CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

Industrial Training refers to the practical training in a company or an industrial

environment that helps the students in developing the required skills which will help
them in becoming a professional of the future. Industrial training offer the students the
chance to put what they are learning into action in a real-world environment. This helps
us better understand the theories and strategies we have been reading about.

During my training at 3 project sites under TUDA, (Vivekananda Project. Kunjaban

Project, Light House Project). I with my whole team got a chance to work on the modern
construction technologies which were entirely a new experience and kind of inspiration
to me and my group members. Men learn through experience and a practical study is full
of various kinds of experiences. We all encounter various difficulties and obstacles, and
with experience we are expected to be able to face and tackle those difficulties/obstacles.
Experience is a valuable thing because we all need to be brave for taking risks. This
training also helped me to develop my ability and skills and also helped in enhancing the
gaining of practical knowledge.

All our experience in all those 3 projects under TUDA Townships helped us realize
various portions like group work, working environment peering support, team work with
discussions, interactive sessions regarding this report carried out in the organization.
Thus, the internship duration provided the opportunity to broaden my knowledge,
acknowledge my strengths/weakness that would me more helpful to shape up the career
in the future.

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 CHAPTER - 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this report work require a lot of skill and guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
completion of my report work. Whatever I had done is only due to such guidance and
assistance and I wouldn’t forget to thank them all.

Most humbly and with due respect I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to
Tripura Urban Planning and Development Authority (TUDA), for having me provided
with an unbelievable practical learning experience during our vocational training period.

From the core of my heart, I respect and thank to ER. Sir Mihir Kanti Gop (Chief
Planner, TUDA) and Junior ER. Madam Supriya Bhowmik and other respected site
engineers along with their team members, for providing me all the opportunity to work
under their guidance and close supervision.

I would also like to thank my team members for their excellent cooperation and
accompany for the successful completion about the work being done on the construction
site of this project.

THANKING YOU
Subham Roy
Civil Engineering
49/CE/L/23/60
T.C.E.A

Date -

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 CHAPTER – 3
TRRIPURA URBAN PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY
Tripura Urban and Planning Development authority in order to ensure planned development
in the capital city Agartala and other towns in Tripura, the state government felt it necessary
to create a dedicated and professional organization for the said purpose. According to the
urban development department brought by Tripura Urban and Planning Development Bill in
the assembly session of November 2018 in which the bill was passed and enacted according
to the Tripura Urban and Planning Development Act – 2018. As per the provisions of the
TUDA Act -2018, this has been constituted on 30th January 2019 with the Honorable chief
minister of Tripura as chairman of the authority. As of now TUDA has established its office
in the directorate of the urban development department, at Agartala in Tripura.

In Tripura there are about more than 1.50 lakh govt. employees mostly teachers, police,
engineers and other ministerial staff etc. apart from rapidly growing privates and PSU
sectors. Most of these employees needs affordable and convenient homes in Agartala city or
other nearby town areas so as to avail facilities of better education for children better urban
and civic amenities better job opportunities along with secured lifestyle. So now TUDA
along with some private individual to create apartments for citizens in Agartala city but due
to acute shortage prices of apartments are shooting up. That is why TUDA is now working
with the urban departments to weed out the lacunae in the present system so as to promote
multi-store earthquake resilient modern ecofriendly townships in Agartala and other towns.
Recently urban development department has amended the Tripura building rules 2017 to
facilitate construction of high-rise multistory apartments in safe and secure manner in urban
areas.

TUDA will be working with the core and also with utmost possible way and with proper
transparency and accountability and will set standard procedures and protocol for day to day
working. All tenders will be floated online as per DFPRT and the technical criterion for the
selections of bidders will be make objectives as possible so as to rule out the subjectivity in
the selection process. TUDA will be working along with the private developers and
promoters in the state who are duly registered under real estate regulatory authority under

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the real estate (Regulation and development act – 2016) for planned developed of urban
areas and development of satellite urban townships in Agartala and other towns.
CHAPTER - 4

PROJECT AT VIVEKANANDA MARKET SITE

4.1. Introduction
This project is all about the township project of TUDA at Vivekananda Market Site,
near Kaman Chowmuhani, Agartala, Sadar West Tripura. It is basically a Residential
or Group Housing. Total area is – 3835.61 Sq.m. This is the proposed group housing
plan at Agartala. The organization or the department behind this project is “Deepak
Mehta & Associates”. Address- Abhishek Plaza, Plot No 16, Mayur Vihar Phase 2,
New Delhi. In accordance with the provisions under Tripura Urban & Planning
Development Act- 2018 and as per the provisions made through Amendment Vide
no; F. (446)-UDD/GL/TCPO/2018(P-1)/1141-1152. Under Rule 13 of Tripura
Building Rule, 2020 TUDA hereby accords permission for township projects at
Vivekananda Site, Agartala under some legal terms and conditions and as per
specifications.

