MOT SO VAN BE VE DA THUC BAT KHA QUY Lé Phiic Li! Nguyén Tuan Anh 2 Trong chit dé nay, chting ta sé ciing hé théng lai cac kién thife vé tinh kha quy, bat kha quy ciia da thife cing nhu mét sé tiéu chudn dé chitng minh da thite bat kha quy trén tip hop sé nguyén. Cac bai todn vé viée khdo sét tinh bt kha quy cita da thite mét hay nhiéu bién luén kha thi vi. N6 c6 lién hé dén cdc bién ddi dai s6, s6 hoc cling nhu danh gid module cia cde nghiém phtte cia da thite. Vai cdc tiéu chudin dit manh, nhiéu bai toain dang nay sé duge giai quyét mot céch kha nhanh ch6ng. 1. Cac kién thife cAn nh. 1.1. Da thife bat kha quy. Dinh nghia: Da thife P(x) = Ya,x' 06 cdc hé 56 thude tép hop K duge goi la bat kha 3 quy trén K néu P(x) khong thé biéu dién duoc dudi dang tich ctia hai da thite cb hé sb thuge K va 06 béc khéng nhé hon 1. ing thé. Tir RG rang néu P(x) bit khA quy thi P(ax +b) véi a, bez y, suy ra moi da thie ¢6 bac khéng vugt qué 1 déu bat kha quy. Tinh kha quy trén C : Ta biét ring mdi da thitc bac n > 1 déu cé n nghiém va theo dinh ly Bezout thi néu P(x) c6 nghiém la x = a thi tén tai da thite Q(x) sao cho P(x) = (x = a)Q(x) nén moi da thte c6 bac 1dn hon 1 déu kha quy trén C Mruéng Dai hoc FPT thank phé Hé Chi Minh 2Trudng THPT Chuyén KHTN, DHQG Ha NO)Tinh kha quy trén & : Ta sé chiing minh rling moi da thite cd hé s6 thu va bac én hon 2 déu kha quy trén B ‘That vay, dé thay ring cdc da thiic bac hai v6 nghiém trén K thi bat kha quy. Xét mot da thitc P(x) ¢6 deg P > 2. Ta cé 2 trutng hop: # Néu P(x) ¢6 nghigm thyc Ki x = a thi tuong tif truting hgp trén, ta thay P(x) kha quy. + Néu P(x) v6 nghiém, 15 rang voi m6i nghiém phite x =a thi x = @ ciing ka nghiém ciia P(x). Dé thy Q(x) = (x —a)(x— @) = x? Re(a)+ lal? 1a da thtte co hé s6 thyte va khi d6, tn tai R(x) sao cho P(x) = Q(x)R(x), tte 1& P(x) kha quy trén R. ‘Tém lai ta khong quan tam dén tinh kha quy cla da thie trén C, B. Trong cdc ndi dung duéi day, hiu hét ta xét tinh kha quy (bat khd quy) tén Z, @ va tuong itng trong d6, néu khdng néi gi thém, ta sé quy uc xét cac da thifc hé 6 nguyén. 1.2. Tinh chat s6 hoc cita da thitc c6 hé s6 nguyén. Cho hai da thife P(x), Q(x) sao cho khéng tén tai da thite R(x) no théa min 1 < degR(x) < min{P(x), Qix)} va P(x), QGx) déu chia hét cho R(x) thi ta n6i hai da thife P(x), Q(x) nguyén t6 cing nhau. Hai da thite P(x), Q(x) khi chia cho da thtte f(x) duge cing mét da thite du thi ta néi hai da thite nay déng dut véi nhau theo modulo f(x). Dinh ly Bezout: Vi hai da thife P(x), Q(3 A(x), B(x) sao cho P(x)ACx) + Q(x)B(x) = Néu da thie Pe) = ¥ a,x" 6 hé s6 nguyen va o6 nghiém hinu ttle 2 2 thi p la wée etia & ag vi q Id we ctia a,. nguyén t6 cling nhau, tén tai hai da thite Da thife monic la da thite cé hé sb bac cao nhdt 1a 1, tit dé dé thdy rang, néu nd cb nghigm hitu ti thi nghiém dé citing nguyén. 