RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev.

I ABB Power Automation Ltd

3.5.15. Power (Power)

A. Application
Power function for monitoring
· reverse power
· active power
· reactive power
· power direction.

B. Features
· definite time delay
· over or underpower
· adjustable characteristic angle
· provision for correction of phase errors caused by the input
circuit
· one, two or three-phase measurement
· wide setting ranges
(see Fig. 3.5.15.2 to Fig. 3.5.15.3)
· correction of c.t. and v.t. phase errors
· insensitive to DC components in voltage and current
· insensitive to harmonics in voltage and current.

C. Inputs and outputs

I. C.t./v.t. inputs:
· current
· voltage

II. Binary inputs:

· Blocking

III. Binary outputs:

· pick-up
· tripping

IV. Measurements:
· power.

3.5.15-1
ABB Power Automation Ltd RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I

D. Power function settings - Power

Summary of parameters:

Text Unit Default Min. Max. Step

RunOnCPU CPU1 (Select)

ParSet 4..1 P1 (Select)
Trip 01-08 00000000
Trip 09-16 00000000
Trip 17-24 00000000
Trip 25-32 00000000
P-Setting PN -0.050 -0.100 1.200 0.005
Angle deg 000.0 -180.0 180.0 5.0
Drop-Ratio % 60 30 170 1
Delay s 00.50 0.05 60.00 0.01
MaxMin MIN (Select)
Phi-Comp deg 0.0 -5.0 5.0 0.1
NrOfPhases 001 1 3 1
CurrentInp CT/VT-Addr. 00000
VoltageInp CT/VT-Addr. 00000
PN UN*IN 1.000 0.500 2.500 0.001
BlockInp BinaryAddr F
Trip SignalAddr ER
Start SignalAddr

Explanation of parameters:
RunOnCPU
defines the processing unit which runs the function.
ParSet 4..1
Parameter for determining in which set of parameters a par-
ticular function is active (see Section 5.11.).
Trip 01-08
defines the tripping channel activated by the tripping O/P of
the function (matrix tripping logic).
Trip 09-16
corresponds to Trip 01-08 (providing tripping unit fitted).

3.5.15-2
RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I ABB Power Automation Ltd

Trip 17-24
corresponds to Trip 01-08 (providing tripping unit fitted).
Trip 25-32
corresponds to Trip 01-08 (providing tripping unit fitted).
P-Setting
Power setting for tripping.
Setting restrictions:
Power amplitude not less than:
· 0.005 PN when connected to metering cores
· 0.020 PN when connected to protection cores
· also n x 0.005 PN should the sampling groups for voltage
and current be different in the analogue input circuit
(to allow for possible errors for f ¹ fN; n = 1...3 according
to the spacing of the sampling groups).
Allocation of the c.t./v.t. channels to the sampling groups:

Sampling C.t./v.t. channel

group Nos.

1 1... 6
2 7...12

3 13...18

4 19...24

5 25...30

6 31...36
7 37...42

8 43...48

In view of the required accuracy, the use of metering cores is

recommended for settings £ 0.2 PN.
Angle
Angle between voltage and current for maximum sensitivity.
0° = active power measurement
90° = reactive power measurement (inductive),
Settings between these limits are possible, e.g. for directional
measurements at locations on the power system.
The correction of phase errors caused by the input circuit is
also possible.

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ABB Power Automation Ltd RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I

Drop-Ratio
Reset value in relation to the pick-up value. Thus depending
on the sign of the pick-up value, the setting of the reset ratio
must be greater or less than 100 %.
Forbidden settings:
· Reset ratios >100 % for MAX and P-Setting >0
· Reset ratios <100 % for MAX and P-Setting <0
· Reset ratios <100 % for MIN and P-Setting >0
· Reset ratios >100 % for MIN and P-Setting <0.
A large hysteresis must be selected for low pick-up settings
and a small one for high pick-up settings (see Fig. 3.5.15.1).
Forbidden settings for hysteresis (= ½100% - reset ratio½)
settings:
· £ 0.5%  P - Setting PN + 0.01
· ³ 10% P - Setting PN
· These conditions are fulfilled by setting, for example,
P - Setting
for 0,2 £ £ 1: 95%
PN
and
P - Setting
for 0.005 £ £ 0.2 : 60%.
PN

Delay
Time between the function picking up and tripping. The time
the function takes to reset is also influenced by the delay set
for operation, i.e.:
for t > 100 ms, the function resets after 50 ms, otherwise re-
setting is instantaneous.
MaxMin
defines whether over or underpower function.
Settings:
· MIN: overpower
· MAX: underpower.

Caution:
The number and its sign are relevant and not just the value,
i.e. “MIN” must be set for reverse power, because tripping
takes place for a power less than zero (P-Setting < 0).