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4.2 Brief Specification of Project at Vivekanda Site

PROJECT BRIEF
Vivekananda Market Site, near Kaman Chowmuhani,
LOCATION
Agartala.
FLOOR NUMBER (3X4) = 12 NOS (3BHK).
FLOOR HEIGHT 2.880 M.
PARAPET WALL 1 M.
FLOOR FINISHING 600 mm from G.L.
SILL LEVEL 1050 mm for window.
56082.96 Sq.ft. (Built up area: HIG Block- 17456.57 Sq.ft,
AREA COVERED
MIG Block- 18696.063 Sq.ft, LIG Block- 18430.329 Sq.ft)
PER FLAT HALF AREA 880 Sq.ft.
PERMISSION ACCORDED FOR Building with RCC framed Structures & (G+4) building
CONSTRUCTION with a height of 14.495 m.
COMMUNITY BLOCK 1500 Sq.ft.
GROUND COVERAGE ACHIEVED 28%.
NO. S OF LIFT 2 NO. S Capacity: 6 persons Per Lift. (1950X 1600)
10 NO. S (Riser: 150 mm, Tread: 260 mm, Width:
STAIRCASE
1250).
WINDOW Height= 1280 mm, Width= 1200mm
FOR BRICKWORK ASC Block (600x 200x200).
CEMENT GRADE OPC 43 Grade.
ADMIXTURE Asian (3.08L per m3).
COLUMN M30 Column.
COLUMN SHUTTERING Teen Patti Pin.
BEAM 500 mm Depth
SLAB & BEAM M25 Slab and Beam,
SHEAR WALL 230x200 mm.
GROUND FLOOR SHEAR WALL 1250x350 mm.
SHEAR WALL M30.
BALCONY SIZE 1200 mm.
WALL THICKNESS Outside: 200 mm/ Internal: 100 mm
HIG TOWER 73 NO’S of Pile 600mm Dia &Depth 21m

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FOR EXCAVATION Earthwork Excavator.

4.3 Study of Drawings

During my training at Vivekanda Site, I got the opportunity to apply my theoretical

knowledge in practical working set. I also learn about some new method and techniques in
construction. Here Are some of the things I got to know during my in internship period

 TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN (1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th )

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 FIG. 4.1. – TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
 TERRACE LVL. SLAB PLAN

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 FIG. 4.2. – TERRACE LVL. SLAB PLAN
 TYPICAL FLOOR ROOF SLAB REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

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 FIG. 4.3. – TYPICAL FLOOR ROOF SLAB REINFORCEMENT
 TERRACE LVL. SLAB REINFORCEMENT PLAN

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 FIG. 4.4. – TERRACE LVL. SLAB REINFORCEMENT PLAN
 TERRACE LVL. BEAM DETAILING (HIG TOWER, S+4)

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 FIG. 4.5. – TERRACE LVL. BEAM DETAILING
 STAIRCASE DETAILING

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 FIG. 4.6. – STAIRCASE DETAILING
4.4 PROJECT PHOTOS OF VIVEKANANDA SITE
Following are the pictures of Vivekananda site under Tripura Urban and Planning
Development Authority:

FIG.4.7: - SHEAR WALLS

Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral forces i.e. parallel to the plane of
the wall. For slender walls where the bending deformation is more Shear wall resists the
loads due to Cantilever Action and for short walls where the shear deformation is more it
resists the loads due to Truss Action. These walls are more important in seismically
active zones because during earthquakes shear forces on the structure increases. Shear
walls should have more strength and stiffness

FIG.4.8:- LIFT OPENINGS

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Used in lift slab construction. Technically whereby concrete slabs are poured on the
ground one on top of the other and then lifted into place on top by hydraulic jacks.
Especially used for multistory and high-rise buildings. This also offers substantial
savings on the formwork

