MW_OC lab manual

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB IV B.
Tech I Sem
Exp .No:1 Date:
REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS
Aim: To determine the Voltage & Mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron.

Apparatus Required:
S.no Apparatus Range/Specification Quantity
1 Klystron Power Supply - 1
2 Klystron Mount - 1
3 Isolator - 1
4 Variable Attenuator - 1
5 Frequency Meter - 1
6 Detector Mount - 1
7 Meter/CRO 30 MHz 1
8 Waveguide Stands - 4
9 BNC Cables - 1
10 Cooling Fan - 1
Theory:
The Reflex Klystron is a single cavity variable frequency microwave generator of low
power and low efficiency. This is most widely used in applications where variable frequency
is desired, as in Radar receivers, local oscillators in microwave receivers, signal source in
microwave generator of variable frequency, portable microwave links and pump oscillator in
the parametric amplifier.
Reflex klystron consists of an Electron gun, a filament surrounded by cathode and a
focusing electrode at cathode potential. The electron gun is accelerated towards a repeller
electrode which is at a high negative potential V R. The electrodes never reach the repeller
because of the negative potential V R. The electrons never reach the repeller and are returned
back towards the gap, under suitable conditions, the electrons give more energy to the gap
than they look. From the gap on their forward journey and oscillations are sustained.
Applications:
1. Pump Oscillator for Parametric amplifiers.
2. Local Oscillator in microwave receivers.
VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB IV B.Tech I Sem
Bench Set Up for Reflex Klystron
Procedure for Mode Characteristics:

1. Switch on the supply with necessary precautions & proper cooling system.
2. Keep the beam voltage at about 260-300V.
3. Slowly vary the Repeller voltage from 0 to 180V and note the
corresponding output current & frequency.
4. Determine the modes from the readings obtained and draw the corresponding
graphs.
Mode No. Repeller Voltage (V) Output Current (mA) Frequency (GHz)
(Min)
1 (Max)
(Min)
(Min)
2 (Max)
(Min)
(Min)
3 (Max)
(Min)

Model Waveforms:

Procedure for Voltage Characteristics:

1. Switch on the supply with necessary precautions & proper
cooling system
2. Keep the beam voltage at about 260V.
3. Slowly vary the Repeller voltage and note where the modes
start and end.
4. Repeat the same procedure for Beam Voltage
280 V & 300 V.
5. Draw the graph between Beam Voltage and
Repeller Voltage.
Repeller Voltage (V)

Beam Voltage (V) Mode –1 Mode-2 Mode-3
S E S E S E
260
280
300
Reflex Klystron Voltage
Characteristics
Precautions:

1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to 10

minutes before the experiment is conducted.
2. The attenuator position should not be disturbed after adjusting
for maximum power output.
3. Loose connections between the components should be
avoided.
Result:
Thus the V-I characteristics and mode characteristics of reflex
klystron where determined and plotted successfully
Conclusion:
By that the V-I characteristics and mode characteristics of reflex
klystron were done for three different beam voltages and corresponding
data was noted
Viva questions:
1. List two basic configurations of Klystron tubes.
2. What is velocity modulation?
3. List out the characteristic of two cavity klystron amplifier.
4. Draw the reflex klystron modes.
5. When the output power of reflex klystron maximum?
Exp .No:2
Date:
GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISICS
Aim: To determine the characteristics of Gunn diode

Apparatus Required:
1 Gunn Power Supply - 1

2 Gunn Oscillator - 1
3 PIN Modulator - 1
5 Isolator - 1
7 Matched terminator - 1
9 BNC Cables - 1
10 Cooling Fan - 1
Theory:
Transferred electron devices operate with hot electrons whose
energy is very much greater than the thermal energy. Transistors operate
with warm electrons whose energy is not much than their thermal energy
(0.026 ev) at room temperature, Gunn diode is an example of this kind.
Gunn-Effect diodes are named after J.B.Gunn who in 1963 discovered
periodic fluctuations of current passing through the n-type GaAs
specimen when the applied voltage exceeded a certain critical value.
From Gunn’s observations, the carrier drift velocity is linearly
increased from zero to a maximum when the electric field is varied from
zero to a threshold value. The Gunn’s observations are in complete
agreement with the Ridley-Watkin-Hilsum (RWH) theory.
There are two modes of negative resistance devices: 1.Voltage
controlled mode 2.Current controlled mode. In the voltage controlled
mode, the current density can be multi valued, whereas in the current
controlled mode, the voltage can be multi valued. The negative resistance
of the sample at a particular region is = = Negative resistance.
Applications:
1. Broadband linear amplifier
2. Fast combinational and sequential logic circuits
3. As pump source in parametric amplifier.
Bench Set Up for Gunn Diode Characteristics

Procedure:
1. Connect the components as shown in the Bench setup.
2. Maintain some PIN bias voltage constantly.
3. Vary the Gunn biasing voltage from 0 to 5V in steps and note the
Corresponding current on the panel meter of the power supply.
4. Observe the ammeter output and note the threshold voltage
corresponding to where the output current starts decreasing.
5. Observe the ammeter reading and note down the valley voltage at
which the current starts increasing again.
6. Plot the V-I Characteristics for the obtained values and determine
threshold voltage (Vth).
Tabular Column: Model Graph:
Vth =
VOLTAGE( CURRENT
V) (mA)
V-I Characteristics of Gunn

Diode
Precautions:
1. The bias is kept course and the fine control knobs of the power
meter are kept in the minimum position before the meter is
switched on.


3. Loose connection between the components should be avoided.
Result:
Thus the characteristics of Gunn diode has been completed

successfully
Conclusion:
By that V I characteristics of the Gunn diode was found and
plotted. The observations few get are Vth=4 V Ith=0.1mA.
Viva questions:
1. What are the different modes of Gunn diode?
2. What is Gunn Effect?
3. What are the applications of Gunn Diode?
4. Explain LSA Mode.
5. Explain the purpose of PIN modulator.
Exp .No:3
Date:

ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
Aim: To determine the attenuation of the given attenuators using power
ratio method.
Apparatus Required:
3 Isolator - 1
9 BNC Cables - 1
10 Cooling Fan - 1
11 Unknown Attenuator (DUT) - 1
Theory:
Attenuation is the ratio of input power to the output power and is
normally expressed in decibels. Microwave components and devices
almost always provide some degree of attenuation.
Attenuation (in dB) = 10 log
Where Pin = Input power & Pout = Output power.

