topology reconstructed networking algorithm was
developed to find the minimal set of optical inter-satellite laser
links under the guarantee of quality of service (QOS).
Compared with the SON, the terrestrial optical network
(TON) is studied and commercial for several decades. It has
been deployed in many scenes such as mobile backhaul, access
network, metro network, and core network. The TON is a huge
system including a large number of hardware and software
equipment. Optical fiber and optical transmission devices are
two types of hardware. For optical fiber, a slight bending can
cause deterioration of signal quality. For optical transmission
devices, some components such as laser, optical amplifier, opti-
cal multiplexer, are sensitive to temperature, humidity, and jitter.
Due to their characteristics of wide distribution and high sever-
ity, natural disasters can easily influence the normal operating
of the TON. Natural disasters such as earthquake, rainstorm,
etc., can cause optical fibers to be cut off completely. Then,
a TON is destroyed into several disconnected parts and the
survivability technologies which strongly rely on the network
connectivity of the TON are useless [18], [19]. In 2008, the
7.8-magnitude Wenchuan earthquake in China led to around
30,000 km of fiber optic cables cut and 4000 telecom offices
becoming ineffective. Rescuers cannot contact the outside world
merely using optical networks and this poses great difficulties to
rescue works [20]. Besides relying on the TON itself to achieve
the uninterrupted traffic transmission, other mediums such as
the photonic millimeter-wave, satellites, and the LTE, are also
used to recover the interrupted traffic [21], [22], [23], [24],
[25], [26], [27], [28]. Satellites which locate at space area over
400 kilometers are disaster-independent with the TON. Even if
serious disasters occur on the earth, satellites can run properly.
Moreover, it can provide homogeneous spatial light-paths for
interrupted light-paths in the TON and avoids complex trans-
formations of communication protocol, signal type, and signal
rate. Therefore, the satellite provides a promising method to
improve the survivability of the TON against natural disasters. In
this paper, we study the SLC assisted survivability technologies
against natural disasters occurring on the ground. The SLC
assisted dedicated protection (SLC-DP) scheme and the SLC
assisted shared protection (SLC-SP) scheme are proposed. Be-
ing different from traditional protection schemes, the proposed
SLC assisted protection schemes establish the backup light-path
in the TON or through satellites. At present, the inter-satellite and
satellite-to-earth laser links have been verified by many research
groups [7], [8], [11]. It is feasible to establish the end-to-end
light-path through satellites. Compared the fiber link, the cost
of the space laser link is higher. And the capacity of the space
laser link is relatively smaller. Therefore, the difficulty of the pro-
posed SLC assisted protection schemes is how to collaboratively
use satellites and the TON to establish the working light-path
and the backup light-path for each user request. Moreover,
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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 41, NO. 8, APRIL 15, 2023
the established working light-path and the backup light-path
must be disaster-independent. To realize these two schemes,
four regulations are defined and two heuristic algorithms are
developed.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II
elaborates related works. Section III describes the integrated
architecture of GEO satellites and the TON, as well as the
proposed SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-SP scheme. Heuristic
algorithms are developed in Section IV. Section V presents
numerical results. Section VI discusses the limitations of the
proposed protection schemes and presents corresponding solu-
tions. Section VII concludes this paper.
II. RELATED WORKS
We first summarize the existing survivability technologies
proposed for the TON against different types of failures. Then,
the survivability technologies using heterogeneous media are
introduced. To realize the proposed protection schemes, two
heuristic algorithms are developed. The adopted routing and
wavelength assignment (RWA) strategy in the developed heuris-
tic algorithms is also elaborated. At last, the contributions of this
paper are summarized.
A. Existing Survivability Technologies in the TON
For the TON, various survivability technologies have been
developed against different types of failures such as indepen-
dent link/node failures, cascading failures, and even natural
disasters. These survivability technologies mainly include the
pre-configured structure scheme [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34],
[35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46],
the multi-path protection scheme [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], the
dedicated/shared protection scheme [52], [53], the link/path-
based restoration scheme [54], [55], [56], the disaster-aware
network deployment scheme [57], [58], [59], and the degraded
service tolerant provisioning scheme [60]. Among these sur-
vivability technologies, the disaster-aware network deployment
scheme and the degraded service tolerant provisioning scheme
are specially designed in response to natural disasters.
1) The Pre-Configured Structure Scheme: For rapid traffic
recovery, spare spectrum resources are usually organized into a
specific structure such as cycle, cube, polyhedron, and prism.
This kind of survivability technology can be referred to as the
pre-configured structure scheme. The pre-configured structure
scheme includes the 1+1 protection scheme [29], [30], [31],
[32], the p-cycle scheme [33], [34], [35], [36], the p-polyhedron
scheme [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], the p-cube scheme [43],
[44], the p-ball scheme [45], and the p-prism scheme [46]. These
pre-configured structures are optimal only for specific types
of failures. For example, the p-cycle is optimal only for the
single-link failure and the p-cube is optimal only for dual-link
failures. Constructing a pre-configured structure relies on the
connectivity of physical topology and thus the pre-configured
structure is still easily destroyed by natural disasters.
2) The Multi-Path Protection Scheme: The multi-path
protection scheme is another important survivability technology
that can be used to resist multi-failures. For the multi-path
protection scheme, a data stream is split into multiple low-rate
LI et al.: SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION ASSISTED PROTECTION SCHEME AGAINST SRLG FAILURES IN TON
