Session 08- BUILDU3 - AMLECCIONES

10/11/2014
Lighting and Acoustical

Systems
Building Utilities 03 (BUILDU3)
11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) 1
Today’s Agenda
• Grouping for Student Reporting
• Session 08 – Lighting Fundamentals
1
10/11/2014
Group reporting
FORM NEW GROUPS!
Choose topics in blue, any bullet underneath is still within your topic.
Session 09 (10) Session 10 (11) Session 12 (13)

Light Sources Lighting Systems and Methods Lighting Systems and Methods
Natural Lighting and Artificial Lighting Daylighting Strategies* Lighting Techniques
Natural Lighting* Lighting controls and Lighting
Artificial lighting Strategies* Requirements
Lamps and Sources* Office Lighting*
General Classification
Incandescent Light
Fluorescent light
Classification by Lighting
System
Residential
High Intensity Discharge Lamps - Classification by Mounting
Lighting*
HIDs and LEDs System Restaurant
Others Outdoor Lighting System* Lighting*
Luminaires* Lighting Control
Retail Lighting*
Function 40 minutes with 5 case
Components studies 30 minutes with 2 case
The Coefficient of Utilization (CU) studies per lighting
30 minutes with 10 product methodology
examples
Lighting Fundamentals
Glossary of Terms
Introduction to Light and the Human Eye
Lighting and Human Health
Physics of Light
Units of Light: Quantities and Laws
Reflection, Transmission, Absorption, and Deflection
Quantity of Light
Unit of Measure (Photometrics):

Inverse Square Law
Luminous Flux, Intensity
Illuminance and Luminance (Exitance)
Photometry
2
10/11/2014
Introduction
• Lighting plays a vital role in the quality of our daily lives.
offices, production or logistical facilities brings employee satisfaction,
performance, comfort and safety
shops, galleries and public places creates ambience and helps to
accentuate the architectural environment
Home, domicile only lights our tasks, builds a comfortable,
welcoming atmosphere that makes our
homes a pleasure to live in.
3
10/11/2014
What makes good lighting?

• Basic requirements
• level, contrast, light distribution and colour rendering
• Considered for each situation in general and the activities that
are taking place there in particular.
• Beyond mere efficiency and functionality
• making the interior spaces where we live, work or stay agreeable
• cool or warm, business-like or convivial, happy or solemn, or any
combination in between
• Emotional influence of lighting, atmosphere-providing, mood-
affecting, health and well-being
• Cost
Lighting is both a
SCIENCE AR T
4
10/11/2014
Light
Electromagnetic Radiation
Of all the great band of radiant energy from radio waves
through cosmic waves, only a minute portion, roughly
between 400 to 7600 Angstroms is capable of producing
the sensation of light in the human eye.
Light is electro magnetic radiation that is visible to the

human eye; this portion of radiant energy is also called
luminous flux
Light – “a visually evaluated radiant energy”
Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:
Visual Comfort by P. Dvorakova, Faculty of CE, CTU Prague;
11/10/2014 9
Basics of Light and Lighting Philips Electronics NV; Efficient
Lighting Management Curricula ASEAN, EuropeAID.
Light
Wavelength and Colour

• The only difference between the several forms of radiation
is in their wavelength.
• Radiation with a wavelength between 380 and 780
nanometres (nanometre = a millionth of a millimetre) forms
the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and is
therefore referred to as light.

11/10/2014 10
5
10/11/2014
Light
Wavelength and
Colour
• The eye interprets the
different wavelengths
within this range as
colours.
• Moving from red,
through orange,
green, blue to violet
as wavelength
decreases;
11/10/2014 11
Light
Wavelength and Colour

• Beyond red is infrared radiation, which
is invisible to the eye but detected as
heat.
• At wavelengths beyond the violet end
of the visible spectrum there’s
ultraviolet radiation that is also invisible
to the eye, although exposure to it
can damage the eye and the skin

11/10/2014 12
6
10/11/2014
Light
Light is important because it enables us to see.