The amount of attenuation can be measured by two methods:
Power ratio method and RF Substitution method. Power ratio method
involves measuring the input power with and without the device whose
attenuation is to be measured. The powers are measured in each step as
& P2. The ratio of power expressed in decibels gives the
attenuation.

Bench Set Up for Attenuation Measurement

Bench Set-Up:1(Without DUT)
Bench Set-Up:2 (With DUT)
Procedure:
1. Switch on the supply with proper precaution & necessary cooling
system
2. Assemble the components as shown in the bench set-up 1.
3. Operate the klystron in any of the mode to get higher output than
the expected attenuation of the component under test.
4. Note the power output of the mode which is P1
5. Connect the component (whose attenuation is to be measured) as
shown in the bench setup 2 without disturbing then klystron
source.
6. Now measure the output of bench setup 2 which is P2.
7. The attenuation of the given component is calculated as
A = 10 log [P1/ P2] dB
= 20 log [V1/V2] dB
For Attenuator
V1=

V2 =
A = 20 log [V1/V2] =
Precautions:
1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to 10
minutes before the experiment is conducted.
avoided.
Result:
Attenuation obtained for ________ db.
Conclusion:
By that the attenuator s attenuation is found by using power ratio

method and it is as follows A =6.02db.
Viva:
1. What are the various methods used for attenuation?
2. What is the drawback of power ratio method?
3. Which is the method eliminates the drawback power ratio
method?
4. Give the examples for square law device
5. Define Attenuation.

Exp .No:4
Date:
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
CHARACTERISTICS
Aim: To measure the Directivity and Coupling factor for the given
Directional couplers.
Apparatus Required:
3 Isolator - 1
9 BNC Cables - 1
10 Cooling Fan - 1
11 Directional coupler - 1
12 Matched Terminator - 1
Theory:
Directional coupler flanged, built in waveguide assembles which
can sample a small amount of microwave power for measurement
purposes. They can be designed to measure incident and/or reflected
powers, SWR values, provide a signal path to a receiver or perform

other desirable operations. They can be unidirectional or bidirectional

powers.
In its most common form, the directional coupler is a four port
waveguide junction consisting of a primary main waveguide and a
secondary auxiliary waveguide. A small portion of input power at port 1
is coupled to port 4 so that measurement of this small power is possible.
Ideally no power should come out of port 3.
The performance of a directional coupler is usually defined in
terms of two parameters:
1. Coupling factor 2. Directivity.
Coupling factor (C): The coupling factor of a directional coupler
is defined as the ratio of the incident power (P i) to the forward power
(Pf) measured in dB.
C= 10 log10 Pi/Pf dB.
Directivity (D): The directivity of a directional coupler is defined
as the ratio of forward power (Pf) to the back power (Pb)
D= 10 log10 Pf/Pb dB.
Directional Coupler Diagram:
Bench Set-Up 1: Coupling Factor Measurement:

Procedure for Coupling Factor Measurement:

1. Switch ON the klystron supply with necessary precautions.
2. Operate the Klystron in best mode and note the corresponding
output power as P1.
(P1 = Incident power)
3. Connect the Directional Coupler as shown in the experimental
setup.
4. Measure the sampled power at the auxiliary arm(Port 4) as P4
(Where P4 = Forward power)
The coupling factor of the given Directional Coupler can be
calculated as
Coupling factor (C) = 10 log [P1/P4]
= 20 log [V1/V4] dB
Bench Set-Up 2: Directivity Measurement

Procedure for Directivity Measurement:
1. Without disturbing the mode of klystron connect the directional

coupler as shown in the bench setup.
2. Measure the backward power in the auxiliary arm (port4) as P3.
3. The directivity of the given Directional Coupler can be calculated
as.
Directivity (D) = 10 log [Forward power/Backward power]
= 20 log [Forward voltage/Backward voltage]
=20 log (V4/V3) dB
Calculations:
1. For ___ dB directional coupler

Incident voltage (V1) =
Forward voltage (V4) =
Backward voltage (V3) =
Coupling factor (C) = 20 log ( )=
Directivity (D) = 20 log ( )=
2. For ___ dB directional coupler:

Incident voltage (V1) =
Forward voltage (V4) =
Backward voltage (V3) =
Coupling factor (C) = 20 log ( )=
Directivity (D) = 20 log ( )=
Precautions:
1. Beam Voltage should be minimum and Repeller

voltage should be normal before switch ON/OFF
the Klystron Power Supply.
avoided.

3. The Directional Coupler must be handled carefully

while inserting into the circuit.
Result:
Thus the measure of directivity and coupling factor for the given
directional coupler are completed successfully
For dB Coupler:
Coupling factor (C) =
Directivity (D) =
For dB Coupler:
Coupling factor (C) =
Directivity (D) =
Conclusion:
By that the measurement of directivity and coupling factor for a
given directional coupler where done and the readings are as follows
D= αdb, C=3.2718db
Viva:
1. What is a directional coupler?

2. List the types of directional coupler.
3. Draw a basic directional coupler?
4. List the performance of a directional coupler.
5. Define the directivity `D’ of a directional coupler.
Exp .No: 5
Date:
VSWR MEASUREMENT

Aim: To measure the VSWR by using direct method and double

minima method.
Apparatus Required:
3 Isolator - 1
8 BNC Cables - 1
9 Cooling Fan - 1
10 Slotted Line Section - 1
11 Tunable Probe Detector - 1
Theory:
The magnitude of the standing waves can be measured in terms of
standing wave ratios. The ratio of Vmax and Vmin is the voltage standing
wave ratio (or) VSWR, denoted by S; S =
which allows to take values in the range 1 S ∞.
The value of S can be measured experimentally by using a slotted

line. Its value depends on the degree of mismatch at the load i.e. on the
reflection coefficient. Value of VSWR not exceeding 10 are very easily
measured with the set up and can be read off directly on the VSWR meter
calibrated.
The measurement basically consists of simply adjusting the
Attenuator to give an adequate reading on the meter, which is a DC Milli
Volt Meter. The probe on the slotted wave is moved to get maximum
reading on the meter. The attenuation is now adjusted to get full scale
reading and this full scale reading is noted down. Next the probe on the
slotted line is adjusted to get minimum reading on the meter

(corresponding to Vmin). The ratio of the first reading on the meter to the
second gives the VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio).
Bench Set Up For VSWR Measurement
Bench Set-Up 1: Low VSWR Measurement
Procedure:
For Low VSWR Measurement:
1. The components are arranged as shown in the bench set-up1.