1.3. Tiéu chudn Eisenstein va dang mé réng. DuGi dy 1a tiéu chudin kha phé bién dé chitng minh mét da thiic la bat kha quy: O,n. Khi dé, néu Tiéu chudn Eisenstein: Cho da thie P(x) = ¥.a;x! voi a; © Zi = a tén tai sé nguyén td p théa man déng thoi ccc diéu kiés © Tat cd cdc he sé, trie he 6 dd tién la aq, déu chia hét cho p. © Hé sé a, khéng chia hét cho p®. Khi dé, da thite P(x) bat khd quy trén tp hgp Z. Ching minh: Gia sit nguoe lai, ton tai f, ¢ 1a cde da thie 6 hé s6 nguyén khéc hang sao cho P(x) = f(x)g(e) voi f(x) = 3 bx, g(x) = Vex! var +s =n. DE thhy ° ring do = boco, mA aoip va dy ip* nén trong hai sb bo, cp c6 ding 1 s6 chia hét cho p, gid sit la by. Ngoai ra, do a,, = b,c, khong chia hét cho p nén b, king chia hét cho p. Suy ra, ton tai k 1a s6 lén nat ma 0 |x aye |x| = da thiic bac n thi ed n nghiém thyc hode phic.1.4. Tiéu chudn Perron: Cho da thite nguyén P(x a;x! cb ag £0. Khi dé, néu a} tet fay o[+ al» [oa] > |aol thi da thife nay bat kha quy. Ching minh. Kh6ng mat tinh téng quat, ta cé thé gid stra, = 1 (vi P(x) bat kha quy khi va chi Khi * bat kh quy). Ta ¢6 |a,_.| > |ag|+|a,|+-+ Ja, o| +1. Ta sé chting Ang t6n tai ding mot nghiém (thyc hodc phife) cita P(x) co module lén hdn 1. That vay.gid sit |s] thi teas tao] < 14 ao] + fai] t--+ al> Ngoai ra, |F(0)| = Jag] #0 nén |f(0)| > 1 la tich cdc module tit ca cdc nghiém ciia P(x) nén tn tai mét nghiém x, sao cho |x,| > 1. Goi x2, 3, «+, X, JA cae nghiém con lai. Dat B(x) Sx THD, xP Het be tbo = ua x—x déng abt hé s6 (x —x,)g(x) = f(x) thi Oyat = By n —21y yaa = By g — Dyan y «2-5 1 = by — byt, Og ‘Theo gia thiét thi |b, 2 —x,|>1+|b, 3-b,2x,]+++++ [box], suy ra ei] >14{b,-2|- |B, bea] [Bana] = [Bl es] +--+ [bol sf, ey]—1> (Lxi]=—2) (bol + [bi] ++ [b,-2) Do |x,| >1nén |b.| + |b,| +--+], RO rang nghiém (thu hoc phtic) cita g(x) chi cd module nhé hon 1 vi néu khong gid sit né c6 nghiém = sao cho |s| > 1 thi b, a2 1+ suy ra ddiéu mau thudin nay cho thay f (2c) chi cd diing 1 nghiém ¢6 module lén hon 1. Gia stt ring f(x) kha quy, tite 1a tén tai hai da thife 06 hé s6 nguyén P(x), Q(x) bac khéng nhé hon 1 sao cho, trong dé, tat ci cdc nghiém cia P(x) déu co module nhé hon 1. Suy ra [P(0)| < 1 vi [P(0)] 1a tich cdc module eta nghim cia P(x), ma P(0) € Z nén P(0) =0, din dén (0) = 0, mau thudn. Vay da thite f (x) bat kha quy. oTip theo IA mot tiéu chun twang t 1.4, Tiéu chudn vé danh gid nghiéi Cho da thite P(x) cé hé s6 nguyén va dit m sé nguyén t6 sao cho P(x) khong e6 nghigm thi bat kha quy. théa mén |P(m)| 1.1 hfe JA mée {2€C: |z—m| < 1}. Khidé, P(x) Chitng minh. Gia st tn tai da thie Q(x),RCx) théa man P(x) = Q(x)R(@). Theo gil thiée chi [Q(m)| = 1 hodie [R(m)] = 1. Khong mat tinh tng quat, ta e6 thé gia sir |R(m)| = 1. Ta c6 thé gid stt Q(x) = TT a@,) Voi a © Z, degQ(x) =r 2 1va @;,i=1,n 1A cde nghiém cita da thtte Q(x). Khi dd, ta c6 1 = |Q(m)| = lal TT | a : Doa # Onén |a| > 1 va ton tai s6 nguyén dudng j € {1,2,...,r} thoa nn -al< va P(a:) = Q(«,)R(a,) = 0. Didu nay 1a vb ly do nghiém + eta P(x) du thda man Jz — m| > 1. Do dé, diéu gid sit Ia sai vA da thife da cho bat