Three factors necessary for seeing
• The Subject, your eyes;
• The Object, the thing you see; and
• The Medium, which is light.

11/10/2014 13
Light
Primary properties of Light Behaviour of Light

• intensity • Reflection
• propagation direction • Absorption
• frequency or wavelength • Transmission
spectrum, • Refraction
• polarisation • Diffraction
• Interference
• Dispersion
11/10/2014 14
7
10/11/2014
Light
The dual nature of light

• light is emitted and absorbed in tiny "packets" called photons,
and exhibits properties of both waves and particles (wave-
particle duality)
• Describing light as an electromagnetic wave is just one way of
looking at radiation and explains some of its properties, such as
refraction and reflection.
• Other properties, however, can only be explained by resorting
to quantum theory.
• This describes light in terms of indivisible packets of energy, known as
quanta or photons that behave like particles.
• Quantum theory explains properties such as the photoelectric effect.
11/10/2014 15
Light
The speed of light

• The speed of light in a vacuum is defined to be exactly
299,792,458 m/s.
• The speed of light is a fixed value, a fundamental constant
in nature, from which the unit metre is derived.
• Light is slower when not in a vacuum, in water it is ¾ its
speed in a vacuum.

11/10/2014 16
8
10/11/2014
Light
The behaviour of light

• Optics is the branch of physics which involves the
behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions
with matter and the construction of instruments that use or
detect it.
Geometric optics Physical optics
treats light as a collection of rays comprehensive model of light,
that travel in straight lines and which includes wave effects
bend when they pass through or Interference
reflect from surfaces Diffraction
Reflection Dispersion
refraction Polarisation
11/10/2014 17
Lighting Management Curricula ASEAN, EuropeAID.; Wikipedia
Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Reflection
• When light strikes a surface, three things can happen (or a
combination of two or of all):
• Light is reflected (usually opaque)
• Light is absorbed (converted to heat)
• Light is transmitted (usually transparent)
• Rarely does just a single frequency of light strike an object, usually
visible light of many frequencies or even all frequencies is incident
towards an object.
• That object may selectively absorb, reflect, or transmit light in certain
frequencies.
11/10/2014 18
9
10/11/2014

Reflection
• Amount of light reflected depends on:
• Type of surface (nature of atoms of the object)
• Angle of incidence
• Spectral composition of the light (frequency of light)

11/10/2014 19

Reflection
• The way the light is reflected also depends on the
smoothness of the surface.
• Rough surfaces diffuse the light by reflecting it in every
direction.
• While smooth surfaces reflect the light back undiffused,
making the surface act as a mirror.
• A ray of light striking a mirrored surface at an angle to the
perpendicular will be reflected back at the same angle
on the other side of the perpendicular
11/10/2014 20
10
10/11/2014

Reflection
• The law of reflection says that the
reflected ray lies in the plane of
incidence, and the angle of
reflection equals the angle of
incidence.

11/10/2014 Visual Comfort by P. Dvorakova, Faculty of CE, CTU Prague; Basics of Light and Lighting Philips Electronics NV; Efficient Lighting
21
Management Curricula ASEAN, EuropeAID.; Prof. Stephen A. Nelson, Tulane University, Properties of Light

Refraction
• Caused by the change of speed of
the light as it passes between
transparent media of different
optical densities.

22
11
10/11/2014

Refraction
• The law of refraction says that the
refracted ray lies in the plane of
incidence, and the sine of the
angle of refraction divided by the
sine of the angle of incidence is a
constant.
• where n is a constant for any two
materials and a given colour of
light. It is known as the refractive
index.