2. The probe is moved along the slotted line section to get a maximum
deflection in the VSWR meter and adjust the meter to read 1.0 on the
scale.
3. The probe is moved along the slotted line section and stop at where a
minimum deflection is shown. The VSWR meter reading directly
gives the values of low VSWR.
Bench Set-Up 2: High VSWR Measurement
Procedure for High VSWR Measurement:

1. The components are arranged as shown in the bench set-up2.

2. The probe is inserted to depth where the minima can be read without
difficulty and then moved to a point where the power is twice the
minima power. This point is denoted by Dm1. The probe is then
moved to the twice the power point on other side of the minima and
corresponding point is noted as dm2.
3. g is calculated by replacing unknown impedance with wave guide

short.
Then High VSWR=
g=2x Distance between successive minima
2 times minima
minima
Calculations: dm1 dm2
Low VSWR:
Vmax=
Vmin=
VSWR=Vmax/Vmin
VSWR=
High VSWR:
Readings :
First minima (d1) = __________ cm.
Second minima (d2) = _________ cm.

Guide wave length (λg1) = 2 X (Distance between successive minima)
= 2 X (d1d2)
=2X( )
= _______ cm.
3dB (left) dm1 = ____________ cm.
3dB (left) dm2 = ____________ cm.
VSWR = =
Precautions:
1. Beam voltage should be minimum and repeller voltage should
be normal before switch ON/OFF the Klystron Power Supply.
Result:
The Low and high VSWR are measured.
Low VSWR=
High VSWR=
Conclusion:
It is conducted the measurement of VSWR by using direct method
and double minima method was done and the corresponding minima as
noted
Viva:
1. What is a directional coupler?

2. List the types of directional coupler.
3. Draw a basic directional coupler?
4. List the performance of a directional coupler.
5. Define the directivity `D’ of a directional coupler.

Exp .No:6
Date:
IMPEDENCE AND FREQUENCY
MEASUREMENT
Aim: To determine the Impedance of the given load and also the
operating frequency.
Apparatus Required:
3 Isolator - 1
8 BNC Cables - 1
9 Cooling Fan - 1
12 Matched Terminator - 1
Theory:
The methods used to measure the Impedance at microwave

frequency are:
1. Slotted Line method 2. Reflect meter method.
The slotted line method is the extension of the technique used to
measure VSWR. Standing waves are noted with the load in the circuit,
when load is replaced by matched termination.
Note the position of Vmin with unknown load, with the matched
termination once again find the position of the V min . If the minimum is
shifted to the left then the unknown load is inductive and if it shifts to the
right the unknown load impedance is capacitive.
The amount of shift is then converted in terms of wavelength.
Now using the Smith chart the normalized, impedance can be calculated
in terms of magnitude and phase.
Bench Set Up for Impedance Measurement
Procedure:
1. Arrange the components as shown in bench setup-1.
2. Switch on the Klystron in internal mode with proper
precautions and necessary cooling system.
3. Vary the frequency meter from 8 GHz till a dip is obtained in
the VSWR meter, stop varying and note the correspondence
frequency.
4. Calculate λ0 from the equation. λ0 = c/f.

5 Calculate cut-off wave length (λc), by measuring the ‘a’

(width of the wave guide) which is ‘2a’.
6. Now, the characteristic impedance
7. To calculate VSWR:
a. The probe is moved along the slotted line section to get a
maximum deflection in the meter. Now note down the
reading as Vmax.
b. The probe is moved along the slotted line section and stop
at where a minimum deflection is shown. The reading
gives the values of Vmin.
c. Calculate VSWR as Vmax /Vmin
Bench Set-Up 2: To Calculate λg and d:
Procedure:
1. Connect the components as shown in Bench set up -2
2. Adjust the variable attenuator to get full-scale deflection in the
meter.
3. Move the probe in the slotted line section and measure the
distance between the successive minima, which is λg/2.
4. Also note the difference between the first mimima and maxima
as‘d’.
Standing Wave Patterns for different Loads:

Procedure To Calculate ZL:

1 Calculate and mark d/λg on the switch chart towards the load.
2 Draw the VSWR circle on the Smith Chart with center as r=1
circle as radius.
3 Join the circle center and d/λg point and note down the
intersection value (resistance and reactance, ie. R+JX) which is
normalized impedance.
Unknown Impedance (ZL) = Zo X Znormalized
Precautions:
1. Beam Voltage should be minimum and Repeller voltage
should be normal before switch ON/OFF the Klystron Power
Supply.
Result:

Thus the frequency and wavelength of rectangular waveguide has

been determined.
Conclusion:
The frequency observed from the frequency meter & the
measured frequency by the slotted line technique is almost equal
Viva:
1. What are the types of methods used in microwave
frequencies to measure Impedance?
2. Relation-ship between VSWR & Reflection Coefficient
3. How will you measure the impedance of the unknown
load in the microwave bench setup?
4. What is the application of smith chart?
5.
Exp .No: 7
Date:
WAVE GUIDE PARAMETERS

Aim: To measure the guided wavelength λg , free space wavelength λo &

frequency fo.
Apparatus Required:
3 Isolator - 1
8 BNC Cables - 1
9 Cooling Fan - 1
12 Wave guide short - 1
Theory:
Waveguide (Single Line):
A hallow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting
Electromagnetic wave by successive reflections from the inner walls of
the tube is called a Waveguide. They are used in UHF and microwave
regions as an alternative to transmission lines. It may be noted that no
TEM waves can exist in a waveguide but TE and TM waves can exist in
a waveguide but TE and TM waves can exist.
The inner surface of waveguides usually coated with either gold
or silver to improve the conductivity and minimize losses inside the
waveguide because of roughness. The waveguides are usually filled with
air. They are superior to the co-axial cables at UHF and higher
frequencies. It can handle greater power and possess low resistance.
Guided Wavelength (λg) = ; λg =

Where λg is guided wavelength

λ0 is free space wavelength
λc is Cut-off Wavelength
Bench Set Up For Waveguide Parameters Measurement
Procedure:
1) Switch ON the Klystron with proper precautions.
2) Adjust the variable attenuator to get full scale deflection in the meter
3) Move the probe in the slotted line section and measure the distance
between the minima, which is λg/2
4) Calculate the cutoff wave length (λc) by measuring the ‘a’ (width of
the waveguide) which is 2a.
5) Calculate the λo form the relation after measuring λg and λc
[1/ λo]2 = [1/ λg] 2+ [1/ λc] 2
6) Adjust the frequency meter to get a dip in the micro ammeter reading
and note the corresponding frequency.
7) Calculate λo from the equation λo = c/f
8) Compare the value of λo obtained in step 5 & step 7.
9) Repeat the above procedure for different frequencies of Reflex
Klystron.
Readings:
Operating frequency (f) =
First minima (d1) =

