CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

Basic electric circuits

Transducers
 Transducer is a device that converts physical
quantities into electrical quantities or convert
electrical quantities into non electrical quantities
 Useful in real life systems (Ovens, AC etc)

 Potentiometer

Converts position to resistance

 Temperature sensors
 Convert temperature to current
Position transducer
 R2Vo+
-

V
VR V VR 
 R V2 2 0
Vk
0
R R 12 
0 R
Measurement of angle vs voltage

Clas
s assignment : Set up the circuit in Tinkercad
Measure angle
vs output voltage Record in Excel and plot a graph.
Angle Output
00
45 1.44
90 2.88
135 4.5
Results
180 6.12
225 7.56
270 90123456789
10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 OutputOutput

A trimming potentiometer
 Less than 50 μA quiescent current

Temperature sensor TMP 36

Shutdown current 0.5 μA max
Low voltage operation (2.7 V to 5.5 V)
 Calibrated directly in °C
10 mV/°C scale factor (20 mV/°C on TMP37)
±2°C accuracy over temperature (typ)
±0.5°C linearity (typ)
Stable with large capacitive loads
Specified −40°C to +125°C, operation to +150°C

Low self-heating
Qualified for automotive applications


When Temp = -400C Vo = 100 mV
 When Temp = 1250C Vo = 1750 mV
0
Temp V0
 500 10
Temp in C V in millivolts
0
:

Activity
 Set up

the circuit in Tinkercad. The slider shows a control to change the

temperature. In actual application this temperature will be
decided by
the surroundings. Verify that this slider shows a range of -
400Cto 120 0C
Switches
 Single pole single throw
switches (SPST)
Everyday switches
 AC
Computer
Mains Light TV Single pole
single throw
Switch
SPST
Single pole double throw switches
Design the staircase circuit

V= 5 volts 100 ohms

LED

Model of staircase
 lighting

V= 5 volts 100 ohms

LED

Actual experiment
for staircase lighting model
Two pole two way

Reversing direction of rotation

A circuit with several switches
 (a)Circuit
with switches (b) Equivalent circuit for t < 0(c)
Equivalent circuit 0 < t < 2 seconds (d) The
equivalent circuit for t > 2 seconds
Dependent sources
 Voltage or current of one circuit element is
proportional to the voltage or current of the second
circuit element
Transistor model
 Example 2.7-1
 Determine
the power
absorbed
by the vcvs

p= idvd =
(1.5)(4) = 6
watts
Exercise 2.7-1
  Find the power absorbed by the CCCS

Id = 4ic = 4(-1.2) = - 4.8 P = -4.8(24) = -115.2

watts
P2.4-7
Solution to P2.4-7
P2.5-1
P2.5-1
Solution to 2.5-1
Solution to 2.5-2
2.5-6
P2.5-6
P2.6-3
P2.6-3 continued
Solution 2.6-3
P2.6-4
Solution to problem 2.6-4
P2.7-1
r= 2
ohms

P2.7-6
 .
.

Solution
to P2.7-6

P2.8-1
 mA

Solution
 0a1
v IaR
mp

IR 
m
v p 360

P2.8-2
Solution to 2.8-2
 v can be

between 4 to 30 volts
P2.9-1
Solution to 2.9-1
P2.10-1
 Solution to P 2.10-1
P 2.10-2
 Solution 2.10-2
DP 2-1
DP2-1
DP2-2
DP2-3
DP2-3
Solution to DP-3
 Digital to analog converter
Background :
Digital Signal
Processing

Analog to
ProcessorDigital to
Transducer Digital Analog
Filter
converter Converter

In all of above waveforms Time on X axis

and Voltage on Y axis
Digital to Analog converter

Digital Input D to A converter Analog Output

 Analog output is proportional to decimal
representation of the binary word

The actual output will depend on the

voltage levels for 0 and 1
Three Bit NumberDigital Analog000 000V V/80V0 2V/80VV 3V/8
VV 3V/4 V00 4V/8
V VTwo bits
Digital Analog
00 0
Digital Analog
0V V/4
00
V0 2V/4

Input-Output Relationship V0V 5V/8

VV0 6V/8
Single bit (Electrical Representation) V
VVV 7V/8
Step size N
 2
 N Number of bits
:

Two bit converter circuit V1 V2 Vo

000
0 V V/4
V 0 V/2
With V2 = 0 : Vo1=
V1/2 With V1 = 0 : Vo2
= V2/4 Vo = V1/2 +
V2/4
V V 3V/4

3- Bit
converter
circuit V1 V2
V3 Vo
0000
0 0 V V/8
0 V 0 V/4
0 V V 3V/8
V 0 0 V/2
V 0 V 5V/8
V V 0 6V/8
V V V 7V/8

Test in Tinkercad
V
Chose V = 8 volts