Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Question Bank Multimedia With PART B
Question Bank Multimedia With PART B
Question Bank Multimedia With PART B
UNIT 1
PART-A
1.What do you understand by multimedia?
It is defines as multiple sources and forms of media likes, text, audio, animation, videos,
graphics and any other source of media. It is mainly used to deliver information, to a group
or platform.
Multimedia includes design, web design, presentation, etc.
Multimedia is used to create interactive experiences that engage and inform the audience.
It can be used for educational or training purposes, advertising, gaming, or any other
application where an interactive experience is desired.
2. Write the name of multimedia application?
Multimedia is widely used in applications like,
Teleconferencing
• VoIP(Voice over IP)
• PC –to- PC.
• PC-to-Telephone.
Audio, Video and Multimedia messages
• Voice mail.
• Multimedia mail.
Image processing and image recognition.
3. What is virtual memory?
Virtual memory is defined as a memory management method where computers
use secondary memory to compensate for the scarcity of physical memory.
Virtual memory provides benefits in terms of costs, physical space, multitasking
capabilities, and data security.
4.What are the components of multimedia?
1.Facsimile
2.Text
3.Document images
4.Photographic Images
5.Geographical Information Systems
6.Voice Commands and Voice Synthesis
7.Audio Messages
8.Video Messages
9.Full motion stored and Live Video (FMV)
10. Holographic images
11. Fractals
5. List out the various hardware requirements for multimedia?
o Multimedia marketing council(MMC)
o Defines multimedia PC(MPC)
Two classes
1.Multimedia Playback
for viewing an exciting Multimedia Presentation
2.Multimedia production
design and developing multimedia Presentation
Print advertising
Radio (audio) advertising
Television (video) advertising
Digital advertising
Display Ads
Video
Advantages of Multimedia
2. Enhanced Communication
3. Increased Accessibility
4. Increased Interactivity
Disadvantages of Multimedia
1. Cost
2. Technical issues
3. Limited accessibility
4. Dependence on technology
security
sharing / distribution
storage
retrieval
processing
computing
16.Components of Distributed multimedia systems
1. Application software.
2. Container object store.
3. Image and still video store.
4. Audio and video component store.
5. Object directory service agent.
6. Component service agent.
7. User interface and service agent.
8. Networks (LAN and WAN).
17.What is Metadata.
o Metadata means “data about data” or data that describes other data.
allowing resources to be found by relevant criteria, identifying resources,
bringing similar resources together, distinguishing dissimilar resources, and
giving location information
For example, a digital image may include metadata that describes the size of
the image, its color depth, resolution, when it was created, the shutter speed,
and other data.A text document's metadata may contain information about how
long the document is, who the author is, when the document was written, and a
short summary of the document.
18.List down the classification of Metadata.
Structural metadata
Descriptive metadata
Preservation metadata
Administrative metadata
Provenance metadata
Definitional metadata
19.List down the Metadata Application
Database management
o column name,row number, SQL-schema
Internet searches
o meta title,meta description
Social networking Sites
o posts title, brief description
Language of markup
SGML(Standard generalised markup lang), XML
Applications for tracking consumers
o online shopping
Information categorization
o arranging information logically
20.What is Multimedia database?
Multimedia databases provide features that allow users to store and query
different types of multimedia information, which includes images (such as
photos or drawings), video clips (such as movies, newsreels, or home
videos), audio clips (such as songs, phone messages, or speeches),
and documents (such as books or articles).
content-based retrieval, because the multimedia source is being retrieved
based on its containing certain objects or activities. Hence, a multimedia
database must use some model to organize and index the multimedia sources
based on their contents.
PART_B
1. Explain Distributed Multimedia System.
Introduction
Components of DMS
Managing Hypermedia Records as Objects.
Managing Distributed Objects
Introduction
security
sharing / distribution
storage
retrieval
processing
computing
o Container store
o Linked Object Storage
o Linked Object Management
o Ex: Relational DBM
Issues
Replication, Archival(history), load balancing, purging(cleaning)
1. Intersever communication
2. Object server architecture
3. Object identification
4. Object revision management
5. Optimizing network location of objects
6. Object directory service
7. Multimedia object retrieval
8. Database replication techniques
9. Object migration techniques
10. Otimizing object storage
11. Mass storage for multimedia servers
Metadata Functions
Metadata Classification
Metadata Application
Metadata means “data about data” or data that describes other data.
allowing resources to be found by relevant criteria, identifying resources,
bringing similar resources together, distinguishing dissimilar resources, and
giving location information
For example, a digital image may include metadata that describes the size of
the image, its color depth, resolution, when it was created, the shutter speed,
and other data.A text document's metadata may contain information about how
long the document is, who the author is, when the document was written, and a
short summary of the document.
Web pages often include metadata in the form of meta tags. Description and
keywords meta tags are commonly used to describe content within a web page.
Search engines can use this data to help understand the content within a page.
The following are the functions of metadata:
Organization and description
Search and retrieval
Utilization and preservation
Information creation, Multi-versioning and reuse
Facilitates interoperability
Organization and description:Metadata describes and orders data resources in
a repository. Information in a repository is organized based on its audience or
topic. It is also organized hierarchically by dynamically constructing pages
using database-stored information. Experts may produce new metadata through
registration, cataloging, and indexing procedures.
Search and retrieval: Appropriate descriptive metadata simplifies users’
locating and getting necessary metadata and data resource information. It
allows for similar resources to be grouped and dissimilar ones to be
distinguished.
Facilitates interoperability: Using established metadata schemes,
standardized transfer mechanisms, and crosswalks among schemes and API, it
is simple to share resources like metadata harvesting and cross-system
search.
Organization and description:Metadata describes and orders data resources in
a repository. Information in a repository is organized based on its audience or
topic. It is also organized hierarchically by dynamically constructing pages
using database-stored information. Experts may produce new metadata through
registration, cataloging, and indexing procedures.
Search and retrieval: Appropriate descriptive metadata simplifies users’
locating and getting necessary metadata and data resource information. It
allows for similar resources to be grouped and dissimilar ones to be
distinguished.
Facilitates interoperability: Using established metadata schemes,
standardized transfer mechanisms, and crosswalks among schemes and API, it
is simple to share resources like metadata harvesting and cross-system
search.
Utilization and preservation: Metadata helps track the life cycle of a data
resource. It monitors modification, permissions management, and version
management. To guarantee their sustained availability, data resources should
be exposed to a continual preservation regime and undergo operations like
refresh, migration, and integrity checking.
Information creation, multi-versioning, and reuse: Various iterations of a
resource may be developed for preservation, study, or product development.
Digitizers should include administrative and descriptive metadata on the
resource. Metadata is vital for preserving and making materials accessible in
the future. The preservation and maintenance of resources need unique aspects
for tracing the provenance of digital objects and describing their physical
properties.