streams, each of which is routed and assigned to a separate
path. In [47], an ILP formulation and a heuristic algorithm
were developed to solve the static survivable multipath routing
and spectrum allocation (SM-RSA) problem. In [48], an ILP
formulation and a heuristic algorithm were developed to solve
the dynamic SM-RSA problem. In [49], a novel energy efficient
multipath-based survivability scheme against single link failure
in static traffic scenario was proposed. In [50], Shan et al.
proposed a survivable shared multipath protection scheme
in flexible-grid optical networks against multiple failures.
In [51], the maximum independent paths problem was reduced
to the maximum independent set problem to prove maximum
independent paths problem is NP-hard. The time required to
solve NP-hard problems increases rapidly as the size of the
problem grows. In other words, there don’t exist polynomial
time algorithms addressing this kind of problem. The limitations
of the multi-path protection scheme have two aspects. On the
one hand the number of independent paths between a source
and destination node pair is limited for a given small network,
and on the other it is difficult to search maximum independent
paths for a source and destination node pair when the network
size grows large.
3) The Dedicated/Shared Protection Scheme: Since the
implementation complexities of the pre-configured structure
scheme and the multi-path protection scheme are very high,
the simplest dedicated or shared protection schemes are often
applied. For the dedicated protection scheme, an end-to-end
backup path without spectrum sharing is established for the
working path. For the shared protection scheme, the backup
spectrum on a common link can be shared by backup paths as
long as their working paths are shared risk link group (SRLG)
independent. In [52], a novel network design algorithm that
yields the hierarchical optical path network with dedicated pro-
tection was proposed. In [53], a survivable routing algorithm
with partial SRLG-disjoint protection based on differentiated
reliability constraints was proposed. However, a natural disaster
can easily destroy both the working and backup paths of a
service.
4) The Link/Path-Based Restoration Scheme: The restora-
tion scheme tries best to establish a new recovery path for the
interrupted working path employing the remaining available
spectrum resources after failures. In [54], a dynamic restoration
scheme based on the software defined networking (SDN) frame-
work was proposed. It exploits centralized path computation
and node configuration to avoid contentions during the recovery
procedure with the aim of minimizing the recovery time. In [55],
three network operator policies were proposed to yield different
restoration mechanisms according to different inter-domain fail-
ure exchanges. In [56], a restoration-based survivability strategy
was proposed. It combines the benefits of both cloud service
relocation and service differentiation concepts. The restoration
scheme cannot guarantee 100% recovery and consumes more
time compared with the protection scheme. Moreover, it is
inefficient and even useless when a large number of services
need to be restored after natural disasters.
5) The Disaster-Aware Network Deployment Scheme: The
disaster-aware network deployment scheme deploys spectrum
resources in the area which has low probability of natural
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2263
disasters. In [57], the datacenter placement and content man-
agement techniques in cloud networks were presented. Those
techniques can mitigate huge data loss and service disruptions
by avoiding placement in given disaster-vulnerable locations.
In [58], the optimal traffic provisioning strategy under service
heterogeneity was proposed to alleviate the dramatic decrease
in network resources caused by large-area failures or a traffic
surge. In [59], the nature of possible disruptions in telecom
networks caused by disaster events was presented. The authors
shed light on how to prepare the network and cloud services
against disasters, and adapted them for disaster disruptions and
cascading failures. This scheme can help to reduce the impact
of natural disasters on optical network facilities. However, when
some areas that have high probability of natural disasters must
be deployed with bandwidth resources, this scheme is still
powerless.
6) The Degraded Service Tolerant Provisioning Scheme:
The degraded service tolerant provisioning scheme only recov-
ers parts of important interrupted traffic. In [60], a metric of
degraded-service tolerance which can reduce protection cost
and network disruption, and support maximal carried traffic
in case of disasters was developed. Degraded-service-tolerant
connections can be admitted and recovered with reduced band-
width under resource crunch. However, this scheme is power-
less when a large number of traffic is required to be restored
under the circumstance of few or no bandwidth resources are
available.
B. Heterogeneous Media Assisted Survivability Technologies
Except relying on the TON itself to recovery the interrupted
traffic, other mediums such as the photonic millimeter-wave,
satellites, and the LTE, are also used.
1) The Photonic Millimeter-Wave Scheme: The photonic
millimeter-wave scheme uses the millimeter-wave technology
to recover the interrupted traffic in the TON. It serves as a
bridge and represents a seamless and transparent integration of
the wireless link into optical networks. In [21], a millimeter-
wave bridge based RF frequency doubling was proposed to
overcome accidental fiber cuts in optical access networks. In
[22], a resilient optical and MMW wireless transmission system
was developed for a novel span protection scheme in disaster
recovery. In [23], the RoF-based transparent waveform transfer
was proposed to provide low latency media conversion between
optical and radio-wave signals. It can make seamless integration
of wireless and wired links that can provide resilient and low
latency networks. However, the transmission capacity of the
photonic millimeter-wave is low and the transmission distance
is short. The resilience of the photonic millimeter-wave scheme
is limited.
2) The LTE Scheme: The LTE scheme is also used to recover
the interrupted traffic in the TON. In [24], a network architecture
based on the integration of satellites and LTE networks was de-
signed to address the vulnerabilities of terrestrial infrastructure-
based networks in major incidents and disaster scenarios. In
[25], the study of the aged optical fiber deployment in various
optical networks including FSO links as a part of modern optical
communication networks was presented.
2264 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 41, NO. 8, APRIL 15, 2023