Second minima (d2) =
Width of the wave guide (a) =
Calculations:
= 2 X (d1d2)
=2X( )=
Readings:
First minima (d1) =
Second minima (d2) =
= 2 X (d1d2)
=2X( )=
Guide wave length (λg) = (λg1 + λg2)/2
=( )/2
Cut-off wave length (λc) = 2 x a =
Now λo = c/f =
From step 6, calculate λo
[1/ λo]2 = [1/ λg] 2+ [1/ λc] 2

Precautions:
1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to

10 minutes before the experiment is conducted.
2. The Attenuator position should not be disturbed after
adjusting for maximum power output.
avoided.
Result:
The guided wavelength (λg), free space wavelength (λ0) and

frequency (f0) were determined.
Guide wave length (λg) =
Free space wavelength (λo) =
Operating frequency (f) =
Conclusion:
By that the guide wavelength λg is obtained and the theoretical
free space wavelength is approximately equal to the practical value.
Viva:
1. What are the Wave guides Parameters?

2. Define Cutoff Wavelength ( λc ).
3. Define Guide wavelength ( λg ).
4. What is the relationship between λg , λc and λo.
5. Mention the importance of cutoff wavelength.

Exp .No: 8
Date:
SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
Aim: To determine the S - parameters of Multi hole Directional Coupler

Apparatus Required:
3 Isolator - 1
8 BNC Cables - 1
9 Cooling Fan - 1
12 Wave guide short - 1
Theory:
Directional coupler flanged, built in waveguide assembles which
can sample a small amount of microwave power for measurement
purposes. They can be designed to measure incident and/or reflected
powers, SWR values, provide a signal path to a receiver or perform
other desirable operations. They can be unidirectional or bidirectional
powers.

In its most common form, the directional coupler is a four port

waveguide junction consisting of a primary main waveguide and a
secondary auxiliary waveguide. A small portion of input power at port 1
is coupled to port 4 so that measurement of this small power is possible.
Ideally no power should come out of port 3.
Bench Set Up For Scattering Parameters of Directional Coupler

Bench Set – Up 1: To Keep the Attenuation (VSWR) Meter at 0 dB
Bench Set – Up 2: To Measure Non Diagonal Elements
Procedure:
1. Assemble the components as shown in bench setup 1.

2. Switch on the Klystron in internal mode with proper

precautions and necessary cooling system.
3. Adjust the gain of VSWR meter reading to get 0 dB
attenuation.
4. Again assemble the components as shown in bench setup 2
without disturbing the Klystron source.
To Calculate Elements of S – Matrix:

1. To find S12, apply input at port 1 and measure output at port 2
and the remaining ports should be connected with Matched
Terminators.
2. Similarly find remaining S- parameters.
3. Since S – matrix is a symmetric matrix S 12=S21, S13=S31,
S41=S14, S23=S32, S24=S42 & S34=S43
S-element I/P & O/P Port VSWR meter reading (X dB) Sij
I/P – Port2
S12 S12 =
O/P- Port1
I/P – Port1
S13 S13 =
O/P- Port3
I/P – Port1
S14 S14 =
O/P- Port4
I/P – Port2
S23 S23 =
O/P- Port3
I/P – Port2
S24 S24 =
O/P- Port4
I/P – Port3
S34 S34 =
O/P- Port4
Precautions:
1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to 10 minutes

before the
experiment is conducted.
2. The Attenuator position should not be disturbed after adjusting for
maximum power
Output.
3. Loose connections between the components should be avoided.
Result:

The multi-hole directional coupler characteristic has been studied

by measuring its scattering parameters.
Conclusion:
By knowing the power out at various ports we can measure
various losses in directional coupler.
Viva:
1. What factors determine parameters of directional coupler?
2. What is the function of directional coupler?
3. How does a 3dB coupler work?
4. What is a dual directional coupler?
5.
Exp .No: 9
Date:
SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF MAGIC
TEE
Aim: To determine the scattering parameters of Magic Tee.
Apparatus Required:
3 Isolator - 1
5 VSWR Meter - 1
8 BNC Cables - 1
9 Cooling Fan - 1
11 Magic Tee - 1
12 Detector mount - 1
Theory:
The device Magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee.
Arm 3 is the H-arm and arm 4 is the E-arm. If the power is spread into

arm 3 the electric field divides equally between arms 1 and 2 with the
same phase and no electric field exists in arm 4. If power is feed in arm 4
it divides into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3,
further if the power is fed into arm 1 and 2 simultaneously it is added in
arm 3 and subtracted in arm 4.
The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined as
follows:
Input VSWR: Value of VSWR corresponding to each port as a
load to the line while other ports are terminated in matched load.
Isolation: The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the
ratio of the power supplied by the generator connected to the E arm to
the power detected at H- arm when side arms 1 and 2 terminate in
matched load. Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [p4/p3]
Similarly isolation between other ports may also be defined. Coupling
Factor-It is defined as Cij = (10 – α) / 20.Where α is attenuation / isolation
in dB. When i is input and j is output arm
Thus α = 10 log10 [p4/p3]. Where p3 is the power delivered into arm ‘i’ and
p4 is power detected at ‘j’ arm.
Magic TEE Diagram:
Bench Set Up For Scattering Parameters of Magic Tee
Bench Set – Up 1: To Keep the Attenuation (VSWR) Meter at 0 dB

Bench Set – Up 2: To Measure Non Diagonal Elements
Procedure:
1. Assemble the components as shown in bench setup 1.

2. Switch on the Klystron in internal mode with proper precautions
and necessary cooling system.
3. Adjust the gain of VSWR meter reading to get 0dB attenuation.
4. Again assemble the components as shown in bench setup 2
without disturbing the Klystron source.

