i702 Da the b6t kha quy—Geosiro ‘Ba thite bat kha qui la mét van d® kinh din trong da thire néiriéng va trong toan hoe nél chung. Cac bai todn vé da thire bat kha qui ciing thuréng xuyén xuat hin trong cc ki thi Olympic vé toan. Ngwi ta quan tam nhibu nhat v8 tinh bat kha qui cua mét da thie trén vanh 22] va Q[z]. C6 nhiéu cach a8 kiém tra tinh bt kha qui cia mét da thie loai nay chang han nhur diing tryc tiép dinh nghva hoa ding cae tiéu chudn nu tiéu chudn Eisenstein, tiéu chudn Perron, tiéu chudn Cohn, téu chudn Dumas... tuy nhién bai viét nay chi 8 cp dén hai phurong phap thuéng éurge sir dung nhat a sir dung tryc tiép dinh nghva va tiéu chudn Eisenstein va céc dang m@ réng cla n6 cling v6i dé lé mét ki thuat téi quan trong I rit gon theo mot modulo nguyén t6 p. Cac tiéu chudn khdc hi vong s& c6 dip trinh bay trong mét bai viét Khéc. Trong tai ligu nay ta qui ue Z, — Z/pZ va K la mét trong céc tap Z, Q, R, Zp. Khi d6, K[z] (tuong tng K(sr, y)) la cdc vanh da thirc mét bign (twong tng 2 bién) 6 hé 86 trong K. Binh nghia 1.1: Ba thire P(2) trong vanh K[] durge gol la kha qui trén KK néu P(x) = f(c).9(2) trong 46 f (2), 9(2) 1a cdc da thire khdng kha nghich trong K(x]. Ba thire P(t) durge gol la b&t kha qui néu (2) khong kha nghich va khéng kha qui. Noi riéng, khi K 1a mot trurémg thi mét da thirc P(2) € [2] ¢6 bac duong duge goi la kha qui trén K néu 6 thé phan tich direc thanh tich hai da thire 66 bac duong trong Kx), nguoc lai P(x) dug goi la bat kind qui trén I. Binh li Gauss 1.4: Cac vanh da thire + Rie], Cla], Ole}, Zple] + Zz], Zz,y], Qe, y) la c6 sy phan tich duy nhat thanh ede nhan td bat kha qui va sy phan tich nay la duy nh&t. Noi riéng cae Khai nigm v8 da thire b&t kha qui, we chung én nha, boi chung nhé nh vn con ding trén cc vanh nay. ‘Lau J: Trong trong hyp 1 6 ten la cae da thie 66 he 86 trén rwdng nén tn dé thuat ton Euclid hay inh i Bezout vin e’n ding nhung trusng hop 2 thi khéng. 2. Tinh bat kha qui trén C2] va {| Binh ti 2.4: Moi da thirc o6 bac in hon 1 du kha qui trén Cz = ching minh Gia st degP > 1, Ta thita nhan dh If eo ban cia dai s6 “Moi da thire P(r) © C[z] ¢6 bac Kon hon 1 1 nén P(z) kha qui trén C[2] inh 1 2.2: Moi da thie o6 he 6 thyc bac len hon 2 abu kha qui trén R[x), N6iriéng mot da thirc ta bat kha qui trén {2 khi va chi khi né [a da thire bac nhét hogc bac 2 v6 nghiém. = Ching minn Gia sir P € Rix] va degP > 2. anei702 a thie bt kh quy - Geosio + Néu deg P 18 thi P c6 it nhdt mot nghigm thy nén né kha qui. + Néu deg. P chan thi P 6 mét nghiém phite cr, khi d6 2 cing la nghiém tia P va do a6 P(2) = (2 —a)(z ~ &)Q(z) la kha qui 3. Tinh bat khé qui trén Z[z] va Q[z] ‘Qua Binh Ii 2.1 va Binh 2.2 ta thdy néuK = C, IR thi tinh bat kha quy la don gian nén ta quan tam dén trudng hop K = Z, Q. That may man la