FIG.4.9:- 3 PATTI PINS

These are the alternative hardware for bolts and nuts and for special joint cases. Usually,
bolts and nuts have the threatening properties but Pin Patties are threat less. It is safe for
the construction and provide the best suitability and serviceability in heavy construction

FIG.4.10:- SAMOSA RING & MASTER RING

SAMOSA RINGS: - These are the special rings which is triangular in shape and having
a desired cutting length like stirrups. They are used to maintain the shape of the joining
bars in extreme condition

MASTER RING: - These links are provided as per drawing, if the number of vertical
bar are more or steel dia is bigger say 12mm, 16mm, 20mm it is provided with Master

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Ring and the master ring is provided alternately with links, joining all the vertical
reinforcements

FIG.4.11: - AJAX ARGO 4000

Ajax Argo 4000 self-loading is the combination of concrete mixer and transit mixer. It
can automatically feed, weigh, mix and discharge concrete, which greatly improve the
work efficiency, reduce production cost and time. Equipped with a powerful engine and
4 wheels steering, the self-loading concrete mixer is just like a small truck and the
operator can drive it to where it needs to go. It is very convenient for loading material,
such as cement, aggregate, stone. All working from feeding material to discharging
concrete can be done by one operator.

FIG.4.12: - OPENING FOR CABLE/ELECTRICAL LINES

These are essential in the form of a long span structure that is subject to tension and uses
suspension for the support. These power lines are used to transfer electrical power from
the generation plant to the main zone at a very high voltage and current levels. Cable

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lines are used to watch TV, camera, Roof Lights etc. They have different openings so
that they remain safe from one another if one is damaged

FIG.4.12: - SPECIFIED GAPS FOR PLACING WATER PIPES

These openings are provide for all the water distribution pipe with an ease of installation
& plumbing and will also help in preventing the water leakage and pressure (Water
Head)

FIG.4.13: - CENTERING OF STAIRCASES

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Centering is the horizontal component of the formwork and Shuttering are the vertical
components of the formwork. Stripping time for centering, as per IS code 456-2000 is 3
days for slab and 7 days for beam but the props are to be re-fixed till 14 days for a span
less than 4.5m and 21 days for a span more than 6 m. Centering is supported by vertical
props. In this project at very zones 10 numbers of stairs has been used. Riser and
tread are of standard size according to specifications.
CHAPTER - 5

PROJECT AT U.D LAND SITE

5.1. Introduction

This is our second project report, near Bhagat Singh Hostel, Kunjavan, VIP Road, Agartala,
West Tripura. This Project is also under Tripura Urban Planning & Development Authority
(TUDA). This is also a residential construction. It consists of the following convenient &
secured facilities:
1. SURFACE PARKING FACILITIES.
2. CHILDREN PARKS.
3. SWIMMING POOLS AND GYM FACILITIES.
4. INTERIOR WIDE ROAD.
5. HIGH QUALITY CONSTRUCTION WITH MORDERN TECHNOLOGY.
6. LOCATED ON PRIME LANDS IN CITY.
7. FREEHOLD PROPERTY.
8. DIRECT REGISTRATION WITH TUDA.
9. PAYMENT IN INSTALLMENTS.
10. ONE YEAR MAINTAINANCE BY TUDA.

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 11. FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES.
12. DEDICATED PARKING SPACE.
13. DEDICATED CIVIC INFRASTRUCTURE.
14. LANDSCAPE GARDENS.
15. CAMPUS SECURITY.
5.2 Brief Specification of Project at U.D. Landsite
PROJECT BRIEF
Near Bhagat Singh Hostel, Kunjavan, VIP Road,
LOCATION
Agartala, Tripura
LAND AREA 2,50,000 SQFT (5.79 Aces)
TOTAL PLAN AREA 1635 sq.m.
CONSTRUCTION AGENCY DEEPAK MEHTA & ASSOCIATES
TOTAL BUILD-UP AREA 6 lack SQFT
NO OF FLOOR G+11/G+13
TOTAL FLATS 684
PARKING 684
COMMERTIAL AREA 10,000 SQFT
BUILDING HEIGHT 36-42 M
NO. OF PILE 127 C/C 3m.
FOUNDATION HEIGHT 20 mm
CUT OFF LEVEL 1 m.
AREA REQD. ONLY FOR RAFT 1035 sq. m.
MIG BLOCKS 72 UNITS
HIG BLOCKS 72 UNITS.
LIG BLOCKS 99 UNITS.