4.Metadate Classification
Structural metadata
Descriptive metadata
Preservation metadata
Administrative metadata
Provenance metadata
Definitional metadata
1. Structural metadata
provides valuable information that helps to establish the relationship
between objects. This enables users to understand and make use of the
data resource effectively. Structural metadata also provides information
on the hierarchical structures between different data resources. This
may include a table of contents, page, section, and chapter numbering.
Its principal purpose is to enhance the display and navigation of
collected data, which is facilitated by a page-turning program
specifying the order of page graphics. It is influenced by how
photographs are given to the user and saved in the repository.
2. Descriptive metadata
provides helpful information for discovering and identifying a data
resource. It describes a resource’s what, when, where, and who. It
consists of information about the content and context of the data. It
helps users search and retrieve information at the system level. At the
Web level, it enables users to discover resources, for instance, through
hyperlinking documents.
3. Preservation metadata
refers to the information related to the preservation management of
collections and information resources. It involves documentation of the
process of preserving physical and digital versions of resources and
encompasses all the necessary information to manage and protect digital
assets over time.
In digital repositories, preservation metadata may deal with rights
management and consist of information on rights holders that authorize
such actions. It draws from other structures, such as structural and
administrative metadata. It is mainly associated with the analysis and
actions performed on a resource after it is submitted to a repository.
4. Administrative metadata
provides information that is useful in managing resources. It provides
information related to governance, access controls, and security. It includes
technical data on copyright information, rights management, and license
agreements. It may consist of technical data on the creation and quality
control of works, rights management, access control, user requirements, and
preserving action information.
It is governed by project-specific procedures based on the project’s local
requirements and may contain contract agreements and payment
information. It includes both preservation and technical knowledge. One can
use the archiving policy of administrative metadata for the internal
management of resources.
5. Provenance metadata
provides helpful information on the origins of a data resource. It includes
information on the ownership, any transformation that the data may have
undergone, the usage of the data, and the archival of the data resource. This
information helps track the lifecycle of a resource.
generated whenever a new version of a data set is created and indicates the
relationship between different versions of data objects. This allows users to
query the relationship between versions and includes either or both fine- or
coarse-grained provenance data on data resources.
6. Definitional metadata
provides a tcommon vocabulary -meaning of the data. definitions of the data,
rules. It may also include information on the logic used when creating derived
data to understand its meaning entirely.
categorized into semantic and schematic. You can describe structured, and
unstructured data sets semantically with a textual description or vocabulary. A
database schema can present structured data sets.
Metadata Application
Database management
column name,row number, SQL-schema
Internet searches
meta title,meta description
Social networking Sites
posts title, brief description
Language of markup
SGML(Standard generalised markup lang), XML
Applications for tracking consumers
online shopping
Information categorization
arranging information logically
Multimedia databases provide features that allow users to store and query
different types of multimedia information, which includes images (such as
photos or drawings), video clips (such as movies, newsreels, or home
videos), audio clips (such as songs, phone messages, or speeches),
and documents (such as books or articles).
content-based retrieval, because the multimedia source is being retrieved based
on its containing certain objects or activities. Hence, a multimedia database
must use some model to organize and index the multimedia sources based on
their contents.
Identifying the contents of multimedia sources is a difficult and time-
consuming task. There are two main approaches. The first is based
on automatic analysis of the multimedia sources to identify certain
mathematical characteristics of their contents. This approach uses different
techniques depending on the type of multimedia source (image, video, audio, or
text).
The second approach depends on manual identification of the objects and
activities of interest in each multimedia source and on using this information to
index the sources. This approach can be applied to all multimedia sources, but
it requires a manual preprocessing phase where a person has to scan each
multimedia source to identify and catalog the objects and activities it contains
so that they can be used to index the sources.
An image is typically stored either in raw form as a set of pixel or cell values,
or in compressed form to save space. The image shape descriptor describes the
geometric shape of the raw image, which is typically a rectangle of cells of a
certain width and height
A video source is typically represented as a sequence of frames, where each
frame is a still image. However, rather than identifying the objects and
activities in every individual frame, the video is divided into video segments,
where each segment comprises a sequence of contiguous frames that includes
the same objects/activities. Each segment is identified by its starting and ending
frames. The objects and activities identified in each video segment can be used
to index the segments. An indexing technique called frame segment trees has
been proposed for video indexing. The index includes both objects, such as
persons, houses, and cars, as well as activities, such as a person delivering a
speech or two people talking. Videos are also often compressed using standards
such as MPEG.
Audio sources include stored recorded messages, such as speeches, class
presentations, or even surveillance recordings of phone messages or
conversations by law enforcement. Here, discrete transforms can be used to
identify the main characteristics of a certain person’s voice in order to have
similarity-based indexing and retrieval.
A text/document source is basically the full text of some article, book, or
magazine. These sources are typically indexed by identifying the keywords that
appear in the text and their relative frequencies. However, filler words or
common words called stopwords are eliminated from the process. A
dimensionality reduction technique called singular value
decompositions (SVD), which is based on matrix transformations, can be used
for this purpose. An indexing technique called telescoping vector trees (TV-
trees), can then be used to group similar documents.
Benefit of MM
Electronic form
Automatically maintained index
Multiuser can access at a time
Multiple paper copies(photocopying)
Integration
Multimedia Storage And Retrieval
Images, sounds and movies can be stored, retrieved and played by many databases.
In future, multimedia databases will become a main source of interaction between
users and multimedia elements.
Multimedia storage and retrieval Multimedia storage is characterized by a
number of considerations. They are:
Binary Large Object (BLOB) is a data type which has been adapted by most of the
leading relational databases.
BLOBs are used for objects such as images or other binary data types.
The relational database is extended to access these BLOBs to present the user 'with a
complete' data set.
Extended relational databases provide a path information to the object-oriented
environment.
Relational database tables include location information for the BLOBs which may
be stored outside the database on separate image or video servers.
Relational databases is used to maintaining the integrity of the database
Extensibility: means that the set of operations, structures and constraints that
are available to operations are not fixed, and developers can define new operations,
which can then be added as needed to their application.
The object management system must be capable of indexing, grouping and storing
multimedia objects in distributed hierarchical optional storage systems, and accessing
these objects on or keyed basis.
The design of the object management system should be capable indexing objects in
such a manner that there is no need to maintain multiple storage copies.
Multimedia transactions are very complex transactions. We define a multimedia
transaction as the sequence of events
that starts when a user makes a request to display, edit, or print a hyper media
document. The transaction is complete when the
user releases the hypermedia document and stores back the edited versions or discards
the copy in memory
(including virtual memory) or local storage .
It combines both
It combines with hypertext as well
3. Relation hypertext to form as multimedia to
a hypermedia. represent
information.
It requires it own
delivery system It provides the
Requirements of
5. called as clickable links to
hardware
multimedia increase capability.
delivery system.