kha quy. a Nhé tiéu chun nay, ta e6 thé chting minh nhéng chong ede bai todin khé sau: Bai 1. Chiing minh ring voi moi n 2 2 thi da thtte x" +2 +2009 bit kha quy. Bai 2. Ching minh ring véi moi n > 2 thi da thie x" +5x""1 +3 bat kha quy. Bai 3. Cho da thite f(x) = x"+a,_)x""1+---+a,x-+a9 tha main [ao] > |ay]+|ao]+---+]a,] va |ao| 1a s6 nguyén t6 thi f(x) bat kha quy. Bai 4. Cho da thite hé sé nguyén f(x) = Ya:x! va dat G = max| Khi dé, néu tn tai m 5 sao cho m > G +2 va f(m) nguyén to thi da thie f (x) bat kha quy. (rap chi AMM) ‘TTrong cdc vi du 6 phan 2, ta sé cing tim hiéu thém mét sé bai todn 4p dung hai tiéu chudn nay dé xt ly. 2. Cac vi du ap dung. Vi du 1. Sit dung tiéu chuan Eisenstein dé chitng minh cdc da thie sau bat kha quy. 1) F(x)extt+xP to? +6x41. 2) Da thite x" —a vdi a la sé nguyén ditong ma trong phan tich thank thita sé nguyén t6 06 mot ude nguyén t6 cd s6 ma la 1. 3) Da tie F(x) = Sax’ vdip Ud 86 nguyén tb vain = phn véi gea(p, no) ding thii v,(a,) = “0, v,(a,) =n 1 va v,(a,) 2n-i, i= TAT. LOi gidi. 1) Ta co g(x) = f(e +1) = y1 +5y? + 10y? + 15y + 10. Theo tiéu chuan Eisensteins thi da thife nay bat kha quy. 2) Goip 1a sé nguyén té duy nhat ma dé bai nhc dén. Chit y ring 0 va a déu chia hét cho p va a Iai khong chia het cho p?. 3) dat g(x) = hx f (2) thi co thé 4p dung truc tiép duc tiéu chudn Eisenstein.chix, Ta dit ra cu héi sau mét eéch tu nhién: Cé tén tai da thite bat khd quy no mA né khong c6 mét cdch bién di tuyén tinh nao dé ctia an thé chuyén né thanh da thife ¢6 thé 4p dung duse tiéu chudn Eisenstein (véi s6 nguyén t6 p), Cau tra loi lA Khang dinh. ‘That vay, xét da thife P(x) = 2x? + 1 bat Kha quy trén Z. Dat x = ax +b véi a,b A nhiing sO nguyén bat ki. Ta c6 Q(y) = 2a?y? + 4aby + 2b? + 1. Gia sit Q(x) 1a da thite ¢6 dang Eisenstein thi tén tai sé nguyén t6 sao cho 2a? khéng chia hét cho p, 4ab : p, (2b? + 1)ip nén b khéng chia hét pnhung khi dé, ta cé 4p |a Do d6, ap hodc 1a 4p. Ta chi can xét 2 trufang hop: 1. Néu degQ(y): p wai véi gid thiét. 2. Néu 4!p suy ra p = 2 nhung khi do, da thitc (2b? + 1) lai khéng chia hét cho p. Diéu mau thudn nay cho thay nhan xét ban dau 1A ding. Vi du 2. 1) Cho cde da thite nguyen F(x), F(X), fal x) bdt khd quy. Chitng minh rang tén tai mét da thite kha quy g(x) sao cho cae da tite sau déu bat khé quy fy(e) + 8X) F200) + (2), oe Fr) + 82). (Iran TST 2003) 2) Xét day Fibonacci: Fy = Fy =1,Fyy1 = Fy +Fy-1 va dat a, = FF... Chting minh rang da thie P(x) =x" +a,_)x""! +---+a,x + ap bdt khd quy. (Mathlinks contest ln 4, vong 7) 3) Cho da thite P(x) = ¥) (2k+1)x*. Ching minh réng néu 2n +1 la sb nguyen t6 =o thi da tute nay bdt khé quy. Léi gidi. 1) Ap dung tiéu chudin Perron. Ta chi edn. chon g(x) =x" +Mx™ 1A mét da thtic kha quy va hé s6 M dit ln dé théa man diéu kign bat dang thife La xong. 2) Theo tiéu chudn Perron, ta chi can chitng minh F,,,F, > F,F,)++-°+ FF, +1. Tuy nhién, bat ding thite nay cé thé chitng minh dé dang bing quy nap. 3) bé gidi