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5.3. Study of Drawings
During my training at light house project, I got the opportunity to apply my theoretical
knowledge in practical working set. I also learn about some new method and techniques
in construction. Here Are some of the things I got to know during my in internship
period

 U.D. LAND SITE PLAN OVERVIEW

After going through the project layout even number 5.1 and other plans we can insert the
following points
 MIG BLOCKS OF 72 UNITS.
 HIG BLOCKS OF 72 UNITS.
 LIG BLOCKS OF 99 UNITS.
 LAND AREA OF 2,50,000 SQFT (5.79 Aces)
 TOTAL PLAN AREA OF 1635 sq.m.
 NO OF FLOOR IS G+11/G+13
 TOTAL FLATS ARE 684

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 FIG. 5.1. – SITE PLAN OVERVIEW

 SITE PLAN FOR HIG TOWER

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 FIG. 5.2. – SITE PLAN FOR HIG TOWER
 TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN OF HIG TOWER

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 FIG. 5.3. – TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN OF HIG TOWER
 STILT FLOOR PLAN OFHIG TOWER

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 FIG. 5.4. – STILT FLOOR PLAN OFHIG TOWER
 ELEVATION AT A-B, HIG TOWER

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 FIG. 5.5. – ELEVATION AT A-B, HIG TOWER
 SECTION AT A-B, HIG TOWER

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 FIG. 5.6. – SECTION AT A-B, HIG TOWER
 BASEMENT PLAN

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 FIG. 5.7. – BASEMENT PLAN
 G.A & R.C DETAIL OF EXTENDED BASEMENT

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 FIG. 5.8. – G.A & R.C DETAIL OF EXTENDED BASEMENT
 R.C DETAIL OF SECTION FOR EXTENDED BASEMENT

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 FIG. 5.9. – G.A & R.C DETAIL OF EXTENDED BASEMENT
 FLOOR PLAN OF HIG, MIG, LIG FLAT

FIG. 5.10. – FLOOR PLAN OF HIG FLAT FIG. 5.11. – FLOOR PLAN OF MIG FLAT

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 FIG. 5.12. – FLOOR PLAN OF LIG FLAT

5.4 PROJECT PHOTOS OF U.D LAND SITE

Following are the pictures of U.D land site under Tripura Urban Planning and
Development Authority.

FIG. 5.13. – BAR BENDING MACHINE

This is a specialize type of bar processing machine. It is widely used in the field of
building construction where greater dia of bar needs to bent. Bar bending machine is
able to bend steel round bar and steel rebar

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 FIG. 5.14. – REINFORCING BARS
These are the reinforcing steel bars of various diameters (8, 20, 25, 30mm) used for
construction at this site, it helps to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension

FIG. 5.15. – STONE CHIPS

These are the small pieces of stones /rocks (size of aggregate 20mm & 10mm) which
are used in concreting along with cement, sand and inroad pavement work they help
to cover the surfaces such as paths and roads

FIG. 5.16. – AJAX FLORI MIXING MACHINE

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They are self-loading is the combination of concrete mixer and transit mixer. It can
automatically feed, weigh, mix and discharge concrete, which greatly improve the work
efficiency, reduce production cost and time. Equipped with a powerful engine and 4
wheels steering, the self-loading concrete mixer is just like a small truck and the operator
can drive it to where it needs to go. It is very convenient for loading material, such as
cement, aggregate, stone. All working from feeding material to discharging concrete can
be done by one operator.