PART-A
4. What is MP3
MP3, a data compression format for encoding digital audio, most commonly
music. MP3 files offered substantial fidelity to compact disc (CD) sources at
vastly reduced file sizes. Category: Science & Tech. In full: MPEG-1 Audio
Layer.
Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format that has captured all
the elements of a printed document as an electronic image that users can view,
navigate, print or forward to someone else.
However, PDF files are more than images of documents. Files can
embed type fonts so that they're available at any viewing location.
To view saved PDF files, users need either the full Acrobat program,
which is not free, or a less expensive program, such as Adobe Reader, which is
available for free from Adobe. PDF files can also be viewed in most
web browsers.
7. What is GIF?
The GIF file format was created in June 1987 by computer scientist Steve
Wilhite and his team at the US technology company CompuServe.
The GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is in normal use limited to an 8-bit
palette, or 256 colors (while 24-bit color depth is technically possible). GIF is
most suitable for storing graphics with few colors, such as simple diagrams,
shapes, logos, and cartoon style images, as it uses LZW ( Lempel–Ziv–
Welch )lossless compression( lossless data compression technique to reduce the
file size without degrading the visual quality), which is more effective when
large areas have a single color, and less effective for photographic
or dithered images.
RTF stands for rich text format which is commonly used in storing text and text
formatting information that can be applied in the creation or sharing of documents.
• Document exchange: RTF has become the standard for exchanging documents
between users who might be in a different word processing environment. This
ensures that the document maintains its formatting whatever software is used to
view it.
• Cross-platform compatibility: Windows, macOS, and Linux are able to open
RTF files offering a cross-platform means of document sharing.
• E-books and documentation: RTF is widely used as a standard format in e-
books and other documents where consistency in formulation is important.
• Data interchange: Besides, RTF is also applicable in transferring structured
information like shifting data from one program to another.
Hypertext Hyperlink
Hypertext directed information only Hyperlink directed link could contain some
generates the related information. unrelated information.
Hypertext associate with the keywords. Hyperlink associate with the anchor tags.
15.Define TIFF.
TIFF (Tag Image File Format) format is a flexible format usually using either
the TIFF or TIF filename extension. The tag structure was designed to be easily
extendible.TIFFs can be lossy or lossless, depending on the technique chosen for
storing the pixel data. Some digital cameras can save images in TIFF format, using
the LZW compression algorithm for lossless storage.
TIFF image format is not widely supported by web browsers.
A favorite among photographers, TIFFs are a handy way to store high-quality
images before editing if you want to avoid lossy file formats. TAldus Corporation
created the TIFF file in the mid-1980s for use in desktop publishing.
Unformatted text is any text that is not associated with any formatting information. It
is plain text, containing only printable characters, white space, and line breaks.
Formatted text
• Formatted text is any text that is not a plain text but has certain attributes to it.
• They can be color, size, font.
• It has a specialized and customized style.
17.Define Lossy algorithms.
Lossy compression is typically used when a file can afford to lose some data,
and/or if storage space needs to be drastically ‘freed up’.
Here, an algorithm scans image files and reduces their size by discarding
information considered less important or undetectable to the human eye.
With lossless compression the file data is restored and rebuilt in its original form
after decompression, enabling the image to take up less space without any
discernible loss in picture quality.
No data is lost and as the process can be reversed, it’s also known as reversible
compression.
An image file format is a file format for a digital image. There are many formats that
can be used, such as JPEG, PNG, and GIF. Most formats up until 2022 were for
storing 2D images, not 3D ones. The data stored in an image file format may be
compressed or uncompressed. If the data is compressed, it may be done so using lossy
compression or lossless compression. For graphic design applications, vector formats
are often used.
PART-B
1. Write the types of compression and What are the types of Audio
and Video file.
File Formats store a large variety of raw information in a structured format so
that the data can be easily stored, processed, and harnessed. A file format is a
standard way of storing data on a computer file. There are multiple types of file
formats present which can be used to store and retrieve data efficiently.
Types of Text:
Unformatted Text , Formatted Text , Hyper Text
Unformatted text is any text that is not associated with any formatting information. It
is plain text, containing only printable characters, white space, and line breaks.
Formatted text
• Formatted text is any text that is not a plain text but has certain attributes to it.
• They can be color, size, font.
• It has a specialized and customized style.
• Also called as styled text or rich text.-styling information.EX-HTML
• Hypertext is a kind of specially-formatted text that provides a link to other
content. Hypertext allows system designers to organize information in a
branching structure instead of a linear one.
• Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic
devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can
immediately access.
Hypertext Hyperlink
Hypertext contains the Non-linear linking of In Hyperlinks the references are used in the
the text with some other information. hypertext or with other hypermedia.
Hypertext directed information only Hyperlink directed link could contain some
generates the related information. unrelated information.
Hypertext associate with the keywords. Hyperlink associate with the anchor tags.
4. Explain GIF
The GIF file format was created in June 1987 by computer scientist Steve Wilhite and his
team at the US technology company CompuServe.
The GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is in normal use limited to an 8-bit palette, or
256 colors (while 24-bit color depth is technically possible). GIF is most suitable for
storing graphics with few colors, such as simple diagrams, shapes, logos, and cartoon
style images, as it uses LZW ( Lempel–Ziv–Welch )lossless compression( lossless data
compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality), which
is more effective when large areas have a single color, and less effective for photographic
or dithered images.
It can also represent multiple images in a file, which can be used for animations, and
allows a separate palette of up to 256 colors for each frame.
Due to GIF's simplicity and age, it achieved almost universal software support. Due to its
animation capabilities, it is still widely used to provide image animation effects, despite
its low compression ratio compared to modern video formats.
Advantages of GIF files.
• What GIF animations lack in sophistication they make up for with speed and impact.
They’re quick to create, don’t require too much technical know-how and can spread
across social media sites like wildfire as memes.
• The colour limits placed on GIFs keep their file sizes relatively small. This can help
them load faster on web pages.
• GIF files boast a feature called lossless compression. This means their image quality
doesn’t decline when their data gets compressed.
Disadvantages of GIF files.
• The GIF file format only supports a palette of 256 colours, meaning images may have
a low resolution or even look slightly blurry.
• Because they use multiple images, animated GIF files can sometimes be tricky to
return to and edit.
• Although GIFs are generally small and quick to load, a slow Internet connection could
delay or negatively affect their appearance on a webpage.
5. Explain the JPEG compression standard?
JPEG
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method; JPEG-
compressed images are usually stored in the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) or
the Exif (Exchangeable image file format) file format. The JPEG filename
extension is JPG or JPEG. Nearly every digital camera can save images in the JPEG
format, which supports eight-bit grayscale images and 24-bit color images (eight
bits each for red, green, and blue). JPEG applies lossy compression to images, which
can result in a significant reduction of the file size.
