ASSEMBLIES OF GOD GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY

AN ORAL REPORT, SUMMARY, AND CRITIQUE OF 2 SYNOPTIC GOSPELS

(CHAPTER 14 AND 15), THE FOURTH GOSPEL (CHAPTER 23), AND A PAUL’S

LETTER (CHAPTER 39), FROM GEORGE E. LADD AND CHAPTER 15 AND 20 OF

KAISER C. WALTER JR

A RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED TO DR. ANDRÉA D. SNAVELY IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR BIB 502 NEW TESTAMENT

GENRES AND ISSUES

BY

JEFFERY AYEMBILLA

LOME, TOGO

JUNE 2024
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Chapter 14: The Messianic Mission in the Synoptics

The Gospels depict Jesus' mission as culminating not in worldly triumph, but in

sacrificial death. This concept stands in stark contrast to the expectation of a conquering

Messiah. Throughout his ministry, Jesus foreshadowed his own suffering, aligning himself

with the image of the Suffering Servant from Isaiah. Jesus didn't shy away from identifying

with humanity's experience of pain and mortality. From the very start, he linked his mission

to this ultimate sacrifice. His death, therefore, was not a tragic misstep, but a crucial element

in fulfilling his purpose of bringing God's reign to humanity.

Ladd asserts that the Gospels offer little explanation from Jesus himself on the

meaning of his death, however, there are clues. Jesus’ death is portrayed as central to his

mission, not a tragic accident. Mark 10:45 suggests his death is a ransom sacrifice, offered to

redeem the lost. The Last Supper reinforces this concept with Jesus’ words about his blood

being poured out “for many.” John emphasizes Jesus’ deliberate act of sacrifice. Taken

together, these passages show Jesus’ death as a purposeful act with redemptive power.

The author emphasizes the Gospels offer a multifaceted view of Jesus’ death. Mark

10:45 suggests Jesus’ sacrifice is substitutionary, a ransom paid for the many. The Last

Supper reinforces this with Jesus’ reference to his blood poured out. Jesus’ death is also

sacrificial, linked to the suffering servant of Isaiah. It is an act with eschatological

significance, a new covenant sealed in his blood. Finally, Jesus’ experience on the cross

suggests a deeper meaning, a confrontation with evil and the wrath of God against sin.

Chapter 15: Eschatology as seen in the Synoptics

Ladd discusses the concept of Sheol in the Old Testament, where both the righteous

and unrighteous experience a shadowy existence after death. He notes that Judaism later

viewed Sheol as a place of blessing for the righteous, but Jesus offers little commentary on

this concept. Instead, Jesus emphasizes the resurrection of the dead, envisioning a new kind
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of life where people are like angels and no longer die. In Ladd's view, the Synoptic Gospels'

concept of Hell is Gehenna, a place of fiery torment and exclusion from God's presence.

People are judged wholly, with both body and soul cast into Gehenna.

Ladd argues that Jesus anticipated certain future events, such as a period of judgment

for Israel due to its rejection of God's offer, including the destruction of the temple and the

scattering of the Jewish people. Jesus' disciples would then embark on a mission to preach the

Kingdom beyond Israel, facing persecution. Eventually, God's Kingdom would come and

vindicate His people, marked by Jesus' return in glory, conflict, and a final separation of the

righteous and wicked. The righteous would receive eternal life, while the wicked would face

eternal fire.

The Synoptic Gospels present conflicting views on the timing of the Kingdom of

God's arrival, with some sayings suggesting an imminent arrival and others indicating a

delay. Ladd notes that scholars attempt to reconcile these discrepancies, with various

interpretations ranging from the timing being adjusted by the church to Jesus being mistaken,

or the references pointing to events like the Transfiguration or Pentecost. Ultimately, the

Gospels emphasize uncertainty about the exact timing, urging readers to remain watchful and

prepared, like the approach of Old Testament prophets regarding the Day of the Lord.

Chapter 23: Eschatology as Discussed by John

Ladd highlights the distinct perspective of the Fourth Gospel compared to the

Synoptic Gospels. While the Synoptics emphasize the coming Kingdom of God, John's

Gospel focuses on the already-present nature of eternal life through faith in Jesus. Scholars

have long debated this difference, with some arguing that John reinterpreted Jesus' message

with a mystical and existential approach, while others believe John highlights the present

aspect of eternal life without discarding future eschatological elements, such as the coming of

the Spirit and the resurrection.

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John's Gospel presents both vertical (heaven vs. earth) and horizontal (present vs.

future) dualisms, like the Synoptics. Although John emphasizes the vertical dimension more,

the horizontal dimension remains evident through concepts like eternal life and Jesus' sayings

about his coming. Ladd argues against the view that John completely replaces future

eschatology with a present focus. Instead, John integrates both aspects, showing a future hope

alongside the present reality of eternal life, embodied in the resurrection life believers can

experience now through faith in Christ.