FIG. 5.17. – RAFT FOOTING

It is a land-based building foundation that protects it against settlement and
liquefaction of soft soil and seismic activity. These are a kind of shallow foundation
formed by a reinforced concrete slab of uniform thickness

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 FIG. 5.18. – PREPARATION OF SPIRAL TILES OF PILE
It is type of cylindrical cage for spiraling the reinforced bar for piles, it is an easy and
less time-consuming way for making reinforced spiral piles

CHAPTER - 6

LIGHT HOUSE PROJECT

6.1. Introduction
“The country is going to get a new technology to build houses for the poor and the
middle class. In technical parlance, you call it the Light House Project.”
Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) is implementing Pradhan Mantri
Awas Yojana-Urban (PMAY-U) Mission, one of the largest public housing programs in
the world, with a goal of providing all weather houses to all eligible urban families by
2022. Under PMAY-U, a Technology Sub-Mission (TSM) has been set up with an aim
to provide sustainable technological solutions for faster & cost-effective construction of
houses suiting to geo-climatic and hazard conditions of the country. TSM promotes
adoption of modern, innovative & green technologies and building material for faster
and quality construction of houses because conventionally, houses are built with
traditional materials, i.e., burnt clay bricks, cement, sand, aggregates, stones, timber &
steel. Sand & aggregates are already in short supply due to irrational mining & it is
banned in number of states in India. Burnt clay bricks use top fertile soil as raw material
and its production makes use of coal. Cement and steel are also energy intensive
materials and produced from natural resource, i.e., limestone rock and iron ores
respectively. Further, the construction requires clean drinking water which is already in
short supply even for drinking.

Light house projects under the global housing technology challenge India, under this plan
cutting is technology will be used to build residential house project at a first phase the use of
new construction technology is also expected to bring down the overall construction cost
making the projects more affordable in the world second most population country. Light
house project will be design in line with the National building code (NBC) 2016 with
aesthetics, proper ventilation and orientation as required to suit the climatic conditions of
the location and adequate storage space at each location by the end of 2022. With the
technology under this program housing projects are built in 6 locations across the country

1. Indore Madhya Pradesh

2. Rajkot Gujarat
3. Chennai Tamil Nadu

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 4. Ranchi Jharkhand
5. Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
6. Agartala Tripura

6.2. Global Housing Technology Challenge India

MoHUA has initiated the Global Housing Technology Challenge-India (GHTC-India)
which aims to identify and mainstream a basket of innovative construction technologies
from across the globe for housing construction that are sustainable, eco-friendly & disaster-
resilient. They are to be cost effective & speedier while enabling the quality construction of
houses, meeting diverse geo climatic conditions & desired functional needs.

MoHUA, through a Technical Evaluation Committee (TEC), shortlisted 54 innovative

proven technologies suiting different geo-climatic conditions that could be considered for
demonstration through actual ground implementation of six Light House Projects (LHP) in
six different States across the country. These 54 technologies were further categorized into
following six broad categories:

1. Precast Concrete Construction System - 3D Precast volumetric

2. Precast Concrete Construction System - Precast components assembled at site
3. Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre-engineered Steel Structural System
4. Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System
5. Monolithic Concrete Construction
6. Stay in Place Formwork System

End-User Benefits
• Improved structural & functional performance
• Safer and disaster resilient house
• Better quality of construction
• Low maintenance, minimum life cycle cost
• Speedy construction resulting in early occupancy
• Cost-effective and environment-friendly
• Better fire resistance & thermal efficiency

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• Less air pollution and waste generation

6.3. Light Gauge Steel Frame (LGSF) System

An already established System for building construction in Japan, Australia & North
America; Light Gauge Steel Frame (LGSF) System or Light House Project uses factory
made galvanized light gauge steel components. The components/sections are produced by
cold forming method and assembled as panels at site forming structural steel framework up
to G+3 building.

Construction Process
The sequence of construction comprises of foundation laying, fixing of Pre-Engineered
Steel Structural System, fixing of tracks, fixing of wall panels with bracings as required,
fixing of floor panels, decking sheet, fixing of electrical & plumbing services and finally
fixing of concrete walling panels with light weight concrete as infill. The other options
of dry walling components such as sandwich panels with insulation material in between
can also be used.

Special Features:
 High strength to weight ratio. Due to light weight, significant reduction in design
earthquake forces is achieved. Making it safer compared to other structures.
 Fully integrated computerized system with Centrally Numerical Control (CNC)
machine primarily employed for manufacturing of LGSF sections provide very
high Precision & accuracy.
 Construction being very fast, a typical four storied building can be constructed
within one month.
 Structure being light, does not require heavy foundation
 Structural element can be transported to any place including hilly areas to remote
places easily making it suitable for far flung regions including difficult terrains.
 Structure can be shifted from one location to other without wastage of materials.
 Steel used can be recycled multiple times
 The system is very useful for post disaster rehabilitation work.