23

Refractive Index
• Dimensionless number that
describes how radiation
propagates through a medium
• where c is the speed of light in
vacuum and v is the speed of light
in the substance.
• For example, the refractive index of
water is 1.33, meaning that light
travels 1.33 times faster in a vacuum
than it does in water.
24
12
10/11/2014

Refractive Index

25
Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Dispersion
• Refractive indices (how radiation propagates through a
medium) differ for each wavelength and causes light to
produce an effect called dispersion

26
13
10/11/2014

Absorption
• If the material’s surface is not entirely reflecting or the
material is not a perfect transmitter, part of the light will be
absorbed and light will lose some of its intensity
• It is converted into heat and is never re-emitted.
• The percentage of light absorbed by a surface (i.e.
absorbance) depends on both the angle of incidence,
and on the wavelength.

27

• The absorption of light makes an object

dark to the wavelength of the incoming
radiation.
• Wood is opaque to visible light.
• Some materials are opaque to some
frequencies of light, but transparent to
others.
• Glass is opaque to ultraviolet radiation below
a certain wavelength, but transparent to
visible light.
• Colours are derived from transmitted
wavelengths – wavelengths no
absorbed by the object (due to the
nature of their electrons); also called the
absorption colour of the material.

28
14
10/11/2014

Transmission
• Transparent materials transmit some of the light striking its
surface, and the percentage of light that is transmitted is
known as its transmittance.
• High transmittance materials such as clear water and
glass transmit nearly all the light that’s not reflected.
• Low transmittance materials, such as paper, transmit only
a small percentage of this light.

29

Interference
• The wave nature of light (superposition)
also leads to the interesting property of
interference.
• A familiar example of this is soap bubble
(thin-film interference); or oil on water.

30
15
10/11/2014

Interference
• Antireflective coatings use destructive
interference to reduce the reflectivity of
the surfaces they coat, and can be
used to minimise glare and unwanted
reflections

31

Defraction
• Diffraction is the process
by which light interference
is most commonly
observed.

32
16
10/11/2014

Polarisation
• Polarization is a general property of waves that describes
the orientation of their oscillations
• For transverse waves such as many electromagnetic
waves, it describes the orientation of the oscillations in the
plane perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel.
• The oscillations may be oriented in a single direction
(linear polarization), or the oscillation direction may rotate
as the wave travels (circular or elliptical polarization).

33

Polarisation
filter was adjusted to eliminate certain

polarizations of the scattered blue light
from the sky
34
17
10/11/2014

Polarisation
Normal light vibrates equally in
all direction perpendicular to its
path of propagation. If the light
is constrained to vibrate in only
on plane, however, we say that
it is plane polarized light.
Useful in sunglasses to reduce

the intensity and the glare by
cutting down the horizontally
polarized light.

35
Light: Colours
Colour is the way we distinguish different wavelengths of

light.
• The colour of a light source depends on the spectral
composition of the light emitted by it.
• The apparent colour of a light reflecting surface, on the
other hand, is determined by two characteristics: the
spectral composition of the light by which it is illuminated,
and the spectral reflectance characteristics of the
surface.

36
18
10/11/2014
Light: Colours
• A coloured surface is coloured because

it reflects wavelengths selectively. The
spectral reflectance of red paint, for
example, shows that it reflects a high
percentage of the red wavelengths
and little or none of the blue end of the
spectrum.
• But an object painted red can only
appear red if the light falling on it
contains sufficient red radiation, so that
this can be reflected. Moreover, it will
appear dark when illuminated with a
light source having no red radiation.
37
Light: Colours
Colour is the way we distinguish different wavelengths of

light.
• The colour of a light source depends on the spectral
composition of the light emitted by it.
• The apparent colour of a light reflecting surface, on the
other hand, is determined by two characteristics: the
spectral composition of the light by which it is illuminated,
and the spectral reflectance characteristics of the
surface.
• Additive and subtractive colour mixing
38
19
10/11/2014
Light: Functions
Functions of Lighting
Light is one of many tools available that defines our space
and architecture
Performance of Tasks:
Lighting is used to perform work, whether it be reading,
assembling parts, or seeing a blackboard. This function of
light is referred to as task lighting. Visual work is a primary
reason for providing lighting.