Applications can determine the degree of compression to apply, and the amount of
compression affects the visual quality of the result. When not too great, the
compression does not noticeably affect or detract from the image's quality, but JPEG
files suffer generational degradation when repeatedly edited and saved. (JPEG also
provides lossless image storage, but the lossless version is not widely supported.)
The JPEG compression format compares every 8 by 8 block of pixels that make up
the image to a linear combination of 64 standard patterns. The degree of compression
can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image
quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in
image quality.
Advantages of JPEGs.
• JPEG files are arguably the most universally recognized image file format —
compatible with most browsers, software, and apps.
• Their small file sizes allow for quick transfer and fast access for viewing online. By
intelligently discarding all the colors that the human eye can’t pick out — called lossy
compression — JPEGs keep their file size as small as possible. Compared to lossless
formats like GIFs, JPEGs are dramatically smaller in size.
• Post-processing is easier because white balance and saturation in JPEGs are set with
the click of the shutter.
Disadvantages of JPEG.
• Lossy compression may be a space-saver, but when dealing with very heavily
compressed images, the quality will suffer. Images with clean edges and lines will
lose some of their sharpness in the compression.
• Losing so much data may cause posterization — the loss of smoother transition
between colors, making an image look blockier and abrupt. It may also cause the
appearance of artifacts — aliasing on edges, blooming, or noise — which can
severely affect image quality. Photographers can avoid the potential pitfalls of
artifacts and posterization by saving photos in raw format.
• All visible colors are in a "horseshoe" shaped cone in the X-Y-Z space.
• Consider the plane X+Y+Z=1 and project it onto the X-Y plane, we get
the CIE chromaticity diagram as below.
1.MP4
MPEG-4, also known as MP4, is the most common file type for videos. The
MP4 format is the standard format for web videos because MP4 videos are
high-quality with relatively small file sizes. Not only is MP4 the standard for
the web, but this video format is also used for TV. If you’re adding a video to
your website or uploading a video to YouTube, using an MP4 video format is a
safe bet.
The only real downside to the MP4 format is the fact that the encoding and
decoding processes require a lot of resources. While the actual file sizes are
small, compressing the video when you save it is demanding on your PC.
When people watch these videos, they have to be decompressed in real-time for
maximum quality.
2. The MOV file format was designed by Apple to support the Quicktime player
and is used primarily for video editing. People don’t typically publish MOV videos
directly to the web or send them in emails because of the large file size. However,
this large file size means that MOV files typically offer higher quality than MP4s
and other video types. People use MOV files in the editing stage because you want
to edit with the highest-quality version of your video. However, once editing is
complete, you’ll have to compress it and format it for the web, which can take up
time and memory space.
3. AVI(Audio Video Interleave) files are unique because they offer very high-
quality audio, which is a feature you don’t get in some of the other video types.
Because AVI files offer excellent video and audio quality, file sizes are typically
much larger. This is an even bigger concern when you’re using lossless AVI files
that haven’t been compressed; you don’t need to decode these files to watch the
video, but each minute of video results takes up gigabytes of space.
AVI files can be used for YouTube as well as TV production, but they’re not great
for web use because of the large file size.
4. WMV, or Windows Media Video, is a video format that was developed by
Microsoft for use with Windows operating systems. Because WMV was created
for Windows, Apple and Linux devices don’t typically offer out-of-the-box
support for WMV playback. However, WMV files offer excellent quality with
small file sizes, which makes them a popular choice for web use in some cases.
That being said, compatibility with Apple and Linux devices is a concern.
At the end of the day, WMV isn’t a standard format as a result of its lack of
compatibility with certain operating systems. There are some niche uses for WMV
files, but MP4s reign supreme for web use.
5. AVCHD (Advanced video coding high definitions)is a format that was
originally developed by Sony and Panasonic for camcorders. This file format is
designed to capture a high-quality version of a video directly after it’s been
recorded, that way you have a high-resolution video you can use when you’re
ready to edit your video. While AVCHD videos typically offer slightly higher
quality than MP4 videos, MP4 file sizes are smaller. As a result, many newer
camcorders actually record MP4 videos instead of using the AVCHD format.
6. The WebM format was developed by Google and released in 2019 as HTML5
grew in popularity. This video format is specifically designed for the web, but the
biggest issue it faces is a lack of support. WebM videos have an extremely small
file size without sacrificing too much in terms of quality. Unfortunately, Internet
Explorer and Safari don’t offer support for WebM videos unless you use additional
plugins. The result is that MP4 is still the champion in terms of the best web video
types.
Open source, aim to stream online video to any device
7. There was a time when Flash video (FLV) was the most common video type,
but that’s no longer the case since Flash Player was discontinued at the end of
2020. Flash Player is no longer included with popular web browsers, and anyone
who tries to play an FLV video on the web will see an error message instead of the
video. You can still use a third-party video player to open FLV videos on your
phone or computer, but you can’t use them for the web. Essentially, there’s no
reason to spend money creating Flash videos anymore.
Not work in apple
UNIT 3
PART – A
1. State the advantage and disadvantage of care-based authoring tools.
Advantages:
1.User-Friendly GUI
Disadvantage:
1.Skill Requirements
6.What is simulation?
A simulation is a model that mimics the operation of an existing or proposed
system, providing evidence for decision-making by being able to test different
scenarios or process changes. This can be coupled with virtual reality technologies
for a more immersive experience.
HyperCard (Macintosh)
SuperCard (Macintosh)
ToolBook (Windows)
Visual BASIC (Windows)
16. Define Icon-based
In these authoring systems, multimedia elements and interaction cues or events
are organised as objects in a structural framework.
Icon based, event driven tools simplify the organisation of a project and
typically display flow diagrams of activities along branching paths.
Some examples of icon-based systems include:
Authorware Professional (Windows)
IconAuthor (Windows)
Icon-based, event-driven systems are suited to a wide range of applications and
offer a high level of support when developing packages with complex
navigation structures.
Icon-based, event-driven tools provide a visual programming approach to
organize and present multimedia. Multimedia elements and interaction cues are
organized as objects in a flowchart. Flowchart can be built by dragging
appropriate icons from a library, and then adding the content.
17.Define Time-based
Time Based Authoring Programs use a movie metaphor.
Like a movie on videotape, you start the multimedia title and it plays until some
action causes it to pause or stop.
These programs also allow for branching to different parts of the movie, and any
amount of user control and interactivity may be build in.
Good for creating animations.
Allow the designer to arrange various elements and events of the multimedia
project along a well defined time line. By time line, we simply mean the passage
of time. As the time advances from starting point of the project, the events begin to
occur, one after another.