Ladd explains that the Fourth Gospel's teaching on resurrection includes both a future

eschatological event and a present spiritual reality. Believers enjoy an anticipatory experience

of resurrection life in the present because of their union with Christ, who embodies

resurrection and life. Similarly, the concept of judgment operates on both present and future

levels. While future eschatological judgment is affirmed and based on Jesus' words, believers

who accept Christ bypass judgment, whereas disbelievers are already condemned. This

present spiritual reality does not negate future eschatological judgment, which remains a

significant aspect of John's Gospel.

Chapter 39: Paul’s Interpretation of the Eschatology

Ladd argues that Paul's eschatology is deeply integrated with his overall theology.

Unlike traditional apocalyptic dualism, which separates the present age from the Age to

Come, Paul believes that future eschatological events began unfolding with Christ's death and

resurrection. Believers can experience some blessings of the Age to Come, such as acquittal

of guilt and new life, even though they still live in the old age. However, the complete

experience of these blessings awaits Christ's return, which will fully usher in the Age to

Come and complete the work of redemption.

Paul's writings mention a state between death and resurrection, but details are unclear.

In 2 Corinthians 5, some interpret that believers receive a heavenly body right after death,
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conflicting with Paul's emphasis on bodily resurrection at the end of time. Another

interpretation is that the dead are in a sleep-like state until resurrection, based on Paul's use of

"sleep" for death, though this term might not carry a specific theological meaning. The "Day

of the Lord," an Old Testament term for God's judgment, in the New Testament refers to the

end of the current age and the inauguration of the Age to Come, with Paul describing Christ's

return using terms like parousia, apokalypsis, and epiphaneia, each highlighting different

aspects of His return.

Ladd critiques dispensational theology, which separates Christ's return into a secret

rapture and a later glorious appearing, arguing it lacks biblical support. He emphasizes that

the church's hope is in the visible return of Christ's glory. Paul describes the stages of Christ's

triumph in 1 Corinthians 15: Christ's resurrection, the resurrection of believers at His

parousia, and the final consummation when Christ delivers the kingdom to God. This passage

does not suggest a temporary messianic kingdom but rather undefined intervals between these

events. Christian eschatology is complex, with differing views on specifics, and Paul's

writings reflect the early Christian context and anticipation of a final, triumphant return of

Christ following a period of tribulation.

Chapter 15: The promise plan and the Kingdom of God

Kaiser begins by noting that Matthew, Mark, and Luke are referred to as the Synoptic

Gospels due to their structural, content, and tonal similarities, a term first used by J.J.

Griesbach in 1774 to reflect their ability to "see together" the story of Jesus. These efforts to

harmonize the accounts date back to the second century with Tatian's Diatessaron. While the

Synoptic Gospels focus primarily on Jesus' ministry in Galilee, John's Gospel emphasizes His

work in Judah and Jerusalem. The origins and interrelationships of these Gospels, influenced

by the Holy Spirit and possibly shared sources, prompt questions about their composition,

with Mark's Gospel traditionally linked to John Mark and Peter's recollections.
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Kaiser argues that the Gospel of Mark portrays Jesus' life as fulfilling God's promise-

plan, highlighting His role as a servant who gives His life as a ransom for many (Mark

10:45). Unlike traditional biographies, Mark's Gospel is designed to lead readers to recognize

Jesus as the Messiah. The narrative is divided into two parts: Jesus' ministry and His Passion

Week, ending with His death and resurrection. Mark, considered the earliest Gospel, has

significantly influenced Matthew and Luke, uniquely identifying itself as a "gospel" and

focusing on Jesus' public ministry, emphasizing His power and authority through miracles

and His sacrificial death as a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

Kaiser opines that the Gospel of Matthew, traditionally attributed to Levi (Matthew),

a former tax collector, is aimed at a Jewish audience familiar with the Old Testament. It is

structured around five major teaching sections focusing on Jesus' sayings, with the Kingdom

of Heaven as a central theme. This kingdom refers to both the present and future reign of

God, beginning with Jesus' ministry and ultimately encompassing the entire universe.

Matthew emphasizes the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, presenting Jesus as the

prophesied Messiah who clarifies the true spiritual intent of the Law of Moses, emphasizing

His humanity and divinity, and hinting at the future establishment of the Church and

inclusion of Gentiles into God's Kingdom.

Chapter 20: The promise Plan and the Gospel of the Kingdom

Kaiser states that the Gospel of John, along with 1, 2, 3 John, and Revelation, are

believed to be written by John the Apostle. John's writings emphasize Jesus, using his name

more frequently than any other New Testament author, with the aim of convincing readers

that Jesus is the Messiah and the Son of God. In his Gospel, John uses seven signs or miracles

and seven "I am" sayings to build the case for Jesus' messiahship. The Gospel is divided into

two halves, focusing first on Jesus' signs and teachings, and then on the Last Supper,

crucifixion, resurrection, and post-resurrection appearances.

