J&K_GK (Majid sir) PDF Final

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Prepared by ................. Majid Sir (7006259581)

Hello Dear Friends,
I feel immensely pleased to present before you the e-book of “General Knowledge With Special
Reference to J&K” section for Panchayat Accounts Assistant Exam. However, this book is very
helpful for other competitive exams as well. Preparation of this book has consumed lot of my energy
and time. So here are some instructions for the aspirants which should be strictly followed:
1. Candidates are strictly advised not to share this book to others after downloading it as we
have consumed a lot of time and expenditure for the preparation of this book. So, be
honest with us and don’t share the book.
2. This book must be read in accordance with the video lectures available on our youtube
channel, “J&K Ideal Academy”.
3. This book contains sufficient information and material for upcoming JKSSB Panchayat
Accounts Assistant Exam.
4. Subject to positive response for this book, we will prepare E-books for all other sections
of the syllabus.
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Formation of the Constitution
 1922 - Mahatma Gandhi put forward the demand that India‘s political destiny should
be determined by the Indians themselves.
 May 17, 1927 - At Bombay session Motilal Nehru moved a resolution calling up on
the Congress working committee to frame a Constitution for India.
 May 19, 1928 – In all party conference a committee was set up under the
Chairmanship of Motilal Nehru to determine the principles of the Constitution of
India. Report was submitted on August 10, 1928 and was called Nehru Report.
 This was the 1st attempt by Indians to frame a full-fledged Constitution for India.
 MN Roy in the year 1934 put forward the idea of Constituent Assembly for India for
the first time.
 In the year 1935, the Indian National Congress for the first time officially demanded
for the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY.
 August offer: The demand for the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY was for the first time
and authoritatively conceded by the British Government in the year 1940 through
August Offer.
 1940 - The coalition government in England recognized the principle that the Indians
should themselves frame a new Constitution.
 1942: Cripps mission: Sir Stafford Cripps(Cabinet Minister) came to India with a
proposal of framing of Independent Constitution of India to be adopted after World
War II provided that the 2 major political parties INC and the Muslim League could
come to an agreement.
 The Muslim League rejected the same on the demand that India to be divided into 2
autonomous states on communal lines with 2 separate CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLIES.
 This was followed by Quit India Movement in August 1942.
 After the World War II, the new labor party government came to the power in
England.
 1946 - Cabinet Mission plan (Lord Pethwick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A V
Alexander ) was sent on March 24, 1946 to India with a proposal of CONSTITUENT
ASSEMBLY.
 The delegation rejected the claim for a separate Constituent Assembly and a separate
state for Muslims.
Constituent Assembly
 The CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY was constituted in November, 1946 with 389
members. (296 British India and 93 were from princely states).
 Out of 296, INC won 208 seats, Muslim League 73, others and independent members
15. Princely states initially decided to stay away from the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY.
Note:- (Except Mahatma Gandhi and Mohammed Ali Jinnah all prominent persons were members in
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY.
 The first meeting of the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY took place on December 9, 1946.
Muslim League boycotted the meeting and insisted on separate state Pakistan.
Meeting was attended by 211 members only. Dr.Sachchidanand Sinha was appointed
as the interim President of CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY.
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 December 11, 1946 - Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected as the President of the
Constituent Assembly. H C Mukherjee - Vice President of the CONSTITUENT
ASSEMBLY. B N Rau was appointed as the Constitutional advisor.
 December 13, 1946 - ―Objectives Resolution was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Objective resolution was adopted on January 22, 1947.
 Preamble was the modified version of the Objectives Resolution. Lord Mountbatten
was sent to India as the Governor-General replacing Lord Wavell.
 Lord Mountbatten came out with a plan. This plan was given a formal shape by a
statement made by British Government on June 3, 1947. This plan is known as
Mountbatten plan or June 3 plan.
 On July 26, 1947 Lord Mountbatten announced the establishment of a separate
Constituent Assembly for Pakistan.
 The Indian Independence bill was introduced in the British Parliament on July 4,
1947. The India Independence Act came into force from July 18, 1947. This Act of
1947 provided that from August 15, 1947 would be set up two independent
dominions India and Pakistan.
 The Constituent Assembly reassembled on August 14, 1947 as the Sovereign
Constituent Assembly for the Dominion of India. The members of the Pakistan area in
the Constituent Assembly ceased to be the members. When the Constituent Assembly
reassembled on October 31, 1947 the membership was reduced to 299.
 With Indian Independence Act of 1947, CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY became the
sovereign body. (India became sovereign on January 26, 1950)
 The CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY became the first parliament of free India.
 The first speaker - G V Mavalankar.
 CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY adopted the
National Flag on July 22, 1947.
Constitution on November 26, 1949.
National Anthem on January 24, 1950.
National Song on January 24, 1950.
 Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first President of India on January 24, 1950.
 January 24, 1950 was the last session of the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY. However, the
Constituent Assembly continued as the provisional Parliament of India from January
26, 1950 till the completion of first ever general elections in India. (1951-52).
 There were 22 committees constituted in the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY.
 The draft was prepared by B N Rau (Advisor to the Constituent Assembly).
 Drafting committee was set up on August 29, 1947 (Very Important).
 The Chairman of Drafting Committee - Dr. B R Ambedkar.
 The final draft was introduced in the CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY by Dr B R Ambedkar
on November 4, 1948 (1st reading).
 The draft Constitution was declared adopted on November 26, 1949.
 The President and the members of the Constituent Assembly signed it.
 The original Constitution contained 8 schedules and 395 Articles.
 Preamble was enacted after the enactment of the Constitution.
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Note:- Preamble was the last to be adopted and enacted).
 Dr BR Ambedkar - The Father of the Constitution was the first Law Minister of the
Nation from August 15, 1947 to January 26, 1950).
 Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950. Since then January 26, 1950 is
celebrated as the Republic day.
 In all it took 2 years 11 months and 18 days for the Constitution to get completed.
 The Provisional Parliament ceased to exist on April 17, 1952. The first elected
Parliament (2 houses) came into being in May, 1952.
 The provisions related to Citizenship, elections, provincial Parliament, temporary and
transitional provisions were given immediate effect. (November 26, 1949).
 The rest of the Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.
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FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
 The Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution under
Articles 12 to 35. These were borrowed from the US constitution (Bill of Rights).
 According to Dr. B R Ambedkar, it is the most criticized part of the Constitution. The
fundamental rights are justiciable in nature.
 In the original Constitution, there were 7 Fundamental Rights.
1. Right to Equality (14-18)
2. Right to Freedom (19-22)
3. Right Against Exploitation (23-24)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (25-28)
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (29-30)
6. Right to property (31)
7. Right to Constitutional Remedies (32).
 In the year 1978, through 44th amendment act Right to property was deleted from
the list of Fundamental Rights.
 Now it is a legal right under Article 300 A in part XII of the constitution.
 The numbers of Fundamental Rights are 6 in the present day Constitution.
 The state can impose restrictions on Fundamental rights. (They are not absolute but
qualified).
 Except Fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 20 and 21, remaining
Fundamental rights can be suspended during operation of National Emergency.
 Article 19 can be suspended only when emergency is declared on the grounds of war
or external aggression and not on the grounds of armed rebellion.
Fundamental Rights Explained

Article 12:- Explains the state.
 The state includes i) the government and the parliament of India, the government and
the state legislature, iii) All local authorities (municipalities, Panchayat Raj Bodies,
District boards, etc) and iv) Other statutory and non statutory authorities (LIC, ONGC
etc).
 The actions of the state (all the above said) can be challenged in the courts as the
violation of Fundamental Rights.
Article 13: Judicial Review.
 All laws that are inconsistent with or in derogation of any of the Fundamental Rights
shall be void. This article expressively provides for the doctrine of judicial review.
 This power is conferred to SC (Article 32) and High Courts (Article 226) that can
declare a law unconstitutional and invalid on the grounds of contravention of any of
the fundamental Rights.
Note: The expression Judicial Review is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution.
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RIGHT TO EQUALITY (14-18)
Article 14: Equality before law and equal protection of laws.
 Equality before law: The absence of any special privileges in favour of any person.
 Note: Equality before law is taken from the British Constitution.
 Equal Protection of Laws: The equality of treatment under equal circumstances.
Note: This is taken from the US Constitution.
Article 15:
 Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, or place
of birth. (Access to various places).
Exceptions: Special provisions for children and Women, Socially and economically backward
sections, Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes
Article 16:- Equality of opportunity in matters of Public employment.
 Article 16(4) empowers the state to make special provisions for the reservation of
appointments or posts in favour of any ―backward class of citizens which in the
opinion of state are not adequately represented in the services of the state.
Article 17:- Abolition of untouchability:-
 The Parliament passed Untouchability (offences) Act, 1955.

 In the year 1976, this act was renamed as Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
ARTICLE-18:- Abolition of titles except military and academic.
 The State shall not confer any titles except those which are academic or military titles.
 The article also prohibits citizens of India from accepting any titles from a foreign
State.
 The article abolishes the titles that were awarded by the British such as Rai Bahadur,
Khan Bahadur, etc.
 Awards like Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan, Bharat Ratna and
military honours like Ashok Chakra, Param Vir Chakra do not belong to this category.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM (19-22)

ARTICLE 19:- Six Freedoms
 Right to freedom of speech and expression 19 (1) (a) (freedom of expression means
the right to express one‘s opinion by words of mouth, writing, printing, picture, or in
any other manner).
a) Freedom of Speech and expression;
b) Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms;
c) Freedom to form associations;
d) Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India;
e) Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and
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f) Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation,
trade or business.
Article 20:- Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
a) No ex-post-facto Legislation;
b) No Double Jeopardy; and
c) No Self-incrimination
Article 21:- Protection of life and personal liberty except in accordance with the procedures
established in law.
 Right to live with human dignity, decent environment, privacy, free education up to
14 years etc.
Article 21 A: Right to free and compulsory education for all the children.
Note: This was present in Article 45 of the constitution.
 Through 86th amendment in 2002, it was made a fundamental right. This came into
force on April 1, 2010.
Article 22:- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
Punitive Detention:- It means to punish a person for an offence committed by him after trial and
conviction in a court.
 Right to be informed of the grounds of arrest, consult a legal practitioner, and

produce before the magistrate within 24 hours.
Preventive Detention:- Detention of a person before committing any crime
 Only a precautionary measure and based on suspicion.
RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (23-24)

Article 23:- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
Article 24:- Prohibition of employment of children in factories.
RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (25-28)

Article 25:- All persons are equally entitled to:
A) Freedom of conscience;
B) Right to freely profess, practice and propagate any religion.
Note: Propagation does not include forced conversions.
Article 26: Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs:
 To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;

 Own and acquire movable and immovable property; and
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 Right to administer the property.
Article 27:- Freedom for Taxation for promotion of a religion.
 No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion and maintenance of any
religion.
Article 28:- Freedom from attending religious instruction.
 No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institute wholly

maintained out of state funds.
 Religious instructions permitted if it is established by endowments or trust.
 No person attending any educational institution recognised by the State or receiving
aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction.
CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (29-30)

Article 29:- Right to conserve language, script or culture.
 The Article 29 grants protection to both religious and linguistic minorities. Article 30:
Right of Minorities to Establish and administer Educational Institutions:
 All Minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of
their choice.
RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES (32)

 Article 32 of the Constitution provides for legal remedies for the protection of these
rights against their violation by the State or other institutions/individuals.
 It entitles the citizens of India to move the Supreme Court or High Courts for the
enforcement of these rights. The State is forbidden from making any law that may be
in conflict with the Fundamentals Rights.
 The Supreme Court and High Courts can issue five types of writs. According to
B R Ambedkar, Article 32 is the heart and soul of the Indian Constitution.
 Habeaus Corpus (To have the body of):- It is an order issued by the court to a
person who has detained another person, to produce the body of the latter before it.
Hence this is against arbitrary detention. This can be issued to a private person or
public authorities.
 Mandamus (To Command):- Issued to a public official asking him to perform his
official duties that he has failed or refused to perform. (This cannot be issued against
President or Governor or CJ of a HC or against any private person).
 Prohibition (to forbid):- Issued by a higher court to a lower court or tribunal to
prevent the latter from exceeding its jurisdiction or usurping a jurisdiction that it
does not possess.
 Certiorari (To be certified or to be informed):- Issued by a higher court to a lower
court or tribunal either to transfer case pending with the latter to it or to quash the
order of the latter in a case.
 Quo-warranto (By what Authority):- It is issued by a court to enquire into the
legality of claim of a person to a public office.
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Article 33:- The Parliament is empowered to abrogate the fundamental rights of the members of
armed forces, Para-military forces, police forces, intelligence agencies and other related agencies.
Note:- The law made by the Parliament under Article 33 cannot be challenged in the court of law
Article 34:- This provides for the restriction of the fundamental rights while martial law is in force in
any area within the territory of the country.
Article 35:- The power to makes laws to give effect to certain specified fundamental rights shall vest
only in Parliament and not in the state legislature.
 The Parliament can empower the lower courts (Other than Supreme Court and High
Courts) to issue directions, orders, and writs of all kinds for the enforcement of the
fundamental rights.
MISCELLANEOUS
 The concept of Martial Law has been borrowed from the English Common Law. The
expression ―Martial law is not defined in the Constitution. The literal meaning is
military rule.
 Martial law is imposed to restore the breakdown of law and order due to any reason.
 The term “Untouchability” is not defined in the constitution.
 The writs were borrowed from English law and they are known as prerogative
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Directive Principles of State Policy
 The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) has been taken from the Irish
constitution and enumerated in Part IV of the Indian Constitution. The concept
behind the DPSP is to create a ‘Welfare State’.
 DPSP are defined as some basic principles or instructions or guidelines for the
government while formulating laws/policies of the country and in executing them.
According to Dr B R Ambedkar, these principles are ‘novel features’ of the Constitution. DPSP acts
as a guideline for the state and should be taken into consideration while coming up with some new
policy or any law. But no one can compel the State to consider and follow all that which is mentioned
in DPSP, as DPSP are non justiciable in nature.
 Part IV of the Indian Constitution consists of all the DPSP (Directive Principles of State
Policy). It covers the Articles from 36 to 51.
 Article 36 of Part IV defines the term “State” as the one, who has to keep in mind all
the DPSP before formulating any policy or law for the country. The definition of
“State” in the part IV will be the same as that of Part III.
 In Article 37 the nature of DPSP has been defined. DPSPs are non-justiciable.
 Article 38 to 51 contains all the different DPSP’s.
The source of the concept of DPSP is the Spanish Constitution from which it came in the Irish
Constitution. The makers of the Indian Constitution were very much influenced by the Irish
nationalist movement and borrowed this concept of DPSP from the Irish Constitution in 1937.
According to some scholars, DPSP is ‘the kernel of the Indian Constitution’.
 Article 36:- Article Definition of State.
The definition of “the State” is the same as it is given in Part III which covers Fundamental Rights.
Article 37:- It mentions the two important characteristics of DPSP, and they are:
o They are not enforceable in any court of Law.

o And they are very basic and essential for the governance of the country.
The DPSP are classified into three categories:-

 Socialist principles:-These principles follow the ideology of “Socialism”.
 The articles in DPSP which follows the socialist principles are – Article 38, Article 39,
Article 39 A, Article 41, Article 42, Article 43, Article 43 A and Article 47.
Article 38:- Article 38 talks about Social, Political and Economic Justice. It directs that the State
should secure a social order which provides social, political and economic justice to all its citizens.
Article 38(2):- says that state shall reduce the inequalities faced by the people on the grounds like
income, status, facilities, opportunities, etc.
Article 39:- Article 39 mentions all the Principles of policy which must be followed by the State.
The State shall make its policies towards securing the following objectives—
 All the men, women and citizens should have the right to an adequate means of
livelihood.
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 The ownership and control of the people over any material resources under the
community should be distributed as it is for the common good of the public;
 Equal pay for equal work.
 The health and strength possessed by any worker, men and women, and the tender
age of children should not be abused and the citizens should not be forced to enter
and indulge into any occupation or profession which is not suitable for their age or
strength.
 Children must be given enough opportunities and facilities so that they develop in a
healthy manner and in such conditions where their freedom and dignity, including
the fact that their childhood and youth remain protected, against any form of
exploitation and against any sort of moral and material abandonment.
Article 39A:- Article 39A talks about Free Legal aid.

Article 41:- Article 41 talks about Welfare Government or welfare state.
Article 42:- It talks about securing just and humane work and maternity relief.
Article 43:- It talks about fair wages and a decent standard of life.
Article 47:- Talks about Nutrition, Standard of living and public health.
 It says that the State shall look into the matter of raising the level of nutrition and the
standard of living of its people and it is the duty of the State to keep a check on the
improvement of public health.
 The State shall also endeavor to prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and
drugs which are injurious for health, except for medicinal purposes.
 There are many social development programmes such as National Health Mission,
Mid Day Meal Scheme, etc. which target the marginalized sections of the society i.e.
women, children, weaker sections etc. are inspired by this DPSP.
 Gandhian Principles:- These principles reflect the programme and ideology

propagated by Gandhi throughout the national movement. In order to fulfil his
dreams, some of his concepts have been included in the form of DPSP.
 They direct the State through these articles – Article 40, Article 43, Article 43 B,
Article 46, Article 47 and Article 48.
Article 40:- It deals with the Organization of Panchayats.
Article 43:- It talks about promotion of cottage industries on an individual or cooperative basis in
rural and remote areas of the country.
Article 43B:- It deals with the promotion of cooperative societies.
 It was inserted by the 97th amendment act in 2011. It says that state shall endeavor
to promote the management of the co-operative societies to help the people who are
engaged in the same.
Article 46:- Article 46 deals with the Protection of SCs, STs, and weaker sections from exploitation.
Article 47:- It prohibits the use of intoxicating drinks
Article 48:- Prohibiting the slaughter of cows and other cattle.
Liberal-intellectual Principles:- These principles follow the ‘Liberalism ideology”. The articles
which follow this approach in DPSP are – Article 44, Article 45, Article 48, Article 48 A, Article 49,
Article 50 and Article 51.
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Article 44:- Article 44 talks about the Uniform Civil Code.
There should be a provision for the citizens to secure a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory
of India in order to simplify things and reduce ambiguity in the laws which makes it more complex
than it actually is.
Article 45:- It contains the Provision for free and compulsory education for the children in the
country.
The State shall make laws to provide free and compulsory education for the children until they are
14 years old within a period of 10 years from the date of commencement of this provision in the
Constitution. This provision was incorporated by the virtue of the 86th Amendment, 2002 in the
Constitution of India.
Article 48:- It talks about Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry. The state shall
endeavour to organise agriculture and animal husbandry using modern and scientific technology
which is prevalent in the present times and also take steps for preserving and improving the existing
breeds and prohibiting the slaughter of cows and other cattle in the country for the development of
agricultural related practices.
Article 48A:- It talks about the Environment and Wildlife Protection.
Article 49:- It talks about Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
Article 50:- It talks about Separation of Judiciary from the Executive.
Article 51:- Article 51 talks about Promotion of international peace and security.
Amendments related to DPSP
 42nd Amendment:-Four Directive Principles which were added by the 42nd

amendment are those included in Articles 39, 39A, 43A and 48A.
 44th Amendment:-The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 added Article 38(2) in the
DPSP.
 86th Amendment:- The 86th Amendment changed the subject of Article 45 in the
DPSP and brought it within the ambit of the fundamental rights mentioned in Part III
as Article 21-A .
 97th Amendment:-The 97th Amendment act of 2011 inserted Article 43-B in the list
of DPSP.
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Constitutionalisation of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs)
73rd Amendment Act, 1992
 The Rajiv Gandhi Government introduced the 64th Constitutional Amendment Bill in
the Lok Sabha in July 1989.
 Rajya Sabha dropped the bill.
 In 1989 National Front Govt, under Prime Minister V P Singh, announced that it
would take steps to strength PRIs.
 In June 1990, a two-day conference of the state chief ministers under the
chairmanship of V P Singh was held to discuss the issues relating to the strengthening
of the panchayati raj bodies.
 Congress Government under Prime-Ministership of P V Narasimha Rao, considered
the matter of the constitutionalisation of panchayati raj bodies.
 It drastically modified the proposals in this regard to delete the controversial aspects
and introduced a constitutional amendment bill in the Lok Sabha in September, 1991.
 This bill finally emerged as the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 and came
into force on 24 April, 1993.
73RD AMENDMENT ACT OF 1992
 The 73rd amendment act corresponds to part IX of constitution of India. It is entitled