18. List Features of multimedia authoring tools
Editing features
Organizing features
Programming features
Interactive features
Performance tuning features
Playback features
Delivery features
Cross-Platform features
Internet Playability
PART – B
1. Authoring metaphors, Tools Features and Types
Multimedia Authoring Tools provide tools for making a complete multimedia
presentation where users usually have a lot of interactive controls
Authoring is the process of creating multimedia applications
A program which has pre-programmed elements for the development of
interactive multimedia software titles. A program that helps to write hypertext
or multimedia applications.
Authoring involves the assembly and bringing together of Multimedia with
possibly high level graphical interface design and some high level scripting.
Programming involves low level assembly and construction and control of
Multimedia and involves real languages like C and Java.
Multimedia Authoring Paradigms
The authoring paradigm, or authoring metaphor, is the methodology by which
the authoring system accomplishes its task.
Four main perspectives in multimedia authoring tools :
o Tool (any software package that could authors multimedia product)
o Product (the result of combining all multimedia components)
o Developer (designers, programmers, and multimedia authors)
o End user (customer or viewer)
Multimedia Authoring tool has two basic features:
w Ability to create and edit a product
w Presentation scheme for delivering product
1.1Characteristics of Authoring Tools
A good authoring tool should be able to:
Integrate text, graphics, video, and audio to create a single multimedia
presentation
Control interactivity by the use of menus, buttons, hotspots, hot objects
etc.
Publish as a presentation or a self-running executable; on CD/DVD,
Intranet, WWW
Be extended through the use of pre-built or externally supplied
components, plug-ins etc
let you create highly efficient, integrated workflow
Have a large user base.
1.2Types
Card-Based
In these authoring systems, elements are organized as pages of a book or a
stack of cards.The authoring system lets you link these pages or cards into
organized sequences. You can jump, on command, to any page you wish to in a
structured navigation pattern.
Card- and page-based systems allow you to play audio, video and animations.
These tools are best used when the bulk of your content consists of elements
that can be viewed individually, for example the pages of a book or file cards in
card file. You can jump from page to page because all pages can be
interrelated.
Some examples of card- and page-based systems include:
HyperCard (Macintosh)
SuperCard (Macintosh)
ToolBook (Windows)
Visual BASIC (Windows)
Time-Based
Time Based Authoring Programs use a movie metaphor.
Like a movie on videotape, you start the multimedia title and it plays until
some action causes it to pause or stop.
These programs also allow for branching to different parts of the movie, and
any amount of user control and interactivity may be build in.
Good for creating animations.
Allow the designer to arrange various elements and events of the multimedia
project along a well defined time line. By time line, we simply mean the
passage of time. As the time advances from starting point of the project, the
events begin to occur, one after another.
Icon-Based
In these authoring systems, multimedia elements and interaction cues or events
are organised as objects in a structural framework.
Icon based, event driven tools simplify the organisation of a project and
typically display flow diagrams of activities along branching paths.
Some examples of icon-based systems include:
Authorware Professional (Windows)
IconAuthor (Windows)
Icon-based, event-driven systems are suited to a wide range of applications and
offer a high level of support when developing packages with complex
navigation structures.
Icon-based, event-driven tools provide a visual programming approach to
organize and present multimedia. Multimedia elements and interaction cues are
organized as objects in a flowchart. Flowchart can be built by dragging
appropriate icons from a library, and then adding the content.
UNIT 4
PART – A
1. What is animation?
Animation is a filmmaking technique by which still images are manipulated to
create moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by
hand on transparent celluloid sheets (cels) to be photographed and exhibited on
film.
Digital 2D Animation
Digital 3D Animation
Puppetry Animation
Clay Animation or Claymation
Sand Animation
4. What is kinematics.
Kinematics is the study of the motion of mechanical points, bodies and systems
without consideration of their associated physical properties and the forces acting
on them. The study is often referred to as the geometry of motion, and it models
these motions mathematically using algebra.
7. What is morphing?
Morphing is animation that changes one image slowly into another. It is often
used to change one face into another face. To seamlesly change from one image to
another, a series of points is identified in both the before and after objects. This is
so major parts will correspond - e.g., the eyes in a face.
Advantage
Skeletal animation has become an essential technique in computer animation
because it allows for efficient rendering and manipulation of both 2D and 3D
characters. Its ability to create lifelike movements in character animations has made
it a valuable tool for film, television, and video game industries.
Disadvantage
One of the main disadvantages of skeletal animation is that it can be less realistic
and expressive, especially for facial animation. By using bones, you can only control
the movement of the vertices by rotating or translating them, which can result in
unnatural or stiff deformations.
11. Differentiate between virtual reality and augmented reality.
The distinctions between VR and AR come down to the devices they require and the
experience itself:
This is one of the oldest types of animation in film. It’s sometimes called cel
animation. Traditional animation involved animators drawing by hand for each
and every frame. If you love the feel of pencils on a paper, then the traditional
approach is very fascinating. Traditional animation is creating the drawings one
by one on the frame. 2D animation involves creating numerous drawings then
feeding into a plastic cells, hand painting them and create the animated
sequence on a painted background image. Traditional Aniamtion Movies :
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Peter Pan, and Sleeping Beauty, Aladdin.
15.Define Path Animation
The process of animating one or more objects moving along a defined
three-dimensional path through the scene is known as path animation. The path
is called a motion path, and is quite different from a motion trail, which is used
to edit animations.
Path animations can be created in two ways:
• Create a path with a curve tool or identify an existing path, and attach the
object to the path.
• Move the object through a series of locations in the scene, creating a path
through these locations.
15. Define 2D (Vector)
2D animation can fall under traditional animation like most early Disney
movies — Pinocchio, Beauty and the Beast, etc. But there is something called
Vector-based animation that can be 2D without being traditional.
With Vector-based, the motion here can be controlled by vectors rather
than pixels. So, what the heck does that mean?
Images with familiar formats like JPG, GIF, BMP, are pixel images. These
images cannot be enlarged or shrunk without affecting image quality. Vector
graphics don’t need to worry about resolution. Vectors are characterized by
pathways with various start and end points, lines connecting these points to
build the graphic. Shapes can be created to form a character or other image.
16. Define 3D animation
1.Traditional Animation
This is one of the oldest types of animation in film. It’s sometimes called cel
animation. Traditional animation involved animators drawing by hand for each
and every frame. If you love the feel of pencils on a paper, then the traditional
approach is very fascinating. Traditional animation is creating the drawings one
by one on the frame. 2D animation involves creating numerous drawings then
feeding into a plastic cells, hand painting them and create the animated
sequence on a painted background image. Traditional Aniamtion Movies :
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Peter Pan, and Sleeping Beauty, Aladdin.