3.5.15-4
RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I ABB Power Automation Ltd

Phi-Comp
Input of an angle to compensate c.t. and v.t. errors in the
case of highly accurate power measurements.
The setting is determined by the difference between c.t. and
v.t. errors.
NrOfPhases
Number of phases measured:
· 1: single-phase
· 2: two-phase, i.e. for a three-phase measurement with V
connected v.t’s,
P = URS ´ IR ´ cos j - UST ´ IT ´ cos j
A two-phase power measurement is only possible when
connected to delta connected v.t’s.
· 3: three-phase
P = UR ´ IR ´ cos j + US ´ IS ´ cos j + UT ´ IT ´ cos j
(The measurement is only correct with delta connected
v.t’s if the three phase voltages are symmetrical.)
CurrentInp
defines the analogue c.t. input channel.
All current I/P's may be selected.
In the case of multi-phase measurement, the first channel of
the group of three selected must be specified. The other
phases are derived from the same group.
VoltageInp
defines the voltage input channel.
All voltage I/P's may be selected.
In the case of multi-phase measurement, the first channel of
the group of three selected must be specified. The other
phases are derived from the same group.
PN
Rated power as given by UN x IN. This enables the amplitude
of the power being measured to be compensated, e.g. to the
rated power factor of a generator.
BlockInp
I/P for blocking the function.
F: - not blocked
T: - blocked
xx: - all binary I/P’s (or O/P’s of protection functions).

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ABB Power Automation Ltd RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I

Trip
Output for signalling tripping.
(signal address)
Start
Output for signalling pick-up.
(signal address)

1
Reset ratio 95%
Reset ratio

60%

0.5

0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.75

1
Setting PP
N

HEST 935 022 C

Fig. 3.5.15.1 Permissible reset ratio settings

3.5.15-6
 RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I ABB Power Automation Ltd

E. Setting instructions
(function with two additional timers)

Settings:
Reference power PN
Setting P-Setting
Reset ratio Drop-Ratio
Over/underpower MaxMin
Characteristic angle Angle
Phase error compensation Phi-Comp
tripping delay Delay
The power function can be used for many applications. Some
examples are given in Fig. 3.5.15.2 and Fig. 3.5.15.3. The
angles given apply for connection according to Section 4.4.2.

Q Q

Restrains Operates Operates Restrains

0 P 0 P

Active overpower settings: Active underpower settings:

- P-Setting >0 - P-Setting >0

- Max/Min MAX - Max/Min MIN
- Drop-Ratio <100% - Drop-Ratio >100%
*) *)
- Angle 0° (30° ) - Angle 0° (30° )

HEST 965 017 FL

Fig. 3.5.15.2 Power function settings for different applications

*) The values in brackets apply for a single-phase measurement with the v.t. connected
phase-to-phase (e.g. IR current and URS voltage) or for a three-phase measurement with
delta connected v.t’s.

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 ABB Power Automation Ltd RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I

Q Q
Operates Restrains Operates

Restrains

0 P 0 P

Reserve power settings: Reactive overpower settings:

- P-Setting <0 - P-Setting >0

- Max/Min MIN - Max/Min MAX
- Drop-Ratio <100% - Drop-Ratio <100%
- Angle 0° (30° ) *) - Angle 90° (120° ) *)

Q
Restrains

0 60°
P

Operates

Directional power settings:

- P-Setting <0
- Max/Min MIN
- Drop-Ratio <100%
- Angle 60° (90° ) *)
HEST 965 018 FL

Fig. 3.5.15.3 Power function settings for different applications

*) The values in brackets apply for a single-phase measurement with the v.t. connected
phase-to-phase (e.g. IR current and URS voltage) or for a three-phase measurement with
delta connected v.t’s.

3.5.15-8
RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I ABB Power Automation Ltd

Determining the settings

Where the rated currents and possibly also rated voltages of
c.t’s, v.t’s and the protected unit differ, it is of advantage to refer
the setting to the rated power of the protected unit. This
necessitates modifying the sensitivity using the setting for PN.
Setting the reference power PN:
PN S GN
= S GN = 3 ´ UGN ´ IGN
UN ´ IN 3 ´ UN1 ´ IN1
PGN = S GN ´ cosj GN

where:
SGN, PGN, UGN, IGN, cos jGN: ratings of the protected unit
UN1, IN1: primary v.t. and c.t. ratings
PN, UN, IN: protection ratings.

Example 1
Generator: 96 MVA, 13,8 kV, 4 kA, cosj = 0,8
14.4 100
V.t’s/c.t’s: kV V; 5 kA 5 A
3 3

Protection: 100 V; 5 A
Reverse power: 0.5 % PGN

Alternative 1: No modification of PN
Settings:
PN
Reference power = 10
.
UN ´ IN

Reverse power:
P U ´I 13.8 ´ 4
= 0.005 GN GN cos j GN = 0.005 0.8 = 0.003
PN UN1 ´ IN1 14.4 ´ 5

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ABB Power Automation Ltd RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I

Alternative 2: jGN
Modification for cosj
Settings:
PN P
Reference power = GN = cos j GN = 0.8
UN ´ IN SGN
P U ´I 13.8 ´ 4
Reverse power: = 0.005 GN GN = 0.005 = 0.004
PN UN1 ´ IN1 14.4 ´ 5