as “The Panchayats” and consists provision of Articles – 243 to 243O.
 The act has also added the eleventh schedule to the constitution of India. The act has
given a practical shape to article 40 of the constitution. The act gives a constitutional
status to the panchayat raj institutions.
 The state governments are under the constitutional obligation to adopt the new
panchayati raj system in accordance with the provision of the act. Neither the
formation of the panchayats nor the holding of elections at regular intervals depends
on the will of the state government.
Salient Features of the Act
 Three Tiers of Panchayati Raj:- Part IX provides for a 3 tier Panchayat system,
which would be constituted in every state at the village level, intermediate level and
district level. This provision brought the uniformity in the Panchayati Raj structure in
India.
 However, the states which were having population below 20 Lakh were given an
option to not have the intermediate level.
 All the members of these three levels are elected. Further, the chairperson of
panchayats at the intermediate and district levels are indirectly elected from amongst
the elected members.
 But at the village level, the election of chairperson of Panchayat (Sarpanch) may be
direct or indirect as provided by the state in its own Panchayati Raj Act.
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 Reservation in Panchayats:-There is a provision of reservation of seats for SCs and
STs at every level of Panchayat. The seats are to be reserved for SCs and STs in
proportion to their population at each level.
 Out of the Reserved Seats, 1/3rd have to be reserved for the women of the SC and ST.
Out of the total number of seats to be filled by the direct elections, 1/3rd have to be
reserved for women. There has been an amendment bill pending that seeks to
increase reservation for women to 50%.
 Duration of Panchayats:- A clear term of 5 years has been provided for the
Panchayats and elections must take place before the expiry of the term.
 However, the Panchayat may be dissolved earlier on specific grounds in accordance
with the state legislations. In that case the elections must take place before expiry of 6
months of the dissolution.
 Disqualification of Members:- Article 243F makes provisions for disqualifications
from the membership of panchayats.
 As per this article, any person who is qualified to become an MLA is qualified to
become a member of the Panchayat, but for Panchayat the minimum age prescribed
is 21 years. Further, the disqualification criteria are to be decided by the state
legislature by law.
 Finance Commission:- State Government needs to appoint a finance commission
every five years, which shall review the financial position of the Panchayats and to
make recommendation on the following:-
1. The Distribution of the taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc. levied by the state
which is to be divided between the Panchayats.
2. Allocation of proceeds between various tiers.
3. Taxes, tolls, fees assigned to Panchayats.
4. Grant in aids.
 Audit of Accounts:- State Government can make provisions for audit of accounts of
the Panchayats.
 Elections:- Article 243K enshrines the provisions with respect to elections of the
Panchayats. This article provides for constitution of a State Election Commission in
respect of the Panchayats.
 This State Election Commission would have the power to supervise, direct and
control the elections to the Panchayats and also prepare the electoral rolls.
 The article maintains the independence of the election commission by making
provisions that the election commissioner of this commission would be removed only
by manner and on same grounds as a Judge of the High Court.
 The election commissioner is to be appointed by the Governor. The terms and
conditions of the office of the Election commissioners have also to be decided by the
Governor
 If there is a dispute in the Panchayat elections, the Courts have NO jurisdiction over
them. This means that the Panchayat election can be questioned only in the form of an
election petition presented to an authority which the State legislature by law can
prescribe.
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 Applications to Union Territories:- Provisions of Panchayats shall be applicable to
the UTs in same way as in case of the states but the President by a public notification
may make any modifications in the applications of any part.
 Exempted areas and states:- The provisions of part IX are not applicable to the
following:
1. Entire states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram;
2. Hill areas in the State of Manipur for which District Councils;
3. Further, the district level provisions shall not apply to the hill
areas of the District of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal
which affect the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council.
4. The reservation provisions are not applicable to Arunachal
Pradesh.
 Bar on Interference by Courts:- Article 243 O bars the courts to interfere in the
Panchayat matters. The validity of any law relating to the delimitation of
constituencies or the allotment of seats to such constituencies cannot be questioned
in a court.
 No election to any Panchayat is to be questioned except by an election petition
presented to such authority and in such manner as provided by the state legislature.
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Important Tourist Destinations of J&K
 Popularly known as the "Paradise on Earth", Jammu and Kashmir is world famous for
its scenic splendour, snow-capped mountains, plentiful wildlife, exquisite
monuments, hospitable people and local handicrafts.
 The state is surrounded by the Himalayan, Pir Panjal and Karakoram mountain
ranges. Jammu and Kashmir is dotted with the most beautiful mountain peaks,
massive glaciers, splendid monasteries, blue lakes, rivers, forests, meadows and tall
pine trees.
 NISHAT GARDEN:- Asif Khan , brother-in-law of Jahangir, laid the foundation of this
garden in 1633 A.D.
 Nishat Bagh means garden of joy. It is the second largest Mughal garden in Kashmir.
Built on the eastern side of the Dal Lake and has 12 terraces. {now only 9 terraces} .
 Each of its terraces represents one Zodaic sign. Known for Chinar trees, imported
from Persia by Mughals.
 Shalimar Garden:- This garden was built by Jahangir in 1619 A.D. for his beloved
wife Nur jahan. Largest mughal garden in J and K.
 It is also known as Farah Baksh and Faiz Baksh. It is a 4 terraced garden . The
fourth terrace is very beautiful and was once reserved for royal ladies. The word
Shalimar means ‘’Abode or Hall of Love’’. It gets its supply of water from Harwan.
 Chashma Shahi:- Shah Jahan laid the foundation of this garden in 1632 A. D. It
literally means ‘’Royal Spring’’. All the above three gardens are in the foot of
Zabarwan Hills near Raj Bhawan [Governors office].
 This garden was actually built by Ali Mardan Khan, a governor of Mughal Emperor
Shah Jahan to gift his elder son Dara Shikoh.
 Sonamarg:- Located at the banks of river Sindh about 2800m above sea level. Also
known as Golden Meadow and Gateway of Ladakh. It receives highest rainfall in
J&K.
 In its vicinity lie the great Himalayan glaciers viz, Kolhoi glacier and Machoi glacier
and the thajiuwas glacier. It lies 87 kms North- East from Srinagar and NH1D passes
through it.
 Gadsar and Satsar lakes are on its periphery and it lies in Ganderbal District.
 Gulmarg:- Also know as ‘’Meadow of flowers’’, Gulmarg lies about 57 kms towards
north- west from Srinagar and at altitude of 2730 m above sea level in district
Baramulla.
 Known for its highest golf course (2650m) in the world and its winter games like
skiing. Originally known as Gaurimarg and renamed as Gulmarg by Sultan Yousuf
Shah Chak.
 Also known as ‘’Jewel of Paradise on earth’’.
 Lies within the Pir Panjal Rnge of Himalayas. Skiing and other winter sports in
Gulmarg are carried out on the slopes of Apharwat peak.
 Skiing ckub was established here in 1927. The Poma Ski-Gondola designed by
Polamgalski of France is from Gulmarg to Apharwat. It is Asias only Heli-Skiing resort
introduced by Sylran Sudan.
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 Pahalgam:-Located on the banks of river Lider, 45 km away from Anantnag. It lies at
an elevation of 2740 m above sea level and serves as a base camp of Amarnath Yatra.
 Also called village of Shepherds. Famous for Golf course, the place is an
angler’s delight.
 Verinag:-Original source of river Jehlum and is about 26 km away from Anantnag. A

major tourist attraction of this place is Verinag spring, after which this place is
named.
 There is an octagonal structure at Verinag spring which was built by Mughal Emperor
Jahangir in 1620 A. D. Later, a beautiful garden next to this spring was laid out by his
son Shah Jahan.
 Officially recognised by Archeological survey of India as a monument of National
Importance.
 Kokernag:- Located in ‘’Breng valley’’ , called “Golden crown of Kashmir’’ . The

real name of Kokernag is Bindoo Zalangam as recorded in revenue records. It is
situated at a distance of about 17 km from Anantnag.
 Largest fresh water spring in Kashmir.
 Daksum:- Located on the banks of river Bringi in the Green Forests of J and at
Anantnag-Sintham-Kishtiwar road [NH-1B] above an altitude of 2438m.
 Noori Chamb:-It is a beautiful waterfall in Poonch located at a distance of 45 km

from Poonch district headquarters.
 Named after Mughal Queen Noor Jahan, it is believed that the Queen used to bath in
drizzling water during her visit to the state.
 Situated between Behramgala and Chandimarh on Mughal Road. Kishtiwar is
known for mining or precious stones’’. It is 5 km from Patni Top.
 Ranbir Canal:- Situated 2 km away from Jammu , Ranbir canal is a famous tourist
spot. Completed in 1905, the main canal is 60 km long. The canal passes through four
taluks of Jammu dostrict viz., jammu R. S. Pura, Bishnah and Samba and was re-
modelled during 1968-75.
 Aharbal Waterfalls:- A hill station in the south western part of Kashmir valley . Lies
in the Kulgam district at an elevation of 2266 m.
 Located on Vaishav river, a tributary of Jehlum river. It lies 18 km south of the town
of Shopian and 28 km west of Kulgam. Aharbal is known for its waterfalls, falling
noisily from a height of 25 meters.
 Aharbal falls are also called as Niagara falls of Kashmir, owing to the volume water
that falls, According to a report, the water volume would be enough to generate 100
mw of hydro-electricity. Aharbal waterfall is the largest in J and K.
 Shikar Gah:- About 3 kms from Tral, this place was visited by Maharaja Hari Singh
for game purposes.
 Akhnoor:- It is an archaeological site and Municipal committee in Jammu District. It

is located at a distance of 28 km from Jammu in the foot hills of the Himalayas. The
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place is believed to be the ancient city of Virat Nagar, mentioned in Mahabharata.
Excavations by the ASI have estd. the fact that Akhnoor was one of the last bastion of
the Harrappan civilisation.
 A tale goes that the town was named Akhnoor by Jahangir. Akhnoor is located on the
bank of river Chenab. The town is associated with Soni Mahiwal.
 Patnitop:- A hill tourist location in the Udhampur district in J and K on NH-1A (Now
NH44)situated on the Shiwalik belt of the Himalaya.
 Origin of the name is a distortion of the original name of ‘’Patan Da Talab’’ meaning
‘’Pond of Princess’’.
 Tulip Garden:- Indira Gandhi Tulip Garden, commonly known as Siraj Bagh in
Srinagar, Kashmir is the Asia’s largest Tulip Garden.
 Situated on the foot hills of Zabarwan range, it was previously a model Floricultural
centre.
 It is spread over an area of 30 hectares. It is a 7 terraced garden opened in 2007 by
the then CM. Gh. Nabi Azad.
 The garden is laid open during the month of April every year for tourists.
 Yusmarg Budgam:- It is an open vale in Pir Panjal and Nilnag can be visited from
here. Yusmarg in Kashmiri means the ‘’Meadow of Jesus’’ situated at the Bank of
Doodganga river, a tributary of Jhelum.
 Achabal:- It was laid by Nur Jahan and was later extended by Jahanara Begum,
daughter of Shah Jahan. The Grden is famous due to an ancient spring.
 The upper portion of the garden is popularly known as Bag-e- Begum Abad, was
developed by Noor Jahan in 1620, later became renowned as Sahib Abad
 Bahu Fort:- The Bahu Fort is a historic fort in the city of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir.
Constructed on the banks on Tawi River, the ancient fort is believed to be
constructed by Raja Bahulochan around 3,000 years ago.
 It is believed that the first renovation of this fort was undertaken by Maharaja Ranjit
Singh during Sikh Rule in 18th century. The fort is a religious place, and within its
premises has a temple dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali. The temple is known
locally as the "Bawe Wali Mata temple".
 A popular Hindu festival known as "Bahu Mela" is held during the Navaratras in the
fort area, twice a year, during March-April and September-October.
 The forest area that surrounds the fort has been developed into a well laid out park
called the "Bagh-e-Bahu", from where a commanding view of the city of Jammu could
be seen. The garden attracts a large number of visitors.
 The fort, the temple, and the Bagh-e-Bahu garden are located 5 kilometres from the
Jammu city centre.
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Sustainable Development Goals
 Sustainable development is defined as the development that meets the needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
 This most widely accepted definition of Sustainable Development was given by

the Brundtland Commission in its report Our Common Future (1987).
 The Sustainable Development Goals are a set of seventeen targets that all the
countries which are members of the UN agreed to work upon for the better future of
the planet.
 The documentary screened at the Rio conference – “Future We Want” presented the
idea of a post-2015 development agenda. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an
intergovernmental agreement formulated to act as post-2015 Development agenda,
its predecessor being Millennium Development Goals.
 It is a group of 17 goals as proposed by the United Nation General Assembly to be
achieved by 2030. Post negotiations, agenda titled “Transforming Our World: the
2030 agenda for Sustainable Development” was adopted at the United Nations
Sustainable Development Summit. SDGs is the outcome of the Rio conference (2012)
held in Rio De Janerio (Brazil).
 The 17 goals under the Sustainable Development Goals are as mentioned below:
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere;
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture.
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all stages;
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all;
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls;
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all;
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all;
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all;
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and
foster innovation;
10. Reduce inequalities within and among countries;
11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable;
12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production pattern;
13. Take urgent actions to combat climate change and its impact;
14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources;
15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably
managed forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss;
16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels;
17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for
sustainable development
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Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in India
Following steps have been taken to implement the SDGs in India
1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is being

implemented to provide jobs to unskilled labourers and improve their living standards.
2. National Food Security Act has been enforced in 2013 to provide subsidized food grains.
3. The government of India aims to make India open defecation free by the year 2019 under
its flagship programme Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
4. Renewable energy generation targets have been set at 175 GW by 2022 to exploit solar
energy, wind energy and other such renewable sources of energy efficiency and reduce the
dependence on fossil fuels.
5. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Heritage City
Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) schemes have been launched for
improving the infrastructure aspects.
6. India has expressed its intent to combat climate change by ratifying the Paris Agreement
(2016).
Millennium Development Goals
 The United Nations in September 2000 made all its members follow a Millennium
Development goal that had a series of eight time-bound targets that were supposed to
be attained within a time period of fifteen years. The eight targets under the
Millennium Development Goal are as mentioned below:
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
2. To achieve universal primary education;
3. To promote gender equality and empower women;
4. To reduce child mortality;
5. To improve maternal health;
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases;
7. To ensure environmental sustainability; and
8. To develop a global partnership for development
 In 2015, a final report was handed over to the UN, stating the positive impact of the
Millennium Development goal based on the eight.
 Once the 15-year target of MDG was attained, the responsibility for the development
was put on the 17 targets based Sustainable Development Goal.
21
Role of Agriculture in Economic
Development
The Indian economy was an agro-based economy on the eve of independence. 75% of the Indian
population was earning a livelihood from agriculture. Despite being a primary source of income for a
major population, this sector faced decline under British rule.
1. Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (or National Income):-

 In 1950-51 agriculture contributed about 55% of India’s GDP. However, the
percentage gradually dropped down to 19.4% in 2007-08. In other countries, the
percentage contribution of agriculture in national income is much lower.
 In most developed countries of the world—like the UK, and the USA, Canada, Japan
and Australia— it is below 5%.
 Presently, agriculture contributes about 16.5% to the GDP of the country.
2. Employment Generation:
Most people in India derive their livelihood from agriculture. Agriculture is still the most dominant
sector in as much a high proportion of working population continues to depend on agriculture.
 In India, the percentage of working population depending on agriculture was 69.7%
as per 1961 and 1971 censuses. The percentage has remained more or less
unchanged since then.
 In 2019, 42.39 percent of the workforce in India was employed in agriculture, while
the other half was almost evenly distributed among the two other sectors, industry
and services.
3. Contribution to Industrial Development:

In India, agriculture has all along been the major supplier of raw materials to the basic industries like
jute and cotton textiles, sugar etc.
 Additionally, some industries depend on agriculture indirectly such as small-scale
and cottage industries like handloom weaving, oil crushing, rice husking, and so on.
 Such agro-based industries— which depend on agriculture for their raw materials—
together account for half of the income generated in India’s secondary
(manufacturing) sector.
.
4. Contribution to Foreign Trade:
Agriculture has also played a very important role in India’s external trade. Three major items of
India’s traditional exports viz. tea, jute and cotton textiles are agro-based. Other items include sugar,
oilseeds, tobacco, and spices.
 According to Economic Survey of India 2019, India has remained consistently a net
exporter of agri-products, touching Rs 2.7 lakh crore exports and imports at Rs 1.37
lakh crore in 2018-19,” the survey said.
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 In addition, manufactures with high agricultural output (such as jute goods, clothing
and sugar) accounted for another 20%. This export contribution of agriculture is of
considerable significance in as much as agricultural exports enable the country to pay
for its maintenance and development, imports of raw materials and capital goods
(such as machinery and transport equipment).
6. Source of Govt. Revenue:

In fact, finances of the Government, especially State Governments, largely depend on agricultural
prosperity. Agriculture is a State subject and agricultural taxation is a source of revenue of the State
Governments.
Additional Information
First Five Year Plan 1951-56
 The first five year plan was presented in the parliament by Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru in December 1951.This plan promoted the idea of self reliant
closed economy.
 In this plan, highest priority was given to the Agriculture, Irrigation & Power
Projects. The plan was success due to favourable monsoons and relatively higher crop
yields.
 The target growth rate was 2.1% annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth; the
achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%.
Green Revolution
 The term green revolution was first used by William Gaud and Norman Borlaug is
the Father of the Green Revolution.
 In the year 1965, the government of India launched the Green Revolution with the
help of a geneticist, now known as the father of the Green revolution (India) M.S.
Swaminathan.
 The movement of green revolution was a great success and changed the country’s
status from a food-deficient economy to one of the world’s leading agricultural
nations. It started in 1967 and lasted till 1978.
 The Green Revolution within India led to an increase in agricultural production,
especially in Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh.
 The method of green revolution focused on three basic elements, that are:
1. Using seeds with improved genetics (High Yielding Variety seeds).

2. Double cropping in the existing farmland and,
3. The continuing expansion of farming areas
23
Role of Industries in Economic
Development
 Traditionally, India had six major industries. These were Iron and Steel, Textiles,
Jute, Sugar, Cement, and Paper. Further, four new industries joined this list namely,
Petrochemical, Automobile, Information Technology (IT), and Banking & Insurance.
 These industries are important for India’s economy. Therefore, understanding the
growth of these industries can offer a good insight into the relationship between their
growth and government policies.
Role of Major Industries in Indian Economic Development
 Iron and Steel Industry:- This industry took birth in India in 1870 when Bengal
Iron Works Company established its plant in West Bengal.
 In 1974, The Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was established and made
responsible for the development of the steel industry in the country. Indian ranked at
the 4th position in the production of crude steel (85 million tonnes) in the world
during 2014 after China, Japan and US.
 Iron and Steel industry is one of the most important industries considering total
investments. These are typically public sector plants. Further, the industry offers
direct employment to around 2.5 lakh workers.
 According to the World Steel Association, India is one of the world’s top 10 producers
of steel. However, despite the importance of this industry, we import large quantities
of steel every year.
 Cotton and Textile Industry:- It is the largest industry in India in terms of output.
 It accounts for around 20 percent of the industrial output and also provides
employment to over 20 million individuals. Further, it contributes around 33
percent of the total export earnings.
 The first modern cotton mill was established at Kolkata in 1818.
 Textile industry is labour intensive industry. It provides employment to 45 million
peoples. It has major presence in unorganized sector in India.
 Coal Industry:- Credit to discover coal in India is given to two English men ‘Sambhar
and Hatley’. They started mining coal in Raniganj district of west Bengal in 1814.
 Coal accounts for 67% of the country’s commercial requirements. As on 2014-15
Indian coal production was 486 million tones and import was 138 million tones. India
makes 58% electricity from coal.
 Fertilizer Industry:- India today is the 3rd largest producer of nitrogenous
fertilizers in the world only behind china and USA. India is meeting 80% of its urea
requirement through indigenous production but is largely import dependent for
meeting the phosphorous and potassium requirement.
 Jute Industry:- The jute industry has the capacity to earn foreign exchange. India
accounts for around 30 percent of the world’s jute output. Further, the jute industry
provides direct employment to nearly 2.5 lakh individuals.
24
 Also, nearly 40 lakh families derive their living from jute cultivation the industry has
now started using high-speed machines and broadlooms to make carpet backing.
Exports have also grown in recent years.
 Sugar Industr:- This industry is the second largest industry after the textile & cotton
based on the agriculture. As on 2014, there were 680 installed sugar factories in the
country as against 138 in 1951-52.
 India is the largest consumer of sugar and second largest producer of sugar with a
share of 15% of the world count. Total production of sugar was around 28 million
tonnes in 2015-16 in the country.
 It employs nearly 3.25 lakh workers and creates indirect employment for around 45
million farmers of sugarcane, agencies of distributive trade, and also subsidiary
industries.
 Cement Industry:- The cement industry employs over 2 lakh individuals. India is
one of the largest cement manufacturing countries in the world too.
 The production of cement was started in 1904 at Madras but the foundation of
stable Indian cement industry was laid in 1914 when Indian Cement Company
limited started production in Gujarat.
 A total of 210 large cement plants account for a combined installed capacity of 410
MT in the country, whereas, 350 mini cement plants make up for the rest
 Paper Industry:-During the period of planned development, India’s paper industry
grew at a rapid pace with the forests providing abundant raw materials for its
working. In 2009-10, India produced around 49.6 lakh tonnes of paper.
 However, the industry lacks modernization today. Also, the prices that the
Government has fixed for various types of paper is unrealistic and does not provide
reasonable returns on capital.
 Petrochemical Industry:- In the late seventies, the Government set up Indian
Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL) at Baroda which offered a good thrust
to the petrochemical industry.
 Further, the discovery of crude oil and natural gas in the offshore region along the
western coast of India added a new dimension to the possibility of expansion of
petrochemicals.
 Automobile Industry:- As the economy liberalized, the automobile industry
experienced tremendous growth.
 Automobile industry was de-licensed in 1991 after the implementation of new
economic policy. However the passenger car was de-licensed in 1993.
 At present 100% FDI is permitted in this sector under the automatic route. This
industry given employment to 13 million peoples roughly and gives 6% to the GDP
of India.
 Banking and Insurance Industry:- In 1969, the Government of India issued an
ordinance and nationalized 14 largest commercial banks which contained 85
percent of the deposits in the country.
 According to the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India, the Center alone can
legislate insurance. While there are many private companies who solicit insurance
including foreign direct investment of up to 26 percent, the largest life insurance
company in India is Government-owned.
25
 In 2009-10, the Insurance industry was worth $41 billion in India. However, very
few people are covered under mediclaim.
Centrally Sponsored Schemes

in J&K
 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana:- The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana

(English: Universal Rural Employment Programme) was a scheme launched by
the Government of India to gain the objective of providing gainful employment for
the rural poor.
 It is also known as Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS). From 21 February 2003,
EAS became an allocation-based scheme. The programme was implemented through
the Panchayati Raj institutions.
 The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana was launched on 25 September 2001 by
merging the provisions of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar
Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY). The programme is self-targeting in nature and aims
to provide employment and food to people in rural areas who lived below the poverty
line.
 Announced by Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 15 August, 2001.
 Indira Awas Yojana:- Indira Awaas Yojana is a social welfare flagship programme,
created by the Indian Government, to provide housing for the rural poor in India.
 This scheme was launched by Rajiv Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India at that time.
It was one of the major flagship programs of the Rural Development Ministry to
construct houses for BPL population in the villages. The houses are allotted in the
name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife.
 Started in 1985 as part of the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
(RLEGP), Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) was subsumed in Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY)
in 1989 and has been operating as an independent scheme since 1996. From 1995–
96 the scheme has been further extended to widows or next-of-kin of defence
personnel killed in action, ex-servicemen and retired members of the paramilitary
forces who wish to live in rural areas as long as they meet basic eligibility criteria.
 Since 1985, 25.2 million houses have been constructed under the scheme.
 Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan:- The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (meaning self-
reliant India scheme) was announced in four tranches by the Union Finance
Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in May 2020.
 The economic stimulus relief package announced by the government is touted to be
worth Rs.20 Lakh crores for the poor to overcome difficulties caused by the
coronavirus pandemic and the lockdown imposed to check its spread.
 5 Important Facts about Atmanirbhar Bharat Scheme:-
 The Prime Minister announced that an Atmanirbhar Bharat or a self-reliant India
should stand on the following five pillars:
26
 Economy
 Infrastructure
 21st century technology driven arrangements and system
 Demand
 Vibrant Demography
 Make in India:- Make in India is a Government of India scheme launched by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi in 2014 intended to boost the domestic manufacturing
sector and also augment investment into the country.
 Focusses on 25 sectors.
 Launched under the Ministry of Industry and commerce.
 There are several targets aimed by the Make in India mission. They are:
1. Rise in manufacturing sector growth to 12-14% per year.
2. Create 100 million additional jobs in the manufacturing sector by 2022.
3. Increase in the manufacturing sector’s share in the GDP to 25% by 2022.
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan:- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is one of the most popular and
significant missions in the History of India. This campaign was introduced by the
Prime Minister, Narendra Modi and was launched on 2nd October 2014 to honor
Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of a Clean country.
 Initially, this Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign was run on a national level in all the
towns, rural and urban areas.
 The major objective of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to spread the awareness of
cleanliness and the importance of it.
 The action plan for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to triple the facility of sanitation by
2019. The major change to be implemented is in the Making of an Open Defecation
Free (ODF) India.
Action Plan Highlights:
 Improve the growth percentage of toilets from 3% to 10% by 2019

 Involvement of school children in the activities for spreading awareness on Water, Sanitation
and Hygiene.
 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana:- Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) was
launched by Narendra Modi on 28th August 2014. It is a national mission with an
aim to provide access to various financial services including Remittance, Credit,
Insurance, Pension, Banking Savings & Deposit Accounts in an affordable manner.
 Prime Minister Narendra Modi first announced this scheme during his Independence
Day speech on 15th August 2014.
 Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao:- This scheme was launched by PM Narendra Modi on 22
January 2015 which is run jointly by the Ministry of Women and Child Development,
the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Human Resource
Development.
 Initially, this scheme was launched with funding of ₹100 crores and targeted mainly
to the clusters in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Bihar and Delhi.
 A National Executive Committee has been formed by the Bharatiya Janata Party to
promote Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) across the country. The National Executive
Committee is responsible for organising several programs to promote “Save Girl
Child” and “to Educate Girl Child” since January 2015.
27
 Dr. Rajendra Phadke is the National Convener of BBBP Abhiyan.
Objectives of Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana
 To prevent gender-biased sex selective elimination.

 To ensure the protection and survival of the girl child.
 Ensuring education and participation of the girl child.
 Ujala Scheme:- The full form of UJALA is Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All.
UJALA scheme was launched by PM Narendra Modi on 1st May 2015. The Ujala
Scheme was established by replacing the Bachat Lamp Yojana as a joint initiative of
Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India, Energy Efficiency Services
Limited (EESL) under the Union Ministry of Power and the Electricity Distribution
Company.
 Objectives of UJALA Scheme:- The UJALA scheme also known as the LED-based
Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP) aims to promote the efficient usage of
energy for all i.e., its consumption, savings and lighting.
 This scheme is considered as the world’s largest program. According to the UJALA
scheme, LED bulbs would be distributed by the Electricity Distribution Company at
subsidized rates to every grid-connected customer with a metered connection.
28
Panchayati Raj Act, J&K (1989)
 Jammu And Kashmir Panchayat Raj Act 11th July, 1989.
 It was passed on 11th July, 1989 and rules were laid down in 1996.
 Further the JKPRA, 1989 was amended on 23rd April, 2011 in Jammu.
 Its three tiers are:-
1) Halqa Panchayat:- Halqa means the area comprising a village or such contiguous
number of villages as may be determined by the government from time to time.
 There shall be a Halqa Panchayat for every Halqa.
 Every Halqa Panchayat shall have Halqa Majlis comprising of all the persons whose
names are included in the electoral roll for such Halqa Panchayat.
 Every Halqa Panchayat shall consist of Panches not less than 7 and not more than 11
including the Sarpanch.
 They shall be elected directly.
 The Sarpanch, the Naib- Sarpanch and every Panch of Halqa Panchayats shall hold the
office for 5 years from the date of its constitution.
 Every Halqa Panchayat shall hold its meeting at least once in a month.
2) Block Development Council:-Block Development Council shall consist of Chairman and
all Sarpanches of Halqa Panchayats falling within the Block.
 If the women or scheduled caste or any other class are not represented in the Block
Development Council, the prescribed authority can nominate not more than two
persons as members.
 Every Block Development Council shall have a Chairman, Vice-Chairman and
Secretary.
 The term of office of the Chairman of the Block Development shall be 5 years from the
date of his election.
 Every Block Development Council shall hold at least one meeting in a month.
 District Planning And Development Board:- Each district shall have District
Planning and Development Board and shall consist of Chairman of the Block
Development Councils of the district, Member of Parliament representing the area,
Member of the State Legislature representing the area within the district, Chairman of
the team Area committed at the district, President of the Municipal Council.
 The chairman of the Board shall be nominated by the Government from amongst the
members of the District Planning and Development Board.
 The Vice- Chairman shall be elected by the members of the Board from amongst
themselves.
 No Government servant shall be elected as vice- Chairman of the Board.
 The District Development Commissioner shall be Chief Executive of the District
Planning and Development Board.
Panchayati Adalat:- There shall be a Panchayati Adalat for every Halqa.

 The Panchayati Adalat shall comprise of 5 members, who shall be nominated by the
prescribed authority.
 The term for members is five years.
 The members of a Panchayati Adalat shall elect any member from amongst
themselves to be the Chairman of such Panchayati Adalat.
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 Panchayati Adalat shall not be competent to impose any sentence other than a fine
not exceeding 1000 rupees.
Quick Digest:
 Village Panchayat Regulation was promulgated by Maharaja Hari Singh in 1935 and
department was created in 1936.
 Jammu and Kashmir shall take steps to organize village Panchayats as units of self
govt.
Amendments in The J&K Panchayat Raj Act:-
 Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Amendment Act, 2004 provided Conservation in
Panch seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
 The Jammu and Kashmir cabinet, in feb. 2014 approved amendments in the state's
Panchayati Raj Act to incorporate provisions of the 73rd Amendment, which grants
reservation to Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and women in
panchayats.
 The then cabinet also approved the Jammu and Kashmir Ombudsman for
Panchayats Bill, which was introduced in the state legislature.
 The amendments in the Panchayati Raj Act provided for the election of the chairman
and vice-chairman of a district planning and development board by the members of
the board, and election of the chairman of a block development council by sarpanches
and panches of the block.
 The other important provision was for reservation of SC and STs according to their
population in a constituency and 33% for women.
 The amendment also provided for reduction in the age of candidates for contesting
elections for the posts of panches and sarpanches from 25 to 21 years.
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Historical Places in Jammu & Kashmir
 Hazratbal Shrine:- Literal meaning of the word “Hazratbal” is a respected
place.
 Hazratbal is a muslim shrine in Srinigar , Jammu and Kashmir, India. It contains a relic
–the Moie Muqaddas, believed by many muslims as the Hair of Prophet Muhammad
(saw).
 The only domed mosque in Srinagar.
 Sadiq Khan laid out a garden here and constructed a placid building namely Ishrat
Mahal or Pleasure House in 1632 AD.
 The grave of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah is situated in this area.
 Hazratbal mosque is also located in the same place. It is also named as “Assari
Sharif” , “Madeenat us Sani” and “Dargah Sharif”.
 The Hazratbal mosque of Kashmir is a beautiful structure of immaculate white
marble. The Muslim Auqaf trust headed by Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah started the
construction work of this marble structure in 1968 (completed in 1979).
 It was during Aurangzeb’s reign in 1699 that Moie Muqaddas arrived Kashmir from
Medina.
 The Moie Muqaddas was first kept in the Shrine of Naqshbad Sahib in the heart of the
city . Since the place was found to be insufficient in view of the unprecedented rush of
people who thronged the place to have a glimpse of the Moie Muqaddas, it was
decided to shift it to Hazratbal, then known as Sadiqabad.
 Khanqahi Mu’alla:- The shrine of Shahi Hamdan situated on the bank of river
Jhelum in old city.
 It is the first mosque ever built in Srinigar.
 It was constructed by Sultan Sikander in the memory of Mir Syed Ali Hamdani from
1389-1413.
 The Shrine gains a special significance on 6th of Zilhaj (last month of Muslim
calender), the death anniversary of Mir Syed Ali Hamdani.
 The year 1480 saw the shrine being ruined in a devastating fire. Late, the shrine was
re-constructed and restored by the then ruler Sultan Hassan Shah.
 Again in 1493, the shrine was demolished and re-constructed as a two storey
structure.
 A fire again struck the shrine in 1731 AD leading to first its destruction and
renovation by Abdul Barkat Khan.
 Mir Syed Ali Hamdani:- Also known as Ameeri Kabeer, Ali Saani, Shahi
Hamdan etc.
 Born on 12 Rajab 714A.H (1314 AD).
 Visited Kashmir three times :-
1) 774 AH (1374 AD) during the reign of Sultan Shahabuddin and stayed for six months. Came
alongwith 700 followers.
2) 1381 AD, during the reign of Qutubuddin. Stayed for 2 ½ years.
3) 1383 AD , but stayed for a short period because of ill health and returned to Iran.
 Hamdani died in 1784 AD at the age of 73. His body was carried to Khattalam, now
in Tajikistan and was burried there on 25 Jammadul Awwal.
 He wrote 3 books :-
I) Zakhirat-ul-Muluk
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II) Risala-e- Maktubat
III) Ghayat-ul- Makan
 Jamia Masjid:- A mosque in Sgr, J&K. Situated at Nowhatta, in the middle of the
old city.
 It was built by Sultan Sikander ( Shahmir dynasty) in 1400 AD, under the order of
Mir Mohammad Hamdani, son of Mir Syed Ali Hamdani.
 Later, the son of Sultan Sikander – Sultan Zainul Abideen got the mosque extended.
 It has 370 wooden pillars.
 Dogra ruler Pratap Singh enthausiastically encouraged the re-construction of Jamia
Masjid and even offered financial assistance too.
 Its construction is based on Indo-Saracemic architecture.
 Construction was destructed thrice in the years 1479, 1503 and 1674 (Aurangzeb).
 Awantipora Temples:- Built by King Awantivarman (853-888) in
9th
century. The two temples are 1km apart.
 One is a Shiva Awantishwar temple, which is a renovated and in daily use. The larger,
the Awantiswami Temple is now a ruin and is dedicated to Hindu god – Vishnu.
 The Avantiswami temple shows an outward appearance of Greek architecture & is
built by sandstone. In the 18th century some idols were taken to museums in England.
 Awantiwarman belonged to UTPALA dynasty.
 Amarnath:- Amarnath is a holy place of Hindu pilgrimage in the Himalayas lying
about 141 Km (88 miles) from Srinigar.
 Dedicated to lord Shiva.
 The Hindus perform pilgrimage of Amarnath in the month of Sarvana (July- August).
The main purpose of this pilgrimage is to worship the Shiva Lingam.
 The book Rajatarangani refers to this place as Amareshwari or Amarnath.
Pilgrims visit the holy site during the 45 day season around the Shravani Mela in July
– August, coinciding with the Hindu holy month of Shraavana.
 The beginning of the annual pilgrimage called Amarnath Yatra is marked by “pratham
pujan”to invoke the blessings of Shravana.
 Pilgrims have to cross the ‘Mahagunas pass’ on their way to shrine.
 Pari Mahal:- Literally means ‘The fairies abode’.
 It is 2 Km uphill from Chashmashahi and located at the top of Zabarwan mountain
range.
 Constructed by prince Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan and
opened in 1650 AD.
 Seven terraced garden, formerly a Buddhist Monastry.
 Served as a school of astrology which Prince Dara built for his tuitor Mulla Shah.
 Pari Mahal is also known as the worlds beautiful High altitude paramilitary camp.
 It is also known as ‘Quntilon’
 It is said that Pari Mahal is the actual place where Dara Shikoh was killed by his
younger brother Aurangzeb.
 Pari Mahal also served as a library.
 Hari Parbat Fort:- Located on Kooh-e-sulaimani).
 Locally know as Kohi Maaran and among the Hindus as Sharika Peeth.
 Built in 1808-10 by Afghan Governor Atta Mohammad Khan, on Sharika Hill.
 It has the famous Shakti temple on the western slope and shrines of Makhdoom
Sahab and Badakshi on the southern slope.
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 On the southern side of the outer wall, there is a Gurduwara which commemorates
the visit of Guru Har Gobind Singh.
 The first fortifications of the site were constructed by the Mughal Emperor, Akbar in
1590. He built an outer wall for the fort, and planned a new capital Nager Nagor to
be built within the wall.
 The project was never completed. The present fort was built in 1808 under the
reign of Shah Shuja Durrani, an Afghan ruler.
 The place also had a Gurduwara known as Chatti Patshahi.
 Shankar Acharaya Temple:- Located on Zabarwan Hill range.
 Located at 1100ft above sea level on the hill known as Takht-e-Sulaiman.
 It is believed that Raja Gopaditya got the templw constructed in 371 B.C. giving it the
name of Gopadari. The village in its foot is still called Gupkar.
 The great Philospher “Shankar Acharaya” is supposed to have stayed here when he
visited Kashmir to revive Sanatan Dharma.
 The incident led to the renaming of the temple as Shankaracharaya temple. Before
this, it was known as Gopadari.
 Also known as Jyesteshwara or Pas-Pahar temple and is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
 Believed to be the oldest shrine in Kashmir valley.
 Dogra ruler, Gulab Singh constructed stone stairs upto the hill. The temple was
electrified in 1925.
 According to Anand Koul, the temple was constructed by Sandiman who reigned
Kashmir from 2629- 2564 B.C.
 Chrar-e-Shareef:(Budam):- Tomb of Sheikhul Aalam, also known as Nund
Rishi/Alamdari Kashmir/ Sheikh Noorud-Din Noorani/Sarkheli Rishiya etc. (1377-
1440).
 About 600 years old. 28 km from Srinagar.
 The land where the Shrine is located belonged to Sangram Dar, a desciple of Alamdari
Kashmir.
 His ancestors belonged to Kishtwar.
 Contemporary of Sultan Zain-ul-Aabideen, who built the tomb.
 Martand Sun Temple:(Surya Temple)

 The Martand Sun temple is a Kashmiri Hindu temple dedicated to Surya (the chief
solar diety Hinduism).
 Built by the third king of Korkata dynasty Lalitaditya Muktapida in the 8th century.
 Also called Pandu Koru or the house of the Pandavas and Kauravas.
 Some say that it was built by Ramditya in the 5th Century.
 Kheer Bhawani Temple:- A temple dedicated to the goddess Kheer Bhawani
(originally just Bhawani).
 Situated 14 milwa (27km) east to Srinagar near the village of Tulmul (Ganderbal).
 As is the custom with Hindu dieties, she has many names; Maharagya Devi, Ragnya
Devi, Rajni, Ragnya Shajwatie etc.
 An annual festival held in May- June on the occasion of Jesht Ashtami.(26 May 2015).
 Maharaja Pratap Singh got the temple constructed in 1912 and later, Maharaja Hari
Singh undertook the repair and restoration work on the temple.
 The term Kheer refers to rice pudding that is offered in the spring to propitiate the
Goddess, which became part of the name of the temple.
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 Vaishno Devi Temple:-(District Udhampur):- Located in Katra,
Jammu, in the foothills of Trikuta Mountains, on Shiwalik Range.
 Part of Udhampur district and 42 km from jammu and 13 km from Base Camp Katra.
 The holy cave of Vaishno Devi is located at an altitude of 5200ft.
 No statues inside the cave. The cave is 100 ft. long.
 Vaishno Devi is also known as Mata Rani, Trikuta Rani and Vaishnai.
 According to Hindu Mythology, if you want to achieve for objectives of human life viz.,
kaam(contentment), Arth (Material Persuita), Moksh (Enlightenment) and
Dharm(Righteousness), (to be remembered by KAMAD).
 Its reference is found in Vedas ancient Scriptures Vaishno Devi trust gives money to
govt. for salary.
 Imam Bara Budgam:- Imambara, Budgam for the Shi’ate Muslims of the valley.
The building of the Imambara was originally constructed in 1857, under the
superision of Aga Syed Muhammad, on the place where famous Shi’ate leader Aga
Syed Mehdi used to offer prayers.
 Inside of the building was designed by Asgar Ali of Mirgund Budgam.
 The present Octagonal Imambara is Octagonal and has fie entrances, 12ft each in
width. One of the entrances is reserved for women.
 A piece of Indo-Iranian architecture.
 Amar Mahal Museum:- Built in 1890’s by Raja Amar Singh with the help of a
French architect.
 Built as a palace (Amar Mahal palace) and has now been converted into a museum.
 Donated by Dr.Karan Singh to Hari –Tara charitable trust to use as a museum.
 Made of red Sand-stone and has a golden throne weighing 120 kg. The palace was the
last official residence of Dogra rulers.
 Located on right Banks of river Tawi.
 Maharani Tara Devi, wife of Late Maharaja Hari singh, lived in this palace till her
death in 1967.
 Subsequently, her son, Dr. Karan Singh and his wife Mrs. Yasho rajya Lakshmi
converted the palace into a museum to house rare books and works of art.
 The museum was inaugrated by Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India on April 13
1975.
 Bahu Fort:- Located in Jammu city in Jammu and Kashmir.

