My Wish Enterprise plc

Develon
Ethiopia
Service Eng. Solomon Ayalew
What is ENGINE?
 Is a device which convert any form of energy
into another form of energy.

Eg. Fan motor

Cylinders
Fuel pump…
Heat Engine
 Is a device which converts Heat energy by a means of
chemical energy(Fuel , Air , and spark) into
mechanical energy.
Types of Heat Engine HE

Internal External
Combustion IC Combustion EC
 IC Engine

 The combustion of fuel

is take place inside of the
cylinders .

 Working fluids are

petrol, Diesel , and
Gases.
 IC Engine
Advantage Disadvantage

 Smaller in size.  High vibration due to

reciprocating motions.
 Starting is very easy.
 Inability to use variety of fuel.
 High thermal efficiency.
 Lower mechanical efficiency.
 High Temperature and
pressure.
 EC Engine or Gas Turbine

 The combustion of fuel

or coal is takes place
outside of the cylinders.

 Working fluid is Steam.

 EC Engine
Advantage Disadvantage
 Cheaper fuels which is mainly  Very large in size.
coal or wood.  Starting is more difficult or
 Ignition and lubrication is need more energy.
simpler.  Low thermal efficiency
 Higher mechanical efficiency.  Difficult to transfer the
working fluid.
Mechanical Efficiency
 External Combustion Engine.
 Is how Efficient the engine
can deliver the work moving
the piston into work output.
 Available energy or force to
perform work.
Thermal Efficiency
 Internal Combustion Engine.
 How the engine can transfer
the heat produced by the
combustion into work or
moving the piston.
 Chemical energy of a fuel
converted to thermal energy
through combustion.
 Classification of IC Engine

 According to type of Fuel injection system.

1. Spark Ignition SI.

2. Compression Ignition CI.
1. Operation cycle.
S.I Engines
 Ignition process is carried
out with the help of a
spark plug.
 which ignites a mixture of
air + fuel that is
compressed in the
combustion chamber.
 Otto cycle – constant
volume heat is added.
C.I Engines
 Self ignition occurs due to
high temperature of highly
compressed air.
 Therefore, spark plugs are not
required.
 Diesel cycle – constant
pressure.
2. Type of Fuel.
S.I Engines
 Uses petrol or regular as
their working fuel.
 Petrol is a highly volatile
(Evaporate) fuel and has a
high self ignition
temperature.
C.I Engines
 Uses Diesel as the working
fuel.
 Diesel is a non volatile fuel
with a low self ignition
temperature.
3. Method of fuel injection
S.I Engines
 A mixture of air and fuel is
introduced in the suction
stroke.
 It consist of a carburetor for
mixing the air and fuel.
C.I Engines
 Fuel is injected directly into
the combustion chamber at
high pressure.
 combustion process is caused
by the elevated temperature
of the air in the cylinder due
to the mechanical
compression.
 It consist of a fuel pump and a
fuel injector.
4. speed

S.I Engine C.I Engine

 High speed engines, due to  Low speed engines due to
their light weight. their heavy weight.
 Homogeneous combustion  Heterogeneous combustion
Mixtures - are formed when two or more mix together without
participating in a chemical change.

 Homogeneous Mixture  Heterogeneous Mixture

- Components (Air + petrol) - Non uniform composition.

mixed are uniformly - It can be separated out
distributed. physically.
- Uniform composition
- It can’t be separated out
physically.
5. Weight
S.I Engine C.I Engine
 Lighter in weight due to their  Generally heavier due to
lower peak pressures. higher peak pressure.
• According to Number of stroke IC Engine
4 Stroke IC Engine
 The piston completes four
separate strokes.
 It has two revolutions of the
crankshaft during one power
stroke.
 Higher thermal efficiency.
 Less noisy.
2 Stroke IC Engine
 Is an engine that completes a
power cycle with two strokes
of the piston during only one
crankshaft revolution.
 Less lubrication system.
 More smoke and shows less
efficiency.
 Lesser thermal efficiency.
Uses valves for inlet Uses ports for inlet and
outlets.
and outlets.
2 stroke IC Engine complete 4 cycles in One revolution of crankshaft…
4 stroke IC Engine complete 4 cycles in Two revolution of crankshaft…
• According to Fuel used IC Engine.
1. Petrol fuel Engine
 Highly inflammable because it
contain light hydrocarbon.
 Has a carburetor.
 Air and fuel mix before it gets
in to combustion.
 Ignition by electric spark.
 Less smoke and high speed
 Light duties.
2. Diesel fuel Engine
 Lesser inflammable because it
contain heavy hydrocarbon.
 Has injection pump.
 Fuel injected by compression of
air fuel mixture.
 High smoke and low speed.
 Heavy duties and heavy weight.
Which car is petrol and diesel?

A B
Which car is petrol and diesel?

A B
• According to Thermodynamic cycle

1. Otto Engine
2. Diesel Engine
3. Duel Engine
1. Otto Engine
 Internal combustion four stroke engine.
 Designed by the German Nicolaus Otto.
 Known today as the gasoline engine.
 Constant volume cycle.
Otto cycle.
Otto cycle…
 Otto Cycle…
1. Process 0 – 1 :- Mass of air is drawn into piston/cylinder.
2. Process 1–2 :- Compression of the charge as the piston
moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead
center (TDC).
3. Process 2 – 3 :- Constant volume heat added (Spark) to
the working gas from an external source while the piston
is at TDC.
4. Process 3–4 :- Is an adiabatic (isentropic) expansion or
power stroke.
5. Process 4–1 :- Completes the cycle by constant volume
process heat is rejected from the piston while the piston
is at BDC.
6. Process 1–0 :- Mass of air or heat is released to the
atmosphere in a constant pressure process.
 2.Diesel Engine
 During the compression of air in the combustion
chamber and fuel is injected.
 Constant pressure and increased volume.
1→2 isentropic compression
of the fluid (blue) Intake.

2→3 constant pressure

heating (red) compression.

3→4 isentropic expansion

(yellow) power.

4→1 constant volume cooling

(green) Exhaust.
 An isobaric process is a thermodynamic process
where pressure remains constant and volume increase.
Suction stroke.
 An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process
where there is no transfer of heat or mass to the
surroundings. Compression and power stroke.
 An isentropic process is a thermodynamic process
that is both adiabatic and reversible.
 The ignition point is a temperature and pressure
combination at which a fuel spontaneously ignites.
 An Isochoric process the heat that is expelled
decreased At this stage, the pressure is constant and
volume decreased. Exhaust stroke.
 Q
1.What is the different between engine and heat engine?
2. What is the different of spark and compression ignition?
3. Describe 4 and 2 stroke engine?
4. EC and IC engine different?
5. Draw PV diagram cycle for petrol and diesel engine?