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Caltrans Highway Bridge Design

Specifications
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Cost and Ecological Feasibility of Using UHPC in Bridge Piers
Conference Paper
Full-text available

 Jul 2016

 Christopher D. Joe
 Mohamed A. Moustafa
Cite

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Context 1
... typical CA bridge was chosen for this study to involve both vertical (gravity) and
lateral (seismic) design, where UHPC can be beneficial for its exceptional performance.
A summary of the Caltrans Academy bridge specifications is shown in Table 1. Note that
this study considers only redesigning the bents and not the superstructure, i.e. values such
as the width and depth of the concrete box girder are the same, and the only changes are
the bent cap width, column diameter, and reinforcing steel. ...
View in full-text

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Citations
... With many outstanding features such as good fluidity, high uniform structure, and
compressive and flexural strength can reach over 150 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively
[13], so UHPC has been widely applied in both buildings and bridge construction [13,14].
Many studies have confirmed that UHPC usage is an effective solution for sustainable
construction [15][16][17][18]. Yen Lei Voo et al. [15] stated that building structures from
UHPC are often sustainable and environmental friendly in terms of reduced energy
consumption, minimising CO 2 emissions and global warming potential. ...
Comparison of energy consumption, CO2 emissions between normal concrete and
UHPC in rural bridge application
Article
Full-text available

 Jun 2023

 Tong Ton Kien

Due to its outstanding mechanical properties and durability, Ultra High-Performance
Concrete (UHPC) hasbeen gradually used for different types of structures in recent years.
However, the analysis of environmental impacts and the assessment of the overall
sustainability performance of UHPC applications is quite limited.This study presents the
results of determining the total energy embodied and CO2 emissions causing the
greenhouse effect of a rural bridge using UHPC compare to the normal concrete (NC)
one by the life-cycle analysis (LCA) method. Environmental impacts are
comprehensively considered at all stages from material production; materials and
structures transportation; in-situ construction and installation; maintenance and repair
during the service life; and finally demolished at the end of the project’s life. The analysis
shows that the UHPC application in rural bridge construction can reduce the total volume
of materials used by 40-58%, lower 65% total energy consumption and eliminate up to
76% CO2 emissions compared with a conventional concrete bridge. The results also
confirm that using UHPC is a viable technical and eco-friendly option for rural bridge
construction in Vietnam.
View
... Many studies have demonstrated that proper design of UHPFRC structures is
significantly more cost-effective than conventional concrete when full-service life is
taken into account. However, this cementitious-based composite is more expensive than
conventional one when comparing cubic meter per cubic meter [15][16][17]. The latter
would be supported by reasons such as its low maintenance requirement due to excellent
durability and the lower need for material due to the superb mechanical performance
[18,19]. ...
Simultaneous prediction the strain and energy absorption capacity of ultra-high
performance fiber reinforced concretes by using multi-output regression model
Article

 Jun 2023
 CONSTR BUILD MATER

 Ngoc-Hien Nguyen
 Joaquin Abellan-Garcia
 Seunghye Lee
 Trung-Kien Nguyen
 Thuc P. Vo