It is used by advertising companies to screen pre-production of advertisement
where several sequential images were drawn by hand and screen to create the
illusion of movement. Traditional animation is sometimes called hand-drawn
animation or cel animation and, for most of the 20th Century, many popular
animated films were created this way. It was a lengthy process. Thousands of
pictures were drawn entirely by hand on acetate sheets, or cels, with each cel
being slightly different from the one before it. Each cel was photographed onto
a separate frame of film so that when the filmreel was played, the animation
moved. This form of animation could also be combined with live-action video
by placing the cels on top of the film. 13 This technique was popular in the late
80s and early 90s, and was used in films such as Space Jam and Who Framed
Roger Rabbit.
Traditional animation takes a lot of artistic skill and has many different artistic
styles: Disney’s films are very recognisable and considered quite realistic,
whilst Studio Ghibli characters have a distinctive anime look. More stylistic
drawings were used for many cartoon programmes, such as The Flintstones,
and the Beatles’ Yellow Submarine used a pop-art style that was popular at the
time it was made. The music video for the song “Take On Me” by A-ha is a
good example of another style of traditional animation called rotoscoping,
which used a live-action recording as a template for animation.
In this video, a very simple pencil-sketch style was used. In fact, any style of
art can be turned into animation. Although this traditional animation became
unnecessary when digital techniques were invented, some modern animators,
such as those who worked on the 2010 film The Illusionist, still choose to use
this form
2.Path Animation
The process of animating one or more objects moving along a defined three-
dimensional path through the scene is known as path animation. The path is called
a motion path, and is quite different from a motion trail, which is used to edit
animations.
Path animations can be created in two ways:
• Create a path with a curve tool or identify an existing path, and attach the
object to the path.
• Move the object through a series of locations in the scene, creating a path
through these locations.
The animated object by default maintains a consistent orientation to the path along
the full length of the path. After creating the basic path animation, you can refine it
in various ways, as follows:
• Reshape the path.
• Change the orientation of the object to the path along the whole path, or in
specific parts of the path.
• Animate the object so that it deforms (bends) around curves in the path.
• Change the object's speed of movement along the whole path, or in specific
parts of the path.
Ex:Bouncing Ball
3.2D (Vector)
2D (Vector)
2D animation can fall under traditional animation like most early Disney
movies — Pinocchio, Beauty and the Beast, etc. But there is something called
Vector-based animation that can be 2D without being traditional.
With Vector-based, the motion here can be controlled by vectors rather
than pixels. So, what the heck does that mean?
Images with familiar formats like JPG, GIF, BMP, are pixel images. These
images cannot be enlarged or shrunk without affecting image quality. Vector
graphics don’t need to worry about resolution. Vectors are characterized by
pathways with various start and end points, lines connecting these points to
build the graphic. Shapes can be created to form a character or other image.
Below is an example.
Vector-based animation uses mathematical values to resize images, so motion
is smooth. They can re-use these creations so the animator doesn’t need to keep
drawing the same characters over and over again. You can move around these
vectors and animate that way.
4.3D animation
3D animation is the process of creating moving images in a three-dimensional (3D)
environment, giving the illusion that these digital objects are moving through a 3D
space.
3D animation is the process of creating moving three-dimensional images in a digital
context. These visuals are made using 3D software, allowing animators to create
computerized objects that look 3D even though they’re on a 2D surface. Through
visual effects and precise timing, animators can make anything from a video game
character to a car in an advertisement look like it’s moving through a three-
dimensional space.
3D animation is created by using different software programs and tools like Maya,
Blender, and 3ds Max to create 3D animation.
First, an artist must build 3D models, or “meshes,” which are then rigged with a
skeleton or “armature” system. The rigged models can then be manipulated and
animated according to the animator’s vision. The animation is then rendered as a
sequence of images, typically at 30 frames per second. When the animation is played
back in succession it creates the illusion of motion, a virtual three-dimensional
environment, or "world." This world can be populated with various 3D objects,
including characters, props, and scenery.
3.Explain Principles of Animation
6.Application of VR
Education
Education is a field where effective learning is possible with proper examples
by which students can get more benefits. While learning science, it is
impossible to give examples or elaborate concepts in a practical way according
to students’ understanding. Technologies like Virtual reality help to solve this
problem in a cool way! With the help of VR, we can create virtual Reality or an
environment in which some scientific processes occur. The concept of space
and planets can also be described effectively using VR appliances. So tech
companies build and develop educational devices and software using VR/AR to
make changes in the learning process in schools and higher studies.
Entertainment
The entertainment industry is highly affected by VR technology. It is used in
movies to enhance the experience for the audience. Disney world movie
characters are created, and people can talk with them virtually with the help of
VR tech. Using this technology, people can experience thrilling experiences in
concerts and museums. Some virtual parks are where people go to entertain
themselves, which is one of the exciting and interesting pieces of VR tech. This
tech also benefits theaters and the cinema world by using Virtual glasses,
which engage the audience for a long time in theaters to watch and enjoy full
movies.
Healthcare
Virtual Reality plays an important role in healthcare sectors. VR gives
medicine specialists opportunities to practice their surgeries and understand
more concepts clearly. Students and doctors can practice more complicated
subjects and medical terms on VR with realistic experience, less cost, and risk-
free practice. Virtual Reality is also used for treating Mental Health issues in
people to treat anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and other issues. So in the
Healthcare sector, practitioners and patients benefit from VR tech.
Real Estate
VR is tech that will completely change people’s views and perspectives toward
Real Estate Business. Virtual reality tech helps real estate marketers to improve
their marketing and impress customers by showing property in space with VR.
So it becomes easy for marketers to impress customers using this way of
marketing. Customers can also tell the sellers to improve the design or
architecture in any room by experiencing VR.
Business and Marketing
VR is used in the business for making and understanding business models.
Business sectors like shopping, advertising, real estate, and many other areas
use Virtual Reality as a marketing strategy. VR can also be used in pre-
designing products and industrial sites to help industrialists and businessmen
correct mistakes and improve their projects or products.
Automotive Industry
Many automobile companies use VR to study vehicles’ models for developing
and analyzing their mistakes. Many engineers and researchers are working on
AI and machine learning applications like robots and automated devices, which
require pre-planning and designing. So virtual Reality can also help to
understand and improve their projects and ideas or construction in a short time.
Architecture
Architecture is a field where all projects should be done for realistic houses. So
VR helps architecture to imagine how any building or room will look using
virtual effects. People who are buying any property can also imagine which
type of chair will fit a hall or living room. Interior designers also do their work
with ease using this technology. Homeowners and designers can see their
future houses in virtual Reality.
Advertising Industry
Advertising is one of the most important industries in marketing. With the help
of AR and VR, marketers can reach their customers efficiently. Ads with AR
effect can impress consumers and help build a brand in the business industry.
In this online era, marketers can use this amazing technology in digital
marketing to enhance their marketing strategy and brand establishment.
7.Discuss about Virtual Reality Devices
Virtual Reality Devices
• 3D Mouse: A 3D mouse is a control and pointing device designed for
movement in virtual 3D spaces. 3D mice employ several methods to
control 3D movement and 2D pointing, including accelerometers, multi-axis
sensors, IR sensors and lights.