3) The Satellite Assisted Protection Scheme: Natural disas-

ters such as earthquake, rainstorm, fire, mountain torrent, land-
slide, etc., usually occur on the ground or close to the ground.
Satellites locate at the space area over 400 kilometers high. Nor-
mally there does not exist a natural disaster which can destroy
both the TON and satellites simultaneously. In other words,
even if serious natural disasters occur on the ground, satellites
run properly. Therefore, satellites are disaster-independent with
the TON. Satellites provide a promising method to recover the
interrupted traffic in the TON. Early in 1988, a protection scheme
by the use of suitable satellite capacity was proposed in [26].
With the development of SLC, the SLC assisted survivability
technologies become more efficient and practical. In [27], a
SLC assisted shared backup path protection (SBPP) scheme Fig. 1. Natural disasters modeled by SRLGs in 24-node network [59].
was proposed for satellite-to-earth links. This work focuses on
protecting satellite-to-earth links. In [28], a SLC assisted p-cycle
protection scheme against SRLG failures was proposed. This A. Natural Disaster Modeling
work focuses on the p-cycle structure. Natural disaster can cause a large number of fiber links or
optical transmission devices useless. The influence scope of a
C. The RWA Problem in the TON natural disaster can be modeled by a SRLG which represents
a group of elements that will fail simultaneously. In Fig. 1,
In this paper, we assume the TON and the SON both adopt
SRLG-A, SRLG-B, SRLG-C, and SRLG-D represent the
the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. The
influence scopes of earthquake zones, SRLG-E and SRLG-F
routing and wavelength allocation (RWA) problem is proposed
represent the influence scopes of tornado zones, SRLG-G and
for wavelength channel establishment. In [61], five adaptive
SRLG-H represent the influence scopes of hurricane zones.
RWA algorithms were investigated. The results show that the
To improve the survivability of the TON, four regulations for
exhaustive wavelength search algorithm has the lowest blocking
the light-path protection and the data center backup were defined
probability. For the exhaustive wavelength search algorithm, all
[18]. For the space laser link, the transmission delay is large, the
wavelengths are searched for the shortest available path and the
bandwidth is relatively small, and the physical impairment is
shortest path among them is selected. In [62], the concept of
severe. Considering all those factors, we defined the following
wavelength plane (WP) was proposed. Each WP corresponds to
regulations for the SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-SP scheme.
a specific wavelength. In this paper, we adopt the shortest path
1) The working light-path and the backup light-path of a user
algorithm and the exhaustive wavelength search algorithm in the
request must be SRLG-independent. In other words, the
proposed protection schemes.
two light-paths cannot pass through a common SRLG.
We assume the physical impairment of each space laser
D. Our Contributions link is compensated at the intermediate node and does not
Nowadays, the quality of global environment continues to accumulate along the whole space light-path. Therefore,
deteriorate and natural disasters occur frequently. It is essential a space laser link is assumed to be available or not.
and urgent to design the disaster-resilient TON. Since the TON 2) The working light-path of a user request can only be
is disaster-independent with satellites, the SLC can be used to established in the TON. This ensures that the transmission
restore the interrupted traffic in the TON when it is difficult delay of the working light-path is acceptable. Since OGSs
to find recovery paths in the TON. In this paper, we study the are distributed only in several specific areas, the backup
SLC assisted protection schemes in the TON against natural light-path of a user request can be composed of a space
disasters. Based on the integrated architecture of GEO satellites light-path and multiple terrestrial light-paths. These light-
and the TON, we propose the SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-SP paths are concatenated together to form the full backup
scheme. Heuristic algorithms are developed to realize those two light-path.
schemes. The performances of the proposed protection schemes 3) For the space laser link, the cost is high and the bandwidth
are evaluated. Moreover, the limitations of the proposed protec- is relatively small. The proposed protection schemes es-
tion schemes are discussed and the corresponding solutions are tablish the backup light-path through satellites if and only
presented. if the backup light-path cannot be established in the TON.
4) For the SLC-SP scheme, the spectrum resources in backup
III. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION light-paths should be shared as much as possible.

In this section, natural disasters are first modeled by multiple

B. Integrated Architecture of GEO Satellites and the TON
SRLGs. Then, the integrated architecture of GEO satellites and
the TON is presented. Finally, the SLC-DP scheme and the SLC- According to the orbital altitude, satellites can be classified
SP scheme are proposed. into three categories, i.e., LEO satellite, medium earth orbit

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LI et al.: SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION ASSISTED PROTECTION SCHEME AGAINST SRLG FAILURES IN TON
Fig. 2. Integrated architecture of GEO satellites and the TON.
(MEO) satellite, and GEO satellite. These satellites are located at
the space area which is about 400-6000 kilometers high. For the
LEO satellite, the altitude is about 400-2000 kilometers high. For
the MEO satellite, the altitude is about 2000-36000 kilometers
high. And for the GEO satellite, the altitude is about 36000 kilo-
meters high. In [63], the National Institute of Information and
Communications Technology (NICT) in Japan have successfully
conducted several laser communication experiments between
GEO and LEO satellites and OGSs. The integrated architecture
of GEO and LEO satellites and OGSs was also presented. Since
the locations of LEO satellite and MEO satellite change over
time, the duration of a light-path established through one or
more LEO/MEO satellites is limited. If the backup light-path
of a user request is established through one or more LEO/MEO
satellites, it may require multiple dynamically established light-
paths which continue in time. The implementation complexity
of the proposed protection schemes is very high. In this paper,
we only use GEO satellites to realize the proposed protection
schemes.
In Fig. 2, the integrated architecture consists of two parts,
i.e., GEO satellites and the TON. All GEO satellites and the
TON are interconnected through OGSs and satellite-to-earth
laser links. In USA, OGSs have been deployed in many areas,
such as Maryland, California, Florida, and Virginia. Therefore,
we assume that Node-3, Node-22, and Node-24 are deployed
with OGSs. Since Node-1, Node-5, Node-14, and Node-19 are
surrounded by disasters, we also assume these nodes are also
deployed with OGSs. There are four GEO satellites locate at the
geosynchronous orbit. Those four GEO satellites are intercon-
nected by space laser links and form a ring topology. The ring
topology has the advantages of providing sufficient satellite-
to-earth laser links, high connectivity and high survivability.
The interconnections between two GEO satellites and between
a GEO satellite and an OGS are presented in Fig. 2. Besides, we
assume any inter-satellite laser link and satellite-to-earth laser
link support the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). In
other words, a point-to-point space wavelength channel can be
established between two OGSs. At present, the point-to-point
SLC between two satellites and between a satellite and an
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2265
Fig. 3. The SLC-DP scheme.
OGS has been realized. Moreover, some works have focused
on the all-optical switching at satellites. In [64], an all-optical
forwarding relay (AOFR) system which provides all-optical
operation and arbitrary switching without signal processing was
proposed. In [65], a novel timeslot-based optical packet switch-
ing architecture for GEO/LEO based satellite backbone network
was proposed. In [66], a satellite optical switching hardware
platform based on optical burst switching (OBS) technology
was designed and implemented. However, achieving all-optical
switching with low power consumption, small size, small weight
and low insertion loss is still a challenge. In this paper, we do
not require GEO satellites to support all-optical switching. In
other words, the wavelength continuity constraint is ignored for
the space wavelength channel.
C. The SLC-DP Scheme and the SLC-SP Scheme
For a user request, the SLC-DP scheme requires that the
working light-path is established in the TON and the backup
light-path is established in the TON or through satellites.
In some cases, part of the backup light-path is established
through satellites and the rest is established in the TON. More-
over, the working light-path and the backup light-path are
SRLG-independent. The spectrum resources along the backup
light-path cannot be shared by other backup light-paths.
A user request is modeled by r(s,d), where s is the source
node and d is the destination node. We assume each user
request only occupies one wavelength. In Fig. 3, there are
two user requests. For user request r(1,20), the working
light-path of 1→6→11→15→20 and the backup light-path of
1→OGS-A→GEO-C→GEO-D→OGS-G→19→20 are estab-
lished. These two light-paths are SRLG-independent. Since the
Node-1 is surrounded by a disaster, the backup light-path cannot
be established in the TON. For user request r(24,20), the working
light-path of 24→23→22→21→20 and the backup light-path of
24→OGS-E→GEO-B→GEO-D→OGS-G→19→20 are estab-
lished. Along the working light-path, the wavelength continuity
constraint must be satisfied.
Being similar to the SLC-DP scheme, the SLC-SP scheme
requires that the working light-path is established in the
2266 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 41, NO. 8, APRIL 15, 2023

Algorithm 1: Searching the Shortest Path in WPs.