Although a few machine learning (ML) models have successfully been developed for
Ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), they only limited to one
output per model and do not explain the effects of its ingredients. This paper proposes an
novel approach to tackle the multiple outputs problems by using multi-output regression
model (MORM) and providing some insights into the relations between dosages and their
outputs via partial dependence plots. A UHPFRC database with 980 mixtures designs
with 34 features and two outputs, namely the strain at peak tensile stress and energy
absorption capacity is used to verify the propose approach. The MORM with three
estimators, namely XGBoost Regressor, Decision Tree Regressor and Gradient Boosting
Regressor is trained and tested. Three quantitative measures (R 2 , MAE and RMSE) are
employed to evaluate the accuracy and the obtained results are superior to previous study.
Among the results found, the greater feasibility of deformed high-strength steel
macrofibers to achieve their exceptional values can be highlighted. On the one hand, the
energy absorption capacity directly depends on the cementitious matrix's quality. On the
other hand, the strain at peak tensile stress decreases with the improvement of the
matrix's compressive strength to around 200 MPa. From this resistance, the trend is
reversed due to an exponential improvement caused by the improvement in the bond
strength between fiber and matrix. The proposed method could be properly used for the
optimization of new UHPFRC dosages.
View
... For example, the white-topping on a bridge deck with no additional protection for
durability requirements such as de-icing salts, chloride, or alkalis assaults is almost
immune to corrosion due to its exceptionally low porosity and impermeability [16][17]
[18]. Therefore, several applications and academic research have proven that UHPC
infrastructures are much more cost-effective than traditional concrete ones and with a
more service life [19,20]. This conclusion would be backed by different factors, such as
the low maintenance requirements of the UHPC structure owing to its exceptional
longevity and the reduced material requirements for a particular application due to the
composite's superior mechanical performance [21]. ...
Uniaxial tensile ductility behavior of ultrahigh-performance concrete based on the
mixture design – Partial dependence approach
Article

 Apr 2023
 CEMENT CONCRETE COMP

 Joaquin Abellan-Garcia
 Jaime Fernández
 M. Iqbal Khan
 Yassir M. Abbas
 Julian Carrillo

This study examined how UHPC mixture proportions influence its ductility parameters
using random forest models. These parameters were energy absorption capacity (g) and
strain at peak stress (εpc) under uniaxial tension. This purpose was achieved using
importance analyses of input variables and partial dependence plots (PDPs). The
numerical models were developed using the R statistical language and 34 input variables,
600 observation databases, including 50 experimental results. Direct tensile tests were
conducted on 46 dogbone specimens to verify the prediction capacity of both the model
and the results obtained from the PDP analysis. The tests were carried out in accordance
with the JSCE recommendations for eighteen UHPC series resulting from the
combination of two cementitious matrices with compressive strengths of 124 and 156
MPa and three-fiber monofiber reinforced systems at three volumetric dosage levels (i.e.,
1%,2%, and 3%). The findings indicated that it is more likely to reach exceptional values
of the considered responses (εpc ≥0.3% and g ≥50 kJ/m³) when using deformed high-
strength steel macro fibers than with another type. Additionally, g rose with the
compressive strength value. Nevertheless, the εpc value decreased with the increase of
the cementitious matrix compressive strength up to the value of 190 MPa, after which the
trend is reversed, and εpc presents exponential growth due to the improvement in the
adherence between the matrix and the fiber caused by the enhancement of the matrix
microstructure.
View
... Retention of mixing water results in improved mechanical properties upon hardening.
Strength: concrete mixes are proportioned using SCMs in partial replacement of portland
cement (by weight) to attain higher strength of hardened concrete [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
[11][12]. One type of SCM could be added to the mix to develop a "binary" concrete mix.
...
High Strength Ternary Concrete Mix Development for Precast Industry
Preprint

 Feb 2023

 Amin Akhnoukh
 Hala Elia

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are increasingly used in precast concrete

industry to enhance concrete strength and durability. SCMs of large market share in
precast concrete in-dustry include silica fume, also known as micro-silica and class C fly
ash. The main objective of this research is to develop non-proprietary high strength
concrete mixes for precast/prestressed concrete industry. Two SCMs are used
simultaneously in partial replacement of portland cement to develop ternary mixes. Class
c fly ash and silica fume incorporation in the mix design, in ad-dition to low water-to-
powder ratio resulted in the successful development of high strength mixes with
minimum 24-hour strength in excess of 70 MPa and a final compressive strength ex-
ceeding 100 MPa at 28 days. Mechanical properties testing of developed concrete mixes
showed that SCMs incorporation resulted in increased values for hardened concrete
modulus of elasticity (MoE) and modulus of rupture (MoR). The enhanced concrete
properties, mainly high early strength, are highly required in precast concrete industry as
it allows for increased productivity of precast facilities and the possibility of pouring high
strength slender sections for prestressed concrete applications
View
... As a result, attempts have been made to develop optimal UHPC mixture designs for
BE piers. According to the investigation by Joe and Moustafa [104], utilizing UHPC may
minimize the cross-sections of BE piers, reducing total cement and material use.
According to Aboukifa et al. [105], constrained ultra-high-performance concrete
cylinders with substantial longitudinal reinforcement ratios would be required to
minimize the size of the cross sections and fully exploit the greater strength of UHPC. ...
Application of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete in Bridge Engineering: Current
Status, Limitations, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Article
Full-text available