bé 48 Gauss ma ta trinh bay sau day 68 cho ta mt sy trong ting v8 tinh bat kha qui cla mot da thie hd s6 nguyén tren Z[2] va Gla) Binh nghia 3.1: Cho da thie P(x) ~ aq2" +a, 12! +... +02 + a9 € Bla), da thise P duge goi la nguyén ban néu ged(aq,...,a9) ~ 1 ‘Ménh dé 3.4: Tich cia hai da thie nguyén ban la m@t da thirc nguyén ban, Ménh dé 3.2: Moi da thi P € Ql] dbu viét avgc duéi dang P = cPo(2), trong a Pp ld mot da thite nguyén ban va cy € Q. Dinh 113.1 (B6 dé Gauss): Mét da thitc hé sé nguyén, cb bac dong bat kha qui trong G[2] Kh va chi khi 16 b&t kh qui trong 7[2] = chamg min Hién nhién néu P(z) bat kha qui trén Q|[z] sé bat kha qui trén Z (2) Nguge lai gid sir P(r) bat kha qui trén Z[2] ma P(z) = Pi(2)P2(2), voi P,, Pe € Gla] val < deg Pi, degP, < deg P. Khi dé ta viét lai Py = Fale), P= Fala), v8 (a;,b,) = 1 va Qs nguy€n ban, i € {1, 2}. Suy ra P(2) = FE Mle )Al2) = FQ (2)Q2(2), wong 66 p = ayb,,q = ayb. va (p,q) = 1 Do P € Z[z] nén cdc hé 6 cia Q;(z)Qo(z) phai chia hét cho q didu nay tréi véi tinh nguyén ban cba Qi(z)Qz(z) Tir d6 ta 06 éibu pha chimng minh Binh 13.2: Cho P(2) = ay2" + qa") +... + a8 + ap € Zia. Gid sir P e6 nghiém hou th 2 Fi (p,q) = 1. Khid6, pla woe oita ap con q 18 ude clia aq. N6i riéng, moi nghiém hiv ti ctia mot da thie monic (don khdi, hé s6 cia bac cao nhat bang -+1) véi hé sé nguyén déula nghiém nguyén. = chimg min Gid st Plz) 06 nghigm hvu th 3, v6i (p,q) = 1. Khids > > a(2y +... 4012 +a) =0, vu q ui déng mau sé ta duge anei702 a thie bt kh quy - Geosio np" + Vi vé phai chia hét cho p nén vé trai chia hét cho p, ti 46 suy ra aoq” chia hat cho p, Iai c6 (g",p) = 1 nén ap chia hat cho p. Lap luan tong ty ta dug an chia hét cho 4. Binh 113.3: Cho P € Qlz] c6 bac 2 hode 3. Khi d6, P(x) 18 bat kha qui khi va khikhi P(x) khéng ob nnghiém hitu i = ching minh Hidn nhién néu P 6 nghiém hu t thi né kh qui Dao lal, néu P kha qui thi P phan tich duge thanh tich cia hai da thie hitu ti Bibu kign bac cua P bang 2 hoae 3 ching té mét trong hai nhan tu trén phai cb bac 1. Tir d6 suy ra f c6 nghiém hit. ‘Luu J Binh It trén vin edn ding néu ta thay Q béi mét iruéng K bat kl, Tue la, da thae f € Kz] vei bac bang 2 hoac 3 1a bat kha qui néu va chi néu né khéng o6 nghiém trong K. Di6i aay 1a met s6 vi dy ‘Vi dy 3.1 (Binh li Schur): Cho cdc sé nguyén phan biét a1, a2,..., an. Khi dé da thie a) f(z) = (@ ~ a1)(@ ~ a2)... (@ ~ aq) — 118 b&t kha qui tn Qi] ) f(a) = (@ — a1)(e~ a2)... (@ ~ ay) +1 ta bt ha qui tr8n Ola] ngoal tr cae tréng hop ~a-1) + (2 a)(z—a—1)(e~a—2)(z~a~3) +1 = (2 -a—1)(e@- a2) +1. = Gist a) Gia sir ( gh & 22] )(e ~ a3)... (@~ ay) ~ 1 = g(2)h(2), voi < deg f,deg g 6 (v6 I). Nhu vay n = 2hoden = 4. z + Néun =2thi a= (2a; = 1) => a; < © vadoas.a; = 1,2. Gia tay cho ta 4 2 fla) = 2(2 — 1) ~ 11a bbtkha quiva ay = 