• Optical Trackers: Visual devices monitors the user’s position. The most
common method for VR systems is to use one or multiple fixed video cameras
to follow the tracked object or person.
• Wired Gloves: This type of device, worn on the hands, is also known as cyber
gloves or data gloves. Various sensor technologies capture physical movement
data. Like an inertial or magnetic tracking device, a motion tracker attaches to
capture the glove’s rotation and global position data. The glove software
interprets movement. High-end versions provide haptic feedback or tactile
stimulation, allowing a wired glove to be an output device.
• Motion Controllers: These accessories allow users to act in mixed reality.
Controllers allow for fine-grained interaction with digital objects because they
have a precise position in space.
• Omnidirectional Treadmills (ODTs): This accessory machine gives users the
ability to move in any direction physically. ODTs allow users to move freely
for a fully immersive experience in VR environments.
• Smelling Devices: Smell devices are one of the newer accessories in the VR
world. Vaqso, a Tokyo-based company, offers a headset attachment that emits
odors to convey the size and shape of a candy bar. The fan-equipped device
holds several different smells that can change intensity based on the screen
action.
In AR User always have a sense of In VR, visual senses are under control
presence in the real world of the system
AR is 25% virtual and 75% real VR is 75% virtual and 25% real
A straight-line segment in key frame k is transformed into two line segments in key
frame k +1. Since key frame k + 1 has an extra vertex, we add a vertex between
vertices 1 and 2 in key frame k to balance the number of vertices (and edges) In the
two key frames. Using linear interpolation to generate the in-betweens, we transition
the added vertex in key frame k into vertex 3‘ along the straight-line path shown in
Fig.
An example of a triangle linearly expanding into a quadrilateral given In Fig
The general pre processing rules for equalizing key frames in terms of either the
number of vertices to be added to a key frame. Suppose we equalize the edge count
and parameters Lk and Lk+1 denote the number of line segments in two consecutive
frames. We define, Lmax = max (Lk, Lk+1) Lmin = min(Lk , Lk+1) Ne = Lmax mod
Lmin Ns = int (Lmax/Lmin) The pre processing is accomplished by •Dividing Ne
edges of key framemin into Ns+1 section. •Dividing the remaining lines of key
framemin into Ns sections. For example, if Lk = 15 and Lk+1 = 11, we divide 4 lines
of keyframek+1 into 2 sections each. The remaining lines of keyframek+1 are left
intact.
If we equalize the vertices counts then the parameters Vk and Vk+1 are used to denote
the number of vertices in the two consecutive frames. In this case we define: Vmax =
max(Vk,Vk+1) Vmin = min( Vk,Vk+1) and Nls = (Vmax -1) mod (Vmin – 1) Np =
int ((Vmax – 1)/(Vmin – 1 )) Preprocessing using vertex count is performed by:
•Adding Np points to Nls line section of key-framemin. •Adding Np-1 points to the
remaining edges of key-framemin. For the triangle-to quadrilateral example, Vk = 3
and Vk+1 = 4. Both Nls and Np are 1, so we would add one point to one edge of key-
framek No points would be added to the remaining lines of keyframek+1 .
Simulating Accelerations Curve-fitting techniques are often used to specify the
animation paths between key frames. Given the vertex positions at the key frames, we
can fit the positions with linear or nonlinear paths. This figure illustrates a nonlinear
fit of key-frame positions. To simulate accelerations, we can adjust the time spacing
for the in-betweens
For constant speed (zero acceleration), we use equal-interval time spacing for the in-
betweens. Suppose we want n in-betweens for key frames at times t1 and t2 . The time
interval between key frames is then divided into n +1 subintervals, yielding an in-
between spacing of
We can calculate the time for any in-between as
Nonzero accelerations are used to produce realistic displays of speed changes,
particularly at the beginning and end of a motion sequence. We can model the start-up
and slowdown portions of an animation path with spline or trigonometric functions.
Parabolic and cubic time functions have been applied to acceleration modelling, but
trigonometric functions are more commonly used in animation packages.
To model increasing speed (positive acceleration), we want the time spacing between
frames to increase so that greater changes in position occur as the object moves faster.
We can obtain an increasing interval size with the function
Often, motions contain both speed-ups and slow-downs. We can model a combination
of increasing-decreasing speed by first increasing the in between time spacing, then
we decrease this sparing. A function to accomplish these time changes is
The time for the jth in-between is now calculated as:
with t denoting the time difference for the two key frames. Time intervals for the
moving object first increase, then the time ntervals decrease, as shown in next figure:
We can model decreasing speed (deceleration) with sinθ in the range 0<θ
4.4.1.2.tweening
4.4.1.2 Tweening is the process of creating the inbetweens, which are the images that
go between keyframes. Also known as 'inbetweeing,' the result in a smooth transition
between two keyframes that depict different points in an action. Tweening is
necessary to convey a sense of fluid movement with still images. Inbetweens are
typically considered less imperative than keyframes. Lead artists draw keyframes
while inbetweens are often handled by junior artists or assistants.
Tweening Characteristics:
• The drawings between keyframes
• Used to convey smooth motion
• Typically made by junior artists or assistants
Tweening, short for in-betweening, is a crucial stage in the animation process that we
can’t overlook.This technique involves generating intermediate frames between two
key images to create the illusion of movement.Artists create these key frames at
critical points to show the start and end positions of an object’s path.
But, it is the tweening process that fills in the sequence, fleshing out the action.In
traditional animation, tweening was done by hand, where junior animators would
meticulously draw the in-betweens for senior animators’ keyframes.
It was a time-consuming and skill-intensive job that played a massive part in the
classic animations we’ve grown to love.As technology has advanced, so has the
method of tweening; now, software can automatically generate those in-between
frames.
These tools have revolutionized the way animations are produced, saving time and
allowing for more complex movements.The quality of tweening can make or break an
animation.
When done correctly, it results in fluid, natural motion that can convey emotions and
add depth to the narrative.Poor tweening, on the other hand, can result in choppy or
unnatural movement that distracts from the story.
Some key benefits of tweening include:
• Smooth transitions between frames,
• Enhanced visual appeal with fluid movements,
• Increased efficiency in the animation process When we think of iconic
animations like Toy Story or The Lion King, the smoothness in character
movements is often because of effective tweening. Although invisible to the
audience when done right, it’s that seamless motion which hooks viewers, fully
immersing them in the animated world. Whether you’re creating a short film or
a full feature, mastering tweening is essential for bringing your story to life.
UNIT 5
PART – A
Public cloud
Private Cloud
Community Cloud
Hybrid Cloud
Data exploration
Scalability
Version control
Data management
Data Integration
Data Governance
15. Some of the Big Data challenges.
Analytical Challenges
Technical challenges
Social networking involves using online social media platforms to connect with
new and existing friends, family, colleagues, and businesses. Individuals can use
social networking to announce and discuss their interests and concerns with others
who may support or interact with them.