Input: request r(s,d) and WPs
Output: path and index
1: for each WP (from the lowest to highest index) do
2: search the shortest s→d route current_route using
Dijkstras’s algorithm;
3: if ((current_route = null)&&(path = = null)) do
4: path = current_route, index = the index of
current WP;
5: else if ((current_route =
null)&&(length(current_route) < length (path)))
do
6: path = current_route, index = the index of
current WP;
7: end if
8: end for
9: return path and index;
Fig. 4. The SLC-SP Scheme.

Algorithm 2: RWA for the Working Light-Path of the SLC-

TON and the backup light-path is established in the TON
DP Scheme in the TON.
or through satellites. The working light-path and the backup
Input: request r(s,d), T(V,E), SRLGs
light-path are SRLG-independent. The SLC-SP scheme al-
Output: w_path, w_index, w_SRLGs
lows the spectrum resources along the backup light-path to be
1: w_path = null, w_index = null, w_SRLG = null,
shared by other backup light-paths and the backup resources
current_route = null;
are shared as much as possible. In Fig. 4, since the working
2: create a list of WPs according to the T(V,E) and remove
light-path of 1→6→11→15→20 and the working light-path
all links from each of the WPs if corresponding
of 24→23→22→21→20 are SRLG-independent, the allocated
wavelength is not available, i.e., occupied by another
wavelength along link(GEO-D→OGS-G) and link(19→20) is
light-path;
shared by their backup light-paths. It can be seen that the SLC-SP
3: call Algorithm 1 with <r(s,d), WPs> to find the shortest
scheme consumes less wavelength resource than the SLC-DP
path w_path and wavelength index w_index;
scheme.
4: if (w_path = null) do
5: for each SRLG SRLG ∈ SRLGs do
IV. HEURISTIC ALGORITHMS 6: for each link l ∈ w_path do
In this section, heuristic algorithms are developed for the 7: if ((l ∈ SRLG)&&(SRLG ∈ / w_SRLGs)) do
SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-SP scheme. The computational 8: add SRLG into w_SRLGs;
complexities of these algorithms are also presented. 9: end if
10: end for
A. RWA for the Working Light-Path of the SLC-DP Scheme 11: end for
12: return w_path, w_index, w_SRLGs;
In this paper, the shortest path algorithm and the exhaustive
13: end if
wavelength search algorithm are adopted. Algorithm 1 is a
fundamental algorithm for the SLC-DP scheme. It scans all WPs and length(current_route/w_path) indicates the length of route
to choose the shortest path in distance. current_route or light-path w_path.
The time complexity of Algorithm 1 is O(|V |2 ∗ |Λ|), where The time complexity of Algorithm 2 is O(|V |2 ∗ |Λ| +
|V | is the total number of nodes and |Λ| is the total number |SRLGs| ∗ |E|), where |V | is the total number of optical nodes
of wavelengths in each link. Algorithm 1 is guaranteed to in T(V,E), |E| is the total number of fiber links in T(V,E),
run in polynomial time. According to the second regulation in |SRLGs| is the total number of SRLGs in SRLGs, and |Λ| is
Section III-A, the RWA algorithm for the working light-path of the total number of wavelengths in each fiber link. Algorithm 2
the SLC-DP scheme scans all WPs in the TON to search the is guaranteed to run in polynomial time.
end-to-end light-path with the shortest distance. Algorithm 2 is
used to search the working light-path of the SLC-DP scheme in
B. RWA for the Backup Light-Path of the SLC-DP Scheme
the TON for each user request. In Algorithm 2, T(V,E) indicates
the topology of the TON, V indicates all optical nodes in the According to the first and third regulations in Section III-A,
TON, E indicates all fiber links in the TON, SRLGs indicates the RWA algorithm for the backup light-path of the SLC-DP
all SRLGs in the TON, w_path indicates the working light-path scheme firstly scans all WPs in the TON to search the end-to-end
with shortest distance, w_index indicates the index of assigned light-path with the shortest distance. If the backup light-path
wavelength, w_SRLGs represents all SRLGs passed by w_path, cannot be established in the TON, then it scans all WPs in the
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LI et al.: SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION ASSISTED PROTECTION SCHEME AGAINST SRLG FAILURES IN TON
Algorithm 3: RWA for the Backup Light-Path of the SLC-
DP Scheme in the TON.
Input: request r(s,d), T(V,E), w_path, w_index, w_SRLGs
Output: b_path and b_index
1: b_path = null, b_index = null, current_route = null;
2: delete all links in w_path from T(V,E);
3: delete all links in each SRLG of w_SRLGs from
T(V,E);
4: create a list of WPs according to T(V,E) and remove
all links from each of the WPs if corresponding
wavelength is not available;
5: call Algorithm 1 with <r(s,d), WPs> to find the
shortest path b_path and wavelength index b_index;
6: if (b_path = null) do
7: return b_path and b_index;
8: else if (b_path = = null) do
9: call Algorithm 4 to search the backup light-path in
the integrated network;
10: end if
integrated network of GEO satellites and the TON. Algorithm 3
is used to search the backup light-path of the SLC-DP scheme
for each user request in the TON. If the backup light-path
cannot be established in the TON, Algorithm 4 will be invoked.
In Algorithm 3, b_path indicates the backup light-path with
shortest distance and b_index indicates the index of assigned
wavelength in the TON.
The time complexity of Algorithm 3 is O(|V |2 ∗ |Λ|), where
|V | is the total number of optical nodes and |Λ| is the total num-
ber of wavelengths in each fiber link. Algorithm 3 is guaranteed
to run in polynomial time. Algorithm 4 is used to search the
backup light-path of the SLC-DP scheme for each user request
in the integrated network. In Algorithm 4, b_index_fiber indi-
cates the index of assigned wavelength in the TON, b_index_l
indicates the index of assigned wavelength on space laser link l,
and b_index_satellites is the set of all b_index_l.
The time complexity of Algorithm 4 is O(|SV |2 ∗ |Λ|), where
|SV | is the total number of optical nodes and satellites in
ST(SV,SE) and |Λ| is the total number of wavelengths in each
fiber link. Algorithm 4 is guaranteed to run in polynomial time.
C. RWA for the Backup Light-Path of the SLC-SP Scheme
For the SLC-SP scheme, we use Algorithm 2 to search the
working light-path for each user request. The SLC-SP scheme
allows the spectrum resources along the backup light-path to
be shared by other backup light-paths as much as possible.
According to the second and third regulations in Section III-A,
the RWA algorithm for the backup light-path of the SLC-SP
scheme firstly scans all WPs in the TON to search the end-to-end
shared light-path with the shortest distance. The SLC-SP scheme
updates this cost once one working light-path is obtained. In
(1), m is the number of backup light-paths that are sharing the
wavelength [67].
 cates the index of assigned wavelength in the TON, b_index_l
1 if λ is free
Cλ = (1)
1/(m+1) if λ is shareable
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2267
Algorithm 4: RWA for the Backup Light-Path of the SLC-
DP Scheme in the Integrated Network.
Input: request r(s,d), ST(SV,SE), w_path, w_index,
w_SRLGs
Output: b_path, b_index_fiber, b_index_satellites
1: b_path = null, b_index_fiber = null, current_route =
null, b_index_satellites = null;
2: delete all links in w_path from ST(SV,SE);
3: delete all links in each SRLG of w_SRLGs from
ST(SV,SE);
4: create a list of WPs according to the T(V,E) and
remove all links from each of the WPs if
corresponding wavelength is not available;
5: for each space laser link l in SE do
6: if there exist at least one available wavelength in l
do
7: add l into each WP of WPs, b_index_l is set to
the available wavelength with the lowest index;
8: end if
9: end for
10: call Algorithm 1 with <r(s,d), WPs> to find the
shortest path b_path and wavelength index
b_index_fiber;
11: if (b_path = null) do
12: for each space laser link l in E do
13: if l ∈ b_path do
14: add b_index_l into b_index_satellites;
15: end if
16: end for
17: return b_path, b_index_fiber, b_index_satellites;
18: end if
Algorithm 5 is a fundamental algorithm for the SLC-SP
scheme. It scans all WPs to choose the path with minimum cost.
The time complexity of Algorithm 5 is O(|V |2 ∗ |Λ|), where
|V | is the total number of nodes and |Λ| is the total number of
wavelengths in each link. Algorithm 5 is guaranteed to run in
polynomial time. Algorithm 6 is used to search the backup light-
path of the SLC-SP scheme for each user request in the TON.
If the backup light-path cannot be established in the TON, Al-
gorithm 7 will be invoked. In Algorithm 6, w_path indicates the
working light-path with shortest distance, w_index indicates the
index of assigned wavelength, w_SRLGs represents all SRLGs
passed by w_path, b_path indicates the backup light-path with
shortest distance, b_index indicates the index of assigned wave-
length in the TON, and length(current_route/w_path) indicates
the length of route current_route or light-path w_path.
The time complexity of Algorithm 6 is O(|V |2 ∗ |Λ|), where
|V | is the total number of optical nodes and |Λ| is the total
number of wavelengths in each link. Algorithm 6 is guaranteed to
run in polynomial time. Algorithm 7 is used to search the shared
backup light-path of the SLC-SP scheme for each user request
in the integrated network. In Algorithm 7, b_index_fiber indi-
indicates the index of assigned wavelength on space laser link l,
and b_index_satellites is the set of all b_index_l.
2268 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 41, NO. 8, APRIL 15, 2023