2cho ta f(2) qu + Nbun = 4th #4) =1— 4 ea — 1)(203 ~ 1)(2ay 1) + 0< L198 ~1)(205 ~ 1) + ay < 12 + Fem 2 3 = 8 ce = Xétrudng hop a1 = 1, a2 = 2, ay = 3ta duge = 2)+1= (2-1) iakna Ia) = a(@ ~ 1)(@ — 2) ~ 3) + (a? —32 +1) la kha qui Bai todn duge chung minh xong. Vi dy 3.2: Cho a1,a2,..., dn la céc 86 nguyén dong phan biét, Ching minh rng da thire ta bdt kha qui trén Z = isi Gia sir P(a) la kha qui, tic tin tai hai da tho G(x), H(z) ¢ P(x) = G(x). H(z). [2] 66 bac khéng bé hon 1 sao cho Ta cd P(a;) = G(a,). H(a,) voit = 1,2, a). »nnén G(a;) = H(a;) = +1. Ta xét cdc trong hop + Néudeg G@ = deg H thideg(G — H) aia. a ui mod p thi P() a bat kha qui. Bibu ngugc Iai cia dinh Ii néi chung khéng ding, [2], a, # 0 va p khong la use cla a,. Khi d6, néu P(=) la bét kha = ching min Gia sir P(x) = ana” tania"! +... +az+a €Z va p khéng la U6 cil, Gia sir P(x) = f(z). 9(z) voi f,9 € Zz] voideg f,g > 1. Khi de P = F.3. Do p khong la voc ciia a, nén bac clia cac da thire P, f, g khéng thay déi sau khi ri gon theo modulo p. Dibu nay chimg % P kha qui theo modulo p, v8 li. Ta e6 dibu phai chirng minh Nguoe lid thAy da thire P(2) = 2 + 1 bat kha quitrén Zz] nhung kha qui modulo p véi moi s6 nguyen tp. Vidy 4.1: Chimg minh da thire P(2) = 2° + dat 4 228 + 52? — 7 ta bt knd qui = ui + Rit gon theo modulo 2 ta duge P (: + Giast P(x) = f(z). g(x), voi f,g € Zo. + Néudeg f = 1 hoae deg g = + Suyra P(x) = (x? + az + b)(23 + ex? + dx +e), voia,b,c,d,e © Zz. dng nhat hé s6 hai vé ta duge aidu v6 Ii. Tir €6 suy ra 6ibu pha ching minh, dé thay la v6 Ii vi P khong c6 nghiém trong Zp. “Ta c6 thé ligt ké ra cc da thir bat kha qui modulo 2 trong mét s6 truéng hyp bac nhé niu sau + Trudng hop n = 1 gdm cdc da thire: 2, ¢ +1 anei702 a thie bt kh quy - Geosio + Trubng hop n = 2 chi gdm mot da thire: 1+ 2 + 2 + Trubng hop n = 3.gbm cdc da thire: 1+ 2 + 28,1 +0? + 2% + Trudng hop n= 4 gm céc da thie: 14+ 2-+281bats* 42%} xf + Trubng hop n = 5 gdm cde da thi: lteter tat ts! Lead $a 1 42? +a 5. Tiéu chudn Eisenstein va mét sé deng méréng Ki kiém tra da tinh bat kha qui cia mét da tha trén Zz] tiu chuan Eisenstein cung cdp cho ta m@t eng ‘oy higu qua. Dinh 1§.1 (Tiéu chuan Eisenstein): Cho da thire P(x) = S° ax’ € Z[x],an # 0. Ki 6 néu tin tal sé a nguyén t6 p théa ding thai céc dibu kién + pkhéng ld woe cia a, + pla use cia a, voi mii € {1,2,...,n— 1} + pt khong la use cia ag Khi d6 P(x) la da thirc bat kha qui rén [2] = ching minn C6 rt nhibu cach ching minh cho tiéu chun Eisenstein, & day ta 88 trinh bay ching minh bang c&ch rat gon theo m@t modulo p nguyén t6 bt ki Gia sir f kha qui, tee f(x) — g(2). A(z), vbi f,9 € Z|2] va deg f,g > 1. Rat gon theo modulo p nguyén t6 ta duge ding hire trong Z|] dui dang F=5h ‘Tur didu kign p la wee clia ay, ... aq; hung khéng la wee ciia a, ta suy