 Jan 2023

 S. Abdal
 Walid Mansour
 Ibrahim Agwa
 Mohammed Nasr
 Mahmoud H. Akeed

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a form of cementitious composite that has

been the most innovative product in concrete technology over the last three decades.
Ultra-high-performance concrete has been broadly employed for the design of numerous
forms of construction owing to its excellent mechanical characteristics and durability, and
studies on its behavior have grown fast in the last decades. While the utilization of ultra-
high-performance concrete in bridge engineering (BE) is limited owing to its high costs,
little is recognized about the utilization of UHPC in various BE elements. As a result of
these issues, a comprehensive review of the current UHPC development trends should be
conducted to determine its present state and perspective. This study presents a review of
the state-of-the-art UHPC applications in BE. This review also discusses the current
status, limitations, challenges, and areas for the further investigation of UHPC in BE. The
aim of this research to help various construction stakeholders understand the distinctive
characteristics, benefits, and barriers to the broad utilization of ultra-high-performance
concrete applications. The understanding of UHPC will aid in increasing its entire market
share in both the national and worldwide building sectors.
View
... UHPC may also be more sustainable because the higher concrete durability allows for
reduced maintenance [22,52]. Despite the lack of UHPC applications to reliably compare
the life-cycle durations and costs of UHPC with those of conventional concrete [12,17,
[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], most studies indicate that UHPC's exceptional
durability should boost structural serviceability while lowering maintenance costs
[35,53,54]. In contrast to normal-strength concrete (NSC), UHPC may, according to the
findings of various studies [55], be recycled multiple times or utilized as granular in the
construction of roads. ...
... Examples are Fig. 2. Estimated cost of UHPC materials (Data). adopted from [54,[68]
[69][70][71][72] production technology for large volume with low workability, high
spalling, and high shrinkage strains and unknown durability after the appearance of long-
term concrete cracking. Owing to a lack of industry experience, UHPC specialists face
additional challenges in spreading hands-on practice to concrete industry professionals so
that the latter can be well-versed in the application of sophisticated concrete technologies.
...
... Fig. 8 shows the global UHPC market size by application in 2016 [161]. The reliability
of girders produced utilizing UHPC mixes is examined, and bridge girder reliability
indexes are calibrated to guarantee that they comply with current AASHTO LRFD design
equations [54]. According to a relevant study, the shear and flexure reliability of NU
Igirders synthesized with UHPC is compliant with the current AASHTO LRFD standards
[88]. ...
Recent trends in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC): Current status,
challenges, and future prospects
Article
Full-text available

 Sep 2022
 CONSTR BUILD MATER

 Mugahed Amran
 Shan-Shan Huang
 Ali M. Onaizi
 Natt Makul
 Togay Ozbakkaloglu

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) combines advanced fibrous and cementitious