quyét bai todn nay, ta cdn tiéu chudin thir 4 6 phdn I va bé dé sau: Cho n. Khi dé, moi da thite P(x) = >} a;x! 6 hé sé thuc va a; > 0 véi moi i = 0, 1,2. nghigm (thy hoac phitc) ciia P(x) déu théa man a . a; Re min < [z| < max ee aia des ays ‘Td lai bai ton, dt Q(x) = x"P (2) =x" + 3x4 ++ +:2n-+ 1 1A moe da thie. Theo bé dé trén thi tat cd c4c nghiém = cha Q(x) théa man |z| > 1, dp dung tiéu chuan 4 véi m = 0, da thtte Q(x) théa man diéu kién dat ra nén Q(x) bat kha quy. Ta cé didu phai ching minh. ocht % Bai todn tong quat véi 2n + 1 14 sé nguyén tity ¥ van 1a cdu héi mé. Cé nhiéu bai toan mé kiéu nhu vay, ching han nhu: Cho da thifc f(x) = +" Chitg minh rang f(x) bat kha quy. véin> 1. uit site bang goi y: Neu f(x) = g(x)h(x) thi phai cd g(x)=.x"-'h (4). Cung ap dung bé dé Perron, ta c6 thé giai quyét dude dé dang bai toan trong dé chon déi tuyén Romani 2010. Ngudi ta chi méi xt ly duge trong trutng hgp n = 2p véi p 1a sb renee 16. Ban doc c6 thé Cho p 18 56 nguyén t6 va my, 1t2,...)7p 1a ede $6 tu nhién. Chiing minh rang da thie soge Ot x" P xt Voi n = ged(ny,ny,....n,) bat kha quy. Vi du 3. Tim tét cd cde sé nguyén duong k sao cho cé vo sé sé nguyén dutong n ma da thiée sau P(x) = x**! + kx" — 870x? + 1945x + 1995, khd quy trén tdp hgp Z. (Viét Nam TST 1995) Loi gidi. Vai k 1a mét sd théa man dé bai, dt A 1A tap hop cdc s6 nguyén duong n sao cho P(x) kha quy. Gid sit P(x) = f (x)g(x) thi theo tiéu chun Eisenteisn suy rong, ta c6 deg f (x) = 1 hoae deg g(x) = 1. ‘Tir dé suy ra P(x) c6 nghiém nguyén 18 xo (dé thay xp #0). Ta xét cdc trudng hop: © Néu |x| > 2 voi moi n ©A thi dé thay rang P(x.) = 0 sé wong duong [xo+k| = fe Do [xo] > 2, va. A c6 v6 s6 phan tit nén véi n dt Idn, ta ¢6 eel <1 hay |xq +k <1= [xy +k] =0. Tir day, dé dang e6 k= —3 © Néu xq = +1, ta lai xét tiép: © Véi xp = 1, ta dutge P(1) = © Véixy =—1, ta dude P(—1) = => k=-3071 hay (—1)"*! + k(-1)" + 820 = i m 16 thi ta c6 k = —819 va n chin thi k = 821. Suy rav ‘Thit lai ta thy théa. Vay tat cd cae gid tri k cdin tim la —3701, -819, Cha x. Viée tim diéu kién cia cc hé s6 dé c6 da thife kha quy ciing 1a cdc bai toan phé bién. Ngudi ta da nghién cu cdc da thife dangx" + a,x" + ax" + b,x" +ax™+bx! +c. Chang han dudi day 1a cdc bai toan dang nay: Bai 1. Cho da thife P(x) =x" +x" +1 trong dé deg P(x minh ring P(x) la da thtic kha quy. =m 33. Gid sitmn— 233. ChingBai 2. Cho da thie P(x) = x" +4 vdi n nguyén dung. Chitng minh rang n chia hét cho 4 khi va chi khi da thie nay kha quy. Bai 3. (Cho tam thife P(x) = x" +x? +r véi |g] > 1+|r[ 7 van chia hét cho s6 nguyén dutong ht > 1 nao dé va |r| khong 1A mét lay thifa bac h. Khi d6, P(x) bat kha quy. Bai 4. Chon > m > 1 lA cde sé nguyén duong 1é. Chitng minh ring khi dé da thite f(x) = x" +x" 4x +1 bat kha quy. (China TST 2008) Bai dau tién kha nhe nhang khi cht ¥ phan tich x? — 1 = (x — 1)(x? +x 4 1) din dén x°*—1 6 ede ude 1a x? +x + 1. V6i bai thit 2, ta gidi quyét diéu kién cdn nhu sau (diéu kién