Alternative 3: Modification for jGN and c.t./v.t.. data

Settings:

Rated power

PN U ´I 13.8 ´ 4
= GN GN cos j GN = ´ 0.8 = 0.614
UN IN UN1 ´ IN1 14.4 ´ 5
P
Reverse power = 0.005
PN

Characteristic angle
The power function is connected to the phase currents and a
phase-to-neutral or phase-to-phase voltage. The purpose of the
phase compensation is twofold:
· to compensate the phase difference between the phase volt-
age and the any measured phase-to-phase voltage
· to determine whether the function responds to active or re-
active power.
The following table summarises the most important operating
modes to simplify setting the corresponding parameters cor-
rectly. The angles given apply for connection according to
Section 4.4.2.
The phase compensation also provides facility for changing the
direction of measurement or to compensate incorrect v.t. or c.t.
polarity.

3.5.15-10
 Function "MaxMin" "Drop-Ratio" "P-Setting" "Angle" *)

P
U RS
max MAX < 100%
0
Active power IR >0 +30°
P
min MIN > 100%
0

P
U RS 0
max MIN < 100%
Reverse power <0 +30°
P
IR 0
min MAX > 100%

voltage URS
RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I

max MAX < 100% U RS Q

0
Inductive
reactive power >0 +120°

min MIN > 100% IR Q

0

max MIN < 100% U RS Q

0
Capazitive
reactive power <0 +120°

min MAX > 100% I Q

R 0

*) Applicable for a single or three-phase measurement using phase-to-phase voltages (the setting is 30° HEST 965 019 C

Fig. 3.5.15.4 Settings different applications when measuring

less for a three-phase measurement with Y connected v.t's or a two-phase measurement with V

phase R current in relation to the phase-to-phase

connected v.t's).
ABB Power Automation Ltd

3.5.15-11
ABB Power Automation Ltd RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I

Phase compensation
This setting is for correcting the phase error between the v.t’s
and c.t’s, which have a considerable adverse influence on the
measurement of active power at low power factors.

Example 2
The active power error at rated current and a power factor of
cosj = 0 for a total phase error d of 10' is
DP = 0.03 ´ d = 0.03 ´ 10 = 0.3% [%; 1; min]
This is an error which is not negligible at a setting of 0.5%.
The total error corresponds to the difference between the v.t.
and c.t. errors. The case considered in this example of full reac-
tive current (100%) would scarcely occur in practice, but currents
from about 80% are possible.

Application as reverse power protection

The reverse power function is used primarily to protect the prime
mover. It is necessary for the following kinds of prime mover:
· steam turbines
· Francis and Kaplan hydro units
· gas turbines
· diesel motors.
Two reverse power functions are used for prime movers with
ratings higher than 30 MW, because of their importance and
value.
The reverse power function has two stages. The setting is half
the slip power of the generator/prime mover unit and is the same
for both stages.
The first stage has a short time delay and is intended to protect
against overspeeding during the normal shutdown procedure. By
tripping the main circuit-breaker via the reverse power function,
the possibility of overspeeding due to a regulator failure or
leaking steam valves is avoided. To prevent false tripping in the
case of steam turbines, the reverse power function is enabled by
auxiliary contacts on the main steam valves of the prime mover.

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RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I ABB Power Automation Ltd

The purpose of the second stage is to guard against excessively

high temperature and possible mechanical damage to the prime
mover. The time delay can be longer in this case, because the
temperature only increases slowly. Should power swings occur
at low load due to the speed regulator or system instability, the
second stage will not be able to trip, because the function re-
peatedly picks up and resets before the time delay can expire. It
is for just such cases that the integrator (“Delay” function) is
needed to ensure reliable tripping.

Block

t 1> Trip
U
P>
I Trip Trip
t 2>
Start

t 3>
Integrator

t1 fast stage interlocked with the main turbine steam valve

t2 slow stage
t3 slow stage with an integrator where power swings are to be expected

Fig. 3.5.15.5 Reverse power protection for steam turbines

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ABB Power Automation Ltd RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I

Typical settings:
PN determined by the generator cosjGN
P-Setting (steam turbines of medium power) - 0.005
MaxMin MIN
Drop-Ratio 60 %
Angle connection to IR and UR 0°
connection to IR and URS +30°
connection to IR and UST -90°
connection to IR and UTR +150°
Phi-Comp 0.0
Stage 1:
Delay 0.5 s
Stage 2:
Delay 20 s
or
Integrator (“Delay” function) for delay on operation and reset
Trip time 20 s
Reset time 3s
Integration 1

Note:
The following must be set for a “Minimum forward power”
scheme according to Anglo-Saxon practice:
P-Setting >0
MaxMin MIN
Drop-Ratio 150%

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 RE. 216 1MDU02005-EN / 3 / Rev. I ABB Power Automation Ltd

3.5.15. Power (Power) .................................................................3.5.15-1

*) for delta-connected v.t's

3.5.15-15