raf Tir dé suy rag = bx*,h = ba”. Didu nay c6 nghia la cs a = Tir d6 ta c6 dibu phai ching minh. 1 kt mod(p). Nhung khi dé ao = boo 0 (mod p*) (v6 I). Vidy 5.1: Ching minh da thirc P(2) ~ 2 — 2? + 2x +1 bAtkhd quitrén Z. = ist mei702 a thie bt kh quy - Geosio bat Q(z) = Ple+1) = 6 didu pha chong minh 3a! + 32” + 32 + 3. Khidé theo tigu chudn Eisenstein v6i p = 3 ta Dinh Ii 5.2 (Dang mé réng thir nhét cia tiéu chudn Eisenstein): Cho f(z) = ana” + ay 12"? +... + axe + ag € Z[z]. Gid sie tn tai s6 nguyén 16 p thda man voi mot s6 tw nhién k < nao d6 ma + pkhéng la ude cila ay; + plaudeciady,...,a¢1i 2 kha 7 +p khong la wée cla ag Thé thi f(z) 66 mot nhan tr bat kha qui bac > k ( va do dé néu khOng bat kha qui s8 66 mot nhan tir bac 1. Chding minh da thite (2 qui tren Z[2] a” 452"? 43 la bat kha = Gis anei702 a thie bt kh quy - Geosio ‘Ap dung dang mé réng thr nhat cia tiéu chudn Eisenstein véi p k= m— 1 ta 66 aidu phai cchirng minh, Bai tgp 6.2 (China TST 1994): Cho s6 ty nhién n > 3 va hai s6 nguyén té p,q phan bigt. Tim tAt ca cae sb nguyén a sa0 cho da thite P(x) = 2" + az" ' + pq bat kha qui ten Z. = citi Néu pla. ho8e gla thi theo tigu chudn Eisenstein P(-z) a bat kha qui. Xet trurég hop p, q déu khéng la wee cila a. Gid sir P kha qui, ap dung dang mé ron: inhdt cia tiéu chudn Eisenstein ta suy ra P(@) phai cd nhan tir bac 1 va do 46 P cb mét nghigm nguyén x Tir 46 suy ra pq = —25"(xo + a). Vin > 3nén pq: a} nhung vip ¢ qnén ap = £1. Vil +a +pq= Ova (-1)" + a(—1)" +-pq = Onna = ~1 ~ pghodea = 1+ (-1)"pq. ‘Bai tip 6.3 (Rumani TST 1998): Chiing minh ring da thire P( 2 + 2) +1 lat kha qui voi moi 6 ty nhién n. = Gis Bang qui nap ta chi ra rit gon modulo 2 thi da thire da cho tra thanh (2? + 2 + 1)°". Chi y rang da thie 2? + 2 + 11a bat kha qui modulo 2. Gi st P(e) knd qui, tae tin tal hai da thc fh don kndi voi f,9 € Zz], deg f,g > 1 sa0 cho P(z) = f(a). g(x). Kidd F = (2? +2+1)',g = (22 +241)" * va F(z) = (a? +2 +1)" + 2fo(2), g(x) = (2? +2 +1)" + 2go(2), V6 fos 90 € Bla! Goi j 1a mbt edn bac 3 khéc 1 cia don vi, Thay j vao dang thie P(z) = f(«).h(2) ta duge P(J) = 93). h{3) © 2 = 4fo(3)90(9). 1 Tira suy ra fold)-90(4) = 5 Do fo(j)go() ludn viét dg duéi dang aj + b; a,b € Z va dang thirc nay khéng thé xay ra. Ta cb iu phai ching minh. M6t sé bai todn tong ty nh sau: Bai 1: Véi n > 1 1a 6 ty nhién, cheng minh cdc da thire sau [a bat kha qui trén Z a) P(e) = (2 +2)" —3 ») Pla) = (2 az)" +1 via eZ Bai 2: Cho p la mot s6 nguyén t6 c6 dang 4k + 3. Chizng minh rang vi moi sé nguyén duong n da thire a Pla) = (2? +1)? + p bét kha qui tren Zia onei702 a tie bb kha guy — Geosro ‘Bai 3: Cho pla mot s6 nguyén t6 va a la mot s6 nguyén khéng chia hét cho p. Ching minh da thire P(x) = a? — 2 +a batkind quitrén Za Bai tip 6.4 (Japan 99): Ching minh ring da thief kha qui tn Z (2? £1)(2? +22)... (2* +n?) + 11a bat = cua Gid sir n > 2vitrudmg hyp n = 1 fa tm thurdng va gid sit f(z) = o(2)-h(2) voi fg € Zle] va 1 deg f,g Sn — 1. Knids 1 = F(4hi) = g(+i)A( +h). Vi f.9 € Ble] nén g(-Lki), (hi) 06 dang a + bi. Tw a6 suy ra 1 = g(ki)h( ki) = 1.1 = (-1).