39
Light: Functions
Enhancement of Space And Structure:

It is by use of light that spatial volume, planes, ornament, and
color are revealed and emphasized. There are several prime
examples in the architecture of the past that evolved primarily
in man’s desire for better lighting.
For example, in the structural system, the progress from bearing
wall to curtain wall was driven by the push of newly discovered
technologies (both in materials and in technique), in the
evolving cultural desires for certain spatial characteristics, and
in the desire to admit daylight of a particular architectural
quality—as with the Gothic church window.
General lighting
40
20
10/11/2014
Light: Functions
Focusing attention:
The quality of light in a space extremely affects one's
perception of that space. The timing and the direction of
one's gaze—which are the vanguards of understanding of
the space—are often a function of the varying quality and
distribution of light throughout the space.
Lighting draws attention to points of interest and helps to
guide the user in giving him all the necessary information
about the space.
Accent lighting
41
Light: Functions
Provision of Security:
Lighting can enhance visibility and thereby engender a
sense of security. Lighting can also be used to illuminate
potential hazards, such as a walkway elevations or
moving objects

42
21
10/11/2014
Light: Importance
Importance of Light
Used for seeing
Affects people physically and psychologically
Changes material
Affects ambiance of spaces

43
Light: Importance
Light as one of the most difficult medium to design

Quality cannot be measured
Formulas through experimentation
Eyes as means for seeing

44
22
10/11/2014
Light: Importance
Lighting issues
Lighting has a strong social,
emotional, and economic
significance.

45
Light: Importance
Human needs
• we need light to perform our daily tasks, to explore, and to
move about places.
• Light, aside from vision, has greater effect on our biological
and psychological needs.
• Its warmth, aside from benefiting on Vitamin D for free,
creates a sense of well-being and optimism in life.

46
23
10/11/2014
Light: Importance
Architecture
• Light defines a space and form and in architecture, introducing
light into an area or structure is a vital component.
• Light helps create and develop a sense of place and order.
• A well illuminated space is also associated with optimism and
cleanliness.
• Intimate lighting, for theater for instance, develops a sense of
excitement and anticipation.
• Light in architecture is a medium of communication which one’s
eye perceive
47
Light: Importance
Economics and Environment

• Rethinking lighting in lieu of global environmental change,
in terms of energy efficient lighting systems.
• Energy efficient lighting systems do not only help people
save on operational or maintenance costs but also help in
improving the overall quality of our environment in general.
• Integrating green alternatives helps improve our society
and the way we think about energy efficient lighting
systems

48
24
10/11/2014
Human Eye
Our eyes enable us to experience our environment and

help us to explore and discern places or objects we
encounter
• Vision is the ability of the eyes to perceive a portion of
radiation spectrum called light (Moore, 24) There are two
aspects to this perception:
• The biophysical aspects which relates to the function of the
eyes; and
• the translation or interpretation of these data by the brain.
Human Eye
Eye Anatomy
• A spherical organ capable of
swivelling under muscular control
within the eye socket in the skull.
• functions in roughly the same way
as a traditional camera: a lens that
projects an inverted image of a
scene onto a light sensitive inner
back surface.
• This surface, the retina, consists of
more than a hundred million light-
sensitive nerve endings that transmit
signals to the brain that it interprets
as visual information.
25
10/11/2014
Human Eye
To focus an image on the