dii la dé vinéu dat n = 4m, ta cd x +4 = (x2" —2x™ + 2)(x2" + 2x™ + 2)). Cac bai 3, 4 khé ‘hon va ban doc cé thé tham khao thém 6 [15], [16]. Gia sit rang x" +4 = f(x)g(x) vi f,g 1a 2 da thitc nguyén, monic va ¢6 bac khéng nhé hon 1. Goi a), @2,...,a, 1a cde nghiém cua x” + 4 =0 thi |P(0)| = Ja, a2...2,| = |f (0) - |g(0)}- Dit deg f = kdegg = h v6i kyit > 1 thi [Ff (0)}, [g(0)| la tich cde modulo eta ete nghiém edia P(x). Do cdc nghiém ciia x" + 4 = 0 wén tp sé phifc 1a can bac n ciia 4 nén hé s6 ww do cita f,g chi 6 thé 1a £2 chit khong thé 1 £1. Tir d6 suy ra |f(0)] ,{g(0)] Jan vot bang 2hay 7h 4 > O,¥x Néu k lé thi 10 rang f phai cd nghiém thyc, day la diéu v6 ly vi nén suy ra k 18 s6 chin, Do d6, n chia hét cho 4. Ngoai ra, trong cdc n6i dung e6 tai [15], [16], ngudi ta d& chiing minh dutac cdc bai todn quen thude nhu: Bai 5. Da thc x" +x + 1 bat kha quy véi moi n chia 3 du 2. Bai 6. Da thie x" — x —1 bat kha quy voi mgi n. Chting minh dinh ly nay ciing 18 mét cong ‘a phai diing dénh gid nghiém ctia da thite tuong ty 6 bai 2) 4 trén, 1 vide khéng dé dang ki cu thé 18 néu z 1a nghiém cia x" —x ~ 1 thi 2Re (2 ~ 1)> 1 Re (= zi theo 2 cach (trong d6 51, 2, — 1 va dan gid dai lung s, la cae nghiém ela x" —x-1=0). (Binh ly Selmer) Vi dy 4. Cho da thite f (x) 06 hé s6 cao nhdt ta 1, bat kha quy vat |f (0)| khdng phi la sé chinh phuong. Chitng minh ring g(x) = f (x*) cfing la da thite bat khd quy. (Romanian TST 2003) Lai gidi. Gia str ta co phan tich g(x) = f(x?) = p(x)-q(x) v6i f, g a 2 da thtte monic 6 hé sb nguyén va bac khéng nhé hon 1. Goi a 18 mét nghiém (thu hode phtic) cua F(x) thi p (a) -q (Va) = ¢ (Va) = f(a) =0. Khong mir tinh téng quat, c6 thé gid sit p (Va) =0. at p(x) Ma;x! véi a, € Z van =degp thi Ya,a‘ = 0. Tr dé, dé thay ring tén tai 3 : cae da thite c6 hé sé nguyén théa man t(a)+ /a-u(a) = 0, trong dé deg t, degu <2n. Do da thife u(x) khée hing va g(x) bit kha quy nén khéng t6n tai da thie khéc hing nao chia hét ca 2 da thite g(x),u(x). Tit day, suy ra ciing khéng ton tai da thite khdching nao chia hét ca 2 da thite f (x),u(x) nén theo dinh ly Bezout cho da thifc, tén tai hai da thife c6 hé sb nguyen ia s(x), r(x) sao cho s(x)u(x) + ro) F Ce) Suy ra s(a)u(a) = 1 nén Va=—t(a)s(a) > a? = t°(a)s*(a). Dat m(x) = t2()s%(x) — x thi m(x) IA da thife o6 hé sé nguyén va m(a) = 0 , suy ra da thifc m(x) chia ht cho da thife f(x). Dt dj. 4435...,d, 1A cde nghiém ciia da thite f(x) thi m(a,) = 0,i= Tn va a, = %(a,)s°(a,) Ta dua ve ty = (a4 )s°(a)- t7(4g)8°(ag)- + (4, )5°(,) la binh phyong cia 1 s6 hitu ti. Tuy nhién, ((0) = (-1)"ayap...a,, nén |f(0)| = lorrcty..c4,| 1a sé nguyén. aa Tit hai diéu trén suy ra |f(0)| 1a sé chinh phuong, mau thudn. Do dé, ta c6 g(x) bat kha quy. a Cha ¥. ‘Trung hgp dac biét cua bai toan trén cd xuat hién trong dé Nhat Ban 1999: Cho n 1a s6 nguyén duong. Ching minh rdng da thie (x® + 12)(x? +2?)