 Originally built by Raja Bahu Locan some 3000 years ago. There is also a temple
dedicate to Hindu goddess, Kali, the presiding diety of Jammu.
 The temple is locally known as “Bave Kali Mata Temple” which was built in1922,
shortly after the coronation of Maharaja Gulab Singh.
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 Bahu fort is located on left bank of River Tawi. The forest area that sorrounds the fort
has been developed into a well laid out garden called “Baghe Bahu”, 5km from
Jammu city.
 A popular Hindu festival known as “Bahu Mela” is held during the Navaratras in the
fort area, twice a year, during March- April and September-October.
 There is also an aquarium which is largest aquarium in the sub-continent.
 The fort is declared as a heritage site by the Govt. it is considered as the oldest fort in
J and K. Also known as temple of Mahakali/ Matakali.
 Dogra Art Museum:- Dogra art museum Jammu, previously known as the
Dogra art gallery is a museum of Dogra cultural heritage housed in the Pink hall of
the Mubarak Mandi complex Jammu.
 The main attractions of the museum are Pahari miniature paintings from Bhasoli.
 Dogra art museum, jammu is a government museum and the biggest in Jammu region.
One of the three divisions in the north india state of J and K.
 The museum is unit of directorate of Archives, archaelogy and museums, under the
ministry of tourism and culture, j and k.
 The building was erected in commemoration of the visit of the British Monarch
edward vii, when he came to Jammu as the Prince of Wales in 1875.
 In its initial days, it was known as the Ajaib Ghar, an urdu word for “Museum”.
 It was established on 18 April, 1954 and its present director is Nasreen Khan. It was
inaugrated by dr.Rajendra Prasad, the then President of India ib 18 April 1954.
 Master Sansar Chand Baru was appointed its first curator.(Head).
 The museum has a collection of 7216 objects of historical and cultural importance.
The golden painted bow and arrow of Emperor Shah Jahan also exist there.
 Shifted in 1991 to its present location.
 Ragunath Temple:- The Ragunath temple was constructed by Maharaja Gulab

Singh and his son Ranbir Singh between 1822 -1860.
 It is a complex, of seven Hindu shrines, each with its own Shikhara.
 The temple has many gods in its complex of shrines, but the presiding diety is Rama
also called “Raghunatham” an avatar of Vishnu.
 Largest temple in J and K.
 On 24 November, 2002, it was attacked by militants.
 Peer Khoh:- Peer Khoh is a cave shrine, with a naturally formed Shiva
Lingham. It is located on the circular road, 3.5 km away from the main city.
 Legend has it that Jamvant, the bear god, meditated in this cave and is, therefore also
known as jamvant cave/ Jamavant temple.
 Dedicated to Shiva, consists of two caves, with 20 -30 feer depth.
 Ranbireshwar Temple:- A well known Shiva temple in Jammu dedicated to

Shiva, there are 12 Shiva “Lingams” of crystal measuring 12” to 18”.
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 On Shalamar road near new seeretariat built by Ranbir Singh and is largest Shiva
temple in North India.
 About one sixth of the total labour force in the state owes its employment to tourism,
directly or indirectly.
 J and K Tourism Department Corporation (JKTDC) was established on 13 Feb, 1970
as a fully owned company of J and K govt.
 Jammu city is popularly known as “City of Temples”.
 Thanamandi:-Thanamandi is an important place of historical importance where

the Mughals used to stay during their journey from delhi to Kashmir and vice- versa .
 The famous shrine of Shahdara Sharif is 6km from this place.
 Panchbakhtar (five places)Temple:-Adi Shankaracharaya visited this site
and stayed there. The temple was also connected with Amarnath Yatra. Oldest shiva
temple in jammu.
 Purmandal:- Located at a distance of 40km from Jammu, is a temple complex
devoted to Lord Shiva. It is also called “Chota Kashi”.
 Dhandodar Fort:- Dhandodar fort was built by Mughal emperor Jahangir and is
just 2km away from Rajouri.
 Shahdra Sharif:-Shahdra Sharif is the shrine of Baba Ghulam shah located in
the Rajouri district of jammu and Kashmir where Urs is celebrated on 10th Moharram.
 Pathar Masjid:- Pathar Masjid Srinagar was built by Noor Jahan opposite to the
Shahi Hamdan Mosque/Khanqah-e- Maula.
 It was originally built by Sultan Sikendar on the memory of Shahi Hamdan and is
situated on the banks of river Jhelum.
36
Popular Names of Personalities
Sports
 Ishfaq Ahmed : is a retired Indian footballer who is now working as the assistant coach for
the Kerala Blasters in the Indian Super League(The Indian Super League is a football league
in India).
 He also served as an assistant coach with the Jamshedpur FC. Ahmed is one of two
professional footballers, along with Mehrajuddin Wadoo, to come from Jammu and
Kashmir who has represented country.
 He is from Srinagar.
 Tajamul Islam:- A resident of Tarkpora village in Bandipora district, she created history by
winning the gold medal for India in the world Kick Boxing Championship of under-eight
players in Italy in 2016.
 A Class 2 student, Islam represented India in Italy where the World Kick Boxing
Championship, in which 90 countries participated.
 Mehrajuddin Wadoo:- He is a former Indian football player and is the current assistant
coach of the Hyderabad FC.. He also represented the India national team from 2005 to 2011.
 Mithun Manhas :born in Jammu is an Indian first-class cricketer who played for Chennai
Super Kings as an all-rounder. A right-handed batsman, he also bowls right-arm off break
and can keep wicket.
 Virat Kohli-led Royal Challengers Bangalore had hired all-rounder Mithun Manhas as their
assistant coach for IPL.
 He is a player in the Indian Premier League.
 In September 2015, Manhas joined Jammu and Kashmir cricket team for 2015–16 Ranji
Trophy season.
 In February 2017, Manhas was appointed assistant coach of Indian Premier League
side Kings XI Punjab.
 Parveez Rasool: is an Indian cricketer who plays as an all-rounder for Jammu and
Kashmir. A right-hand batsman and off break bowler, Rasool is the captain of the Jammu and
Kashmir team and a regular member of India A.
 He was bought for ₹95 lakh (US$130,000) by the Sunrises Hyderabad in the 2014 IPL auction.
Rasool was the first cricketer from Jammu and Kashmir to have played in The IPL.
 Shubham Pradeep Khajuria:- Born in Jammu is an Indian cricketer who plays for Jammu
and Kashmir cricket team. He is a right-handed opening batsman. He played for the India
Under-19 cricket team in 2013. Khajuria made his first-class debut for Jammu and Kashmir
against Maharashtra.
 Chain Singh:- It is an Indian sport shooter. He won the Bronze medal at the 2014 Asian
Games . He won an individual Gold medal in the 7th Asian Airgun championship Kuwait. He
won six Gold medals, in the 2016 South Asian Games.
 Rasikh Salam Dar: It is an Indian cricketer. In December 2018, he was bought by
the Mumbai Indians in the player auction for the 2019 Indian Premier League.
 He became the third cricketer from Jammu and Kashmir to be picked in the Indian Premier
League. At 17 years, he became the youngest player to make their debut for the Mumbai
Indians.
 However, in June 2019, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) banned him for two
years following a discrepancy with his birth certificate.
37
 Manzoor Pandav :was second cricketer from Jammu and Kashmir to find place in IPL
main team after Parvez Rasool, but he was not included in the playing eleven in any of the
matches.
 Iqra Rasool :is an Indian cricketer and also known as 'Baramulla's supergirl'. She hails
from Dangiwacha, Rafiabad located in North Kashmir and represented Jammu and Kashmir .
In 2017, at a session of ‘We The Women’ in Mumbai, Mithali Raj, the captain of the Indian
Women's cricket team, presented a ‘H.E.R.’ (Hope. Empower. Rise.) award to Iqra Rasool.
H.E.R awards are conferred to those who have "shown remarkable excellence in their areas
and have often taken risks, battled odds or rewritten the rules in pursuit of success".
 Danish Farooq Bhat: is an Indian footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Real Kashmir.
 Born in Srinagar
 Current team: Real Kashmir
POLITICS
 Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad:- He was a politician from the Jammu and Kashmir region, and
was one of the most famous political leaders in Jammu and Kashmir.
 He represented National Conference party. He has served as the Deputy Prime Minister of the
state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947-1953 and as the Prime Minister of the state from
1953 to 1964.
 In 1967 Bakshi was elected to the Lok Sabha on a National Conference ticket and remained a
member of the Lok Sabha till 1971.
 Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah:- (1905 –1982) Sheikh Abdullah was born in Soura.
 The self-styled “Sher-e-Kashmir” (Lion of Kashmir), Abdullah was the founding leader of
the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
 He agitated against the rule of the Maharaja Hari Singh and urged self-rule for Kashmir. He
served as the 2nd Prime Minister of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir after its
accession to India in 1947 and was later jailed and exiled.
 He was dismissed from the position of Prime Minister-ship on 8 August 1953 and Bakshi
Ghulam Mohammad was appointed as the new Prime Minister.
 The expressions ‘Sadar-i-Riyasat’ and ‘Prime Minister’ were replaced with the terms
‘Governor’ and ‘Chief Minister’ in 1965. Sheikh Abdullah again became the Chief Minister of
the state following the 1974 Indira-Sheikh accord and remained in the top slot till his death
on 8 September 1982.
 Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah wrote Aatash-i- Chinar, his autobiography.
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 Farooq Abdullah:- (Born 21 October 1937) is a politician and chairman of Jammu & Kashmir
National Conference. He has served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir on several
occasions since 1982, and as the union minister for New and Renewable Energy between
2009 and 2014.
 He is the father of former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Omar Abdullah. Abdullah was
elected to the Lok Sabha unopposed from Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency in the 1980
General Election. In 2017, he won the closely watched by-poll for the Srinagar parliamentary
seat by defeating Nazir Ahmed Khan from the People’s Democratic Party.
 Ghulam Nabi Azad:- He has led the Indian National Congress, successfully in the 2002
Assembly Election in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, and was appointed as the Chief
Minister of J&K.
 Ghulam Nabi Azad (7 March 1949) was the Minister of Health and Family Welfare. Presently,
he serves as the Leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha.
 He was the Parliamentary Affairs Minister of India in the government of Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh until 27 October 2005, when he was appointed as the Chief Minister of
Jammu and Kashmir.
 He was born in Doda district.
 Karan Singh:- Karan Singh is one of the most famous political leaders in the Indian state of
Jammu and Kashmir, and has served as the President and Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.
 Singh is the son of the last ruler of the erstwhile princely state of J&K, Maharaja Hari Singh.
First governor of J&K
 Omar Abdullah:- Omar is a scion of one of the most prominent political family in J&K. He
was appointed 11th and the youngest Chief Minister of J&K. His party was in coalition with
Congress party.
 He is currently the Leader of opposition in Jammu & Kashmir legislative assembly (Member
of the Legislative Assembly from Beerwah constituency of Budgam district.) He was the
Union Minister of State for External affairs in Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s NDA government, from
23 July 2001 to 23 December 2002.
 Mufti Mohammed Sayeed:- One of the most powerful political leaders in Jammu and
Kashmir, Mufti was elected as the Chief Minister twice from November 2002 to November
2005 and again from March 2015 to January 2016.
 He was also the Home Minister of India from December 1989- November 1990. He is the
founder of Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party.
 Mufti Sayeed was born on 12 January 1936 in Bijbehara town of Anantnag district . He
founded the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party in July 1999 to “persuade the
Government of India to initiate an unconditional dialogue with Kashmiris for resolution of
the Kashmir problem.
 He died on 7 January 2016
 Mehbooba Mufti:-She was former Chief Minister of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Being
the President of Peoples Democratic Party she is also the first woman Chief Minister of
Jammu and Kashmir.
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 She resigned on June 19 2018 after BJP withdrew support from the coalition government.
Mehbooba Mufti is India’s second Muslim woman chief minister after Syeda Anwara
Taimur of Assam.
 She is the president of the Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and was a
member of the Indian parliament, representing Anantnag in the 16th Lok Sabha; before she
was sworn in as the Chief Minister of J&K. She had previously represented Anantnag in the
14th Lok Sabha (2004–09).
 Altaf Bukhari:- Former finance minister of J&K, Altaf Bukhari, launched a new political
party ‘Apni Party’ in Srinagar. The new political party –– which comprises a cluster of
politicians who have defected, resigned or were fired from different political parties,
including the People’s Democratic Party and Congress — aims at addressing people’s
aspirations and not just selling dreams to people.
 Shah Faesal:- Born 17 May 1983) is an independent politician and
former Indian bureaucrat from Jammu and Kashmir. In 2009, he became the first Kashmiri to
place first in the Indian Civil Services Examination.
 He resigned from the Indian bureaucracy in protest on 9 January 2019, citing "unabated
killings" in Kashmir among other things. On 4 February 2019, Shah Faesal began his
political life by giving a public speech in his hometown of Kupwara.
 Shortly after on 16 March 2019 he announced that he would be launching his own political
party, the Jammu and Kashmir People's Movement (JKPM).
 Syed Mir Qasim:-(1921 - 12 December 2004) was the Chief Minister of Kashmir from 1971
to 1975.
 After India's independence, Syed Mir Qasim drafted the Kashmiri constitution and went on to
serve in various State and Union positions. He is credited for having established the Indian
National Congress (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) in Kashmir.
 In his autobiography, My Life and Times, published in September 1992, by South Asia Books,
he provides interesting historical detail on the struggle of Kashmiris to throw off the yoke of
monarchy in the princely state through the Quit Kashmir movement, as well as background
on the issue of accession to India rather than choosing to join Pakistan.
 He was posthumously awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award by
Indian President APJ Abdul Kalam in 2005.
 Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq:- Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq (1912 – 1971) was the Prime
Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 1964 to 1965, when the position was renamed to Chief
Minister. He continued as the Chief Minister till his death in 1971.
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RELIGION
 Nund Rishi:- Nund Rishi, also known as Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Noorani and Alamdar-e-
Kashmir, was a Kashmiri Sufi saint, , poet and Islamic preacher. Nund Reshi was among the
founders of the Rishi order.
 He was influenced by spiritual teachers and saints, including Hamza Makhdoom, Resh Mir
Sàeb, and Shamas Faqir. Noor-ud-Din was born in modern-day village Qaimoh in Kulgam
district in 1377 AD to Salar Sanz and Sadra, also called Sadra Moji or Sadra Deddi.
 Noor-ud-Din renounced the worldly life at the age of 30 and retired to live a life of meditation
in a cave which is still shown in Qaimoh and is about 10 feet deep.
 Noor-ud-Din spread his teachings or message through poems, commonly known as shruks.
His poems have four to six lines each and evolve around religious themes, highlight moral
principles and often call for peace. He strived for Hindu–Muslim unity.
 One of his prominent poems is “Ann poshi teli yeli wan poshi,” which translates as "Food
will thrive only till the woods survive" Noor-ud-Din is also credited with translating the
Quran into Kashmiri language.
 Noor-ud-Din died in 1438 at the approximate age of 63. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin commissioned
a tomb for his body at Charari Sharief. The Charar-e-Sharief shrine is visited by pilgrims to
this day, especially on the eve of Noor-ud-Din's urs.
 The Afghan governor Atta Muhammad Khan minted coins with Noor-ud-Din's name. Noor-
ud-Din's sayings and verses are preserved in Kashmir region, including in a museum built at
Kashmir university.
 In 2005, the Government of India renamed the Srinagar airport to Sheikh ul-Alam
International Airport and granted it international status. In 2017, the Jammu and Kashmir
Academy of Art, Culture and Languages covered his life in a book titled "Hayat-e-Sheikh-ul-
Alam" (life of Nund Rishi).
 Baba Zain-ud-Din wali ( R.A):- In the Reshi order, Baba is recorded as the second dreariest
friend of Nund Rishi- the highest regarded saint of Kashmir. Baba Zainudin was born at
Bounderkote Kishtwar as a Rajput Hindu named Zai Singh. He also entered into Rishi fold at
the hands of Nund Rishi.
 He was asked to report at the cave of Aishmuqam where he could meditate in search of the
truth. When he reached the cave, he saw it filled with snakes. Baba told them that this cave
had now been allotted to the saint so please leave the spot. Snakes left the cave for the Baba
where he meditated for years and attained the enlightenment. He then came to be known as
Sakhi Zain-ud-Din Rishi.
 Baba Zain ud din Reshi (RA), more popularly known as Sakhi Zainudin of Ashmuqam is one
among the most celebrated Reshi Saint of this land, who lived in 15th century AD. He is one
among the founders of the Kashmiri Reshi order and is remembered for his openheartedness
and generosity (Sakhawat) for centuries together.
 The Urs is always celebrated with full religious honor and cultural gaiety in entire south
Kashmir and several glorious functions are held across the valley in memory of this great
saint. The most attractive and distinctive function held here is that of lighting up wood
torches locally known as ‘Zool or Phrow’.
 Lal Ded:- Lal Ded (1320–1392), known as Laleshwari in other parts of the subcontinent,
was a Kashmiri mystic of the Kashmir Shaivism school of philosophy.She was the creator of
the style of mystic poetry called vatsun or Vakhs, literally "speech" (Voice).
41
 Known as Lal Vakhs, her verses are the earliest compositions in the Kashmiri language and
are an important part in the history of modern Kashmiri literature. She inspired and
interacted with many Sufis of Kashmir.
 She is also known by various other names, including Lal Ded, Mother Lalla, Lalla Aarifa, Lal
Diddi, Laleshwari, Lalla Yogishwari and Lalishri. Lalleshwari was born in Pandrethan about
4.5 miles to the southeast of Srinagar, in a Kashmiri Hindu family during the time of Sultan
Ala-ud-din.
 Her poems (called vakhs) have been translated into English by Richard Temple.
 Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani:- Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, a poet and a prominent Muslim
scholar. He was born in Hamadan, and was buried in Khatlan Tajikistan. He was known as
Shāh-e-Hamadān ("King of Hamadān"), Amīr-i Kabīr ("the Great Commander"), and Ali Sani
("second Ali").
 Sayyid Ali Hamadani traveled widely – it is said he traversed the known world from East to
West three times. In 774 AH/1372 AD Hamadani lived in Kashmir. After Sharaf-ud-Din Abdul
Rehman Bulbul Shah, he was the second important Muslim to visit Kashmir. Hamadani went
to Mecca, and returned to Kashmir in 781/1379, stayed for two and a half years, and then
went to Turkistan by way of Ladakh.
 He returned to Kashmir for a third time in 785/1383 and left because of ill health. Hamadani
is regarded as having brought various crafts and industries from Iran into Kashmir; it is said
that he brought with him 700 followers. He wrote Zakhirat-ul Maluk.
 Hamza Makhdoom:- Hamza Makhdoom Kashmiri, popularly known as Makhdoom Sahib (c.
1494 – c. 1576), was a Sufi mystic, scholar and spiritual teacher living in Kashmir. He is
sometimes referred to as Mehboob-ul-Alam (literally, "loved by all") and Sultan-ul-Arifeen,
(literally, "king of those who know God").
 Hamza Makhdoom was born in the village of Tujjar near Sopore in Baramulla district. He died
at an age of 82 in year 1576 in Srinagar. His shrine is, located on the southern slope of Hari
Parbat Hill and popularly called Makhdoom Sahib or Hazrat Sultan-ul-Arifeen, is an important
pilgrimage centre in Kashmir.
 Mohammad Anwar Shopiani:- Mohammad Anwar of Shopian (or Moulvi Mohammad Anwar
of Shopian) (1849–1939) was the founder of the Ahle Hadith in Jammu and Kashmir.
 A significant poet preacher of the period is Molvi Anwar Shah of Shopian. He belonged to the
wahabi sect of muslims. Dewan-e-Anwar (A collection of poems in the form of anthology
according to Arabic alphabetical order) published in 1935 in Lahore.
 Anwar Shāh Kashmiri:- Muḥammad Anwar Shah ibn Mu‘az̤ z̤am Shah Kashmīrī was a
Kashmiri Islamic scholar. He taught at several institutions, including the Darul Uloom
Deoband.
 Born: 16 November 1875, Kashmir.
 Died: 28 May 1933, Deoband
 Title: Imam al-Asr, Khatam al-Muhaddithin
 Education: Darul Uloom Deoband
 Sheikh Baba Shadi Shaheed:- Sheikh Baba Shadi Shaheed (former name Maharaja Dharam
Chand Rajpoot); after converting to Islam he was called Raja Shadab Khan) was a Sufi saint.
He was the first Chib Rajput convert to Islam during the reign of Babur.
 He was a famed wise man who was requested to treat the ailing emperor in Delhi. As a
reward Babur gave his daughter in marriage to him. Raja Shadi Khan Khan, was a
contemporary and feudatory of the Emperors Babur, Humayun and Akbar; and he ruled over
the districts of Bhimbar and Nowshera, within the present limits of Jammu and Kashmir.
42
 In consideration of services rendered to the Emperor Akbar in Kandahar, he was made
Governor of Kashmir with the title of Shadab Khan.He also served as governor of kandhar
during Akbar reign.
 Bhagwan Gopinath:- Bhagwan Gopinath (3 July 1898 – 28 May 1968), born Gopinath Bhan,
also called Bhagwan Gopinath Ji, was a mystic saint of early 20th century Kashmir in India.
 He has been called a jivanmukta (liberated soul) and his spiritual state has been described as
Shambhavi avastha (state of Shiva).Contemporary saints of his times have also called him an
Aghoreshwar. It was sometime during 1946–1956 that he came to be called as Bhagwan by
his devotees.
 Mīān Muhammad Bakhsh:- Mian Muhammad Bakhsh as a Sufi saint and a Pahari-Pothwari
Hindko and Panjistani poet regarded as the Rumi of Hind Indian subcontinent. He belonged
to the Qadri tariqah. He is especially renowned as the author of a book of poetry called Sayful
Mulūk as well as the romance tragedy Mirza Sahiban. He was born in a village called Khari
Sharif, situated near Mirpur.
 Swami Lakshman Joo Raina:- Swami Lakshman Joo Raina (9 May 1907 – 27 September
1991) was a mystic and scholar of Kashmir Shaivism. He was known as Lal Sahib ("Friend of
God") by followers.
 Resh Mir Sàeb:- Baba Hyder Reshi also Known as Resh Mir Sahib and Resh Moul Sahib (born
17 January 1504 in Dantar, Tehsil Anantnag), popularly known as Resh Mir Sàeb, also known
as Harda Reshi or Reshi Maol, is a venerated saint in Kashmir.
 His shrine is visited by both Hindus and Muslims alike. The shrine of Resh Mir Sahib is an
example of Etinic Kashmiri Architecture is a place of pilgrimage for Kashmiris of all
communities. It is located in Heart of Anantnag .
 UtpaladevaUtpaladeva (ca. AD 900–950) was one of the great teachers of the philosophy of
Kashmir Shaivism.
 Utpaladeva, an influential philosopher-theologian of the Pratyabhijna school of Tantric
Shaivism composed the Īśvara-pratyabhijñā-kārikās, or 'Stanzas on the Recognition of the
Lord' and the Garland of Hymns to Śiva (Śiva-stotrāvalī).
 Bulbul Shah:- Hazrat Bulbul Shah is Known as the first Muslim Missionary in Kashmir.
Hazrat Syed Bulbul Shah was a great scholar, a man of letters, and a theologian.. He
illuminated the darkness of the hearts with the torch of the faith.
 The shrine of Hazrat Syed Sharif-ud-Din Abdur Rehman, aka Bulbul Shah, the first Muslim
Sufi saint from Central Asia to have arrived in Kashmir in 1324 AD, is located in downtown
Srinagar. Abdur Rehman — believed to have travelled all the way from Turkistan — settled in
Kashmir roughly around 1324 AD (725 A.H). He reached Kashmir with his friend Mullah
Ahmad. Some hold, he came to Kashmir with one thousand refugees out of the fear of the
Mangols.
 Others believe, he entered the valley in 1324 AD. During the reign of Ranchan Shah. Ranchan
Shah was a seeker of truth. Hinduism could not satisfy him and he found the answer with
Bulbul Shah. His meeting with Bulbul left a deep mark on him and he learnt the teaching of
Islam from his precepts and actions.
 He embraced Islam under the assumed name Sadar Uddin, and along with him thousands
became Muslims.
43
Scientific Discoveries
Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai
 Born... ....Srinagar
 Awards......Padma Shri (2012)
 Rameshwar Nath Koul Bamezai is an Indian scientist in the field of human genetics and
cancer biology.
 He is the coordinator of the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life
Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (New Delhi).
 He has served as the Vice chancellor of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University. He was honoured
with the Padma Shri Award by the President of India for his contributions to the fields of
science and technology, in 2012.
Predhiman Krishan Kaw