Algorithm 5: Searching the Path With Minimum Cost in Algorithm 7: RWA for the Backup Light-Path of the SLC-
WPs. SP Scheme in the Integrated Network.
Input: request r(s,d) and WPs Input: request r(s,d), ST(SV,SE), w_path, w_index,
Output: path and index w_SRLGs
1: for each WP (from the lowest to highest index) do Output: b_path, b_index_fiber, b_index_satellites
2: for each link l in current WP do 1: b_path = null, b_index_fiber = null, current_route =
3: update the cost of link l using (1); null, b_index_satellites = null;
4: end for 2: delete all links in w_path from ST(SV,SE);
5: search the shortest s→d route current_route with 3: delete all links in each SRLG of w_SRLGs from
the lowest cost using Dijkstras’s algorithm; ST(SV,SE);
6: if ((current_route = null)&&(path = = null)) do 4: create a list of WPs according to the T(V,E) and
7: path = current_route, index = the index of remove all links from each of the WPs if
current WP; corresponding wavelength is not available, i.e., the
8: else if (current_route = wavelength is not free or sharable;
null)&&(length(current_route) < length (path))) 5: for each space laser link l in SE do
do 6: update the cost of link l using (1);
9: path = current_route, index = the index of 7: if there exist at least one available or shared
current WP; wavelength in l do
10: end if 8: add l into each WP of WPs, b_index_l is set to
11: end for the available or shared wavelength with the
12: return path and index; lowest cost;
9: end if
10: end for
Algorithm 6: RWA for the Backup Light-Path of the SLC- 11: call Algorithm 5 with <r(s,d), WPs> to find the path
SP Scheme in the TON. with minimum cost b_path and wavelength index
Input: request r(s,d), T(V,E), w_path, w_index, b_index;
w_SRLGs 12: if (b_path = null) do
Output: b_path, b_index 13: for each space laser link l in E do
1: b_path = null, b_index = null, current_route = null; 14: if l ∈ b_path do
2: delete all links in w_path from T(V,E); 15: add b_index_l into b_index_satellites;
3: delete all links in each SRLG of w_SRLGs from 16: end if
T(V,E); 17: end for
4: create a list of WPs according to the T(V,E) and 18: return b_path, b_index_fiber, b_index_satellites;
remove all links from each of the WPs if 19: end if
corresponding wavelength is not available, i.e., the
wavelength is not free or sharable;
5: call Algorithm 5 with <r(s,d), WPs> to find the path
with minimum cost b_path and wavelength index
b_index; each request only occupies one wavelength. We evaluate the
6: if (b_path = null) do blocking probabilities of the SLC-SP scheme and the SLC-DP
7: return b_path and b_index; scheme. For comparison, the results of the conventional DP
8: else if (b_path = = null) do (C-DP) scheme and the conventional SP (C-SP) scheme are
9: call Algorithm 7 to obtain the shared backup also presented. The C-DP scheme and the C-SP scheme search
light-path in the integrated network; both the working light-path and the backup light-path for each
10: end if user request in the TON. The working light-path of the C-DP
scheme and the C-SP scheme is established through Algorithm 2.
Algorithm 2 scans all WPs and uses Dijkstras’s algorithm to
The time complexity of Algorithm 7 is O(|SV |2 ∗ |Λ|), where search the end-to-end light-path with the shortest distance. The
|SV | is the total number of optical nodes and satellites in backup light-path of the C-DP scheme is established through
ST(SV,SE) and |Λ| is the total number of wavelengths in each Algorithm 3. Algorithm 3 searches the backup light-path with
fiber link. Algorithm 7 is guaranteed to run in polynomial time. the shortest distance in the TON. The backup light-path of the
C-SP scheme is established through Algorithm 6. Algorithm 6
searches the backup light-path with the maximum sharing degree
V. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION in the TON.
In this section, the SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-SP scheme The simulation network is presented in Fig. 2. It contains
are verified in the integrated architecture of GEO satellites and 24 optical nodes, 43 fiber links, 4 GEO satellites, 7 OGSs, 7
the TON as presented in Fig. 2. The requests are generated satellite-to-earth laser links, and 4 inter-satellite laser links, and
at each optical node according to the uniform distribution and 8 SRLGs. A SRLG corresponds to a disaster. And we assume
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LI et al.: SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION ASSISTED PROTECTION SCHEME AGAINST SRLG FAILURES IN TON 2269