-++ (x? +n?) +1 bat khd quy. Nhiéu ban cé su nhdm ldn ring néu f(x) bat kha quy thi cdc da thite f(x?), f(x*),... cing thé. Diéu nay khong ding vi chang han: f(x) =x? +x +1 bat kha quy nhung FQ) axtpe2t1a (2+ + e2-x4+0), 14 da thite Kha quy. ‘Trén thuc té, tiéu chudn Capelli da giai quyét van dé nay lién quan dén tinh bat kha quy cia cde him hgp, ban dge c6 thé tham khdo thém tai [10]. Phat biéu tiéu chi nay lién quan dén cde khéi niém khéng so cp 1A trudng (cd thé hiéu 1A tap hop va ede phép ton due dinh nghia wrén dé) nh sau: Cho X 1 mét trudng con ela C va f,g € K[x]. Goi a 1a nghiém phe ctia f va gid sit f bat kha quy trén K. Biét rang g(x) — a bat kha quy trén K[a][x]. Khi do F(g(x)) la da thie bat kha quy wén K[x]. ‘Tuy nhién, nhé vao tiéu chi do, e6 thé chitng minh cdc bai kha dac wrung: 1) Cho f 1a da thife hé sé nguyén va p la mét s6 hitu di. Ching minh ring néu f bat kha quy va {/[F(O)] 18 sb vo ci thi f(x?) bat kha quy. 2) Chémg minh ring da thite (x?-+ 2)" + (x27! 42x" + 1) bat kha quy véi moi n> 1 Vi dy 5. Cho s6 nguyén té p > 5. Tim sd ede da thuée bat khd quy 06 dang x? + px* + px! +1 wi k> Lvik, Le {1,2,..p— 1}. Lai gidi. ‘Ta thay k — | phai la s6 chan vi néu nguige lai, k—-1 18 thi do x? +1 chia hét cho x +1 va px* + px! = px!(x*! +1) cing chia hét cho x +1. Didu nay cho thay da thie ban dau chia hét cho x +1, ttfe lA né kha quy, mau thudn.10 Dat k= +2r voir €Z* va xét Q(x) = Pla — 1), 20 rang Q(x) cling la da thite bat kha quy. Ta 06 P(x -— 1) =(x —1)? + p(x — D+ p(x - 1) +1. Ta thay rang sau khi khai trién nhj thite Newton, hé s6 ty do —1,1 bj khit mat; hai biéu thie 6 giita khi dat nhan tit chung p ra ngoai thi hé s6 ty do cita biéu thie con Iai 1a 2 hodle —2 (do k,/ cing tinh chin 18). Suy ra Q(x) e6 dang Q(x) = P(x —1) = x? + pxR(x) + 2p v6i R(x) 1a da thife 6 bac nhé hon p — 1. Theo tiéu chudin Eisenstein thi da thie nay bat kha quy. Do dé, tit ca cap s6 k,/ théa man 1a p > k > 1 > 0 vik —1 chan va téng $6 cdp dé 1a (@-De-3) 4 2 2c, Vay sé da thite cdn tim la @H22) o Chai ¥. ‘Vé viéc dém sé da thitc bat kha quy, ta cé mét bai toan néi ti ton tai v6 s6 da thie bat kha quy (tuong tw nhu cé v6 han ang 1a: Trés nguyén mot trudng nao dé, ‘Ngoii ra, ta xét bai todin: Cho p 1a sb nguyén t6. H6i cé bao nhiéu da thtte monic e6 bac la d va hé sé tir 0 dén p — 1 va bat kha quy? Nguii ta thudng ky higu tap hop {0,1,2, tén do la Z, [x]. wp — 1} béi Z, va tap hop cdc da thie lay hé s6 x nén sé da thite Ngudi ta chting minh dude rang tich ciia tat ed ede da thtte nhu thé 14 x" théa man 14 M,(q) = 4 Du(k)g“/*, Day la s6 Necklace. id Lin quan dén tinh khé quy ciia moc da thiéc trén tip hop sb nguyen vA trén Zp, cb mot tidu chudin nhu sau: Cho da thtie monie P(x) = ¥ a,x! ed hé sé nguyén. Gia sit ton tai s6 nguyén a t6 p sao cho da thite tuong ting Q(x) = ¥ b,x! va b,,0 “7 56 nguyén a,,a,,-++ a, théa man |P(a;)| = 1 v6i i= Tk. Chiing minh ring P(x) bat khé quy.13 Ban doe 6 thé tham khao chi nghién citu mé rong rat nhiéu: [Wegner] Da thite (x — a,)"(x - a: 4) thi bat kha quy. [Dorwart