Analog and Digital

Communication
PROJECT REPORT
ECE, 5th Semester

Saksham Garg(20105034), Raghav Bedi(20105033),

Lakshya Garg(20105024), Mukul Bansal(20105014)
AIM

To construct a working model of an amplitude modulator using BC107BP, i.e., To generate

an amplitude modulated signal wave.

OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the process of generating an AM Signal
2. Design and simulate AM modulator using Tinkercad and TinaTi based on given
frequencies.
3. Verify/Test the circuit of the AM Modulator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Name Specifications Quantity

f=150 MHz
Transistor (BC107BP) Pd=1 W 1
Ic(max)=0.2 A

10kohms, 22kohms,
Resistors 1 of each type
6.8kohms, 1kohms

Capacitor 0.01 micro Farrad 1

Inductor 130mH 1

Digital Power Source 12V 1

AC Voltage Source 0-30Vpk, 0-15KHz 2

THEORY
Amplitude modulation is defined as the process in which the amplitude of the carrier
wave c(t) is varied about a mean value, linearly with the baseband signal. It can be
observed that the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave are interconnected
with an imaginary line. This line helps recreate the exact shape of the modulating signal.
This imaginary line on the carrier wave is called an Envelope. It is the same as that of the

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message signal.

Let the modulating signal be

m(t)=Amcos(2πfmt)

and the carrier signal be

c(t)=Accos(2πfct)

where, Am and Ac are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier signal
respectively, and fm and fc are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier
signal respectively.

Then, the equation of Amplitude Modulated wave will be

s(t)=[Ac+Amcos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct)

The standard form of an amplitude-modulated (AM) wave is defined by

s(t)= 𝐴𝑐[𝐾𝑎 𝑚(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡)]

Where 𝐾𝑎 is a constant, called the amplitude sensitivity of the modulator.

HOW IT WORKS?
1. A simple AM Modulator is essentially a CE (Common Emitter) Amplifier having a
gain of A. The carrier signal is the input to the amplifier. The modulating signal is
applied in the emitter resistance circuit.
2. The carrier c(t) is applied at the input of the amplifier and the modulating signal is
applied to the emitter resistance circuit. The amplifier circuit amplifies the carrier
by a factor “A” so that the output is Ac(t).
3. Since the modulating signal is part of the biasing circuit, it produces
low-frequency variations in the emitter circuit. This, in turn, causes variations in
“A”. The result is that the amplitude of the carrier varies by the strength of the

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 signal. Consequently, amplitude-modulated frequency is obtained at the output.
4. It may be noted that the carrier should not influence the voltage gain A; only the
modulating frequencies should do this. To achieve this objective, carrier should
have a small magnitude, and the signal should have a large magnitude.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ON TINA TI

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ANALYSIS
Using NPN Transistor BC107BP with DC Current gain β = 400, VCE =20V and Ic = 28.6mA.
Then getting fixed voltage divider resistor values R1=22KΩ and R3=6.8KΩ. BC107BP is the
best Transister to be used in the following characteristics.

From the formula/Transient analysis, we can calculate the value of resistances used in
the circuit.

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figure.

2. Connect the power supply.
3. Connect two ac voltage sources at the input so that one will generate the carrier
signal and the other will generate the message signal.
4. Connect an oscilloscope to observe the result and obtain the output waveform.

PROJECT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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RESULT ON TINATI

Modulated Waveforms are visible.

RESULT ON OSCILLOSCOPE

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REFERENCES

1. https://studylib.net/doc/25536531/am-modulation
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_a
mplitude_modulation.htm
3. https://www.engineersgarage.com/circuit-design-how-to-make-an-amplitude-mod
ulated-wave/