Businesses can use social networking to build a brand, sell products, grow a
customer base, and strengthen customer relationships and service.
Social networking allows individuals to make and stay in contact with family and
friends that distance and lost connections would otherwise prohibit.People can also
connect with unknown individuals who share the same interests and develop new
relationships.
Social networking also allows companies to connect with new and existing
clients.Companies can create, promote, and increase brand awareness through
social media.
Building and maintaining a company profile takes hours each week. Costs add up
quickly.Businesses need many followers before a social media marketing
campaign starts generating a positive return on investment (ROI). For example,
submitting a post to 15 followers does not have the same effect as submitting the
post to 15,000 followers.
Internet access.
A web browser.
Embedded memory.
Touchscreen.
Wi-Fi access.
Gaming.
Unified messaging.
PART – B
There are three primary types of cloud deployments. Each has unique benefits
and organizations often benefit from using more than one.
Public cloud
Public clouds deliver computing resources -- servers, storage, applications, etc.
-- over the internet from a cloud service provider, such as AWS and Microsoft
Azure. Cloud providers own and operate all hardware, software, and other
supporting infrastructure.
Private cloud
A private cloud is computing resources dedicated exclusively to an
organization. It can be physically located at an organization’s on-site data
center, or hosted by a cloud provider. A private cloud delivers a higher level of
security and privacy than public clouds by offering dedicated resources to
companies.
Private cloud customers get the primary benefits of a public cloud, including
self-service, scalability, and elasticity, but with the added benefit of additional
control and customization. Plus, private clouds can have a higher level of
security and privacy because they are housed on private networks not
accessible to public traffic.
Hybrid cloud
Hybrid clouds are a combination of private and public clouds (for
example, IBM Hybrid Cloud, powered by Red Hat), connected together with
technology that enables data and application to work together. Sensitive
services and applications can be kept in the secure private cloud while publicly-
accessible web servers and customer-facing endpoints can live in the public
cloud. Most popular third-party cloud providers offer a hybrid cloud model,
allowing users to combine private and public clouds to satisfy their needs. This
allows businesses greater flexibility to deploy the specific infrastructure
requirements of their application.
The user can also refine existing search results by requesting all artwork
images with similar visual attributes. The following screenshots demonstrate
how a user can do a content-based image search with QBIC technology.
content-based audio retrieval (CBAR) is relatively new, and fewer research
projects on it can be found. In general, existing CBAR approaches start from
the content analysis of audio clips. An example of this content analysis is
extracting basic audio elements, such as duration, pitch, amplitude, brightness,
and band width
Content-based video retrieval (CBVR) is a more recent research topic
than CBIR and CBAR, partly because the digitization technology for video
appeared later than those for image and audio. As digital video Websites such
as YouTube and Google Video become more popular, how to retrieve desired
video clips effectively is a great concern. Searching by some features of video,
such as motion and texture, can be a good complement to the traditional text-
based search method.
The matched objects are highlighted in the returned key-frame. The user
can interactively view these matched video clips by simply clicking on the
keyframe. Meanwhile, the video clip corresponding to that key-frame is
extracted from the video database (Chang et al. 1997)
Streaming media
Streaming media is multimedia for playback using an offline or online media
player. Technically, the stream is delivered and consumed in a continuous
manner by a client, with little or no intermediate storage in network
elements. Streaming refers to the delivery method of content rather than the
content itself.
Distinguishing delivery methods from the media applies specifically
to telecommunications networks, as most of the traditional media delivery
systems are either inherently streaming (e.g., radio, television) or
inherently non-streaming (e.g., books, videotapes, audio CDs). There are
challenges with streaming content on the Internet. For example, users whose
Internet connection lacks sufficient bandwidth may experience pauses, lags, or
poor buffering of the content, and users lacking compatible hardware or
software systems may be unable to stream certain content. With the use of
buffering the content for just a few seconds in advance of playback, the quality
can be greatly improved.
Livestreaming is the real-time delivery of content during production, much
as live television broadcasts content via television channels. Livestreaming
requires a form of source media (e.g., a video camera, an audio interface,
screen capture software), an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher,
and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content.
Streaming is an alternative to file downloading, a process in which the end-user
obtains the entire file for the content before watching or listening to it. Through
streaming, an end-user can use their media player to start playing digital
video or digital audio content before the entire file has been transmitted. The
term "streaming media" can apply to media other than video and audio, such as
live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered
"streaming text".
Big data refers to data that is so large, fast or complex that it’s difficult or
impossible to process using traditional methods. The act of accessing and storing
large amounts of information for analytics has been around for a long time. But the
concept of big data gained momentum in the early 2000s when industry analyst
Doug Laney articulated the now-mainstream definition of big data as the three V’s:
Volume. Organisations collect data from a variety of sources, including
transactions, smart (IoT) devices, industrial equipment, videos, images, audio,
social media and more. In the past, storing all that data would have been too
costly – but cheaper storage using data lakes, Hadoop and the cloud have eased
the burden.
Velocity. With the growth in the Internet of Things, data streams into
businesses at an unprecedented speed and must be handled in a timely manner.
RFID tags, sensors and smart meters are driving the need to deal with these
torrents of data in near-real time.
Variety. Data comes in all types of formats – from structured, numeric data in
traditional databases to unstructured text documents, emails, videos, audios,
stock ticker data and financial transactions.
Features of Big Data Analytics
Surveillance Analytics
There are three primary types of cloud deployments. Each has unique benefits and
organizations often benefit from using more than one.
Public cloud
Public clouds deliver computing resources -- servers, storage, applications, etc.
-- over the internet from a cloud service provider, such as AWS and Microsoft
Azure. Cloud providers own and operate all hardware, software, and other
supporting infrastructure.
Private cloud
A private cloud is computing resources dedicated exclusively to an
organization. It can be physically located at an organization’s on-site data
center, or hosted by a cloud provider. A private cloud delivers a higher level of
security and privacy than public clouds by offering dedicated resources to
companies.
Private cloud customers get the primary benefits of a public cloud, including
self-service, scalability, and elasticity, but with the added benefit of additional
control and customization. Plus, private clouds can have a higher level of
security and privacy because they are housed on private networks not
accessible to public traffic.
Hybrid cloud
Hybrid clouds are a combination of private and public clouds (for example, IBM
Hybrid Cloud, powered by Red Hat), connected together with technology that
enables data and application to work together. Sensitive services and applications
can be kept in the secure private cloud while publicly-accessible web servers and
customer-facing endpoints can live in the public cloud. Most popular third-party
cloud providers offer a hybrid cloud model, allowing users to combine private and
public clouds to satisfy their needs. This allows businesses greater flexibility to
deploy the specific infrastructure requirements of their application.