retina, the lens of the eye can
be made to contract under
muscular control, making it
more convex to increase its
power.
• This is known as
accommodation.
• In front of the lens is the iris
that, just like the diaphragm of
a camera, can open or close
to regulate the amount of light
entering the eye through the
hole in the centre of the iris
called the pupil.
Human Eye
Adaptation
• Adaptation is the mechanism by
which the eye changes its sensitivity
to light.
• This is done in three ways: adjustment
of the iris to alter the pupil size,
adjustment of the sensitivity of the
nerve endings in the retina, and
adjustment of the chemical
composition of the photosensitive
pigments in the rods and cones.
• Adaptation from dark to light takes
less than a minute but adaptation
from light to dark takes somewhere
between 10 and 30 minutes.
26
10/11/2014
Human Eye
Contrast
• Contrast expresses the difference in luminance between closely
spaced areas of a scene.
• Contrast takes two forms which mostly occur together: colour
contrast and luminance contrast, the latter usually being
expressed in terms of the contrast ratio which is the ratio of the
higher to the lower luminance in the scene.
• The ability of the eye to detect luminance contrast depends on
the state of adaptation of the eye, which is governed by the
overall luminance of a scene.
• So, for example, a white surface against a black background
will appear whiter, and a tunnel which may not be very dark
may appear so when seen from outside on a bright day.
• Glare is the sensation produced by luminance levels within the
field of view that are considerably higher than the brightness to
which the eyes are adapted.
Luminance: amount of light emitted from a particular
area and falling within a given solid angle
Human Eye
The Retina is composed of two types

of nerve pickups or photocells called
the Rods and Cones that transmit
images via Optic Nerve to the brain
• Rods sense the presence or absence

of light in monochromatic or black and
white vision. They are less sensitive to
color perception and details but highly
sensitive to light and motion
• Cones give more information on the
color and details but require more
light. They can sense the red, green,
and blue spectra. Colors are
perceived by measuring the difference
in the ratio of these spectra.
27
10/11/2014
Human Eye
• The Macula is the highly sensitive

part of retina where the reflected
image is formed. It is responsible
for providing the clearest vision
and details. In the center of the
macula is the Fovea centralis
where all the photoreceptors are
cones.
• The Fovea Centralis or Fovea is a
part of the Retina that constitutes
the Center of Vision where the
image is formed. It has a high
concentration of cones cells.
Outside this range (called
Parafovea) are found the rod
cells which can detect light
1/10,000 as bright as those
sensed by the cones (Moore, 24).
Human Eye
Scotopic Vision: the eyes loose its

sense of color but well enough to
define an object in
monochromatic or rod-based
vision
Photopic Vision: In the presence of
light or during daytime, the eyes
can sense colors and details. This
type of vision, which makes use of
the cone cells
Mesophic Vision is the
combination of Scotopic and
Photopic Vision in low light
condition, strong blue-ish colours.
28
10/11/2014
Human Eye
The Field of Vision

The Visual Environment
Physically, a 3D pattern of
brightness and colours visible to
a person within the environment,
including emotional and
aesthetic values that are less
easily measured. The normal field of view of a pair of human eyes.
Both eyes provide for binocular The white central portion represents the view seen
vision, overlapping to provide by both eyes. The gray portions, right and left,
the third dimension of an object: represents regions seen by each respective eyes
alone. The dark areas show the cut-off by the
a depth of space (binocular
eyebrows, cheeks, and nose.
parallax).
Human Eye
The Field of Vision

Visual Field
The portion of the persons visual
environment which can be detected
directly along a particular line of sight,
divided into:
1. Central Field – extend roughly 1 degree outwards
from the line of sight in all directions, eyes greatest
abilities to distinguish fine detail and colour.
2. The Surround – extends outwards from the central
field to the spatial limits of visual sensation. The
abilities to distinguish detail or to perceive color
decrease rapidly as the angle with the line of sight
increases and are virtually absent 30 ° from the line of
sight
29
10/11/2014

Ganglion cells
Beside cones and rods, the retina also contains light
sensitive ganglion cells.
They influence our biological clock that in turn regulates
the daily and seasonal rhythms of a large variety of
physiological processes, including the body’s hormonal
system.
• Light of the early hours of the day, in particular,
synchronizes the internal body clock to environmental
time or the Earth’s 24 hour light-dark rotational cycle.