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 FIG. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAME STRUCTURE

6.4 Brief Specification of Light House Project, Agartala

Location Storeys Technology Construction Agency

Agartala, Light Gauge Steel Structural System & M/s Mitsumi Housing Pvt.
1,000 (G+6)
Tripura Pre-engineered Steel Structural System Ltd.

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6.5. Study of Drawings
During my training at light house project, I got the opportunity to apply my theoretical
knowledge in practical working set. I also learn about some new method and techniques
in construction. Here Are some of the things I got to know during my in internship
period

 Project layout
After going through the project layout even number 6.1 and other plans we can insert the
following points
 Total residential build up area 43163 sq.m
 Total build up area of project 45249 sq.m
 Building construction by most advanced light gauge steel frame technology under
GHTC India innovation of MOHUA, GOI
 Residential block A, B, C, D, E, F, G, (G + 6) with building height 23.95 m
 Health center (g + 2) with building height 11.85 m
 Community center (g+1) with building height 6.5 m

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 FIG. 6.1. –LAYOUT PLAN
 Block plan
Figure 6.2 shows the typical Block plan of each Floor from a unit

Specification of Different Blocks

 Block A (G + 6) has 111 units 4798 sq.m
 Block B (G + 6) has 125 units 6674 sq.m
 Block C (G + 6) has 125 units 5340 sq.m
 Block D (G + 6) has 167 units 1784 sq.m
 Block E (G + 6) has 167 units 1784 sq.m
 Block F (G + 6) has 167 units 1784 sq.m
 Block G (G + 6) has 111 units 4798 sq.m

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 FIG. 6.2. – BLOCK PLAN

 Foundation Layout

Figure 6.5 shows the typical Foundation layout of a block after observing the plan, we
can insert the following points
 The Raft is consist of 2 different thickness of concrete layers (500mm & 800mm)
 For Staircase Shear wall is provided (SW1, SW2)
 There are 3 Different shapes of column (P1-600X800, P2- 350X550, P3-650X900)
 There are total of 4 sections are given Section at 1, 2, 3, 4
 A Shrinkage Strip is provided whose concreting is done after 28 days of adjacent
pours

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 FIG. 6.3. – FOUNDATION LAYOUT
 Column Layout

Figure 6.6 shows the typical Column Layout of a block after observing the plan, we can
insert the following points
 For Staircase Shear wall is provided (SW1, SW2)
 There are 3 Different shapes of column (P1-600X800, P2- 350X550, P3-650X900)
 There are total of 4 sections are given Section at 1, 2, 3, 4

FIG 6.4. – COLUMN LAYOUT

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 FIG 6.5. – SIZE OF COLUMN & SHAPE OF TIE REINFORCEMENT

 Unit plan
Figure 6.3 & 6.4 shows the typical unit plan of each flat from a unit plan we can insert
the following points

 Each flat else won bedroom hall kitchen and an attached bathroom
 Total carpet area 30.03 sq.m

FIG. 6.7. – 3D UNIT PLAN

FIG. 6.6. – UNIT PLAN

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 TYPE SIZE No. REMARKS
D1 1000 X 2100 1 WOODEN
D2 900 X 2100 1 WOODEN
D3 750 X 2100 1 PVC
D4 750 X 2100 1 GLASSWORK
W1 1500 X 1600 2 WINDOW
W2 800 X 1500 1 WINDOW
W3 800 X 1500 1 WINDOW
V1 600 X 450 1 VENTILATOR

6.6. Technical Learning

During my training at light house project, I got the opportunity to know different
techniques used in construction and here Are some of the things I got to know during my
in internship period

6.6.1 Pile Foundation:-

Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, is actually a slender column or long cylinder
made of materials such as concrete or steel which are used to support the structure and
transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin friction.

When to Use Pile Foundation

Following are the situations where the pile foundation can be used
 When the groundwater table is high.
 Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.
 Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.
 When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.
 When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the river bed or
seashore, etc.
 When there is a canal or deep drainage systems near the structure.
 When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor soil
condition.
 When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches dry by pumping or
by any other measure due to heavy inflow of seepage.