Fig. 5. The operation process (a) the SLC-DP scheme (b) the SLC-SP scheme.

only one disaster occurs at any given moment. The operation pro-
cesses of the proposed SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-SP scheme
are elaborated in Fig. 5. Take the SLC-SP scheme as an example.
When a user request arrives at the network, the SLC-SP scheme
first uses the Algorithm 2 to search a working light-path in the
TON for this user request. If the working light-path cannot be es-
tablished, this user request will be blocked. Otherwise, the SLC-
SP scheme uses Algorithm 6 to search a backup light-path for
this user request in the TON. If the backup light-path cannot be
established in the TON, the SLC-SP scheme uses Algorithm 7 to
search a backup light-path for this user request in the integrated
network. If the backup light-path cannot be established in the
integrated network, this user request will be blocked. When the
working light-path and the backup light-path are established, this
user request is accommodated. When a disaster occurs, the des-
tination node of this user request only needs to conduct the pro-
tection switching without regard to the location of the disaster.

A. Blocking Probability With Increased Traffic Load

We first evaluate the blocking probability of the proposed
SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-SP scheme with different number
of wavelengths in space laser links. It is assumed that each fiber
link contains 80 wavelengths and each space laser link contains
at most 64 wavelengths. In [11], the GEO-to-earth laser uplink
with 40 DWDM channels was demonstrated under worst-case
turbulence conditions. We believe more wavelengths are avail-
able in GEO-to-earth laser links in auspicious conditions. In
order to make the proposed algorithms more widely used, the
number of available wavelengths in each space laser link is
assumed to be 16, 32, 48, and 64 respectively in simulations.
Fig. 6(a)–(d) show the relationship between the traffic load
per node pair and the blocking probability when the number
of wavelengths in each space laser link is 16, 32, 48, and 64
respectively. The results show that the blocking probabilities of
Fig. 6. Blocking probabilities when each space laser link contains (a) 16
wavelengths (b) 32 wavelengths (c) 48 wavelengths (d) 64 wavelengths.
the SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-SP scheme increase with the
increase of the traffic load per node pair especially when the
number of wavelengths in each space laser link is small.
The SLC-SP scheme can greatly reduce the blocking proba-
bility than other schemes. It can reduce the blocking probability
by an average of 80.4%, 98.5%, 99.9%, and 99.9% than the
C-DP scheme when the number of wavelengths in each space
laser link is 16, 32, 48, and 64 respectively. It can reduce the