Visual Disorders
Visual perception is a complex subsystem involving the flow
and processing of information of the eyes andbrain.
Disruptions may lead to visual impairment.
Visual disorder symptoms include:
Headaches from visual tasks
Blurred or double vision
Sensitivity to light
Inability to concentrate or focus
Reading or comprehension difficulties
Trouble judging distances
Sore eyes
Loss of visual field.
30
10/11/2014

Common Visual Problems

Double Vision
perception of seeing
two images on a single
object
Misaligning of two eyes
relative to each other
may lead to double
vision


Color blindness
the inability to perceive
certain colors, usually
red and green. It is a
hereditary defect and
affects his/her personal
activities.
31
10/11/2014


Refractive Errors: Myopia
• Myopia is a refractive
error in which the focal
point is in front of the
macula (the center of
vision) during
accommodation.
• This results to clear images
for closer objects but
blurry images for distant
object. It is also called
nearsightedness.


Refractive Errors: Hyperopia
• is a visual defect also known as
far-sightedness or long-
sightedness.
• In this situation, the eyeball is too
short or the lens cannot become
round enough causing inability to
focus on near objects, and in
extreme cases causing our eyes
to suffer and be unable to focus
on an object at any given
distance.
• In this case, the focal point is
located at the back of the retina.
32
10/11/2014


Refractive Errors: Astigmatism
defect in which the surface of the cornea is not
spherical but more sharply curved in one plane than in
another.
As a result, horizontal lines may be viewed in a different
plane from vertical lines.
Astigmatism may make it impossible to see clearly on
the horizontal and vertical lines at the same time.
break
11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond)

2:20
66
33
10/11/2014
Lighting and Vision

Light and Perception

Light is needed for seeing and the amount required for
good seeing is greater than that required for mere
discernment.
The luminance resulting from the amount of light on a task
can be controlled more readily and extensively than can
the other factors of seeing—contrast, size, and time of
viewing.
Luminance is therefore used to compensate for
deficiencies in the other factors.
Lighting and Vision

Factors affecting Visual Recognition for Perception and Comfort

• Most of the studies of light and vision conducted in the past have
dealt with the ability to distinguish detail in the central field or near
the line of sight.
• It has been found that the ability to recognize detail in this part of
the visual field is associated with 4 physical factors:
1. Contrast between the details of a task and its immediate background
2. Luminance of the task
3. Size of the task
4. Time of the viewing
• Each factor is sufficiently dependent upon the magnitude of the
others that a deficiency in one, within limits, maybe compensated
by augmenting one or more of the others.
34
10/11/2014
Lighting and Vision

Contrast
• Each critical detail of a seeing task must differ in brightness or
color from the surrounding background in order to be seen.
Visibility is at a maximum when the luminance contrast (and color
contrast, if present) of details with the background is greatest.
Task contrasts very widely. For instance, examples of tasks with
high contrast are:
• In schools; black type in white paper,
• In offices; originals with good ribbon,
• In stores; price tags in ink, and
• In industry; light stitching on dark blue cloth
• Examples of poor contrast in similar locations are repeatedly
duplicated materials, typed carbon, 5th copy, price tags in
pencils, gray stitching on gray silk.
Lighting and Vision

• Size-Within a given range, the larger the task detail, the more easily or
accurately seeing is done. It has been found that up to a certain point if
the contrast and time available for seeing are kept constant, the
smallest detail which can detected becomes progressively smaller as
the luminance of the visual task is increased.
• Time of viewing-Tests have shown that the time required to recognize an
object of a given size and background with complete certainty is
reduced as the luminance of the object and background is increased.
• Luminance of the Task - Visual perception and acuity increases as the
luminance of the task increases up to certain point. Excessive luminance
or brightness on the visual field reduces visual acuity and may lead to
disability glare. Luminance is the photometric quantity most closely
associated with one‘s perception of brightness. It usually refers to the
amount of light that reaches the eye of the observer.
35
10/11/2014
Lighting and Vision

Visual Performance
Visual Adaptation
The human eye is capable of adapting to different
illumination levels.
There are two visual effects that are particularly relevant
to daylighting illumination:
• General Adaptation and
• Local Brightness Contrast
Lighting and Vision