material technologies to achieve high strength and exceptional durability. The material
tends to have microscopic pores that prevent harmful substances such as water, gas, and
chlorides from entering. UHPC can also achieve compressive strengths above 200 MPa
and tensile strengths above 20 MPa. It also shows significant tensile strain hardening and
softening behavior. Owing to all these characteristics, UHPC has excellent performance,
making it a potentially attractive solution for improving the sustainability of construction
components. Despite UHPC’s outstanding mechanical properties, superior toughness and
ductility, and extraordinary durability, various challenges prevent its widespread use. At
the same time, several challenges are currently being faced in the applications of UHPC,
which include i) design aspects such as material properties; ii) production technology for
large-volume and/or long-span elements with low workability, high spalling, and high
shrinkage strains; and iii) unknown durability characteristics after the appearance of long-
term concrete cracking. With a lack of industry experience, UHPC specialists face
additional challenges in spreading hands-on practice to concrete industry professionals so
that the latter can be well versed in applying this sophisticated concrete technology. For
these reasons, a comprehensive literature study on recent development trends of UHPC
should be conducted to determine its current status and prospects. This article
scientifically reviews the current status, carbon capturing capabilities, sustainability
aspects, challenges and limitations, and potential applications of UHPC. This state-of-
the-art review is aimed at helping scientific researchers, designers, and practitioners
widen the use of UHPCs in advanced infrastructure applications. This review will help
specialists to develop the design guidelines to enable the widespread application of
sustainable UHPC. In doing so, design engineers will be provided with an assurance to
fully exploit the high strength and other special properties of UHPC and develop models
that can efficaciously estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of UHPC sections under
various loading conditions.
View
... [1][2][3][4] This special concrete provides a more than competitive strength-to-weight
ratio, low porosity, and ease of construction. 5 However, and even though there are
developments of concretes with strengths higher than 200 MPa since the 1970s 6 and
applications in crescendo worldwide, 5,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] UHPC is still a
relatively new material. The lack of codes for UHPC 14 makes it necessary to resort to
recommendations such as those of the AFGC 15 or JSCE-08. ...
Development and Research on Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Dosages in
Colombia: A Review
Article

 May 2022
 ACI MATER J

 Joaquín Abellán-García
 Eliana García-Castaño

Nowadays, the application of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has had a

significant proliferation worldwide. However, its high carbon footprint and costs, due to
its high cement, silica fume, quartz dust, and fiber contents, can be mentioned among its
main drawbacks. It is the purpose of this review paper to summarize and analyze the
contributions of the research performed in Colombia in the last 2 years on the
optimization of UHPC dosages to render its costs and carbon footprint a minimum. The
results of this review demonstrated that it is possible to obtain an eco-friendly and low-
cost UHPC cementitious matrix by using mineral admixtures available in the Colombian
market. Furthermore, the referenced pieces of research also showed that they could
achieve excellent ductility parameters by adding less than 2% of total volume fiber to the
optimized UHPC matrix.
View
... UHPC columns are likely more compact and lighter in weight and easier-to-handle and
transport when considered for accelerated precast construction techniques. Preliminary
analytical studies led by one of the authors [2][3][4], that was later supported by
experimental work by same authors [5,6], showed that seismic UHPC columns with
proper reinforcement design can result in about 40% reduction in cross-sections when
compared to conventional RC columns while maintaining a comparable ductile
performance. Such results motivates the need to investigate the stability and behavior of
slender UHPC columns and assess whether current analysis and design provisions are
valid for future slender UHPC columns, which is the main focus of this study. ...
Structural and buckling behavior of full-scale slender UHPC columns
Article