I/P & O/P VSWR meter reading(X

S-element S=Antilog(X/20)
Port dB)
To Calculate Non-Diagonal Elements of S – Matrix:
1. Feed the input at E-port (port 4) of Magic Tee and measure the
output at port 2. The value obtained in the VSWR meter is the
power coupled to E-port to collinear port.
2. The value obtained in the VSWR meter = XdB = 20 log Sij
3.  Sij = Antilog (X/20)
Example to Calculate S24 Non-diagonal Element:
• Input fed to PORT 4

• Output Measured at PORT 2 = XdB
i.e., 20 log S24 = XdB
4. Repeat the same procedure for the remaining non-diagonal

elements.
Bench Set - Up 3: To Measure Diagonal Elements

Procedure to Calculate Diagonal Elements:
1. If the ports are perfectly matched, then the reading obtained on

the VSWR meter is 0dB.
2. Slowly move the probe on the slotted line section and see
whether any deflection is getting on the meter.
3. If a. There is no deflection, then the corresponding diagonal
element value is zero.
b. Otherwise, repeat the same procedure followed in diagonal
elements calculation.
S-element I/P & O/P Port VSWR meter reading (X dB) Sij
I/P – Port1
S11 S11 =
O/P- Port1
I/P – Port2
S22 S22 =
O/P- Port2
I/P – Port3
S33 S33 =
O/P- Port3
I/P – Port4
S44 S44 =
O/P- Port4
Precautions:

avoided.
2. The Magic Tee must be handled carefully while
inserting in to the circuit.
Result:

Thus the scattering parameters of magic tee were determined and

completed successfully
Conclusion:
By that the scattering parameters of magic tee where found using

the bench setup provided.
Viva:
1. What are the properties of magic tee?

2. What is the isolation between E and H arm?
3. What is isolation in magic tee?
4. What is H plane tee?
5. What is the difference between E plane and H plane?

Exp .No: 10
Date:
CHARACTERIZATION OF LED
Aim: To study the V-I characteristics of Fiber optic LED and to plot the
graph of forward current Vs output optical energy.
Apparatus Required:
1 Multimeter 0-20 v 1
2 Ammeter 0-100 mA 1
3 Experiment Kit - 1
4 Fiber Optic Cable 1 Meter 1
5 Patch Chords As per required -
Block diagram:
Jumper setting diagram:

Theory:
In optical communication system, electrical signal is first
converted in to optical signal with the help of E/O conversion device as
LED. After this optical signal is transmitted through optical fiber, it is
retrieved in its original electrical form with the help of O/E conversion
device as photo detector.
Different technologies employed in chip fabrication lead to
significant variation in parameters for various emitter diodes. All the
emitters distinguish themselves in offering high output power coupled in
to the important peak wavelength of emission, conversion efficiency, to
be useful in fiber transmission applications as LED must have a high
radiance output. Fast emission response time and high quantum
efficiency, its radiance is a measure of optical power radiated into unit
solid angle per unit area of the emitting light source. High radiances are
necessary to couple sufficiency high optical power levels into a fiber.
Procedure:
1) Confirm that the power is in OFF position.

2) Insert the jumper connecting wires (provided along the kit) with
Ammeter & Voltmeter in jumpers JP17 & JP16 at positions shown in
the diagram.
3) Keep the potentiometer PR10 in its maximum position (anti clock
wise direction) and PR9 in its minimum position (clockwise
direction). PR10 is used to control the current flowing through the
LED. PR9 is used to vary the amplitude of the received signal at
photo transistor.
4) To get the V-I characteristics of LED , rotate PR10 slowly in clock
wise direction and measure the forward current and corresponding
forward voltage. Repeat the same thing for different values.
5) Tabulate and plot the V-I characteristic graph for LED.
6) For each reading, calculate the power, which is product of I & V. This
is the electrical power supplied to the LED. From the Data sheets the
specified LED optical power coupled into plastic fiber, when forward

current was 10mA as 200micro watts. i,e., the electric power at 10mA
current is converted into 200 micro watts of optical energy. Hence the
efficiency of the LED comes out to be approximately 1.15%.
7) Assuming the efficiency as 1.15% find out optical power coupled
into plastic optical fiber for each reading in step 6.
8) Plot the graph of forward current Vs output optical power of the LED.
Tabular Column:
Forward Voltage of Forward Current of Electric Optical power of
LED (Vf) LED (If) Power LED
SFH 756 V SFH 756 V Pi = Vf x If Po = Pi x 1.15 mW

(W)
Model Graph:
Result:
Thus the V- I characteristics of fiber optic LED and plot the graph
of forward current Vs output optical energy was Plotted and completed
successfully
Conclusion:

By that the V-I characteristics of fiber optic LED was done by

using the bench setup and graph was plotted
Viva:
1. What are the characteristics of LED?

2. What is the basic principle of LED?
3. What determines LED color?
4. Why GaAs is used in LED?
5. What are the Applications of LED?
Exp .No:11
Date:
CHARACTERIZATION OF LASER DIODE
Aim: To determine the characteristics of Optical Power Vs Laser forward
current.
Apparatus Required:

1 Transmitter Module - 1
2 Receiver Module - 1
3 Power Supply - 1
4 Digital Multimeters - 2
5 Optical Fiber cable 1 Meter 1
6 Connecting wires As per Required
Theory:
Laser comes in many forms with dimensions ranging from the site
of a grain of salt to one that will occupy an entire room. The lasing
medium can be a gas, a liquid, an insulating crystal or a semiconductor.
They are similar to other lasers, such as the conventional solid state and
gas lasers, in that the emitted radiation has spatial and temporal
coherence; that is the output radiation is highly monochromatic and light
beam is very directional. The relationship between optical output power
and diode drive current is shown in the graph. At low diode currents, only
spontaneous radiation is emitted. Both the spectral range and the lateral
beam width of this emission are broad like that of an LED. A dramatic

and shapely defined increase in the power output occurs at the lasing
threshold. As this transition point is approached the spectral range
and the beam width both narrow with increasing drive current.
The final spectral width of approximately 1 nm the fully narrowed lateral
beam width of nominally 5 – 10 ° are reached just past the threshold
point. The threshold current Ith is conventionally defined by extrapolation
of the lasing region.
Experimental Set-Up:
Procedure:
1) Connect the half meter optic cable to the transmitter unit and
couple the laser light to the power meter on the receiver unit as
shown in figure. Select the switch for Acc mode of operation.
2) Set the first DMM to the 2000mV range, on the receiver side.
Connect the wires marked Po to it, and turn it ON.
3) Measure the power across the output of the logarithmic amplifier
4) Set the second DMM to the 200mV range and connect it between
VL and ground on Transmitter unit. Now the If = [VL/1000] mA
5) Adjust the If on the transmitter to the extreme anti-clock position
to reduce If to zero.
6) Slowly turn the If knob clockwise to increase If and Po. Note the
reading of same.
7) Take closer readings prior to and above threshold of LASER and
plot the graph.
Tabular Column:
VL (mV) If = VL/100 (mA) Po =[o/p reading/10]
dbmW

Model Graph:
Result:
Thus the characteristics of optical power Vs laser forward current

were determined and graph is plotted between forward voltage & forward
current.
Conclusion:

By that the characteristics of optical power Vs laser forward

current were determined using the fiber link E- kit and it is observed that
the forward current increases at a point on forward voltage.
Viva:
1. What are the characteristics of laser diode?