General Adaptation
• The eyes do not perceive light in absolute value but
rather adapt to the average value of the brightness
present within the field of view.
• Daylight factor is used to determine the interior daylight
illumination levels, due to it being more important that
footcandles as a measure of visibility
• visual discomfort occurs when there is an abrupt or rapid
change in the illumination level.
36
10/11/2014
Lighting and Vision

Local Brightness Contrast

• The eyes adapt to the average of the brightness level
within the field of view.
• If an area of high brightness is seen next to an area with
low brightness, the eyes adapt to the average creating
discomfort and difficulties in discerning details on either
areas.
Lighting and Vision

Local Brightness Contrast

• To achieve comfortable brightness balance, it is
desirable to limit the brightness ratios between areas
from normal viewpoint as follows:
• 3 to 1 Between task and adjacent surroundings
• 10 to 1 Between task and more remote darker surfaces
• 1/10 to 1 Between task and more remote lighter surfaces
• 20 to 1 Between fenestration (or luminaires) and adjacent
surfaces
• 40 to 1 Anywhere in the field of view
37
10/11/2014
Lighting and Vision

Constancy
• Constancy is the tendency to perceive the environment
as it is known to be rather than on the basis of
appearance alone
Types:
Size Constancy
Brightness Constancy
Colour Constancy
Lighting and Vision

Size Constancy
As the distance of an
object that we view
increases, the retinal image
becomes smaller. The mind
perceives the object as
being far away rather than
the object changing in size.
This perception can
sometimes be deceiving
38
10/11/2014
Lighting and Vision

Brightness Constancy
the ability of the eyes to see

continuing levels of brightness even
though light may change their sensory
properties.
A white paper will still look white
whether we see it under the sunlight or
during nighttime.
This is because we do not view
brightness in absolute terms but we
view it in context with its surroundings
only effective if the observer is able to
survey the entire surrounding
environment, the source of light and The Herman Grid is an example that shows brightness perception
the surface receiving it. based on the surrounding area. The gray patches at the intersection
of the grid is an imaginary color due to the perceptual effect of the
surrounding black squares.
Lighting and Vision

Colour Constancy
the tendency for a color

to look the same under
widely different viewing
conditions.
The stability of colors is
to be sought in the
capacity of the brain to
undertake an operation
which makes it
independent of the The second card from the left seems to be a
continual change in the stronger shade of pink in the top picture. In fact
wavelength they are the same color, but the brain changes its
composition of the light assumption about color due to the color cast of
reflected from a surface the surrounding photo
39
10/11/2014
Physics of Light
Reflection, Transmission, Absorption, and Deflection

Quantity of Light
Law of Reflection
Transmission, Absorption
Deflection
Quantity of Light (photons, rays, quanta)
Physics of Light
Specular Reflection Diffuse Reflection
40
10/11/2014
Physics of Light
Spread reflection Scattered reflection

• The incident ray is broken
up into a multiplicity of
separate reflected rays.
Rippled glass and crinkled
metal foil are good
examples.
Physics of Light
Four Types of Transmission

Direct transmission- this • Diffuse transmission -the
transmission occurs through light rays beaming through
clear materials a transmitting medium are
scattered in all directions
41
10/11/2014
Physics of Light
Four Types of Transmission
Spread transmission- the emerging
ray is so diffused that a clear image
of the incident ray cannot be seen, • Scattered transmission- the
but the general direction of the
diffused beam follows the pattern of incident ray is broken up
direct transmission into a multiplicity of
regularly transmitted rays
Physics of Light
Inverse Square Law

• From a point source, the luminous flux spreads in all
direction away from the source.
• Because the direction is not parallel, luminous flux spread
over an even larger area as it travels further away from
the source.
• The resultant luminous flux is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from the source to the surface.
42
10/11/2014
Physics of Light
Inverse Square Law