 Predhiman Krishan Kaw (15 January 1948 – 18 June 2017) was an Indian plasma physicist.
He had been the founding director of the Institute for Plasma Research and served the
institute as the director from 1986 to 2012.
 Kaw was born on 15 January 1948 in Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir), India.
 He was awarded the prestigious Padma Shri award, India's fourth-highest honor, in 1985 and
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1986.
 On 28 December 2016, he was awarded the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma
Physics for his seminal contributions in the areas of laser-plasma interactions, strongly
coupled dusty plasmas, and turbulence, nonlinear effect in magnetic fusion devices.
 He is also a recipient of the 2008 TWAS Prize.
Subhash Kak
 Subhash Kak (born 26 March 1947, Srinagar) is an Indian-American computer scientist . He is
the Professor of Computer Science and member of the Indian Prime Minister's Science,
Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).
 In 2019, the Government of India awarded him with Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian
award in India.

Fayaz ahmad malik
 Fayaz Ahmad Malik is an Indian pharmacologist, cancer biologist and a scientist at the Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
 He is known for his studies on investigating the regulatory mechanisms of Cancer Stem Cells
during tumor metastasis.
 His studies also involve the identification of signalling networks conferring resistance to
current anti-cancer therapies. His discovery of new anticancer agents holds a number of
patents for the processes he has developed.
44
 The Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India awarded him the National
Bioscience Award for Career Development, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his
contributions to Biosciences, in 2014.
 The Department of Science and Technology (DST) of the Government of India awarded him
the Swaranajayanti Fellowship, one of the prestigious Fellowship awards, for his advanced
research in cancer biology, in 2013-14.
Gulab Singh
 Maharaja Gulab Singh Jamwal (1792–1857) was the founder of royal Dogra dynasty and first
Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir which was created after the defeat of
the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh War.
 Gulab Singh was an influential noble in the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Lahore and was
cheif of his army as well.
 Gulab Singh helped the British against the Sikhs.
 After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, under the terms of the Treaty of Lahore, 1846 (9
March) , the British Indian government acquired Kashmir from the Sikh Empire and
transferred it to Gulab Singh under The Treaty of Amritsar 1846 (16 March ) recognising him
as an independent Maharaja formalised the sale by the British to Gulab Singh for 7,500,000
Nanakshahee Rupees of all the lands in Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the
Treaty of Lahore.
Ranbir Singh
 Ranbir Singh [August 1830 – 12 September 1885], the second Dogra Maharaja of Jammu and
Kashmr, was the son of Maharaja Gulab Singh, and head of the Jamwal Rajput clan..
 The territories of Gilgit, Astore, Hunza-Nagar were conquered and made part of Jammu and
Kashmir in his time. He was noted as a great scholar of classical Persian, and was also learned
in Swedish and English. Maharaja Ranbir Singh established a Translation Bureau called
“Daarul Tarjumah” under the patronage of a learned Hakim of Turkish Afghan ancestry, Agha
(Hakim) Muhammad Baqir who also happened to be the Chief Physician to the Maharaja. It
was under this bureau that Maharaja Ranbir Singh got “Tibb-e-Unaani” translated from
Arabic and Latin into Persian and Dogri.
 He also established a modern judicial system. Civil and criminal laws were compiled into the
Ranbir Penal Code during his reign. Ranbir Singh was a scholar of Sanskrit and Persian
languages and had many books translated.
 Ranbir Singh established a modern judicial system. Civil and criminal laws were written and
consolidated into the Ranbir Penal Code which are followed in the Indian part of Jammu and
Kashmir even today. The judicial system was handed over to the executive officers. Separate
prisons were built for political prisoners. Ranbir Singh organized two durbars in a day in
which he heard petitions.
 Maharaja Ranbir Singh established the Justice department and regular courts came into being
during his reign. For the smooth running of this department, criminal and civil laws were
formulated and later on consolidated into Ranbir Dandh Bidhi or Ranbir Penal Code which
are in practice till today and form the part of the State constitution.
 Govt. Sri Ranbir Higher Secondary School, the poineer institution of J&K State, was founded
by Dogra Ruler Maharaja Ranbir Singh and was constructed by Raja Partap Singh
45
 Ranbir Singh founded separate departments for foreign affairs, home affairs, civil affairs and
army.He founded a silk factory in the state. He also promoted its trade. The shawl industry
flourished during his reign which provided employment and a minimum income to his
subjects.
Pratap Singh
 During the time of Pratap Singh, the first major step of improvement was taken in 1889 when
the Jhelum Valley Cart Road, "the most wonderful mountain road in the world", from Kohala
to Baramulla was completed. It was extended to Srinagar in 1897.
 In 1922, another great highway, the Banihal Cart Road, which connected Srinagar, the
summer capital, with Jammu,the winter capital of the state was thrown open to the public.
Besides these, many feeder roads in the state including those connecting Srinagar with Gilgit
and Leh were also constructed.
 The impact of these roads on the life of the people of Jammu and Kashmir may be judged
from the fact that before Pratap Singh, there was not a single wheeled conveyance, including
even a hand-cart. By the time his reign came to a close, motor cars became the principal
means of conveyance.
 In 1887, the State Government carried out the first land settlement. As a result, the rights of
the agriculturists were clearly' defined and the state's demand was fixed for ten years.
"Begar" or forced labour in its more objectionable form was abolished. In 1898, Pratap
allowed for the construction of the Shri Pratap Singh Museum in Srinagar.
 By 1929, the number of Cooperative Credit Societies in the state alone rose to about 1100
with a membership of 27,500.
 Jammu and Kashmir is rich in forests. But till the accession of Pratap Singh, practically
nothing had been done to exploit these on scientific lines. In 1891, the State established the
Forest Department which soon began to give a very good account of itself.
 A number of new schools for both boys and girls were also opened. The imparting of
education in the primary schools was made free. Several measures were taken for the
education of Muslims especially. Grants were also budgeted. for the training of unqualified
teachers at the Training College and normal schools at Lahore.
 One degree college each at Jammu (Prince of Wales College, established in 1907, and Srinagar
(Sri Pratap College established in 1905) and Amar Singh Technical Institute at the latter
(1914) and Sri Pratap Technical School at the former (1924)16 were maintained to meet the
demands for higher education.
 It was during his reign that a silk factory was set up in Srinagarwhich attained the distinction
of being "the largest of its kind in the world" .
Hari Singh
 Maharaja Hari Singh was the fourth and the last Dogra monarch of the state. Hari Singh
was born on 23 September 1895 at the palace of Amar Mahal, Jammu, the only surviving son
of Raja Amar Singh Jamwal,[2] the brother of Maharaja Pratap Singh, then the Maharaja of
Jammu and Kashmir. Since the Maharaja had no issue, Hari Singh was heir to the throne of
Jammu and Kashmir.
 Following the death of his uncle Pratap Singh in 1925, Hari Singh ascended the throne of
Jammu and Kashmir. He made primary education compulsory in the state, introduced laws
prohibiting child marriage, and opened places of worship to the low castes.
 The Compulsory Primary Education Act of 1930 was put to immediate effect in Jammu,
Srinagar, Sopore, Mirpur and Udhampur. The budget for education was raised from over
46
rupees two lakhs in 1907 to nineteen and a half lakhs in 1931. As a result of this, there were
20,728 schools in 1945 as compared to 706 in 1925 when he took over from his predecessor.
 The Instrument of Accession is a legal document executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, ruler of
the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, on 26 October 1947.[1][2] By executing this
document under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh
agreed to accede to the Dominion of India.
 Mountbatten accepted the accession with a remark, "it is my Government's wish that as soon
as law and order have been restored in Jammu and Kashmir and her soil cleared of the
invader the question of the State's accession should be settled by a reference to the people.
Kalhana Pandit
 Kalhana a Kashmiri, was the author of Rajatarangini (River of Kings), an account of the
history of Kashmir. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149.
 Rajatarangini (Rājataraṃgiṇī, "The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical
chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. It was
written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE.[1] The work
consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books or cantoscalled Tarangas
("waves").
 Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 & he started his work with
Gonanda 1.Kalhana is regarded as the first historian of India. In 1148 CE, Kalhana started
writing the history of the rulers of Kashmir, starting from legends to the kings and queens of
the 12th century. It took him two years to complete the book, and in 1150 CE he had
completed the Rajatarangini – the River of Kings.
Yousuf Shah Chak

 He was a ruler of Kashmir. He was successor of his father Ali Shah Chak and ruled Kashmir
from 1579 to 1586 AD. Yousuf Shah Chak sought refuge in Sialkot,[1] before he was brought
to Delhi for talks with Akbar. Akbar's forces betrayed Yousuf, and imprisoned him for the rest
of his life.
 Chak was exiled to Bihar by the Mughal emperor Akbar. The area where he had settled along
with his family and relatives in Biswak village in Nalanda and also maintained a cavalry force
of 500 horses, was later known as Kashmiri Chak. Though the exiled Kashmiri ruler died in
Odisha in 1592.
 Ghiyas-ud-Din Zain-ul-Abidin (reigned: 1418–1419 and 1420–1470[1]) was the eighth sultan
of Kashmir(Shah Miri Dynasty). He was known by his subjects as Bud Shah (the Great King).
Emperor Zain-ul Abidin was known as “Akbar of Kashmir”. He was called so because he was
one of the greatest rulers of Kashmir.
 He thus founded his new city which is to this day known as Naushahar. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin
is reputed to have ordered the construction of the artificial island of Zaina Lank in the middle
of the Wular (Bandipora) lake in 1444.
 Shahi Khan, a son of Sultan Sikander the ruler of Kashmir, was charged with the rule of the
kingdom of Kashmir when his elder brother, Ali Shah, left the kingdom on a pilgrimage to
Mecca. It was at this time that Ali Shah gave Shahi Khan the title of Zain-ul-Abidin.
 Zain-ul-Abidin earned a name for himself for his policy of religious toleration and public
welfare activities. He abolished Jaziya on the Hindu minority of Kashmir. Although he was a
Muslim ruler, he banned the slaughter of cows. He extended liberal patronage to Sanskrit
language and literature.[9] He knew Persian, Sanskrit, and Tibetan. The Mahabharata and
Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order.
47
 Budshah Bridge, locally also known as Budshah Kadal, is a concrete bridge located in the
Srinagar city of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was first built in 1957 during the
rule of Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad and is named after the 15th Century ruler of Kashmir,
Zain-ul-Abidin, popularly known as Budshah (the Great King).
Sikandar Shah Miri (Father of Bud Shah).

 Sikandar Shah Miri better known as Sikandar Butshikan ("Sikandar the Iconoclast"), was the
sixth sultan of the Shah Miri dynasty of Kashmir. He ruled the kingdom from 1389 to 1413
and is criticised for his strenuous efforts to forcefully convert the Hindus of Kashmir to Islam.
 Sikandar won the sobriquet of but-shikan or idol-breaker, due to his actions related to the
desecration and destruction of numerous temples, chaityas, viharas, shrines, hermitages, and
other holy places of the Hindus and Buddhists. He banned dance, drama, music, iconography
and such other religious, cultural or aesthetic activities of the Hindus and Buddhists, and
classified them as heretical and un-Islamic. He forbade the Hindus to apply a tilak mark on
their foreheads. He did not permit them to pray and worship.
 He imposed the Jizya, a poll-tax to be paid by non-Muslims living as subjects in a Muslim
state, and the levy was a heavy one: each non-Muslim was required to pay an annual tax of
four tolas of silver.
Lalitaditya
 Lalitaditya alias Muktapida was the most powerful ruler of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir
region. King Lalitaditya of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir ruled for 37 years from 724 to 761
CE. His rule is considered to be the golden age of Kashmir, when art, architecture, culture and
learning flourished. Due to his great conquests, scholors and writers have termed him
“Alexender of Kashmiri History”.
 He built the famous Sun Temple located at Kehribal Mattan in Anantnag .
PNK BAMZAI
 The noted Kashmiri historian PNK Bamzai has written a book “Culture and Political History
of Kashmir”.
Avantivarman
 Avantivarman was a king who founded the Utpala dynasty. He ruled Kashmir from 855 to
883 CE and built the Avantiswami Temple. Avantivarman appointed Suyya, an engineer and
architect as his prime minister
 Avantivarman founded the cities of Avantipur and Suyapur, which was named after Suyya.[3]
He built many Hindu temples dedicated to both Vishnu and Shiva as well as Buddhist
monasteries.[4] Notable among the temples were the temples of Avantiswara and
Avantiswami dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu respectively in Avantipur.
 Prajna Bhatta (16th century) wrote Rajavalipataka that brings Kashmir's history to the time
of its incorporation in the dominions of the Mogul emperor Akbar, 1588.
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Climate of India
 The climate of India may be broadly described as tropical monsoon type. The term
“monsoon” is derived from Arabic word ‘mausim’ which means seasonal reversal in
the wind direction.
 The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four official seasons.
a) Winter (From December to early April);
b) Summer or Pre-monsoon season (April to July in north-western
India);
c) Monsoon or Rainy season (June-September);
d) Post-monsoon season (October-December).
 India’s climate is affected by two seasonal winds — the north-east monsoon and
the south-west monsoon. The north-east monsoon commonly known as winter
monsoon blows from land to sea whereas south-west monsoon known as summer
monsoon blows from sea to land after crossing the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and
the Bay of Bengal.
 The south-west monsoon brings most of the rainfall during the year in the country. It
is now possible to make forecast about the monsoon rains successfully with
developed models and trained manpower.
Factors Affecting India's Climate
There are certain factors which affect the climate of India:
1. Latitude: The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of India and extends from
Mizoram in the east and Rann of Kutch in the west; and considerably affects the climate of the
country. To the south of the Tropic of Cancer lies the southern part of the country which
belongs to the tropical area and its north lies the northern half of India which belongs to the
sub-tropical zone. Therefore, India experiences both sub-tropical and tropical climates.
2. Altitude: In the north, India is bounded by mountains with an average height of 6,000 metres
and in the south, has a vast coastline with a maximum elevation of about 30 metres. The
Himalayas act as a barrier against the cold winds from Central Asia. Therefore, due to the
altitude of these mountains, the Indian subcontinent experiences milder winters than Central
Asia.
3. Monsoon Winds: The 'monsoon winds' is the most dominating factor influencing the climate
of India. It is often called the monsoon climate. A reversal in the monsoon winds can bring a
change in the season of the country, for instance, the extreme summer season suddenly
changing to the rainy or monsoon season. The entire country receives rainfall due to the
south-west summer monsoons from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
4. Western Disturbances and Tropical Cyclones: Large parts of peninsular India get
influenced by the tropical cyclones which originate in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Most of the cyclones originate in the Bay of Bengal and influence the climatic conditions at
the time of the south-west monsoon season. The western disturbances originate over the
Mediterranean Sea and influence the weather conditions in the Western Himalayan region.
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Climate Related Calamities
Climate-related calamities are a significant cause of loss to life and property. Some of the natural
disasters that have been experienced in the country are as follows:
1. Landslides and Floods: Floods are the most common natural disaster in India and are
caused due to the inadequate capacity of the river banks to carry high flows which are
brought down from the upper catchment because of the heavy rains. Almost the entire
country is flood-prone, and the precipitation events like torrential rains and flash floods have
become common in central India in the last few decades. But, the regions located in the Indo-
Gangetic plains and northeast India are more prone to floods. Erratic, excess or untimely
monsoon rains can kill thousands of people and also harm the agriculture of the country.
2. Droughts: Drought is a situation which arises due to the scarcity of water. In India,
agriculture depends on the rains or the monsoon season as a source of water. But, the
shortage or failure of water supply results in the below-average crop yields. Climatic factors
such as high wind, high temperature and low humidity also add to the severity of drought in
India. Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Odisha, some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka
are some of the drought-prone areas in the country. India has witnessed many famines such
as the Bengal famine of 1770, 1876-77, 1899 and 1943, which took lives of millions of people.
3. Tropical Cyclones: These are the most devastating natural disasters which result in a
massive loss of life and property. In India, the lives of the coastal habitats are profoundly
affected by the cyclones. The areas near the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean are the most
cyclone-prone regions of the country. Coastal areas of Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and
Andhra Pradesh are more exposed to cyclones. During the time of cyclone, heavy rains, winds
with high speed and storm surge are also experienced which also affect the lives of the people
as it becomes difficult for them to get relief and supplies during this phenomenon. A super
cyclone, Cyclone 05B that struck Odisha on October 29, 1999, is considered to be the
deadliest cyclone in the country in the past few decades. It was deemed to be equivalent to
Category 5 hurricane.
Climatic regions in India
The various climatic regions of India are given below:
Name of climatic region States or territories
Tropical Rainforest Assam and parts of the Sahyadri Mountain Range
Tropical Savannah Sahyadri Mountain Range and parts of Maharashtra
Tropical and subtropical steppe Parts of Punjab and Gujarat
Tropical Desert Most parts of Rajasthan
Moist subtropical with winter Parts of Punjab, Assam, and Rajasthan
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Mountain climate Parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttaranchal
Drought Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Haryana
Tropical semi-arid steppe Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and other parts of South India
Characteristics of rainfall in India
Type of Rainfall Areas
Areas of very little

Western Rajasthan , northern part of Kashmir, the Deccan Plateau and
rainfall (lower than 50
Punjab.
cm):
Areas of low
Eastern Rajasthan, Upper Ganga basin, Southern plains
precipitation (50-100
of Karnataka, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.
cm):
Areas of comparatively Southern areas of Gujarat, north-eastern Peninsular region, east Tamil
heavy rainfall (100-200 Nadu, eastern Maharashtra, Western Ghats, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, and
cm): the central Gangetic basin.
The western seashores, the Western Ghats, Hills of Meghalaya, and the Sub-
Areas of heavy rainfall
Himalayan range territories in North East. West Bengal, Assam, Western
(more than 200 cm):
Coast, and southern part of east Himalayas.
Climate Of Jammu And Kashmir