(-1) = 4.(-1) = (i). Nhu vay trong tat c8 4 trong hop ta déu 06 g(ki) = h(a) = A(—kt), véi éa thire P(x) = 9x) — h( 2) c6 2n nghiém phan biét nhung cd bac nhé hon 2n nén la da thire 0 va do 46 o(2) = h(a). Suy ra deg(g) = deg(h) = n. = 1,2,...,n. Naw vay Vi f don khoinén g, A cling don khéi. Khi d6 g? — h? ¢6 bac Khong qué 2n — 1 nhung lal c6 ft nhét 2n nghiém ki, voi € {n,m — Aye. Ly Ly... yn} nen g? = A Nhung dé thdy g — —h khéng xy ra do 46 g = h. Khi a6 F(z) = ala)? = #(0) = (9(0))? Oi. Bai todn dvge ching minh xong, Ta c6 bai ton téng quét hon Ia: Cho p la mot s6 nguyén t6. Chieng minh rang v6i mdi sé ty nhién n da thire Plz) = (2? +V2)(2? +22)... (2? 2) 41 bt kha qui trén Zz] Bai tap 6.5: Cho m,n, a8 cdc s6 nguyén durong va sé nguyén t6 p thda man p < a — 1. Chimng minh rng 6a thise P(z) = 2"™(2 — a)" + p b6t khd qui tren = Gist Gia sir P(x) kha qui va P(e) = G(x). H(2), v6i G, H Zi2). Vi P(0) = pnén |G(0)| = 1 hoae i ka + ayaa +... + ay va $IG(0)|=1, men-t |{(0)| = 1. Khong mat ting quat ta gia str G(s) ‘ge k \ge 1 Goi, 2% lA nghiém ciia G(x). Ta vit G(x) dudi dang G(x) = lar... 2e] = 1va P(t) = 0 © af (ai — a)" = -p. -2) zx), din an Cho i = TB va nhain cdc vé cua dng thie Iai ta durge Ie@l" nén |G(a)| sonei702 a thie bt kh quy - Geosio Mat knae P( hét cho a. Gla). Ht pnén ta suy ra |G(a)| = p. Do 46 |G(a) ~ G(0)| = p+ 1 chia Vithé nén p—1 > ahode p+ 1 > a (mau thuan v6i gid thiét p [al 1 1. Ching minh ring da thie P(x) = 2" | ax | p bAtkha qui trén Zia], = Gis Gia str P(2) = g(2).h(z), voi g, h € Zl2] va 1 < degf, degg 2 = Gist Gid sit kha quitrBn Z[z]. Khi 5 tdn tal Q(x), R(x) € Zlz] sa0 cho Q(2)R(z) = Pla) va 1 < degQ(z), < degR(2). Néiriéng degQ(z) < 5. Tacb Q(a;) = R(a;) = —p, vOi1 2 1a mot s6 nguyen va r = 3/2. Chimg minh réng khong t6n tai cde $6 hou ty (@9, 41, @n_1 khOng ding thai bang 0 sao cho ag bar bag? +... tay = Bai than tich ca 4 da thirc hé s6 nguyén va khOng 18 da thie hang. im 36 nguyén dvong n nhé nhét sao cho da thie P(z) ~ 2""~* + dn e6 thé phan tch euge Bai3: Cho P(=), Q(z) la hai da thir don khéi, bat kha quy trén truéng 86 hou ty. Gid sir P, Q 06 hai * nghigm twong ting lc, 6 sa0 cho x + 6 la 86 hiru ty. Ching minh P?