2. What wavelength is a diode laser?
3. What is Fabry Perot laser diode?
4. What is definition of laser diode?
5. Applications of Laser Diode?
Exp .No: 12
Date:
INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER

OUTPUT THROUGH AN OPTICAL FIBER
Aim: To determine the AC characteristics of an intensity modulation for
LASER and Fiber optic system.
Apparatus Required:

1 Transmitter Module - 1
2 Receiver Module - 1
3 Power Supply - 1
4 Optical Fiber cable 1 Meter 1
5 CRO 30MHz 1
6 CRO Probes - 2

7 Connecting wires As per Required
Theory:
The intensity modulation / demodulation system is realized using
PHY- 159 transmitter module and the PHY -158 receiver unit linked
through an optical fiber. We use PMMA FIBER cable. The laser
carrier power Po is set by adjusting the ‘set If’ knob in the middle. Laser
selection of optimum carrier power is essential to minimize distortion.
Limiting the depth of modulation also ensures distortion free
transmission. Bandwidth of the system in the present case is limited by
the photo detector. We should operate in the APC mode to obtain optical
output proportional to the modulating signal Vin. We will however
operate in the APC mode too. An ideal IM transmission system will have
the relationship Vout = G. Vin where G is a factor depends on the LCD
conversion efficiency
Experimental Set-Up:
Procedure:
1. Connect the fiber optic cable, input signal and output as

shown in the experimental set-up.
2. Set the signal frequency and amplitude to 2 KHz(mid band
frequency)and 100mV respectively.
3. Adjust the IF Knob to get output of 100mV( i.e., 0dB gain)
4. Slowly vary the input amplitude to 1000mV insteps of
100mV And note down the corresponding output amplitude
5. Tabulate and plot a graph Vout Vs Vin.
Tabular Column: Model Graph:

Vin (V) Vout (V) Gain= Vout/Vin

Result:
Thus the AC characterization of an intensity modulation for laser

& optical system has been verified
Conclusion:
By observing the AC characteristics the input & output voltages

are obtained and that two values are equal.
Viva:
1. What are the types of optical fibers?
2. What are different types of fibers?

3. What is the principle of optical Fiber?
4. Which light is used in optical Fiber?
5. How is optical Fiber made?

Exp .No:13
Date:
STUDY OF DATA RATE FOR DIGITAL
OPTICAL LINK
Aim:
To measure the Data rate of Digital Optical link.
Apparatus Required:

1 Fiber Optic Digital Link 1
2 CRO 30 MHZ 1
3 Function Generator 5 MHZ 1
4 Fiber Cable 1 Meter 1
5 Optical Fiber Cable 3 Meter 1
6 CRO Probes - 2
7 Connecting Wires As per required
Theory:
The input digital link signal from the information source is
suitably encoded for optical transmitter. The laser device circuit directly
modulates the intensity of the semiconductor laser with the encoded
digital signal.
Hence a digital optical signal is launched into the optical fiber
cable. The avalanched photo diode detector is followed by a front end
amplifier and equalizer or filter to provide gain as well as linear signal
processing and noise bandwidth reduction. Finally, the signal obtained is
decoded to give the original data information with digital modulation
discrete changes in the light intensity are obtained i.e. ON-OFF.

Block Diagram of Digital Link Set-Up:
Procedure:
1) Connect the power chord with the fiber optic digital link and Switch
ON.
2) Feed the TTL Square signal from the function generator to the input
of the emitter circuit.
3) Also connect Channel 1 of CRO to emitter input.
4) Connect a half meter optical fiber cable to the output of the emitter
circuit.
5) Connect the other end of the fiber cable to the input of the detector
circuit.
6) Connect channel 2 of the CRO to the detector output.
7) Set the frequency of the TTL signal to 50 Hz; adjust the duty cycle of
the input waveform to 25%.
8) Note down the ON time and OFF time of the output waveform by
observing the output of the CRO and calculate its duty cycle.
9) Now vary the frequency of the input signal in steps of 100 Hz till 200
KHz and calculate the corresponding Duty cycle.
10) Repeat ‘Step 9’ by setting the duty cycle for the input waveform to
50 % & 75%.
11) Duty Cycle =
Tabular Column:

Output for 25% Output for 50% Output for 75%

Duty Cycle Duty Cycle Duty Cycle
Frequency (Hz)
ON OFF Duty ON OFF Duty ON OFF Duty
Time Time Cycle Time Time Cycle Time Time Cycle
Result:
Thus the measure of data rate of optical rate of optical link was
completed successfully.
Conclusion:
By that the data rate of a given optical link was determined and
readings are noted
Viva:
1. What is digital link in optical fiber?
2. What do you mean by optical Fibre?
3. What is Digital Link?
4. What is Optical Link Module?
5. What is numerical aperture of optical fiber?

Exp .No: 14
Date:
MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL
APERTURE
Aim: To calculate the Numerical Aperture of given optical fiber.
Apparatus Required:

1 Fiber Optic Trainer Kit 1
2 Optical Fiber Cable 1 Meter 1
3 Numerical Aperture measurement Kit - 1
4 Scale 1 Cm 1
Theory:
Numerical Aperture gives the relationship between the acceptance
angle and the refractive indices of the three media involved namely the
Core, Cladding and air.