and Ore] Cho da thite f (x) = byx? + b,x +1, P(x) = (x —a, (xa)... (x= a,),n > 5 thi f (P(x) bat kha quy. Céc da thite nhur thé duge goi 1a Polynomial of Schur-type and Polya-type va ngubi ta ft thém tai [1] ho’e [8]. Ngoai ra, ngudi ta edn €6 cae +(e —a,)' +d voi n> 5 vad > 0,d #3 (mod 2 cdn qua tim dén cdc tiéu chudin kha quy cho da thite c6 dang ft @- «| 4d. mt 3.2. Tiéu chudin Cohn. k Cho p 1a s6 nguyén té va biéu dién cita p trong hé thap phn lA }) a,10' véi0 2 vil 2 sao cho da thttc P(a,, a, kha quy tuyét d6i. Cau tra k a,) =a? ta} +e-+a"—na,a,-a, bat la moi n > 4 déu thoa. 3. Cac bai toan tu luyén. Bai 1. 1) Ching minh ring cdc da thite sau bar khd quy a) f(x) =x'+5x° - 2x? - 6x +3. b) g(x) =3x4+ 7x3 — 4x? + 12x +9. ©) Ax) = 2x4 + 13x? + 39x? + 58x +20. 2) Chitng minh da thitc sau day bat kha quy (x? + 7x — 1)° — 18(x? +1)”. Bai 2. Chitng minh cdc da thife sau bat kha quy: a) P(x) =x! — px + (2p — 1),6 day p 1a sé nguyén té. b) P(x) =x? + px?! + px + (3p + 1) 6 day p 1a s6 nguyén 16, ©) Cho p 1a s6 nguyén t6 ,k > Ova r 1a nhiing sé nguyén vag (x) 1a da thitc hé 96 nguyén bat ki bac nhé hon p*'. Ching minh rang néu r khéng chia hét cho p, da thife P(x) = x" + px@(x) + (rp — 1) khéng phan tich duoc. Bai 3. Chiing minh cac da thie sau bat khd quy: at Gey a) Da thitc P(x) = tet SSH] b) Da thite x* 4+ x24+x+4p v6in> 2 va p nguyén t6. ©) Da thite x? + ax? + bx +c bat kha quy véi b chan va a,c le, d) Da thtte x! —9, ©) Da thife(x? +1)(x? +2)...(x? +2) +1 bat kha quy. Bai 4. a) Chitng minh ring néu a 1a s6 nguyén khong chia hét cho 5 thi da thite P(x) = x8 —x +a bat kha quy. b) Cho da thite f(x) = x? + 100x + a. Ching minh rang tén tai vé han sé a sao cho f (x) bat kha quy va ciing tén tai vé han sé a sao cho f (x) kha quy. ©) Cho p,q li 2 s6 nguyén t6. Tim tat ca cac s6 nguyén @ sao cho P(x) ax* + pq bat kha quy.15 4d) Cho p [a s6 nguyén t6 va m,n.a 1a cdc s6 nguyén sao cho p+1 2. b) Ching minh rang vdi moi da thite P(x) ¢6 hé s6 nguyén, tén tai sé nguyén duong k sao cho Q(x) = 2*P(x) — 1 bat kha quy. . Cho s6 nguyén t6 p van < 2p. Xét da thife P(x) = x?? + px" — 1. Ching minh a) Néu p=2 thi P(x) bat kha quy. b)Néu nbu ton tai 2 da thite hé s6 nguyén f (x), g(x) sao cho f(x)g(x) = P(x) thi cling tdn tai hai s6 nguyén w, v khong ding thai bling 0 sao cho deg (uf (2x) + g(x) = 0. ©) Tén tai A(x), B(x) Ia hai da thite c6 bac khéng vugt qua p — 2 sao cho f(x) = XP + pxA(x) — 1, g(x) = x? + pxB(x) +1 d) Da thtfe P(x) bat kha quy véi moi sé nguyén t6 p > 2. . Cho N 1a sé nguyén duong. Xét da thite f(x) = 3) a,x! 1a da thitc hé s6 nguyén voi |a;| < Nvéi i = O,n. Ching minh rang néu tn tai it nhat 2N +4 s6 nguyén sao cho gid tri tuyét di ctia f(x) tai cde sé nguyén dé 14 sé nguyén té thi f (x) bat kha auy. Bai 8. a) (Romanian TST 1997) Cho P(x), Q(x) IA cée da thite monic, bt kha quy va cé hé sé hitu ti. Gia ste P(x), Q(x) lan lugt c6 nghiém 1a a, 6 véi a+ 6 1a s6 hitu ti. Chitng minh ring da thite P(x) — Q°(x) cling