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2270
Fig. 7. SRLG-A failure occurs in the TON.
blocking probability by an average of 80.3%, 98.5%, 99.9%, and
99.9% than the C-SP scheme when the number of wavelengths
in each space laser link is 16, 32, 48, and 64 respectively. It
can reduce the blocking probability by an average of 24.6%,
80.9%, 98.5%, and 98.9% than the SLC-DP scheme when the
number of wavelengths in each space laser link is 16, 32, 48,
and 64 respectively. For the user requests of which the source
node is node-1, node-5, node-14, or node-19, the C-DP scheme
and the C-SP scheme are powerless. Since all adjacency links
of node-1, node-5, node-14, or node-19 pass through a common
SRLG, this SRLG will destroy both the working light-path and
the backup light-path. Take the node-1 as an example. In Fig. 7,
the adjacency links of node-1 are link(1→2) and link(1→6).
These two links both pass through SRLG-A. When SRLG-A is
destroyed by a disaster, node-1 will become an island. At this
time, the C-DP scheme or the C-SP scheme cannot establish the
disaster-independent working light-path and backup light-path.
Therefore, the blocking probabilities of the C-DP scheme and
the C-SP scheme are very high even when the traffic load per
node pair is very low.
B. Increased Capacity in Satellite-to-Earth Laser Links
To evaluate the importance of satellite-to-earth laser links,
we modify the number of wavelengths in satellite-to-earth laser
links and inter-satellite laser links in simulations. In the TON,
each fiber link is also assumed to contain 80 wavelengths. We use
the SLC-SP (m/n) scheme to denote the SLC-SP scheme where
the number of wavelengths in each satellite-to-earth laser link
is m and the number of wavelengths in each inter-satellite laser
link is n. We evaluate the blocking probabilities of the SLC-SP
(m/n) schemes when (m/n) is (16/16), (32/32), (48/48), (64/64),
(32/16), (16/32), (48/16), (16/48), (64/16), (16/64), (48/32),
(32/48), (64/32), (32/64), (48/64), and (64/48) respectively. In
Fig. 8(a)–(c), the blocking probability of the SLC-SP (16/16)
scheme is close to that of the SLC-SP (16/32) scheme, the
SLC-SP (16/48) scheme and the SLC-SP (16/64) scheme. In
Fig. 8(d)–(f), the blocking probability of the SLC-SP (32/32)
scheme is close to that of the SLC-SP (32/48) scheme, the
SLC-SP (32/64) scheme and the SLC-SP (48/64) scheme. These
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JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 41, NO. 8, APRIL 15, 2023
results show that the blocking probability of the SLC-SP scheme
has a relatively small improvement when the number of wave-
lengths in each inter-satellite laser link is greater than that in
each satellite-to-earth laser link. Fig. 8(a) shows that the SLC-SP
(32/16) scheme reduces the blocking probability by approxi-
mately 92.7% than the SLC-SP (16/16). Fig. 8(b) shows that
the SLC-SP (48/16) scheme reduces the blocking probability
by approximately 97.3% than the SLC-SP (16/16). Fig. 8(c)
shows that the SLC-SP (64/16) scheme reduces the blocking
probability by approximately 98.1% than the SLC-SP (16/16).
Fig. 8(d) shows that the SLC-SP (48/32) scheme reduces the
blocking probability by approximately 95.9% than the SLC-SP
(32/32). Fig. 8(e) shows that the SLC-SP (64/32) scheme reduces
the blocking probability by approximately 98.7% than the SLC-
SP (32/32). Fig. 8(f) shows that the SLC-SP (64/48) scheme
reduces the blocking probability by approximately 52.9% than
the SLC-SP (48/48). All those results show that the capacity
of satellite-to-earth laser links plays an important role than
that of inter-satellite laser links. When establishing the backup
light-path in the integrated network, the number of available
satellite-to-earth laser links is smaller than that of available
inter-satellite laser links. Therefore, some satellite-to-earth laser
links must be selected and the inter-satellite laser links can
be selected according to the sharing degree. Thus, the sharing
degree of satellite-to-earth laser links is smaller than that of inter-
satellite laser links. Therefore, the capacity of satellite-to-earth
laser links plays an important role than that of inter-satellite
laser links. Fig. 8(a)–(c) show that it is easy to reduce the
blocking probability of the SLC-SP scheme merely by increas-
ing the number of wavelengths in satellite-to-earth laser links
when the number of wavelengths in inter-satellite laser links is
small.
C. Blocking Probability With Added OGSs
To evaluate the influence of the number of satellite-to-earth
laser links in the proposed SLC-SP scheme, we add two OGSs
in the TON. As presented in Fig. 9, node-7 is added an OGS
OGS-H and node-11 is added an OGS OGS-I. Then, the satellite-
to-earth laser link between OGS-H and GEO-C is added and
the satellite-to-earth laser link between OGS-I and GEO-D is
added.
We use the SLC-SP (7) scheme to denote the SLC-SP scheme
where node-7 is deployed with OGS-H. We use the SLC-SP
(7&11) scheme to denote the SLC-SP scheme where node-7 is
deployed with OGS-H and node-11 is deployed with OGS-I.
Fig. 10(a)–(d) show that the blocking probabilities of the SLC-
SP (7) scheme and the SLC-SP (7&11) scheme when the number
of wavelengths in each space laser link is 16, 32, 48, and 64
respectively. The results show that the blocking probability of
the SLC-SP scheme is very close to that of the SLC-SP (7)
scheme and the SLC-SP (7&11) scheme.
Fig. 10(a)–(d) show that with the increase of the number of
wavelengths in each space laser link, the relative performances
between the SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-DP (7) scheme, and
between the SLC-DP scheme and the SLC-DP (7&11) scheme
vary slowly. However, the blocking probability of the SLC-DP
LI et al.: SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION ASSISTED PROTECTION SCHEME AGAINST SRLG FAILURES IN TON 2271

Fig. 8. Blocking probabilities of the SLC-SP (m/n) scheme (a) the SLC-SP (32/16) scheme (b) the SLC-SP (48/16) scheme (c) the SLC-SP (64/16) scheme
(d) the SLC-SP (48/32) scheme (e) the SLC-SP (64/32) scheme (f) the SLC-SP (64/48) scheme.

scheme is larger than that of the SLC-DP (7) scheme and the
SLC-DP (7&11) scheme. The SLC-DP scheme increases the
blocking probability by an average of 11.2%, 15.3%, 6.6%, and
6.4% than the SLC-DP (7) scheme and by an average of 14.9%,
47.2%, 39.8%, and 21.4% than the SLC-DP (7&11) scheme
when the number of wavelengths in each space laser link is
16, 32, 48, and 64 respectively. The blocking probability of the
SLC-DP scheme is subject to the number of wavelengths in each
space laser link and the number of wavelengths in each fiber
link. When the number of wavelengths in each space laser link
is low, more wavelengths in each space laser link can be used
and thus the growth rate increases greatly. When the number of
wavelengths in each space laser link continues to increase, the
available wavelengths in each fiber link do not change. At this
time, the growth rate of the blocking probability of the SLC-DP
scheme decreases. The results indicate that the added OGSs can
help to reduce the blocking probability of the SLC-DP scheme.
However, it does not significantly improve the performance of
the proposed SLC-SP scheme. For the SLC-DP scheme, the
added OGSs can help to search the backup light-path with

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2272 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 41, NO. 8, APRIL 15, 2023

Fig. 9. The integrated architecture with added OGSs.

low distance. Therefore, the added OGSs can help to reduce

the blocking probability of the SLC-DP. The proposed SLC-SP
scheme tries its best to search the backup light-path in the TON.
Moreover, it prefers to use the backup resource with high sharing
degree as expressed in (1). Therefore, the added OGSs have
only a small impact on the blocking probability of the proposed
SLC-SP scheme.