The state of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the Sub- tropical region and its climate to a greater
extent is influenced by its mountainous nature. However, the three regions of the state- Jammu,
Kashmir and Ladakh have different climate conditions from each other. J&K possesses a variety of
climate owing to the widely differing altitudes. For instance, Jammu has Tropical climate, while
Kashmir situated in a subtropical area has variations of temperature. Dr. Arthur Neva says that the
climate of J&K is quiet eminently suitable for Europeans. The climate of J&K varies greatly owing to
its rugged topography.
 Climate is defined as the average weather conditions at a specific place over a large
period of time. Climate deals with all the meteorological elements like atmospheric
pressure, humidity, precipitation temperature, wind and the way they are influenced
by the latitude, altitude etc.
 In the Koppen’s scheme of climate types, the Ladakh division has been described as
Dwd (extremely cold and dry winter and short cool summer) and the hilly parts
of Jammu & Kashmir as Dfb ( humid continental with severe and moist winter
and short summers) ; while the plain areas of J&K division have been described as
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Ca (less most winter; long summers followed by moderated heavy rains in the
month of July, August and September).
 CLIMATE OF JAMMU DIVISION

 From the point of view of climate, the Jammu division is divisible into two parts:-
(i)The plain region, lying to the south of the Siwaliks; and
(ii)The mountainous region, stretching over the middle and the Greater Himalayas in the
districts of Doda, Rajouri, Poonch and Udhampur.
 In the plain and lower reaches of Himalayas, the temperature starts rising in the
month of March. The maximum and mean minimum temperatures in March being 23
degree celsius and 12 degree at Jammu.
 In the month of April, the day and night temperatures read 32 degree celsius and 18
degree respectively which jumps to 38 degree celsius and 25 degree celsius in the
month of May. June is the hottest month at Jammu, recording a mean monthly
temperature of about 31.65 degree celsius.
 On individual day in the month of May or June, the maximum temperature, however,
May read upto 47:C (e.g. June 1953). The relative humidity in May falls to below 20%.
 All the towns lying to the south of Siwaliks (Akhnur, Hiranagar, Kathua, Samba) etc.
observe intense tropical heat in the months of May and June.
 During the summer season in the city of Jammu and its environs, a cool wind
descends from the Siwaliks in the night time which is locally known as “Dadu”.
 Cumulas and Nimbus clouds exist in July to August.
 In the summer season, the mild morning breeze becomes warm around 10 am and
hot in the noon which blows steadily from west to east. This hot local wind is called
as “Loo” (June).
 January is the coldest month in the plains of Jammu in which the average monthly
temperature reads around 13 degree celsius.
 The occurrence of fog, mist and frost is quite frequent in the morning hours of
Decemer, January and Feberuary. Frost is highly injurious to vegetables, orchards,
sugarcane and floriculture.
 The months of July and August are the wettest at Jammu, recording an average
monthly rainfll of about 275 and 250mm respectively.
 The month of November is almost rainless in which the average monthly rainfall is
about 8mm. It is the period of clear skies and cool morning breeze which is
considered to be the month of “invigorating climate”.
 The monsoon reaches the Jammu division in the last week of June or in the first week
of July and lasts till the 20 of September.
 The average rainfall at Jammu city is about 965mm out of which 75% comes during
the season of general rains.
 Rainfall in the winter season occurs from the western disturbances. The average
rainfall at Jammu during winters (December- March) is 150mm.
 In the areas of higher altitudes of the Greater Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range,
snowing is frequent from December to March.
 A marked characteristic of rainfall of the Jammu division is the decrease in
precipitation from east to west and north to west.
 Moreover , leeward slopes record less rainfall than windward slopes.
 Monsoons have their impact on Jammu region which begin to arrive Jammu from mid
June.
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 On the basis of distribution of annual rainfall and temperature, a year on Jammu
region is divided into three seasons:
I) Winter Season (November to Feberuary).(Average rainfall during winter is 13 cm).
II) Summer Season (March to June).(Average rainfall during summer is 11 cm).
III) Rainy Season (June to October). (Average rainfall during rainy season is 65 cm).
 During winter, westerly winds called “temperature cyclones” cause rainfall in Jammu
region.These winds originate from the Mediterraniam Sea.
Climate of Kashmir Division:-

 The weather and the climate of the Kashmir division are intrinsically linked with the
weather mechanism in the subcontinent in general.
 The location of Kashmir valley at a high altitude (about 1600) in the north western
corner of the subcontinent, surrounded by high mountains on all sides, gives it a
unique geographical character with distinctive climatic characteristics.
 Features of climate of Kashmir are as under:-
(i) Mild summers;
(ii) Vigorous and severe winters with snowing and rain.
(iii) A muggy and oppressive weather in July and August and;
(iv) The most exquisitely pleasant spring.
 In the Koppen’s classification of climate, the valley of Kashmir may be placed in the
Dfb category, habing humid severe, raw winters and short mild summers.
 On the basis of temperature and precipitation a year in the valley of Kashmir may be
diided into the following four seasons:-
(i) Winter season (November to Feberuary).
(ii) Spring season (March to Mid May).
(iii) Summer season (Mid May to Mid September).
(iv) Autumn season (Mid september to October).
 Winter Season:- In the valley of Kashmir, the winter season lasts from
November to February.
 In the valley of Kashmir, the winter season lasts from November to February. The
temperature substantially declines in December , the mean maximum and the mean
minimum being about 8:C and 1.4:C respectively.
 January is the coldest month in Kashmir which is locally known as the period of
Chillai- Kallan (40 days of intense cold), occurrence of heavy snow in this month in
Kashmir is a common phenomenon.
 The winter season receives about 120 cm of snow, the maximum snowing being in the
month of January i.e., 42% of the total snowfall.
 The greater calamity in the winter is the occurance of Kot-Koshu (frost) which seems
to freeze the damp moisture of the air and destroys trees and even congeals eggs.
 A common adage in Kashmir is :
“Red in the night the shepherd’s delight
Red in the morning, the shepherd’s warning”.
 The Kashmiri folk have a strong conviction about the colour and nature of clouds. In
their opinion, white clouds (cirrus) are certain to bring heavy rain; dark clouds mean
no rain or light showers.
 In winters, rainfall occurs from the western disturbances (temperate cyclones). These
disturbances have their origin in the Medeterian sea. The raunfall generated by these
cyclonesis fairly, wide spread locally known as “Alamgir”.
53
 There are, however, significant variations in the Kashmir division.For example, the
city of Srinagar records about 30 cm of rainfall during winter season, while rainfall
during the corresponding period at Baramulla and Anantnag is about 35 and 34 cm
respectively.
 October and November are usually dry months but in December, the sky becomes
overcast with cloud and haze and by the third were of december, the snow sets in.
 The relative humidity usually remains around 90% in winters.
 Spring Season:- March to mid May is the season of spring locally known as
‘Sounth’. In March, the day temperature fluctuates between 10:C to 16:C. March is
the wettest month having a high frequency of western disturbances and recording
about 200 mm average rainfall.(highest of the year).
 The day temperature shoots up abruptly in the month of April. The night temperature
also registers a steady increase, the mean maximum and mean minimum temperature
in this month being about 21:C and 8 :C respectively.
 There is also a decline in the mean monthly rainfall.
 The Summer Season:- June to September is the period of summer season in

the valley of Kashmir. The mean monthly temperature in May at Srinagar reads about
22:C the mean maximum and mean minimum being about 29.4 DC and 15:C.
 July is the hottest month in which the maximum temperature on a particular day may
shot up to 35:C at Srinagar.
 The valley of Kashmir surrounded by high mountains on all sides receives very little
rainfall. E.g., at Srinagar the total rainfall in summer is only 51.3 mm which is only
about 6% of its average annual rainfall. The relative humidity in these months is 40
to 60 percent.
 The occasional showers in the months of June, July and August have special
importance for the Saffron growers.
 Showers sometimes fall in the beginning of September. These showers are locally
known as Kambarka which are considered of immense importance to the spring
crops of the subsequent year.
 In September, the temperature begins to fall, the nights become cool and by the end of
this month, the evenings are almost cold. The mean maximum and mean minimum
temperatures. In this month in Srinagar read as 27 :C and 11 :C respectively. The
average monthly rainfall in September is only 13mm.
 The Autumn Season:- Mid September to October.

 The months of autumn are characterized by least disturbed weather.
 October and November are the two months with bright, pleasant sun and cold night
and October is considered to be the healthiest and most delightful of all months in
Kashmir.
 This season attracts the largest number of tourists in the valley from the various parts
of the country and abroad.
 Flowering of saffron is the striking feature of this season.
 In the month of October, the mean maximum and the mean minimum temperatures
read about 22:C and 5.6:C respectively.
 The Kashmiri’s on the basis of their empirical experience divide a year into six
seasons with a duration of 2 months each:
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(i) Sonth (Spring season), Mid March – Mid May.
(ii) Grishm (Summer season),Mid May – Mid July.
(iii) Wahrat (Rainy Season),Mid July – Mid September.
(iv) Harud (Autumn Season), Mid September – Mid November.
(v) Wandah (Winter Season), Mid November – Mid January.
(vi) Sheshur (Season of severe cold), Mid January – Mid March.
 The Mediterraneam winds enter the valley through western direction from
December to March and shed rains in Kashmir.
 The winds that enter the state through western and eastern passes shed major
portion of their moisture over the mountains. The Indus valley is inaccessible to these
winds and so there is very low rainfall.
Climate of The Ladakh Division:-

 In general, the climate of Ladakh Division is very cold, arid and dry resembling to
that of a cold desert.
 January is the coldest month in Ladakh. The lowest official surface temperature
(-40: C) was reported at Drass in 1986.
 For a period of about 9 months (September – May), the night temperature remains
below the freezing point at Leh.
 The temperature increases rapidly in the month of April being 13:C in the day time
while night temperature remains around -40:C. In the month of May, the mean
maximum and mean minimum temperatures remain 17:C and 0:C respectively.
 In Ladakh, the relative humidity remains low throughout the year. In the dries month
(June) the mean relative humidity reads around 30% and in dampest months
(January to February) only 60%.
 The amount of rainfall and snowfall is low. The average rainfall is only 3.15 cm.
 Rain is most frequent in July and August, being 50 and 60 mm respectively. October -
December are the driest months.
 The average rainfall of the UT is 26.8 inches.
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Crops of India
India is top producer country of many crops. The major crops in India can be divided into four
categories viz. Food grains (Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millets and Pulses), Cash Crops (Cotton, Jute,
Sugarcane, Tobacco, and Oilseeds), Plantation Crops (Tea, Coffee, Coconut and, Rubber) and
Horticulture crops such as Fruits and Vegetables. Two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in
agricultural activities. It is a primary activity, which produces food grains and raw materials for
industries. India is geographically a vast country so it has various food and non-food crops which are
cultivated in three main cropping seasons which are rabi, kharif and zaid.
 On the basis of seasons, the crops in India have been divided into Rabi, Kharif and
Zaid crops.
 Kharif crops:- The Kharif crop is the summer crop or monsoon crop in India.
Kharif crops are usually sown with the beginning of the first rains in July, during the
south-west monsoon season.
 Major Kharif crops of India include Millets (Bajra & Jowar), Cotton, Soyabean,
Sugarcane, Turmeric, Paddy (Rice), Maize, Moong (Pulses), Groundnut, Red Chillies,
etc.
 Rabi Crops:- The Rabi crop is the spring harvest or winter crop in India . It is
sown in October last and harvested in March April every year.
 Major Rabi crops in India include Wheat, Barley, Mustard, Sesame, Peas etc.
 Zaid Crops:- This crop is grown in some parts of country during March to June.
Prominent examples are Muskmelon, Watermelon, pumpkin, ridged gourd etc.
Major crops grown in India are discussed below:
1. Rice:- Temperature: Between 22-32°C with high humidity.

 Rainfall: Around 150-300 cm.
 Soil Type: Deep clayey and loamy soil.
 Top Rice Producing States: West Bengal > Punjab > Uttar Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh
> Bihar.
 It is the staple food crop of majority of Indian people.
 India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
 In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a
year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.
 National Food Security Mission, Hybrid Rice Seed Production and Rashtriya Krishi
Vikas Yojana are few government initiatives to support rice cultivation.
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2. WheatTemperature: Between 10-15°C (Sowing time) and 21-26°C
(Ripening & Harvesting) with bright sunlight.
 Soil Type: Well-drained fertile loamy and clayey loamy (Ganga-Satluj plains and
black soil region of the Deccan)
 Top Wheat Producing States: Uttar Pradesh > Punjab > Madhya Pradesh >
Haryana > Rajasthan.
 India is the second largest producer after China.
 This is the second most important cereal crop and the main food crop, in north and
north-western India.
 Success of Green Revolution contributed to the growth of Rabi crops especially
wheat.
 Macro Management Mode of Agriculture, National Food Security Mission and
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana are few government initiatives to support wheat
cultivation.
3. Millets (Nutri-Cereals):- Temperature: Between 27-32°C
 Soil Type: Can be grown in inferior alluvial or loamy soil because they are less
sensitive to soil deficiencies.
 Jowar- Rain-fed crop grown in the moist areas with less or no irrigation.
 Bajra- Sandy soils and shallow black soil.
 Ragi- Red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. (dry regions).
 Top Millets Producing States: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Maharashtra > Madhya
Pradesh > Uttar Pradesh
 Jowar: Maharashtra > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh > Tamil Nadu > Andhra
Pradesh.
 Bajra: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Gujarat > Madhya Pradesh > Haryana.
 These are also known as coarse grains, which have high nutritional value. Ragi is
very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage.
 Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and
production.
 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme, Initiative for Nutritional Security through
Intensive Millets Promotion are examples of government’s efforts to support millet
production.
4. Maize:-
 Temperature: Between 21-27°C
 Soil Type: Old alluvial soil.
 Top Maize Producing States: Karnataka > Maharashtra > Madhya Pradesh > Tamil
Nadu > Telangana
 India is the seventh largest producer worldwide.
 It is used both as food and fodder.
 Use of modern inputs such as High-Yielding Variety seeds, fertilisers and
irrigation have contributed to the increasing production of maize.
 Technology Mission on Maize is one of the government’s initiatives for mazie.
5. Pulses:-
 Temperature: Between 20-27°C.
 Soil Type: Sandy-loamy soil.
 Top Pulses Producing States: Madhya Pradesh > Rajasthan > Maharashtra > Uttar
Pradesh > Karnataka.
 India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
 These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
 Major pulses grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.
57
 Being leguminous crops, all these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility
by fixing nitrogen from the air. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with
other crops.
 National Food Security Mission for Pulses, Pulses Development Scheme and
Technological Mission on Pulses are few of the government’s plans to support pulses
production.
6. Sugarcane:-
 It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.
 It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C and an
annual rainfall of 75-100cm.
 It is a long maturing crop planted between February and April. Harvesting begins in
October and November.
 India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.
 The major sugarcane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
7. Cotton:-
 India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. It is also one of the most
important industrial crops of India. Cotton grows well in the drier parts of the black
cotton soil of the Deccan plateau. It can also be grown on alluvial and red soils.
 It requires high temperature (20-35°C), light rainfall (50 to 80cm) or irrigation,
210 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth. Clear sky during the picking
season is ideal.
 It is a Kharif crop and requires 6-8 months to mature.
 India is the fourth largest producer of cotton in the world. China, USA and Pakistan
grow more cotton than India.
 Cotton is cultivated in about 45% of the total sown area in the country.
 The major cotton producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.
8. Jute:-
 It is also known as the golden fibre and is India’s major cash crop.
 Jute fibre is obtained from the inner bark of the jute plant.
 It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts. Jute
cultivation in India has recently suffered due to reduced demand as a result of
increasing competition with artificial fibre and packaging material.
 It is a soil-exhausting crop like sugarcane and lowers soil fertility rapidly. It thus
grows well on the well drained fertile soils in the flood plains where the soils are
renewed every year.
 High temperatures (24°C to 35°C), heavy rain (125 – 200cm) and low plain land are
favourable conditions for the cultivation of jute.
 West Bengal (largest producer in India), Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya.
 India is the largest producer of jute in the world.
9. Tobacco:-
 Tobacco was brought to India by the Portuguese. Its leaves are used in making
cigarettes, cigar, beedi etc. Its stem is used as potash fertilizer and its powder as an
insecticide.
 It requires temperatures of 15°C to 40°C and rainfall of about 50cm or irrigation
facilities. More than 100cm of annual rainfall and frost is harmful for the crop.
 Fertile soils with good drainage are ideal as it is an exhaustive crop.
 Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Bihar.
 More than 1/3rd tobacco of the country is produced by Andhra Pradesh alone.
 Important Varieties: Nicotina Tabacum and Nicotina Rustics. Virginia tobacco used
for making cigarettes and Dale Crest varieties are grown in Andhra Pradesh.
58
10. Oilseeds:-
 Main oilseeds produced in India include groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesasmum
(til), soyabean, castor seeds, linseed, and sunflower.
 Uses – Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums. Some of these are also
used as a raw material in the production of soaps, ointments and cosmetics.
 Most oilseeds are grown as dry crops or in association with other crops e.g. mustard
is grown with wheat.
 India is the largest producer of oilseeds in the world. About 20% of the world’s
oilseed producing area is in India.
 Different oilseeds are grown covering approximately 14% of the total cropped area
of the country.
 Madhya Pradesh ranks first (31%) in the total oilseeds production and is
followed by Rajasthan and Gujarat.
 Coconuts – The southern coastal region in the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and
Andhra Pradesh.
11. Tea:-
 It is an important beverage crop introduced in India initially by the British.
 The tea plant grows well in tropical humid and subtropical humid climates endowed
with deep and fertile well-drained soils, rich in humus and organic matter.
 150cm summer rain and 21°C to 27°C daily temperature are needed for its
cultivation.
 tender leaves.
 Tea is often cultivated on the hill slopes so that there is no water-logging in its roots.
 Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and
Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra
Pradesh and Tripura are also tea producing states in the country.
 India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the world. 28% tea of
the world is produced here.
12. Coffee:-
 Coffee is a tropical plantation crop.
 16° – 28°C temperature, 150-250cm rainfall and well-drained slopes are essential
for its growth.
 It grows on hilly slopes at the height of 900-1800m.
 Coffee plants grow better in the laterite soils of Karnataka in India.
 India contributes about 4% of the world’s total coffee production. It ranks 6th in
the world in coffee production.
 The coffee plant was grown for the first time on the Baba Budan Hills (Karnataka) in
India.
 At present, more than half of the total coffee production in India is produced by
Karnataka alone, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
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Crops of Jammu and Kashmir
 Agriculture, the predominant sector of the economy of Jammu and Kashmir,
supports about 80 per cent of its population. The UT is divided into two agro-
climatic zones: Jammu and Kashmir- each have its own specific geo-climatic
condition, which determines the cropping pattern and productivity.
 Rice is the chief crop of Kashmir zone, followed by maize, barley and wheat.
Jammu region dominates both in maize and wheat production.
 The production of three important food crops, namely, rice, maize and wheat,
contributes a major portion of the food grain in the UT and accounts for 84 percent
of the total cropped area; the balance 16 per cent is shared by inferior cereals and
pulses. Nearly 75 per cent of the country’s temperate fruits, mainly apples, are
grown in the state.
1. Rice:-
 Cultivation of rice requires hot and moist climate. It is a Kharief crop and is sown in
March-April and harvested in Autumn.
 Sufficient water must cover the fields. It is grown mostly in the valley of Kashmir at
2100 metres above sea level.
 Total area under rice cultivation in the valley of Kashmir is 374000 acres having a
yield of 25.5 quintals per acre.
2. Wheat:-
 It is a rabi crop and its plant requires a cool and somewhat moist climate in the
beginning and warm and dry weather at the harvest time.
 The average rainfall should be between 50 to 70 cms. and that too at intervals. It is
sown in August and harvested in March, April.
 It is cultivated in the entire Outer Plain and the Outer Hills. Important wheat
producing areas are Kathua, Ranbirsingpora, Samba and Reasi. In Kashmir, it is
grown like grass. Total area under wheat cultivation in Jammu region is 3 l000 acres,
in Kashmir 78000 acres and in Ladakh 7000 acres.
3. Maize:-
 It requires hot dry climate. Rainfall required for maize varies from 75 cms to 125
cms. It is sown in May-July and harvested in August-November.
 It is cultivated on Karewa lands in the valley of Kashmir on about 303,000 acres.
60
4. Tobacoo:- It requires a warm and moist climate and a rich soil
containing lime. Frost kills it. It is largely grown in the valley of Kashmir.
5. Saffron:-
 It is a cash crop and cultivated on the Pampore Karewas in the month of July-
August in specially made square beds. Each bed measures l.5m and is provided with
narrow trench on all sides to prevent the accumulation of water.
 The soil is alluvial and lucstrine. About 3000 acres are under saffron cultivation in
Pampore.
6. Amarnath (Ganhar):-
 It is sown after 3 or 4 ploughings. The grain when ready is parched, ground and
eaten with milk. It is largely sown in the valley of Kashmir.
Fruits like apples, pears, cherries, plums, grapes, pomegranates, mulberry, peaches, apricots,
walnuts and almonds require a cool climate moderate rainfall and bright sunshine. The climate of
Kashmir suits their cultivation. They are, as such, mostly grown in the valley. Fruit cultivation has
been known in Kashmir since very early times.
 In recent years fruit cultivation has extended with readily available facilities of
better seed, nursery culture, insecticides and very cheap and better transport
facilities for their export. Fruit cultivation at present is an important source of
wealth to the State.
 About 3.50 lakh tons of fruits are produced annually, out of which more than 2.00
lakh tons are exported to the foreign countries. Supply of machinery, equipment and
technical advice to the orchardists by the State Govt. free of charge has greatly
helped fruit cultivation. The training of gardeners and the establishment of a fruit
research centre is no doubt helping the fruit industry a lot.
 The valley of Kashmir is also known for the cultivation of potatoes, turnips, carrots,
spinach, tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflowers, raddish, onions, lotus-stalk, brinjal, gourd
and bitter gourd etc.
61
Current Events of national and International Importance
Noble Prize Winners of 2019
Name of Nobel
Field Work Done
Prize Winners
Abhijit Banerjee
Economic For their Experimental Approach to Alleviating
Esther Duflo
Sciences Global Poverty
Michael Kremer
William G. Kaelin
Physiology and Identified Molecular Machinery To Regulate Gene
Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe
Medicine Activity in Response to Varying Oxygen Levels
Gregg L. Semenza
Theoretical Discoveries in Physical Cosmology