A light ray incident on the fiber core at an angle θ, to the fiber

axis is less than the acceptance angle for the fiber θ a then the Numerical
aperture is defined as the Sine of half of the angle of fibers
The ray enters the fiber from a medium of refractive index
medium (air) of refractive index no and the fiber core has a refractive
index n1 which is slightly greater than the cladding refractive index n2.
Assuming the entrance face at the fiber core to be normal to the
axis, then considering the refraction at the air-core interface and using
Snell’s law given by:
no Sin θ1 = n1 Sin θ2
no Sin θ1 = n1 Cos ( = - θ2 )
no Sin θ1 = n1 (1 – Sin2 )1/2 ( Sin2 + Cos2 =1)
no Sin θ a = ( n12 – n22 )1/2

NA = ( n12 – n22)1/2
The Numerical aperture may also be given in terms of the relative
refractive index difference ∆ between the core and the cladding is defined
as
NA = n1 (2∆) 1/2
Block Diagram of Digital Link Set-Up:
NA Measurement Setup

Procedure:
1) Connect the power supply to the board, frequency generator 1 KHz

Sine wave to input of emitter circuit. Adjust its amplitude to 5 Vp-p .
2) Connect one end of fiber cable to output socket of the emitter - 1
circuit and other end to the Numerical aperture kit.
3) Keep the white screen facing the fiber such that its face is
perpendicular to axis of the fiber.
4) Keep the white screen with four concentric circles (10, 15, 20 & 25
mm) distance to make red spot fall on it.
5) Note down the distance of screen from the fiber end and note down
the diameter ‘W’ of the spot.
6) Calculate the Numerical aperture from the formula: NA =
= Sin θmax
7) Tabulate the various distances and diameters of circles made on white
screen and calculate the Numerical Aperture from the formula.
Calculations:
Tabular Column:

L W
NA = θA = Sin-1 (NA)
(mm) (mm)
Result:
Thus the measurement of numerical aperture has been completed

successfully.
Conclusion:
By that the numerical aperture of a given optical fiber was found

using the measurement setup for different distances.
Viva:
1. What is the unit of numerical aperture?

2. What is the significance of numerical aperture?
3. What is the formula for numerical aperture?
4. What is a high numerical aperture?
5. What is the need of finding numerical aperture?
Exp .No: 15
Date:
MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES FOR ANALOG
OPTICAL LINK
Aim: To measure propagation and bending losses along a Fiber optic

analog link.

Apparatus Required:

1 Fiber Optics Analog Link - 1
2 CRO 30 MHz 1
3 Function Generator 5 MHz 1
5 Fiber cable 3 Meter 1
6 Power Supply - 1
Theory:
In optical fiber communications the information source provides
an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an electrical stage which
drives an optical source to give modulation of the light wave carrier. The
optical source which provides the electrical to optical conversion may be
either a Semi Conductor Laser or Light Emitting Diode (LED). The
transmission medium consists of an optical detector which drives a
further electrical stage and provides demodulation of the optical carrier.
The optical carrier may be modulated using either an analog or digital
information signal. Analog modulation involves the variation of light
emitted from the optical source in a continuous manner. Analog
modulation with an optical fiber communication system is less efficient,
requiring a far higher signal to noise at the receiver.
Block Diagram Of Analog Link Set-Up:
Jumper setting diagram:

procedure:
1. Connect the power supply cables to the fiber optic analog link
trainer.
2. Connect the signal generator between input and the ground pins of
the emitter circuit.
3. Set the Signal generator in Sine wave mode and select the
frequency of 1 KHz and amplitude 2 V (peak to peak).
4. Connect the 1 M Optical Fiber Cable (L 1) between emitter and
detector circuits.
5. Switch on the power supplies and Signal generator.
6. Observe the waveform at output of the detector circuit and note
down its amplitude as reading V1.
7. Switch OFF the power supplies and connect 2 M Optical Fiber
Cable (L2) between emitter and detector circuit.
8. Now switch ON the power supplies.
9. Observe the waveforms at the output of the detector circuit and
note down its amplitude as reading V2.
10. Now, calculate the Propagation Loss as γ =
11. Repeat step 4, by bending the cable around the mandrel rod for
around one or two turns and note down the output reading as V2'.
12. Calculate the bending loss by the formula given in step 10.

Tabular column: V in
=
S.no Distance (cm) Losses (V2) γ=
Result:
Thus the measurement of losses for analog optical link has been
completed successfully.
Conclusion:
By the propagation & bending values of
α db= 10/L1+L2 log 10(v1/v2) =10/ (1-3)log10 (4.2/5) =

0.378db/cm
For fiber optic analog link has been calculated.
Viva:
1. What is analog link in optical fiber?

2. What is bending loss in optical fiber?
3. What is a fiber optic link?
4. What is optical loss?
5. What is the unit of measurement of the optical attenuation per unit
length?

Exp .No:1
Date:
SETTING UP OF ANALOG OPTICAL LINK
Aim: To study the Analog Signal transmission for 660nm LED Source.
Apparatus Required:

1 Fiber Optics Analog Link kit - 1
2 CRO 30 MHz 1
3 Function Generator 5 MHz 1
6 Power Supply - 1
Theory:
Fiber Optic Links can be used for transmission of digital as

well as analog signals. Basically a fiber optic link contains three main
elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter
module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it
into optical (light) energy containing the same information. The optical
fiber is the medium which carries this energy to the receiver. At the
receiver, light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern
as originally fed to the transmitter.
TRANSMITTER:
Fiber optic transmitters are typically composed of a buffer,

driver and optical source. The buffer electronics provides both an
electrical connection and isolation between the transmitter and the
electrical system supplying the data. The driver electronics provides
electrical power to the optical source in a fashion that duplicates the
pattern of data being fed to the transmitter. Finally the optical source
(LED) converts the electrical current to light energy with the same
pattern.

RECEIVER:
The function of the receiver is to convert the optical

energy into electrical form which is then conditioned to reproduce the
transmitted electrical signal in its original form. The detector SFH250V
used in the kit has a diode type output. The parameters usually considered
in the case of detector are it's responsively at peak wavelength and
response time. SFH250V has responsivity of about 4 mA per 10 mW of
incident optical energy at 950 nm and it has rise and fall time of 0.01 m
sec. PIN photodiode is normally reverse biased.
Block Diagram Of Analog Link Set-Up:
Procedure:
1. Refer to fig and carry out the connections

2. Keep Intensity Control pot POT2 fully anticlockwise.
3. Keep jumper JP6, JP7 and JP8 to analog mode.
4. Make sure that the power supply of FOL-M-GPis off.
5. Apply 1Vp-p sine wave of frequency 1 KHz from function

generator to the IN2 post of analog buffer.
6. Connect Optical O/P of LED D2 to photo transistor D4 using

1 meter plastic fiber patch chord provided.
7. Vary the Intensity control Pot POT2and observe the detected

signal at DET2 OUT post.
8. Go on increasing the Function Generator sine wave

frequency in steps of 1 KHz and observe the Detected Signal.

9. Note down the Frequency for the Function Generator sine wave
at which the Detected Signal O/P. to get the undistorted detected
signal adjust load using POT4.
Calculations:
Tabular column:
OBSERVATIONS:

CH1 : input signal from Function generator
CH2: detected signal through fiber optic link
Result:
Conclusion:
1.
2.
Viva:
1. What is analog link in optical fiber?

