NEURONS axon myelin sheath

nucleus

axon terminal

dendrites
soma axon

Myelin Sheath : protect axon and increase speed of transmission of nerve impulse

Dendrites : receive impulses from other neurons @ external environments

Axon : conduct nerve impluses away from cell body Axon terminal : transmitter

Soma/Body cells : coordinates metabolic activites

vesicle
contains neurotransmitter

cleft synapse
filled with extracellular fluid and dopamine receptor
contains synaptic fiber

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists brain and spinal cord
controlled by a layer of bone outside and fluid inside.
the fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid
this fluid also helps to remove waste from the CNS.
INAL CORD
P

S
approximately 45cm long
acts as a cable that connects brain with body
there are around 31 pairs of spinal nerves and the
last one carries sensory and motor info to the
spinal cord
spinal cord controls reflex behavior w/o help from
brain.
reflective behavior doesn’t need brain activity
EXAMPLE : when we step on a nail, the pain will be
detected by sensory neurons that will act to send
impulse to the spinal cord
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BRAIN
frontal lobe pariental lobe
cerebrum

corpus callosum
occipital lobe
pituitary gland
pons
medulla oblongata cerebellum
spinal cord
FACTS ABT FACTS ABT
CEREBRUM CEREBELLUM
consists 2 hemis. L&R. involved and responsible in
connect by corpus collosum movement balance
the “cc” is the nerve fibers that transmit damage of cerebellum causes
sensation, memory and discrimination. problems of standing, walking
hemis L : control right side of body and coordination of movements
(language, speaking, writing) receives information (impulse) of
hemis R : control left side of body vision, hearing and vestibular.
(music, recognize faces, non-verbal modify muscle action and
imagination) coordinate movement
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

includes nerves in the face and head

helps to get info from the CNS and send it to other
part of body
PNS has 2 parts :
Somatic : controls the voluntary movement of skeletal
muscles
Autonomic : controls the movement of heart, blood and
non-organs parts of body.

The autonomic NS has 2 parts also :

Sympathetic and parasympathetic
both of this system involved in the body’s
metabolism, food supplies and removing waste.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
“hormone” carried secretion throughout the bloodstream. The
endocrine system regulates numerous body activities, including
growth and development, metabolism, immunological response,
mood, and reproduction.

tiroid tiroid

pancreas

----adrenal----

ovari
testis
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 Thyroid Gland: The thyroid gland
Pituitary Gland: The pituitary gland, contains hormones that regulate
also referred to as the "master gland," metabolism, energy generation, and
regulates the functioning of other body temperature.
endocrine glands and generates
hormones that regulate growth,
thyroid function, and the reproductive
system.
Pancreas: The pancreas is responsible for
regulating blood glucose levels by
secreting insulin and glucagon. These
hormones assist in the regulation of
blood glucose levels.
Adrenal Glands: Located above the
kidneys, the adrenal glands generate
hormones such as cortisol and
adrenaline, which are necessary for the
body's response to stress and assist
regulate different physiological
Ovaries and Testes: The ovaries in females
processes.
produce progesterone and estrogen, which
control the menstrual cycle and contribute
in pregnancy. The testes in males create
testosterone, which is responsible for
The parathyroid glands produce secondary sexual characteristics
parathyroid hormone (PTH), which aids development and sperm generation.
in the regulation of calcium levels in the
blood and bones.

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NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Acetylcholine plays a role in muscle control and cognitive processes such as memory
and learning.
Dopamine: A neurotransmitter that regulates mood, pleasure, reward, and movement;
malfunction has been related to illnesses such as Parkinson's disease and
schizophrenia.
Serotonin: A neurotransmitter that influences mood, emotion, and sleep patterns;
dysregulation is related to mood disorders such as depression and anxiety.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): An inhibitory neurotransmitter which encourages
relaxation by reducing brain activity.
Glutamate is a neurotransmitter with excitability that boosts brain activity and is
required for memory and recall.
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline): A stress hormone that regulates heart rate, blood
pressure, and arousal.

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