e6 nghiém hitu ti b) Cau héi con dung khong néu thay P2(x) — Q°(x) bai P(P(x)) — Q(Q(x))? Bai 9. a) Chting minh ring da thite xy? +.x2y? — x5y +x? +1 kh6ng thé phan tich duge thanh tich etta hai da thife hai bién f(x, y) va g(x,y). b) (ELMO 2012 Shortlist) Ching minh ring néu m,n nguyén t6 ciing nhau thi khéng tin tai hai da thife f(x, y) va g(x,y) e6 hé s6 thue théa min f(x,y) - g(x,y) = x™ay" ©) (ELMO 2012 Shortlist) Cho f,g 1a cdc da thiic théa man ged(deg f,deg g) = Gia sit tén tai cdc da thite P(x, y),Q(x, y) véi hé sé phite sao cho f(x) + g(y) = P(x, y)- Q(x, y). Chitng minh rang P.Q la da thite hang. Bai 0. a) Voi n > 0, xét day da thie P, (x) xde dinh béi Po(x) = 1, P(x) = x — 1 va PC) = xP p(x) — Ph al)16 finh tat cd sé nguyén duong n sao cho P(x) kha quy trén tip hop sé. voi n > 2. Xe hitu ti. b) (China TST 2008) Chting minh rang vdi moi n > 2, ton tai da thite f(x) = x" + a,x"! + a,x"? +----+a, théa man dong thdi ede diéu kién sau: déu khac 0. i. Cache s6 ay,as, nguyén t6. ii, V6i moi s6 ty nhién x thi |f (x)| khéng phai la iii, f(x) bat kha quy. Bai 11. 1) (Iran 3th round 2011) Cho f(x) la da thie monic cé bac 2 véi hé s6 nguyén sao cho f(x) > 0,Vx va f(0) la sé square-free khée +1. Ching minh ring véi moi s6 ty nhién n thi f(x") 1 da thite bat kha quy, 2) Cho da thite f(x) bac 1é, bat kha quy va cé hé sé nguyén. Biét ring module ctia tit cd cde nghiém cita da thite déu Ién hon 1 va |f(0)| 1a s6 square-free. Ching minh ring f(x?) la da thie bat kha quy. Bai 12. 1) (Mathlinks context) Chitng minh rang vdi a la sé nguyén khac 0 va n> 3 thi da thie sau bat kha quy: x" +(x"! +x"? +..$2%+x)- 1 2) Cho a, > ay >... > a, > 0 1A cdc s6 nguyén. Chting minh da thite P(x) = x" — DX ajx" la da thie bat kha quy. Bai 13. 1) Cho (by, b,, b,, b,) La hon vi ctia {54, 72,36, 108}. Hoi x5 + b,x9+ b,x? + b,x + by — 1 c6 luén bat kha quy hay khéng? 2) (Iran National Olympic 2008) Cho (Bp, by, bo, bs) Ki hoan vj ciza 154, 72,36, 108}. Chitng minh x* + b,x? + b,x? +b,x + by bat khA quy. Bai 14. 1) Cho a,,a,,...,a,14 ede nguyén déi mét Khde nhau. Xét da thite P(x) = (x — a, )(x — @)...(x —a,) — 2. Bidt rng P(x)c6 thé duige bigu dién dutdi dang tich cia hai da thite véi hé sé nguyén va co bac > 1. Chttng minh rang deg P(x) = 3. 2) Gia sit n nghiém ctia da thite bac n véi cae hé s6 hitu ti tgo thanh 1 cdp 36 cong. Chitng minh rang néu da thie nay bat kha quy thi bac ciia no khéng Ién hon 2. 3) Cho da thite f (c) = a,x! va tén tai sé nguyén 16 p théa man didu kién oo 35 Gn 3p +449 5p VA dy 7, Aq fp*. Chiing minh rang néu f (x7)kha quy thi no cing co nghiém hitu ti. Bai 15. 1) Gran MO 2007) Chitng minh rang véi méi tap hop khéc réng $ CN, |S| > 2 khi va chi khi tin tai mét day ap,,,...,4,, trong $ sao cho voi méi n nguyén dong thi da thite f(x) = ¥ a,x! bat kha quy. a 2) (ran MO 2007) Cé tén tai hay khéng day s6 tu nhién do, a,,dp,... sao cho véi méi i # j thi ged(a;,a;) = 1 va voi mbi n, da thite f(x) = Ya;x! bat kha quy? 2