 Mar 2022
 ENG STRUCT

 Mahmoud Aboukifa
 Mohamed A. Moustafa
Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is a relatively new class of concrete and
cementitious materials with much higher strength and durability than conventional
concretes. The use of UHPC is currently expanding worldwide from bridge deck joints
and connections to full components and larger applications. With the superior mechanical
properties of UHPC, future UHPC columns in buildings and bridges will have compact
cross-sections and smaller footprint. The main goal of this study is to provide
experimental demonstration and reliable datasets of slender UHPC columns to validate
current analytical procedures and inform future designs. This paper presents results and
discussions from five full-scale UHPC columns (largest set of axially-tested UHPC
columns to-date) at a 4 million-lb [∼18,000 kN] testing facility. The specific objectives
are to investigate the structural and buckling behavior of slender UHPC columns under
concentric axial loading, and assess the current ACI procedure for slenderness effects
using the moment magnification method. When the actual material properties of UHPC
and longitudinal bars are used for assessment, the ACI equations were found to
overestimate the axial load capacity of slender columns by approximately 9%, on
average. The study is concluded by design guidance and several recommendations for
applying the moment magnification method for slender UHPC columns, which can be
readily incorporated into future design codes.
View
... Thus, UHPC columns could be of great benefit for reducing the columns cross-sections
because of UHPC higher compressive strengths. Several exploratory analytical
studies [6][7][8], supported by recent experimental work [9,10], demonstrated that both
axial and seismic UHPC columns with proper reinforcement design can be reduced by
about 40% in cross-sections when compared to conventional RC columns while
exhibiting a better ductile response. These results motivated the need to investigate the
behavior and strength of UHPC columns with varied reinforcement details and assess
whether the current ACI 318 [11] design provisions are valid for future UHPC columns,
which is the main focus of this study. ...
Reinforcement detailing effects on axial behavior of full-scale UHPC columns
Article

 Jan 2022

 Mahmoud Aboukifa
 Mohamed A. Moustafa

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) applications are currently expanding

worldwide from bridge deck joints and connections to full components and larger
applications. UHPC has superior structural properties relative to other cementitious
materials with multiple times the compressive and tensile strength, durability, and
ductility. These outstanding mechanical properties of UHPC make it a strong candidate
for full structural columns. The goal of this study is to provide experimental
demonstration and reliable datasets of UHPC columns to validate current analytical
procedures and inform future designs. This paper presents results and discussions from
five full-scale UHPC columns tested at a 4 million-lb machine. The first objective is to
analyze the experimental behavior of long UHPC columns with negligible slenderness
effects and varying reinforcement details, i.e. different longitudinal, transverse, and fiber
reinforcement ratios, under concentric axial loading. The second objective is to inspect
the validity of ACI 318 equations for estimating the UHPC columns axial compressive
strength. The results indicated that using the actual material properties of UHPC and
longitudinal bars for ACI 318 equations overestimates the axial load capacity of columns
with different reinforcement details by approximately 13% on average. Furthermore, a
new strength reduction factor of 0.75 is suggested (instead of 0.85) for estimating axial
capacity of UHPC columns with slenderness limit less than 30.
View
... The slight increase in cost of construction is offset by safer structure, longer service
life, and low maintenance cost [25]. The reliability of girders poured using ultra-high-
performance concrete mixes are investigated and reliability indexes for bridge girders are
calibrated to ensure their compliance to current AASHTO LRFD design equations [26].
A relevant study showed that reliability of NU I-girders, fabricated using UHPC, in shear
and flexure is compliant to current AASHTO LRFD provisions [27]. ...
Ultra-high-performance concrete: Constituents, mechanical properties, applications
and current challenges
Article
Full-text available

 Dec 2021

 Amin K. Akhnoukh
 Chelsea Buckhalter

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a new class of concrete developed in France

in the 1990s with superior characteristics including high workability, high compressive
strength, increased ductility, and high resistance to environmental attacks. UHPC is
increasingly used in local and international construction markets in the construction of
high rise structures, long-span precast/prestressed bridge girders, marine, aviation, and
defense construction applications due to its superior mechanical properties, and favorable
long-term performance. This study presents recent research findings regarding the UHPC
mix designs, fresh and hardened concrete properties, and current UHPC applications in
the construction industry including specific bridge applications. Despite of UHPC
advantages, multiple impediments are present that delays the widespread of UHPC
application in the construction industry including lack of design codes and specifications
for estimating UHPC performance, the need for special batching, mixing, and curing.
This study assists different construction stakeholders in understanding the unique
characteristics, advantages, and impediments to the widespread of UHPC applications.
The deciphering of UHPC will help increase its overall market share in local and global
construction markets.
View
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