Types of Pile Foundation

Pile foundations can be classified based on function, materials etc. Followings are the types
of pile foundation used in construction:

Based on Function or Use

1. Sheet Piles
2. Load Bearing Piles

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 3. End bearing Piles
4. Friction Piles
5. Soil Compactor Piles

Based on Materials and Construction Method

1. Timber Piles
2. Concrete Piles
3. Steel Piles
4. Composite Piles

Construction Stages of Bore Pile

The construction of bore pile at our site consists to the following phase: ----------

1. Sitting out Pile Points

 The location of permanent bored piles should be set out and pegged by
subcontractors surveyor based on approved setting out drawings from consultant and
control point at site
 The serving details of each location to be recorded incorporated reduced level and
coordinates
 Each individually surveyed pile position shall be protected from disturbance prior to
commandment of boring work
 Two reference point to be installed equipment at not less than 2 m from the pile
centre location
 A plot hole of about 3to6 M deep shall be drill at the pile location
 The eccentricity and alignment of the plot hole is then checked

2. Pile Boring
Hydraulic rig/manually operable auger mobilized at the required location. Initial boring of
about 2.0 meters is done using cutting tool of desired diameter of pile (0.6m) using Tractor
Mounted Rig (TMR). Then boring is carried on according to the sub-soil investigation
report of that location.

Casing is used as temporary support structure for bored pile system. The temporary guide
casing, approximately 3-meter length with outside diameter same as pile diameter, is
lowered in the bore hole using drilling rig attached to excavator rig. During concreting
stage, temporary casings are withdrawn using a piling rig or an oscillator.

In Punching generally, the excavated soil around the casing pipe with the help of excavator
is punched and leveled with the ground surface so that the chance of falling of excavated
soil into the bore hole get reduced.

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 FIG. 6.8. – BORING OF PILE
Boring is then done up to the founding strata as per pre decided depth using intermittently
Bentonite slurry as per requirement (Fig.). Bore hole is then supplied with Bentonite slurry,
from Bentonite installation. Bentonite circulation channel is made from bore hole to
Bentonite tank and fresh Bentonite slurry will be pumped to bore hole through hose pipes.
Bentonite powder as earlier mentioned shall be mixed in the freshwater tank at least 24
hours prior to start of pile boring to ensure that Bentonite is completely dispersed in the
Water and attain required density to stabilize the sides of the borehole during drilling is
essential that the properties of Bentonite material shall be carefully controlled at stages of
mixing, supply to the borehole and immediately before concrete is placed. Bentonite used to
stabilize the sides of bore hole should be conforming to requirements as listed: "Density of
Bentonite solution should be checked during boring operation to ensure that the density is
about 1.05 g/cc to 1.10 g/cc, marsh cone viscosity 30 to 40 and pH value 9.5 to 12."
Bentonite slurry is pumped by high pressure reciprocating pumps/ vertical pump into the
bore hole and the same is allowed to overflow the bore hole. The overflow slurry with bored
mud/soil etc. that comes out along with Bentonite slurry is passed through channels and is
collected in sediment tanks where sediments settle and Bentonite can be re used

3. Reinforcement Cage Lowering

Prefabricated reinforcement cage prepared as per the drawings and approved depths. is
brought and kept near pile location while boring is in progress. After getting the permission
from the engineer. The reinforcement cage will be gentle lifted and lowered by
Crane/manually into bored hole (Fig.6.5). Necessary concrete cover will be obtained by
using the circular cover blocks already made of the sane strength as of pie If the
reinforcement cage is very long i.e. not possible to handle in one lift. the cage will be lifted
one by one and spot welded at this joints and then lowered inside the bore hole. It is to be
checked whether the reinforcement cage has reached up to bottom of the pile by measuring
from the top of the cage to the ground level

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FIG. 6.9. – REINFORCEMENT CAGE FIG. 6.10. – CONCRETE PIPE LOWERING
4. Concrete Pipe Lowering
The concrete pipe with funnel-shaped hopper shall be placed in position at the top of the
casing to transport the concrete to the base of the pile (Fig.6.6). Pre-calculated. pre-
assembler and pre-recorded in sequential order, termite shall be lowered through
reinforcement c with the help of rig/service crane, keeping 300 mm clearance from bottom
of pile borehole and supported against guide through the fork. It requires adjustable termite
pieces shall have to be replaced in place of full pieces. The length of termite pipe (total of
individual joined pipes) shall be more than the length of the pile and base of the termite pipe
shall be lowered to the bottom of the borehole allowing water or drilling mud to rise inside
it before pouring of concrete. The top of the termite pipe shall be fitted with a large diameter
Funnel to receive the concrete with steel sealing plate arrangement at the bottom of the
funnel. The termite pipes shall be clean, watertight and of adequate diameter (usually
200mm diameter) to allow the free flow of concrete. Before lowering, all the termite pipes
shall be thoroughly checked, and form oil shall be applied inside the pipes for the free flow
of concrete inside the termite