James Peebles
(James Peebles)
Physics
Michel Mayor
Discovery of Exoplanet Orbiting a Solar-type Star
Didier Queloz
John Goodenough
Stanley
Chemistry Development of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Whittingham
Akira Yoshino
For Narrative Imagination That With Encyclopedic

Olga Tokarczuk Passion Represents The Crossing of Boundaries as a
Form of Life
Literature
For Influential Work That With Linguistic Ingenuity
Peter Handke Has Explored The Periphery and The Specificity of
Human Experience
Peace Abiy Ali Ahmed
Filmfare Awards 2020

62
The 65th Amazon Filmfare Awards 2020 hosted in Awesome Assam on 15th February 2020.
The event was hosted by Karan Johar (film director), Bollywood actor Vicky Kaushal and Varun
Dhawan. Zoya Akhtar’s Gully Boy’ won Best Actor and Actress trophy.
1. Best Film- ‘Gully Boy’

2. Best Director Zoya Akhtar for ‘Gully Boy’
3. Best Film (Critics)- ‘Article 15’ (Anubhav Sinha) and ‘Sonchiriya’ (Abhishek Chaubey)
4. Best Actor In A Leading Role (Male)- Ranveer Singh for ‘Gully Boy’
5. Best Actor (Critics)- Ayushmann Khurrana for ‘Article 15’
6. Best Actor In A Leading Role (Female)- Alia Bhatt for ‘Gully Boy’
7. Best Actress (Critics): Bhumi Pednekar and Taapsee Pannu for ‘Saand Ki Aankh’
8. Best Actor In A Supporting Role (Female)- Amruta Subhash for ‘Gully Boy’
9. Best Actor In A Supporting Role (Male)- Siddhant Chaturvedi for ‘Gully Boy’
10. Best Music Album- ‘Gully Boy’: Zoya Akhtar-Ankur Tewari and ‘Kabir Singh’: Mithoon,
Amaal Mallik, Vishal Mishra, Sachet–Parampara and Akhil Sachdeva
11. Best Lyrics- Divine and Ankur Tewari for “Apna Time Aayega” (Gully Boy)
12. Best Playback Singer (Male)- Arijit Singh for “Kalank Nahi Ishq Hai Kajal Piya” (Kalank)
13. Best Playback Singer (Female)- Shilpa Rao for Ke Ghungroo Toot Gaye (War)
14. Best Debut Director- Aditya Dhar for ‘Uri: The Surgical Strike’
15. Best Debut Actor- Abhimanyu Dassani for ‘Mard Ko Dard Nahi Hota’
16. Best Debut Actress- Ananya Pandey for ‘Student Of The Year 2’ and ‘Pati Patni Aur Woh’
17. Best Original Story- ‘Article 15’ (Anubhav Sinha and Gaurav Solanki)
18. Best Screenplay- ‘Gully Boy’ (Reema Kagti and Zoya Akhtar)
19. Best Dialogue- ‘Gully Boy’ (Vijay Maurya)
20. Lifetime Achievement Award- Ramesh Sippy
21. Excellence In Cinema- Govinda
Bharat Ratana 2019

Bhupen Hazarika (2019) - (Posthumous) He was a playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet and film
maker from Assam.
Nanaji Deshmukh (2019) - (Posthumous) Nanaji Deshmukh, a social activist was known for his
immense contributions in the field of education, health and rural self reliance
Pranab Mukherjee (2019) - He became India's youngest finance minister in 1982 at the age of 47.
From 2004, he went on to head three crucial ministries - external affairs, defence and finance. He was
the 13th President of India from 2012 to 2017.
CoronaVirus (COVID-19)
 It is a large family of viruses that causes respiratory illness from mild to moderate in
animals or humans. It’s an infectious disease that includes common cold to Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The
most recently discovered virus from coronavirus disease is COVID-19.
 On December 31, 2019, China alerted WHO about the spread of unusual
pneumonia in Wuhan when the virus was unknown. On January 1, 2020, several
63
people in the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market were infected. The disease
appears to have originated from the animals in the market. The hunt for the animal
source is still unknown.
 The symptoms of the disease usually depend on the virus. Some common signs
include cough, respiratory problems, fever, shortness of breath and difficulty in
breathing. The severity of the disease can use severe acute respiratory syndrome,
pneumonia, and kidney failure or even death.
 Some viruses under coronavirus can be transmitted from one person to another,
which can happen after close contact with an infected person.
 As of now, there is no particular treatment for the disease. Besides, if the condition is
mild, it can be treated with few medications based on the clinical condition of a
patient.
 The disease is new, and there is no vaccine developed yet. It can take several years to
eradicate the disease with a vaccine. Recently, Russia has completed its clinical
trials of the vaccine and it will be available for public use soon.
 Some of the recommendations are to reduce the range of transmission and expose it
to maintaining basic hand and respiratory hygiene. Follow safe food practices and
avoid close contact with people. Maintain 1 meter of distance with people showing
symptoms like sneezing and coughing. Wash your hands' frequency giving it a time
frame of 20 seconds.
 One should only wear a mask if you are experiencing Coronavirus symptoms or
looking after someone who is experiencing the same. Use disposable mask only once
if you are healthy, WHO urges to use mask wisely.
 It is not confirmed how long the virus stays, but studies suggest that it may persist on
surfaces for a few hours to many days. ( It may vary according to the try of surface,
temperature, and humidity) To clean the surface, one can use disinfectants to kill the
virus.
Latest Developments in India-China Relations
 On 10 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops clashed in Nathu La, Sikkim (India). 11 soldiers
were injured. Following the skirmishes in Sikkim, tensions between the two countries grew
in Ladakh with a buildup of troops at multiple locations.
 In the initial weeks of June 2020, there was a substantial buildup of troops on both sides of
the LAC, with both the Indian and Chinese army matching strength for strength
 Following a high-level visit by commanding officers of both the Indian and Chinese forces, the
Chinese army on June 9th, 2020 agreed to withdraw about 2-2.5 km away from the disputed
territory, with Indian army also agreeing to disengage at some locations. Talks for further
disengagement are to continue in the coming days.
 A major incident had occurred in the stand-off between India and China in Ladakh on the
night of 15th June, 2020. One Commanding Officer and two jawans of the Indian Army lost
their lives during a violent face-off with Chinese troops in the Galwan area of Eastern Ladakh.
These are the first combat deaths on the disputed boundary since 1975.
 Army Chief Gen Manoj Naravane had taken review of the situation and announced that
further steps will be taken to de-escalate the situation while calling for restrain from
personnel of both the Armies.
64
Expected MCQs
The Constituent Assembly of India was step up under the framework of?
a. Cripps mission (1942)
b. Cabinet mission (1946)
c. Simon commission (1927)
d. None of these
Answer: b
The all important drafting committee had two distinguished jurist and lawyers along with the chairman
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. They were?
a. B.N Rau and Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
b. B.N Rau and S.N. Mukherjee
c. Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer and K.M. Munshi
d. K.M. Munshi and S.N. Mukherjee
Answer: c
After the creation of Constituent Assembly of Pakistan in 1947, the membership of Constituent
Assembly of India was reduced to 299 from 389 earlier. What was the total number of members from
the provinces in the Constituent Assembly?
a. 229
b. 70
c. 292
d. 93
Answer: a
The Constituent Assembly of India was passed and adopted on which of the following days?
a. 24 January, 1950
b. 26 January, 1950
c. 26 November, 1949
d. 29 August, 1947
Answer: c
The philosophy underlying the Indian constitution was embodied quite early in the Objective
Resolution, which was moved in the first session of the Constituent Assembly (on 13 December 1946)
by:
a. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
b. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
c. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
d. Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Answer: a
The Objective Resolution was unanimously adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22nd January
1947, had the following provisions as given below:
65
I. Adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities, backward and tribal areas, and depressed and other
backward classes.
II. All power and authority of the Sovereign Independent India, its constituent parts and organs of
government, are derived from the people.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a. I only
b. (b)II only
c. Both I and II
d. Neither I nor II
Answer: c
The provisions in the Constitution of India like Constitutional Amendment can be done by 2/3rd
majority in Parliament and election of the members of Rajya Sabha on the basis of proportional
representation are incorporated form ?
a. Government of India Act, 1935
b. Britain
c. Weimer Constitution of Germany
d. Constitution of South Africa
Answer: d
The national Anthem was adopted by the constituent Assembly on which of the following day?
a. 24 January, 1947
b. 22 July, 1947
c. 29 August, 1947
d. 26 November, 1949
Answer: a
The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly had taken place on December 9, 1946 was presided by
whom as its interim president?
a. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
b. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
c. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
d. Dr. Sachidanand Sinha
Answer. d
The fundamental duties are included in the constitution by which of the following act?
(a) 40th amendment act

(b) 44th amendment act
(c) 43rd amendment act
(d) 42nd amendment act
Answer. d
The fundamental duties are mentioned in which of the following?
(a) Part-IV A
(b) Part-IV
(c) Part-III
(d) In schedule IV-A
Answer. b
Which of the following article of the Constitution contains fundamental duties?
(a) 45 A
(b) 51 A
(c) 42
(d) 30B
Answer. b
Which of the following are fundamental duties?
66
(a) Safeguarding public property
(b) Protecting the sovereignty, integrity and unity of India
(c) Developing scientific temper and humanism
(d) All the above
Answer. d
Which of the following committee suggested to incorporate fundamental duties in the constitution?
(a) Malhotra committee
(b) Raghavan committee
(c) Swaran singh committee
(d) Narasimhan committee
Answer. c
Which of the following Articles contain the right to religious freedom?
(a) 25-28
(b) 29-30
(c) 32-35
(d) 23-24
Answer. a
7. Which of the following articles guarantees equality before law and equal protection of law for all
individuals residing within the territory of India?
(a) 15
(b) 14
(c) 17
(d) 18
Answer. b
Which article of the Constitution abolishes Untouchability?
(a) Article 18
(b) Article 15
(c) Article 14
(d) Article 17
Answer. d
Which of the following is correct with respect to “Right against exploitation”?
(a) Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

(b) Freedom as to payment of taxes for the promotion of any particular religion
(c) Protection of interests of minorities
(d) Equality before law
Answer. a
In which part of the Indian Constitution, the Fundamental rights are provided?
(a) Part II
(b) Part III
(c) Part V
(d) Part IV
Answer. A
Supreme Court has made Right to Free Education as the part of which among the following rights?
[A] Right to life
[B] Right against Exploitation
[C] Right to freedom of speech and expression
[D] Cultural and Educational Rights
Answer:- A
67
Who among the following can suspend the fundamental rights?
[A] Parliament
[B] President
[C] Prime minister
[D] Supreme court
Correct Answer: B [President]
Who decides the reasonableness of the restrictions placed on Fundamental rights in India?
[A] Parliament
[B] Courts
[C] President
[D] Prime minister
Correct Answer: B [Courts]
All Minority Educational Institutions are entitled to exercise rights enshrined in which among the
following articles of Constitution of India?
[A] 27
[B] 28
[C] 29
[D] 30
Correct Answer: D [30]
In which part of the Indian constitution the Directive Principle of State Policy are mentioned?
(A) Part 2
(B) Part 3
(C) Part 4
(D) Part 5
Ans. D
Which of the following statements is not correct about Directive Principle of State Policy?
(A) If a State does not apply Directive Principle of State Policy, then a case may be filed against it in court.
(B) ‘Gandhism’ is also an element of Directive Principle of State Policy.
(C) Principles have been taken from the Constitution of Ireland.
(D) These principles are not binding on the state.
Ans. A
Which of the following is not the specialty of Directive Principle of State Policy?
(A) These are constitutional directives are for the State Legislative, executive and administrative matters
(B) The Directive Principles are similar to the instructions outlined in the Government of India Act, 1935
(C)Directive Principle can be implemented by the court in case of their violation
(D) These are made for the creation of a public welfare state
Ans. C
The Directive Principle have been taken from the constitution of.......... ?
(A) Britain
(B) Canada
(C) America
68
(D) Ireland
Ans. D
Which of the following act is covered under the elements of Directive Principle?
(A) Ban on slaughter of milking animals.
(B) All citizens have the right to get equal opportunities for livelihood
(C) Free education for all children up to fourteen years
(D) All
Ans. D
Which of the following is mis-matched?
(A) Article 40: The formation of village Panchayats
(B) Article 44: Uniform Civil Code
(C) Article 41: Organization of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
(D) Article 39A: Good Justice and Free Legal Education
Ans. C
The elements of Directive Principle of State Policy are explained in the articles.........
(A) From 36 to 51
(B) From 12 to 35
(C) From 5 to 11
(D) None of the above
Ans. A
Which of the following statements is correct about 'Directive Principle of State Policy'?
(A) They are not moral and political
(B) Their nature is socialist
(C) These are automatically applied on the state
(D) They can be legally enforced by the court
Ans. B
A three tier Panchayat is envisaged for states having population above __________?
[A] 10 lakhs
[B] 15 lakhs
[C] 20 lakhs
[D] 25 lakhs
Correct Answer: C [20 lakhs]
Which among the following are included in nagar panchayat?

[A] Notified Area Committee only
[B] Town Area Committee only
[C] Both Notified Area Committee & Town Area Committee
[D] None of the above
Correct Answer: C [Both Notified Area Committee & Town Area Committee]
69
Which of the following states in India established Panchayati Raj in 1956?
[A] Rajasthan & Maharastra
[B] Rajasthan & Andhra Pradesh
[C] Rajasthan Only
[D] Maharastra only
Correct Answer: B [Rajasthan & Andhra Pradesh]
Which among the following is an apex body under Panchayati Raj?

[A] Zila Parishad
[B] Panchayat Samiti
[C] Mandal Parishad
[D] Gramsabha
Correct Answer: A [Zila Parishad]
How many subjects are there in Eleventh schedule which was added by the 73rd amendment Bill
(1992) enshrining powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats?
[A] 21
[B] 25
[C] 27
[D] 29
Correct Answer: D [29]
Which among the following is not a Panchayati Raj Institution?

[A] Gram Sabha
[B] Gram panchayat
[C] Gram cooperative Society
[D] Nyaya Panchayat
Correct Answer: C [Gram cooperative Society]
The famous “Ripon Resolution” of 1882 is most closely related to which among the following?
[A] Public Services in India
[B] Educational Reforms
[C] Local Self Government
[D] Public Health Policy
Correct Answer: C [Local Self Government]
Which among the following parts of Indian Constitution deal with the local administration?
[A] Part IX
[B] Part IX and part IXA
[C] Part IX, Part IXA and Part XIVA
[D] Part IXA only
Correct Answer: B [Part IX and part IXA]
Which among the following is the basic territorial unit of Administration in India?
[A] Revenue Division
[B] Tehsil
[C] District
[D] Village
Hide Answer
Correct Answer: C [District]
Ashok Mehta Committee in 1977 recommended for the establishment of:

a) Nagar Panchayat
b) Panchayat Samiti
c) Maha Panchayat
d) Mandal Panchayat
Ans D
Which Constitutional Article defines disqualification for the members of Panchayat—

a) Article 243F
70
b) Article 243G
c) Article 243I
d) None of the above.
Ans A
Which one of the following objectives is not included in the 73rd Constitutional Amendment of India:
a) To increase the productivity of the land
b) To reduce regional disparity in development
c) To generate employment
d) To provide essential infrastructure facilities and amenities to the people
Ans B
Which of the following is the earliest source of Kashmir ?

A. Shivadrishti B. Rajtarangini
C. Nilmatpuran D. Pratyabhijnasutra
Answer: B
The Rabi crops sown in which months?

A. March-April
B. June-July
C. October-November
D. January-February
Ans: C
Which of the following is a ‘Rabi Crops’?
A. Cotton
B. Maize
C. Arhar
D. Mustard
Ans: D
Which of the following is Kharif Crop?

A. Groundnut
B. Maize
C. Paddy
D. All of the above
Ans: D
Which one of the following sequence is correct in the context of three largest wheat producing states in
India?
A. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana
B. Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab
C. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana
D. Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
Ans: C
The Kharif crops sown in which months?

A. March-April
B. July-October
C. October-November
D. January-February
Ans: B
Which of the following is not a Rabi Crop?

A. Carrot
71
B. Radish
C. Pea
D. Lady’s finger
Ans: D
Consider the following

I. Wheat is sown in mid-October-mid-November and harvested in March.
II. Wheat is grows well in cool, moist climate and ripens in a warm, dry climate.
Which of the above statement (s) is/are correct about climatic conditions for Growing Wheat?
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. Both I and II
D. Neither I nor II
Ans: C
Match the following
Set I
a. Largest litchi producing state in India
b. Cocoa producing state in India
c. Largest wheat producing states in India
d. Largest rice producing state in India
Set II
1. West Bengal
2. Uttar Pradesh
3. Kerala
4. Bihar
Code:
a b c d
A. 1 2 3 4
B. 4 3 2 1
C. 3 1 4 2
D. 1 4 3 2
Ans: B
Which of the following state is a not top Soyabean growing state in India?
A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Maharashtra
C. Rajasthan
D. Chhattisgarh
Ans: D
What is the rank of India in the production of linseed in the world?
A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth
Ans: D
Which of the following is not a top Cotton growing state in India?

a) Gujarat
b) Maharashtra
c) Andhra Pradesh
d) Bihar
Answer: d
Which one below is an example of the overlapping crop?

a) Tobacco
b) Wheat
72
c) Millets
d) Sugarcane
Answer: d
Heavy retentive soil is favorable for which type of crop?

a) Sugarcane and Rice
b) Maize
c) Gram and fodder crops
d) Cotton
Answer: a
What is the crop ratio of Kharif to rabi crops?

a) 1:2
b) 1:4
c) 1:3
d) 2:1
Answer: a
Which one the following combination is incorrect?

a) Kharif crops – Rice, maize
b) Rabi crops – Wheat, mustard
c) Zaid crops – cotton, sugarcane
d) Cash crops – jute, tobacco
Answer: c
Groundnut requires paleo watering before sowing.

a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Who is the ‘Father of Indian Green Revolution’?

a) Dr. William Gaude
b) Dr. M.S Swaminathan
c) Norman Borlaug
d) Dr. Varghese Kurien
Answer: b
Which Indian state is Worlds first organic state?

a) Punjab
b) Assam
c) Arunachal Pradesh
d) Sikkim
Answer: d
Which state leads to the consumption of fertilizers?

a) Haryana
b) Punjab
c) Andhra Pradesh
d) UP
Answer: a
In crop-rotation, a cash crop may be followed by a fodder crop, which is then followed by soil
renovating crop like ________
a) Rice
b) Maize
c) Oats
d) Grams and pulses
Answer: d
What are the climatic conditions required for growing rice?

a) Fertile clay soil, 70-200 cm rainfall, temperature 20°C-27°C
b) Fertile soil, 50-75 cm rainfall, temperature 20°C-25°C
c) Nitrogen-rich soil, 50-80 cm rainfall, temperature 25°C-30°C
d) Sulfur-rich soil, 150-200 cm rainfall, temperature 15°C-20°C
73
Answer: a
Which option is correct, when we only accomplish two out of three pillars of Sustainable Development?
A) Economic + Environmental Sustainability = Viable
B) Social + Environmental Sustainability = Bearable
C) Social + Economic Sustainability = Equitable
D) None of the above
Answer: D
The word ‘Sustainable Development’ came into existence in the year?
A) 1992
B) 1978
C) 1980
D) 1987
Answer: C
The United Nation’s Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was started by the UN General
Assembly in the year.
A) 1995
B) 1994
C) 1993
D) 1992
Answer: D
After mining the huge holes left behind is used for
A) Wastewater storage
B) Waste and water storage
C) Waste Disposal
D) Waste Storage
Answer: C
Mercury and lead are toxic elements, which causes
A) Noise Pollution
B) Air Pollution
C) Water Pollution
D) Land contamination
Answer: D
The other word of Landscaping is
A) Reduction
B) Restoration
C) Removing topsoil
D) Restore
Answer: B
Whenever the price of the mineral remains high, the firm seeks for
A) New countries
B) Remains the same
C) New miners
D) New deposits
Answer: D
Which of the option is not incorporated as sustainable development parameters?
A) Gender disparity and diversity
B) Inter and Intra-generation equity
C) Carrying capacity
D) None of the above
Answer: D
The Blue Revolution is related with?