2. Is fiber optic analog or digital?
3. How is a digital signal transmitted?
4. What type of fiber is required to run at gigabit speed?
5. What is the difference between analog and digital?

Exp .No:2
Date:
MEASUREMENT OF S-PARAMETERS OF
CIRCULATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Aim:
To study the S-Parameters of Circulator
Apparatus Required:
3 Isolator - 1
5 VSWR Meter - 1
8 BNC Cables - 1
9 Cooling Fan - 1
11 Circulator - 1
12 Detector mount - 1
THEORY:
CIRCULATOR:

Circulator is defined as device with ports arranged such that

energy entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to
the other ports. This is depicted in fig. 7 circulator can have any number
of ports.
Port 3
Port 1 Port 2
S- Parameters:
The analysis and behavior of microwave circuits by considering
the traveling waves at the selected reference planes results in the use of
reflection (or) scattering coefficients.
The electromagnetic fields at each of the terminal planes can be
written in terms of the normalized voltage and current. The total voltage
and current are the sum of the incident and reflected waves. If M 1
represents the wave admittance for the dominant mode the total voltages
and currents become.
V1 = V1i + V1r
I1 = M1 (V1i - V1r)
I1i = M1V1i
In these equations the electric and magnetic fields are vector
quantities and are a function of time. The coefficients V and I are
therefore complex quantities for simplicity voltage coefficients can be
written as
a = V1i and b = V1r
Total voltage and current become
V1 = a + b ; I1 = M1 (a – b)
b12 = S12 a2
b22 = S22 a2
bN2 = SN2 a2
In general, if excited by the mth arm these are

b1m = S1m am
bNm = SNm am
The constants which relates the incident and reflected waves. SNm
are called scattering coefficients. It can be shown that in the case of
transmission lines filled with ordinary substances, reciprocity conditions
require that Smm = Smn.
The total signal reflected from the microwave circuit is obtained
by summing the partial waves in the particular arm.
N
b1 =  b1m
m = 1
N
bN =  bNm
m = 1
For the four terminal case (N = 2)
b1 = b11 + b12
b2 = b21 + b22
Since bNm = SNm am
b11 = S11 a1 b12 = S12 a2
b21 = S12 a1 b22 = S22 a2
 The above equations become
b1 = S11 a1 + S12 + S12 a2
b21 = S12 a1 + S22 a2

A shorting plunger terminates the output terminals of the
unknown network and the corresponding input impedances are measured
on the input side; because of the presence of losses in an arbitrary
network, it is necessary to use more complicated graphical procedure for

interpretation of the data. This method is powerful, equally useful for loss
less and lossy networks and can be extended to certain classes of non
uniform transmission lines.

 
L O 1
6 C
 O1
O
5
 K
1
2
Alternate graphical method of
locating the Icon center
s
BENCH SETUP FOR CIRCULATOR:
PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the equipment as shown in fig.

2. Energize the microwave source for a particular frequency of
operation.
3. Now, keep the shorting plunger at the termination end and it is at
zero position find the g and Vmin position.

4. Connect the port 1 of Circulator to the slotted line and matched

loads on the other ports.
5. Now, keep the probe position at maximum and set VSWR = 1 by
tuning the frequency of the AM signal and tunable probe.
6. Move the probe along slotted line to the minimum position take
the direct VSWR on the VSWR scale and find Vmin position on
the slotted line and this minimum position is reference Vmin.

7. Remove the matched load at port 2 and connect the shorting

plunger with zero position.
8. Take the readings of VSWR and Vmin positions for every g/16
distance of plunger.
9. Note down the readings in tabular column and make the same
procedure for other ports to get the S-parameters.
To find S-parameters follow the procedure given in the Graphical
representation of S-parameters
Calculations:
S11 S12 S13

Vmin = g = S21 S22 S23
S31 S32 S33
Port 1 input
Port 2 with movable short
Port 3 matched
Tabular column:

OBSERVATIONS:
Vmin VSWR g position

0
g/16
8g/16
Result:
Thus the circulator has been studied the scattering matrix has been
founded the intension loss and isolation has been measured.

Conclusion:
1. Here each terminal is connected only to the next clockwise

terminal.
2. All ports are perfectly matched to the junction.
Viva:
1. How are S parameters measured?

2. What do S parameters mean?
3. What is S parameter s21?
4. What is S parameter in microwave?
5. What is the purpose of a circulator?

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MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB IV B.

Exp .No:1 Date:

REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To determine the Voltage & Mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron.

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

Bench Set Up for Reflex Klystron

Procedure for Mode Characteristics:

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

Procedure for Voltage Characteristics:

Repeller Voltage (V)

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

1. For stable operation the Klystron is allowed to warm up to 10

GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISICS

Aim: To determine the characteristics of Gunn diode

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

of the sample at a particular region is = = Negative resistance.

Bench Set Up for Gunn Diode Characteristics

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

V-I Characteristics of Gunn

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

2. The attenuator position should not be disturbed after adjusting

Thus the characteristics of Gunn diode has been completed

plotted. The observations few get are Vth=4 V Ith=0.1mA.

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

Attenuation (in dB) = 10 log

Where Pin = Input power & Pout = Output power.

& P2. The ratio of power expressed in decibels gives the

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

Bench Set Up for Attenuation Measurement

Bench Set-Up:2 (With DUT)

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

By that the attenuator s attenuation is found by using power ratio

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

other desirable operations. They can be unidirectional or bidirectional

Bench Set-Up 1: Coupling Factor Measurement:

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

Procedure for Coupling Factor Measurement:

Coupling factor (C) = 10 log [P1/P4]

Bench Set-Up 2: Directivity Measurement

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

Procedure for Directivity Measurement:

1. Without disturbing the mode of klystron connect the directional

1. For ___ dB directional coupler

2. For ___ dB directional coupler:

1. Beam Voltage should be minimum and Repeller

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

3. The Directional Coupler must be handled carefully

Coupling factor (C) =

Coupling factor (C) =

1. What is a directional coupler?

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

Aim: To measure the VSWR by using direct method and double

wave ratio (or) VSWR, denoted by S; S =

which allows to take values in the range 1 S ∞.

The value of S can be measured experimentally by using a slotted

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

Bench Set Up For VSWR Measurement

Bench Set-Up 1: Low VSWR Measurement

1. The components are arranged as shown in the bench set-up1.

Procedure for High VSWR Measurement:

VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEPT OF E.C.E Page

3. g is calculated by replacing unknown impedance with wave guide