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John the Apostle underscores Jesus' dual nature as both divine and human. He uses

the term "Logos" to describe Jesus, indicating a divine being who eternally existed with God

and participated in creation. John argues that Jesus fulfills Jewish prophecy concerning the

Messiah and includes various instances where Jesus identifies himself with the Messiah

through actions and teachings. This messianic theme is reinforced in John's epistles and

Revelation, highlighting confessions of others recognizing Jesus as the Messiah.

John also emphasizes Jesus' dual titles: Son of Man and Son of God. As the Son of

Man, Jesus' humanity, earthly ministry, suffering, and future glory are highlighted, while his

divinity is emphasized through the title Son of God, using "only begotten" to stress his unique

relationship with the Father. John employs the "Lamb of God" imagery to connect Jesus with

the sacrificial lamb of Passover and Isaiah's suffering servant prophecy. The Gospel

emphasizes witnessing, with various figures and Jesus' works testifying to his identity as the

Messiah. Additionally, the book of Revelation, written by John on Patmos, assures believers

of God's ultimate triumph over evil, emphasizing Jesus' central role and the importance of

worshiping God alone.

Differences in Opinion

Ladd and Kaiser diverge in their interpretations of the timing and nature of the

Kingdom of God. Ladd suggests the Kingdom's arrival is either imminent or a distant future

event, signifying a final and eternal order. In contrast, Kaiser proposes a both-and approach,

where the Kingdom exists presently through God's reign initiated by Jesus and finds its

ultimate fulfillment in the future.

Their views on the focus of John's Gospel also differ. Ladd perceives a shift in

emphasis from future aspects of eschatology to the present reality of eternal life through faith

in Jesus. Kaiser, however, argues that John's Gospel maintains a future hope alongside the

present experience of eternal life. Similarly, regarding resurrection in John's Gospel, Ladd
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distinguishes a present spiritual reality from a future bodily resurrection, whereas Kaiser

highlights the believer's present participation in the resurrection life through their connection

to Christ.

Ladd and Kaiser also disagree on the interpretation of certain passages. Ladd argues

against a temporary messianic kingdom preceding the Age to Come based on his reading of 1

Corinthians 15. Conversely, Kaiser finds support for this concept in the same passage.

Additionally, while Ladd avoids going into detail about the tribulation period mentioned by

Paul, Kaiser explores it as a time of suffering before Christ's return.

Similarities of Views

Despite their contrasting viewpoints on some aspects of Jesus' teachings, Ladd and

Kaiser find common ground in several core beliefs, particularly the importance of Jesus'

death. Both scholars view it as a pivotal moment in his mission, emphasizing its redemptive

power and aligning it with the portrayal of Jesus as the suffering servant in Isaiah. They agree

on the dual nature of Jesus, acknowledging his embodiment of both divine and human

characteristics, which allows him to bridge the gap between God and humanity. This dual

nature grants Jesus the authority to perform miracles and forgive sins, while his humanity

enables him to connect deeply with people's experiences.

Ladd and Kaiser also concur that Jesus fulfills the role of the prophesied Messiah,

with his teachings, actions, and identity serving as evidence. They recognize specific

prophecies fulfilled by Jesus, such as his entry into Jerusalem on a donkey, and emphasize his

embodiment of Messiah qualities like bringing hope, justice, and liberation. Both scholars

acknowledge the future aspect of eschatology, including Christ's return, judgment, and the

establishment of God's eternal reign, despite differing on specifics. They focus on the

Synoptic Gospels for insights into Jesus' teachings and mission, highlighting the importance

of witnessing to spread Jesus' message and inspire faith.

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Today’s Application

Understanding the Different Views of the Kingdom of God: This study can prompt

discussions about the Kingdom of God. Is it something we experience now, something to

come, or both? These discussions can help churchgoers explore their own beliefs and deepen

their understanding of God's plan.

Relevancy of Jesus' Message: Both Ladd and Kaiser emphasize Jesus' role as the

suffering servant and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. This can be applied in

church teachings by highlighting the enduring relevance of Jesus' message for today's world.

Christians can find comfort and guidance in knowing Jesus understands human suffering and

fulfills God's promises.

Importance of Jesus' Death and Resurrection: The centrality of Jesus' death and

resurrection in both Ladd and Kaiser's works can be applied in church services by

emphasizing the importance of these events in the Christian faith. Sermons and teachings can

focus on the redemptive power of Jesus' sacrifice and the hope offered by the resurrection.

Appreciating the Synoptic Gospels: The focus on the Synoptic Gospels can be a

reminder of the importance of these foundational texts for understanding Jesus' teachings and

mission. Churches can encourage Bible study groups to delve deeper into these Gospels and

explore the richness of Jesus' words and actions.

By applying these insights from Ladd and Kaiser's work, churches can foster a deeper

understanding of Jesus' teachings, their relevance to the modern world, and the importance of

sharing the message of Christ with others.