D. Blocking Probability With Added Satellites

To evaluate the influence of the number of GEO satellites in
the SLC-SP scheme, we add two GEO satellites in the SON.
In Fig. 11, GEO-E is added between GEO-A and GEO-B, and
GEO-F is added between GEO-B and GEO-D. The satellite-to-
earth laser link between OGS-C and GEO-A is changed to the
satellite-to-earth laser link between OGS-C and GEO-E, and
the satellite-to-earth laser link between OGS-F and GEO-D is
changed to the satellite-to-earth laser link between OGS-F and
GEO-F.
Here, we use the SLC-SP (E&F) scheme to denote the SLC-SP
scheme where GEO-E and GEO-F are added. Fig. 12(a)–(d)
show the blocking probabilities of the SLC-SP (E) scheme and
the SLC-SP (E&F) scheme when the number of wavelengths in
each space laser link is 16, 32, 48, and 64 respectively. The results
show that the added GEO satellites have a little impact on the
blocking probabilities of the SLC-SP scheme. That is because
the added GEO satellites do not change the ring topology of the
SON. Fig. 10. Blocking probability with added OGSs when each space laser link
contains (a) 16 wavelengths (b) 32 wavelengths (c) 48 wavelengths (d) 64
VI. DISCUSS wavelengths.

To design the disaster-resilient TON, we propose the SLC

assisted protection schemes. Those protection schemes can help
to improve the survivability of the TON against natural disasters
since GEO satellites are disaster-independent with the TON.
GEO satellites are communicated with the TON through OGSs.
Since OGSs are still parts of the TON, the GEO-to-earth laser
links are still possibly affected when OGSs are destroyed by
natural disasters. In other words, the proposed SLC assisted
protection schemes still have a risk of useless. To address this
problem, OGSs can be deployed on movable trucks or other
movable vehicles which can be quickly deployed at specific
areas. The movable OGSs add more flexibility and resiliency for
the proposed protection schemes. Moreover, the GEO-to-earth
laser links are easily influenced by clouds and weather. Even
when OGSs and GEO satellites are both working, the GEO-to-
earth laser links may be completely blocked. At this time, the
site diversity technique can be applied. For the site diversity

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LI et al.: SPACE LASER COMMUNICATION ASSISTED PROTECTION SCHEME AGAINST SRLG FAILURES IN TON 2273

Fig. 11. The integrated architecture with added OGSs.

technique, several OGSs are deployed at different places with

different weather conditions to provide alternative GEO-to-earth
laser links. Although section 6.3 shows that the added OGSs
have only a small impact on the blocking probability of the
proposed SLC-SP scheme, the added OGSs increases the num-
ber of available GEO-to-earth laser links. In future, the site
diversity technique assisted SLC-SP scheme will be our research
focus.
Compared with the TON, the cost of manufacturing and
launching a satellite is very high. If the deployed OGS and satel-
lites are only utilized for the proposed protection schemes, the
cost will be very high. However, this paper focuses on designing
a disaster-resilient TON. The proposed protection schemes can
be applied to very important communication services such as
disaster rescue, military affairs, etc. In addition, the OGS and
satellites can be shared with other tasks. The delay problem is
another big challenge to the proposed protection schemes. To
address this problem, we stipulate that the working light-path of
every user request can only be established in TON. This ensures
that the transmission delay is acceptable most of the time. The
proposed protection schemes aim to establish the backup light-
path through GEO satellites when the backup light-path cannot
be established in the TON under disaster scenarios. For some
important and urgent communication service such as disaster
rescue, military affairs, etc., although the transmission delay is
relatively large, the communication is achievable for all required
users and the important information can be transferred to the
demander. Fig. 12. Blocking probability with added GEO satellites when each space laser
link contains (a) 16 wavelengths (b) 32 wavelengths (c) 48 wavelengths (d) 64
wavelengths.
VII. CONCLUSION
Due to wide distribution and high severity, natural disasters links, four regulations are defined. The fiber spectrum resources
have always been big threats to the normal operating of the TON. are used as much as possible and the spectrum resources in
To design a disaster-resilient TON, two SLC assisted protection backup light-paths are shared as much as possible. Heuristic
schemes are proposed. Those two schemes collaboratively use algorithms are developed to realize the proposed protection
satellites and the TON to establish the disaster-independent schemes according to defined regulations. We evaluate the
working light-path and backup light-path. Considering the ca- blocking probability of the SLC-SP scheme compared to the
pacity, cost, time delay and physical impairment of space laser SLC-DP scheme, the C-SP scheme and the C-DP scheme under

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2274
the circumstances of increased traffic load, increased capacity in
satellite-to-earth laser links, added OGSs and added satellites.
Numerical results show that the proposed SLC-SP scheme has a
low blocking probability and is better than the SLC-DP scheme,
the C-SP scheme, and the C-DP scheme. The capacity of the
satellite-to-earth laser links plays an important role for the
SLC-SP scheme. The added OGSs and GEO satellites have a
small impact on the blocking probability of the SLC-SP scheme.
Besides, the limitations of the proposed protection schemes are
also discussed and the corresponding solutions are presented.
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Xin Li (Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree from the Beijing University
of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, majoring in communication
and information systems. From 2015 to 2017, he did Postdoctoral Research
with the Beijing University of Posts and telecommunications. He is currently
an Associate Professor with the School of Electronic Engineering. His research
interests include data center optical network, optical network survivability, and
optical network security.
Wei Xu was born in Beijing, China, in 1998. He received the Bachelor of
Engineering degree in electromagnetic fields and wireless technology from
the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, in 2020. His
research includes optical network survivability, integrated satellite and terrestrial
optical networks, and network performance analysis.
Hong Wang was born in Liaoning, China, in 1997. He received the Bachelor
of Engineering in information engineering from the Beijing University of Posts
and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 2019. His research includes optical
network survivability and network performance analysis.
Shanguo Huang received the Ph.D. degree from the Beijing University of Posts
and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China, in 2006. He is currently a
Professor with the State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical
Communications, and the Executive Dean with the School of Electronic Engi-
neering, BUPT. His research interests include the networks designing, planning,
traffic control, and resource allocations, especially network routing algorithms
and performance analysis.