(ce) — Q2(ar) 66 nghigm hora ty vanei702 a thie bt kh quy - Geosio Bal 4: Chung minh da thite P( (Lt 2 bat. + 2%)? — 2" kha quitrén ZI Bai 5: Chimng minh ring da thc P(2) = 2" +4 kha qui trén Z.khi va chi kh 1a b6i ota 4 Bai 6 (IMO Longlist 1989): Cho n > 4 va céc s6 nguyén phan bigt a1, a2,.... aq. Chimg minh éa thire Pla (© = a)(o~ a)... (@ ay) 2 bat kha qui trén Q[z Bai 7 (VMO 2014): Cho n la 86 nguyén dong. Chimg minh ring da thite P(2) = (22 Te | 6)" 4 13 kang thé bidu din diye than tich cla n + 1 da thise khac hing véi hé s6 nguyén, Bai 8: Ching minh rang da thire 2" — x — 1 bét kha qui trén Q/z], voi moi n > 2. tien Zla. : Cho n > m > 1 l&hai sé nguyén 18. Chimng minh da thite P(x) = 2" +2" +2 + 1 bat kha qui Bal 10: Cho pla s6 nguyén 16. Ching minh ng da thire Pla) =a? 4420? ? 4.0.4 (p—1)e bp bat kha qui trén Z, Bai 11: Cho da hte P(2) = ay2" + aya"? +...+ are +a € Zla, (a #0, > 2), Chong minh ring tin tai v6 86 6 nguyén t6 k sa0 cho da thire P(2) ~ A bat kha qui Bai 12: Tim tt c& cac s6 nguyén n sao cho da thie P(z) = 2° — nx — n — 2a kha quitrén Z/z) Bai 13: Cho pla mot sé nguyén té va n la mét sé nguyén nhé hon 4. Chizng minh réng néu a té mot sé nguyén khéng chia hét cho p thi da thirc P() — az” — px? + px + p? b&t kha quitrén 22] Bai 14: Cho pla s6 nguyen 16. Ching minh ring da thire P(z) = 2° + (p— 1)! bt khd qui tren 2| Bal 15: Tan tai hay Khong da tha f € Ql] sa0 cho (1) #—1 vax" f(x) +1 Ja kha qui v6i mein € N Bai 16: Cho ala mét sé nguyén dong va p > 2 la mot s6 nguyén té théa man (a, p) = 1. Ching minh rng da thire P(2) = 2? — mz +a bat kha quitrén Z[2] véim = 1 (mod p). re 7: Cho p la mat s6 nguyén 6 18, Ching minh da thire P(x) = > (p — bat kha qui tren Bai 18 (Rumani TST 2003): Cho P(x) < Z/2] la mot da thire monic bat kh qui trén Zz] sao cho P(0) kending la 86 chinh phurong. Chang minh ring Q(z) = P(2*) otng bét kha quitrén Zz]. Bai 19 (China TST 2006): Cho s6 nguyén n > 2. Ching minh rng tn tai da thoc P(x) =a" + ay 12" 24... + are + ao théa man a) dg, 4), «= dy1 Kha O. « ranei702 a thie bt kh quy - Geosio b) P(a) bat kha qui ©) Véi moi s6 nguyén = thi |P(2)| khéng la s6 nguyén t6. Bai 20: Biét f < Zlz] l& mbt da thie bAt kha qui c6 bac Ié va lan hon 3. Gia sir rang cdc nghigm cia P 2. Hai f 06 bat kha qui tn Z/2] hay khong? (2") bat kha qui tr8n Z/2] v6i mei Bai 22: Cho 1 # f & 2x] sao cho cé v6 han s6 nguyén a théa f(x? + az) bét kha qui trén Q[z]. Hei f 66 bt kha qui trén Q[z] hay khong? (x) # $a Wa mot da thie bat kha ren Z(z]. Hi f(z. y) o6 bat kha qui trén Zx, y] hay Tal igutham Khao. [1] Nguyén Tién Quang, NXB Gio duc, Bai sé dai cveng [2] Boan Duy Cureng, 2015, Bai ging bdi during gido vién chuyén toan nam [3] Nguyén Chu Gia Vugng.2015, Ba thite bat khé qui [A] Exploration-Creativty 2012, irreducible polynomials {5] Yutei Zhao, Integer polynomial {6] Dusan Djukic, Polynomials in one variable {71 Gabriel D.Carrol, Polynomials [8] Victor VPrasoloy, Polynomials (9] Tit Androsscu, Gabriol Dospinescu, Problems from the book {10] U298, Mathematical Reflections [11] httos/artofproblemsolving. com/communily/c89 vane