5. Flushing
Before the start of concreting operation, the borehole shall he flushed with Fresh Bentonite
slurry. The termite head to be provided to the termite pipe for the flushing activity. The
pumping for flushing is done by use of mud circulation pump Flushing will be done to
remove all the loose sediments which might have accumulated on the founding strata
further, the flushing operation shall be. Continued till the consist tansy of inflowing and out
flowing slurry 1s Similar It can be checked using a Hydrometer. If the value of specific
gravity is greater than 1.1, concreting will not be done.

6. Concreting
1. The concrete placing shall not proceed if specific gravity of fluid near about the bottom of
the borehole exceeds 1.10.
2. After flushing is completed, termite head should be removed and funnel should be
attached to the termite pipe.
3. The slump of the concrete will be maintained at 150 mm to 200 mm
4. Concreting operation will be carried out using the 200 mm diameter termite pipes.

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 FIG. 6.11. – PILE CONCRETING IN PROGRESS
6.6.2 Raft Foundation:-
Foundation provide support for structures, transferring load to lavers of soil or rock that
have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. The Piled raft is a
foundation constructed by combining both the piles and a raw foundation. Firstly the pile
are constructed and then the raft is placed combining all the piles.
Raft foundations (sometimes referred to as raft footings or mat foundations) are formed
concrete slabs of uniform thickness (typically 150 mm to 300 mm) that by cover a wide
area, often the entire footprint of a building. They spread the load imposed by a number of
Columns or Walls over the area of the foundation and can be considered to float on the
ground as a raft floats on water In general, we construct a pile foundation or raft foundations
separately to transfer the loads from the superstructure to the ground. However in piled
rafts. Both the pier and raft act together as one unit to carry the loads

Advantages of having piled raft foundation

Followings are the advantages of having a raft foundation
 The addition of the pile reduces the settlement and differential settlement.
 Mostly the pile provides its full capacity and the balance is provided by the raft.
 It improves the lateral loads resisting capacity.
 Typical, piled rafts can be observed in the high rise building where very high axial
loads are applied
 In another way, when the piles cannot be socketed in the rock due to the absence of
fresh rock, piled rafts are considered to resist the loads.

Raft foundations can be fast and inexpensive to construct, as they tend not to require deep
excavations compared to strip or pad foundations and they may use less material as they
combine the foundation with the ground slab. They are generally constructed on compacted
hardcore base (perhaps 100 mm thick). A layer of blinding concrete may then be laid to
allow formation of the raft (1ypically, 50 mm) with a waterproof membrane above.

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FIG. 6.12. – REINFORCEMENT OF RAFT FOUNDATION
PHOTOS OF LIGHT HOUSE

Page 45 of 47
 CONCLUSION
Industrial Training and internship are an integral platform for anyone to gain experience
in an actual workshop. Trainings and internships plays a very vital/essential role for
students in order to gain experience and some practical knowledge. This the training on
Vivekananda Site, UD Land Site & Lighthouse Site under Tripura Urban Planning &
Development Authority (TUDA) provides one of the best and remarkable opportunity
for any student to acquire knowledge.

All these 3 projects especially the lighthouse project under (TUDA) presents 1st time use
of modern yet composite technology at such a large scale and will serve as live
laboratory for our further studies, cross learnings adaptations and replication of the
system in Indian Subcontinent. The project also provides a unique opportunity to all
investors including engineering and architectural students to get 1st hand information on
field level application of such innovative systems. These projects will go a long way in
completion and also to reinforce the huge potential of this technology.

Dated:

Prepared By –
Subham Roy
49/CE/L/23/60
T.C.E.A
Verified by –

Er. Mihir Kanti Gop

Chief Planner, TUDA

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 ----------------------------

Er. Supriya Bhowmik

Junior Engineer, TUDA

----------------------------

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