A.Fish production
B.Food grain production
C.Oilseed production
D.Milk production
Answer - A (Fish production)
Indian agriculture is typically characterized as?
A.land surplus, labour scare economy
B.land surplus, lablour surplus economy
C.land scare, labour surplus economy
74
D.land scare, labour scare economy
Answer - C (land scare, labour surplus economy)
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan has distinguished himself in which of the following fields?
A.Nuclear Physics
B.Agriculture
C.Astrophysics
D.Medicine
Answer - B (Agriculture)
The Green Revolution in India was the outcome of the efforts of who amongst the following?
A.M.S. Swaminathan
B.C. Rangrajan
C.K.V. Kamath
D.Rakesh Mohan
Answer - A (M.S. Swaminathan)
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was established in the year?
A.1970
B.1975
C.1977
D.1980
Answer - D (1982)
The head office of the NABARD is located in?
A.Lucknow
B.Hyderabad
C.New Delhi
D.Mumbai
Answer - D (Mumbai)
Where is the Central Rice Research Institute located?
A.Bangaluru
B.Kanpur
C.Coimbatore
D.Cuttack
Answer - D (Cuttack)
NABARD was established in the?
A.Fourth Five Year plan
B.Fifth Five Year plan
C.Sixth Five Year plan
D.Eighth Five Year plan
Answer - C (Sixth Five Year plan)
Under which Five Year Plan agriculture register negative growth?
A.Third
B.Fifth
C.Seventh
D.Ninth
Answer - A (Third)
Who is known as Father of White Revolution in India?
A.M.S. Swaminathan
B.V. Kurien
C.K.N. Bahal
D.B.P. Pal
Answer - B (V. Kurien)
Which Indian state celebrated its statehood day on March 30?
[A] Gujarat
[B] Rajasthan
[C] Maharashtra
[D] Karnataka
Correct Answer: B [Rajasthan]
As per the recent report of S&P Global Ratings, what is the GDP growth rate of India in the financial year
2020-21?
75
[A] 5.0%
[B] 4.5%
[C] 3.5%
[D] 2.5%
Correct Answer: C [3.5%]
Which state government has launched a mobile application called PRAGYAAM to issue e-passes for
people involved in essential services amid lock-down?
[A] Telangana
[B] Odisha
[C] Jharkhand
[D] Punjab
Correct Answer: C [Jharkhand]
In the context of measures taken to combat Covid-19, what is ‘CoNTeC’, that was making news recently?
[A] Tele-medicine Hub
[B] Mobile Application
[C] Portal to buy medicines
[D] Database of Hospitals
Correct Answer: A [Tele-medicine Hub]
Ken Shimura, a Japanese personality who recently passed away, was associated with which field?
[A] Entertainment
[B] Business
[C] Politics
[D] Research
Correct Answer: A [Entertainment]
The term of which Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India was extended for a period of one year,
recently?
[A] N S Vishwanathan
[B] M K Jain
[C] B P Kanungo
[D] Michael Debabrata Patra
Correct Answer: C [B P Kanungo]
The report titled ‘East Asia and Pacific in the Time of Covid-19’ has been released by which global
organisation?
[A] World Bank
[B] Asian Development Bank
[C] International Monetary Fund
[D] United Nations
Correct Answer: A [World Bank]
Arjun Dev, who recently passed away, was associated with which profession?
[A] Businessperson
[B] Politician
[C] Historian
[D] Musician
Correct Answer: C [Historian]
What is the name of the mobile application launched by the Government of India, to enable people
assess the risk of coronavirus infection?
[A] Bharat Corona
[B] India Fights
[C] Aarogya Setu
[D] Covid India
Correct Answer: C [Aarogya Setu]
76
Tony-Lewis, who devised DLS method, recently passed away. DLS is a mathematical formula associated
with which game?
[A] Football
[B] Cricket
[C] Tennis
[D] Squash
Correct Answer: B [Cricket]
China is set to impose a ban on pork related imports from China after concerns regarding which
disease?
[A] Corona virus Disease
[B] African swine fever
[C] Porcine parvovirus
[D] Mastitis
Correct Answer: B [African swine fever]
Which country has terminated its relationship with World Health Organization over its handling of the
Corona virus pandemic?
[A] China
[B] United States
[C] Brazil
[D] United Kingdom
Correct Answer: B [United States]
What is the name of the Video Blogging Contest, associated with International Yoga Day, that was
recently announced?
[A] Yoga with Family
[B] My Life – My Yoga
[C] Yoga fights Covid-19
[D] Yoga for the world
Correct Answer: B [My Life – My Yoga]
Which consumer electronics company has partnered with Indian start-up incubator T-Hub to support
start-up ecosystem in India?
[A] Realme
[B] OPPO
[C] Xiaomi
[D] Huawei
Correct Answer: B [OPPO]
What are the large group of asteroids that share the Jupiter’s orbit around the Sun, commonly called as?
[A] Trojan asteroids
[B] Dragon Asteroids
[C] Migrant Asteroids
[D] Queen Asteroids
Correct Answer: A [Trojan asteroids]
What is the estimate of horticulture production in 2019-20, as per the second estimate of Agriculture
Ministry?
[A] 270.48 million tonnes
[B] 290.48 million tonnes
[C] 300.48 million tonnes
[D] 320.48 million tonnes
Correct Answer: D [320.48 million tonnes
Which global organisation recently warned that 60 million people could be pushed into extreme
poverty in 2020?
[A] United Nations
[B] World Bank
[C] Food and Agricultural Organisation
[D] World Economic Forum
77
Correct Answer: B [World Bank]
[A] Google
[B] Microsoft
[C] Amazon
[D] Facebook
Correct Answer: B [Microsoft]
9.Union Cabinet has approved to rename which major port of India as Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port?
[A] Kandla Port
[B] Chennai Port
[C] Cochin Port
[D] Kolkata Port
Correct Answer: D [Kolkata Port]
When was the Essential Commodities act passed?

[A] 1952
[B] 1955
[C] 1975
[D] 1982
Correct Answer: B [1955]
Which Indian Private-sector bank will hold 30 percent of stake in Max Life Insurance, in its joint
venture with Max Financial Services?
[A] HDFC Bank
[B] ICICI Bank
[C] Axis Bank
[D] Yes Bank
Correct Answer: C [Axis Bank]
Longleng and Chiulan are the names of which migratory birds recently mentioned by the Union
Environment Ministry?
[A] Amur Falcon
[B] Eurasian hobby
[C] Caspian plover
[D] Spotted kestrel
Correct Answer: A [Amur Falcon]
Bombay High court recently quashed a clause of UGC regulations, which converted permanent posts to
term posts. What was the original term of College Principals, as per the regulations?
[A] Three years
[B] Four years
[C] Five years
[D] Six years
Correct Answer: C [Five years]
The Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA) was constituted to address dispute over water
sharing among how many states/UT?
[A] Two
[B] Three
[C] Four
[D] Five
Correct Answer: C [Four]
‘Bank of Schemes, Ideas, Innovation and Research portal’, which was seen in news, has been launched
by which Union Ministry?
[A] Ministry of Health and Family welfare
[B] Ministry of MSME
[C] Ministry of Human Resource Development
[D] Ministry of Science and Technology
Correct Answer: B [Ministry of MSME]
78
What is the name of the famous author and historian known for chronicling Delhi, who passed away
recently?
[A] Augustine Mahiga
[B] Ronald Vivian Smith
[C] Chuni Goswami
[D] Kundanika Kapadia
Correct Answer: B [Ronald Vivian Smith]
Which is the first state to bring its migrant labourers, after lock-down, through the Special Shramik
Trains run by Ministry of Railways?
[A] Jharkhand
[B] Kerala
[C] Uttar Pradesh
[D] Rajasthan
Correct Answer: A [Jharkhand]
Chakmas and Hajongs communities, which were seen in news recently, are present in which Indian
state/UT?
[A] Arunachal Pradesh
[B] Sikkim
[C] Himachal Pradesh
[D] Chhattisgarh
Correct Answer: A [Arunachal Pradesh]
Who has received the Department of Science and Technology’s (DST) Young Career Award in Nano
Science and Technology for the year 2020?
[A] Saurabh Lodha
[B] Dar Yasin
[C] Mukhtar Khan
[D] Channi Anand
Correct Answer: A [Saurabh Lodha]
As per the recent report of the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), which area of the country
recorded maximum unemployment rate after Covid-19?
[A] Rural areas
[B] Urban areas
[C] Semi-urban areas
[D] Hilly areas
Correct Answer: B [Urban areas]
What is ‘Sachet’, that was recently commissioned by the Indian Coast Guard?
[A] Interceptor Boat
[B] Ship
[C] Submarine
[D] Chopper
Correct Answer: B [Ship]
Which global organisation signed a USD 145 million agreement with the Government of India and West
Bengal?
[A] World Bank
[B] Asian Development Bank
[C] Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
[D] International Monetary Fund
Correct Answer: C [Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]
‘INLCU L57’ ship, that was recently commissioned to the Indian Navy, has been built by which ship
builder?
[A] L &T ship yard
[B] Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE)
[C] Cochin Ship yard
[D] Mazagon Dock Limited
Correct Answer: B [Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE)]
79
In the NMIS online dashboard recently developed by the National Disaster Management Authority, what
does ‘M’ stand for?
[A] Maintenance
[B] Migrant
[C] Ministry
[D] Movement
Correct Answer: B [Migrant]
When is the International Day of Living Together in Peace celebrated by the United Nations?
[A] May 12
[B] May 14
[C] May 16
[D] May 18
Correct Answer: C [May 16]
Which country recently sworn in its new government led by the Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
and Benny Gantz?
[A] Iran
[B] Oman
[C] Israel
[D] Iraq
Correct Answer: C [Israel]
Which country announced a USD 2 billion fund to help developing countries for fighting COVID-19, at
the recently held World Health Assembly (WHA)?
[A] United States
[B] China
[C] Germany
[D] United Kingdom
Correct Answer: B [China]
Who was the head of the International Cricket Council (ICC) cricket committee, which has
recommended to ban using saliva to polish the ball?
[A] Mahela Jayawardena
[B] Rahul Dravid
[C] Anil Kumble
[D] Andrew Strauss
Correct Answer: C [Anil Kumble ]
Kevin Mayer, who was recently seen in news, is set to become the Chief executive officer of which
popular platform?
[A] TikTok
[B] Instagram
[C] Snapchat
[D] Zoom
Correct Answer: A [TikTok]
Which country’s cabinet has approved their new political map that included Lipulekh, Kalapani and
Limpiyadhura?
[A] China
[B] Nepal
[C] Afghanistan
[D] Thailand
Correct Answer: B [Nepal]
Important One Liners

Which Place in J&K is known as “Chhota Kashi”?
Ans. Purmandal (Jammu)
Bhaderwah is also known as?
80
Ans. Chhota Kashmir
The Famous Tulip Garden is situated?
Ans. Srinagar
The Famous Tourist place Gulmarg is located?
Ans. Baramulla
The Martand Sun Temple is situated at?
Ans. District Anantnag
Which place is known as “Moon Land”?
Ans. Lamayaru
The Reasi Fort is also known as?
Ans. Bhimgarh Fort
The Bahu Fort is located on the bank of?
Ans.Tawi River
The Hari Niwas is located on bank of?
Ans. Tawi River
The Famous Nishat Garden is Located?
Ans. Srinagar
The Amarnath Cave is situated in
Ans. Kashmir
The valley originally was a huge lake. What was the name of the lake?
Ans. Sitasar
Which historian has given a great account of early history of Kashmir?
Ans. Kalhan
The ancient text in which the pre-history of kashmir is given is
Ans. Nilmat Puran. Kalhan used Nilmat Puran as one of the sources for completing Rajatrangini.
Which place did the huge historic lake Sitasar formed its boundary?
Ans. Baramulla (Varahmulla)
Which saint killed the demon Jalod Bowa so as to make people settle in valley?
Ans. Rishi Kashyap
The earliest name of Kashmir adopted by people from the name of Rishi Kashyap was?
Ans. Kashyap-Mar and Kashyap-Pura
What does the word 'kashmir' mean?
Ans. 'ka' meaning 'water' and shimeera 'to desicate'. So 'Kashmir' implies ' land dedicated from water'
Famous chinese pilgrim Hein-Tsang who visited valley called the valley as:
Ans. KaShi-Mi-Lo
The earliest name of the river Jhelum in sanskrit scripts is
Ans. Vitasta
The period of rule of famous sultan Zain-ul-Abdeen is
Ans. 1420- 1470
The old city of Srinagar, Pandrethan was founded by
Ans. Ashoka. The earlier name of the city was Purandisthan.
Who is also believed to be Samudra Gupta of Kashmir?
Ans. Lalitaditya Muktapid (724 - 761 A.D.). Lalitaditya belonged to Karkota dynasty
What is the name of the work done by Kalhan that provides a detailed account of the history of
Kashmir?
Ans. Rajatarangini
How many parts Kalhan's work 'Rajatrangini' is divided?
Ans. Rajatrangini consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas
Parihaspur was the capital of kashmir in the reign of
Ans. King Lalitaditya
Who built the world famous sun temple (Martand) built on Mattan Karew?
Ans. Lalitaditya
Avantipur (Avantipura today) was the capital of kashmir during the reign of
Ans. Maharaja Avanti-verman.
81
Sopore ( ancient name, Sayapur) was founded by
Ans. Suya. Suya was a great engineer who worked in the court of Avanti-verman
Harsha ruled in kashmir from
Ans. 1089 to 1101 A.D
Kalhan completed Rajatrangini during the reign of
Ans. King Jaisimha
Who was the first lady ruler of Kashmir?
Ans. Didda
The last Hindu ruler of (medieval) Kashmir is
Ans. Urban Dev
First Muslim ruler of Kashmir is
Ans. Shah Mir (also known as Sultan Shamas-ud-din) in 1339. Founded Shah-Miri dynasty
Who were the two great Muslim rulers of Shah-Miri dynasty?
Ans. Sultan Shihab-ud-din and Sultan Zain-ul-Abdin
Who founded Shadipur?
Ans. Sultan Shihab-ud-din ( Shadipur was earlier known as Shihab-ud-din pura
Moghul period lasted in kashmir from
Ans. 1587 to 1752
Nagar-Magar, a town near Hariparbat, was built by
Ans. Akbar.
Hariparbat is the site of Durrani Fort. The present fort was built in 1808 under the reign of Shuja Shah Durrani.
The first fortifications on the site were constructed by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1590 who built an outer
wall for the fort as part of his plans for a new capital called Nager Nagor.
Shalimar and Nishat gardens in Kashmir were built by
Ans. Jahangir
Garden of Chashma-shai was built by
Ans. Shah Jahan
French traveller who accompanied Aurangzeb during his visit to kashmir was
Ans. Francis Bernier
How long did Afghan rule in Kashmir?
Ans. 1752 - 1819
Which rule is the darkest rule in the history of Kashmir?
Ans. Afghan or Parhan rule. During this period, terror and looting was at peak in kashmir. The period is
remembered for its brutality and cruelty in kashmir.
Who established Afghan rule in Kashmir?
Ans. Ahmad Shah Abdali
What is the period of Sikh rule in Kashmir?
Ans. 1819 - 1846
Who was the first sikh ruler of Kashmir?
Ans. Maharaja Ranjit Singh
How did Dogra Period started in Kashmir?
Ans. After the First Anglo-Sikh War in 1846, under the terms of the Treaty of Amritsar, the British government
sold Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh and the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, the second largest
princely state in British India, was created. It was Maharaja Gulab Singh who again revived conditions in valley.
Maharaja Gulab Singh entered Srinagar on
Ans. 9th November, 1848
Who laid foundation of modern J&K?

Ans. Maharaja Gulab Singh
The last ruling Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir was
Ans. Hari Singh
The Constituent Assembly of J&K ended Dogra hereditary rule on
Ans. 26th January, 1957
82
The instrument of accession was signed on
Ans. 26th October, 1947
Who were the signatories of instrument of accession?
Ans. Jammu and Kashmir Maharaja Hari Singh and Lord Louis Mountbatten of India
The instrument of accession came into force in J&K from
Ans. 27 October, 1947
Who founded the city of Jammu?
Ans. Raja Jambulochan. Earlier name of city was Jumbupur. During one of his hunting campaigns in 14th
century B. C., he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. After
this incident, he decided to found a city near the river. The city came to known as Jambu-Nagar, which then
later changed into Jammu.
Who founded Bahu Fort?
Ans. Bahu lochan, Brother of Jambulochan
How many parts Kalhan's work ' Rajatrangini' is divided?
Ans. Rajatrangini consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas ("waves"). It is
written in sanskrit. Kalhan used Nilmat Puran in completing Rajatrangini.
What is the name given to river Jhelum by ancient Greeks?
Ans. Hydaspes
The Battle of Hydaspes River was fought between
Ans. Alexander and the Indian king, Porus in 326 BC. Porus was defeated in the Battle.
What is the kashmiri name for river Jhelum?
Ans. Vyeth
Which sacred shrine of Kashmiri Pandits is located on Hari Parbat?
Ans. Sharika Mata temple
Which Sikh Gurudwara is associated with sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Har Gobind?
Ans. Gurudwara Chatti Patshahi.
Gurudwara Chatti Patshahi at Kathi Darwaja, Rainwari, Srinagar is one of the most important Sikh gurudwaras
in Kashmir. It is believed that Guru Har Gobind, the sixth Sikh guru, travelled through Kashmir, stopping to
preach occasionally and stayed there for few days
Which mountain temple of Mata Vaishno Devi is located?
Ans. Trikuta Mountain
Where in Khanqah of Shah Hamdan situated?
Ans. On Bank of river Jhelum
Who built Raghunath temple?
Ans. The temple was built during the period 1822–1860 by Maharaja Gulab Singh and his son Maharaja Ranbir
Singh.
83

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1

Prepared by ................. Majid Sir (7006259581)

National Flag on July 22, 1947.

Constitution on November 26, 1949.

National Anthem on January 24, 1950.

National Song on January 24, 1950.

Fundamental Rights Explained

Article 13: Judicial Review.

Note: The expression Judicial Review is nowhere mentioned in the Constitution.

Article 16:- Equality of opportunity in matters of Public employment.

Article 17:- Abolition of untouchability:-

 The Parliament passed Untouchability (offences) Act, 1955.

ARTICLE-18:- Abolition of titles except military and academic.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM (19-22)

Article 20:- Protection in respect of conviction for offences.

Note: This was present in Article 45 of the constitution.

Article 22:- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

 Right to be informed of the grounds of arrest, consult a legal practitioner, and

Preventive Detention:- Detention of a person before committing any crime

 Only a precautionary measure and based on suspicion.

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION (23-24)

Article 24:- Prohibition of employment of children in factories.

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION (25-28)

Article 26: Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs:

 To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;

Article 27:- Freedom for Taxation for promotion of a religion.

Article 28:- Freedom from attending religious instruction.

 No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institute wholly

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS (29-30)

RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES (32)

 Article 36:- Article Definition of State.

o They are not enforceable in any court of Law.

The DPSP are classified into three categories:-

Article 39A:- Article 39A talks about Free Legal aid.

 Gandhian Principles:- These principles reflect the programme and ideology

Article 47:- It prohibits the use of intoxicating drinks

Article 48:- Prohibiting the slaughter of cows and other cattle.

Article 48A:- It talks about the Environment and Wildlife Protection.

Article 50:- It talks about Separation of Judiciary from the Executive.

Amendments related to DPSP

 42nd Amendment:-Four Directive Principles which were added by the 42nd

73RD AMENDMENT ACT OF 1992

 The 73rd amendment act corresponds to part IX of constitution of India. It is entitled

Salient Features of the Act

 Verinag:-Original source of river Jehlum and is about 26 km away from Anantnag. A

 Kokernag:- Located in ‘’Breng valley’’ , called “Golden crown of Kashmir’’ . The

 Noori Chamb:-It is a beautiful waterfall in Poonch located at a distance of 45 km

 Akhnoor:- It is an archaeological site and Municipal committee in Jammu District. It

 This most widely accepted definition of Sustainable Development was given by

Following steps have been taken to implement the SDGs in India

1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is being

Millennium Development Goals

1. Contribution to Gross Domestic Product (or National Income):-

3. Contribution to Industrial Development:

6. Source of Govt. Revenue:

1. Using seeds with improved genetics (High Yielding Variety seeds).

Role of Major Industries in Indian Economic Development

Centrally Sponsored Schemes

 Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana:- The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana

J&K_GK (Majid sir) PDF Final

J&K_GK (Majid sir) PDF Final

J&K_GK (Majid sir) PDF Final