• E = I /d2
This might also be express as
• E2 = E1 (d1/d2)2
For instance, when the distance
from the source is doubled, the
same amount of luminous flux is
spread over an area four times as
large and the illuminance is
reduce to one-quarter or 25 %.
Similarly, when the distance is
tripled, the illuminance is reduced
to one-ninth.
Physics of Light
Cosine Law
• The surface intercepts the light at
maximum if it is oriented
perpendicular to the source
(normal to the source of light).
• If the surface is tilted relative to
the direction of light, the area
exposed to the source is lesser
resulting to reduced illuminance.
• If the surface is tilted parallel to
the direction of light, no light is
intercepted and the illuminance
is zero.
43
10/11/2014
Physics of Light
Solid Angle
olid Angle (ω) is a portion of space around a point
described by a cone whose tip is exactly at the point
source
A 1-ft square on the surface of an imaginary sphere
with a radius of one foot would define one steradian.
It is the solid angle from the point that is being
described, but as long as the radius unit is the same as
the surface area unit, it describes the same geometric
angle.
A steradian unit could be defined as one square foot
at the distance of one foot (English unit) or one square
meter from the distance of one meter. Although the
surface area is different, the steradian would still be the
same.
Physics of Light
Luminous Flux
Luminous flux (Φ) is the photometric
term for the flow of light.
• Luminous flux is express by the
equation Φ =dQ / dt where Q is the
luminous energy or the amount of
energy transmitted in the visual
spectrum.
• One lumen is defined as the luminous
flux of light produced by a light
source that emits one candela of
luminous intensity over a solid angle of
one steradian.
44
10/11/2014
Physics of Light
Luminous Intensity
A light source emits light (luminous
flux) in various directions from the
source. The amount emitted may
vary in each direction. Luminous
Intensity, (I) is the amount of
luminous flux in a given direction
measured in lumens per solid
angle
Candela: the rate at which the
energy is leaving the source in a
specific direction
Luminous Intensity, I =dΦ / dω
Physics of Light
Illuminance
When the luminous flux strike a surface,
it is said to be illuminated. The light
energy arriving at the surface is called
illumance, E. Illuminance is the density
(concentration) of luminous flux
incident on a surface
• The unit of measurement of illuminance
is footcandle (lumens/sq.ft) or Lux
(lumens/sq.m) E=F / A (arriving) where
F =the flux and A= surface area
45
10/11/2014
Physics of Light
Luminance (Exitance)
• The amount of light leaving or exiting a
surface can be identified as directional
or non directional, reflected or
transmitted (Schiler, 15). The term for
the total luminous flux density leaving a
surface is called exitance, M. With
disregard to the direction, exitance is
used to be called emittance. Exitance,
M is measured in lumen per square
foot.
• M =dΦ /dA (leaving)
• The unit of measurement for luminance
is footlambert (fL), which is equal to
one lumen per square foot.
Physics of Light
Luminance vs Illuminance
46
10/11/2014
Physics of Light
Photometry
• Photometry is the
science of measuring
light quantity
perceived by the
eyes. It is usually
represented using
graphs (polar,
rectilinear, or beam
angle) or tabulated.
Assignment
terminologies
Research, individually, 50
Compile and send to my email by PDF.

Read it well ☺
aaron@aaronlecciones.com
47
10/11/2014
Reporters for next session

SUBMIT TOPIC OUTLINES FOR CHECKING!
Light Sources Others
Natural Lighting and Artificial Luminaires*
Lighting Function
Natural Lighting* Components
The Coefficient of
Lamps and Sources*
Incandescent Light Utilization (CU)
Fluorescent light 30 minutes with 10
High Intensity Discharge product examples
Lamps - HIDs and LEDs
End of session 08
Thank you!
48

Session 08- BUILDU3 - AMLECCIONES

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Session 08- BUILDU3 - AMLECCIONES

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10/11/2014

Lighting and Acoustical

11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) 1

11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) 2

Session 09 (10) Session 10 (11) Session 12 (13)

11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) 3

Unit of Measure (Photometrics):

11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) 4

11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) 5

11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) 6

What makes good lighting?

11/10/2014 Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) 7

Light is electro magnetic radiation that is visible to the

Wavelength and Colour

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Wavelength and Colour

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light is important because it enables us to see.

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Primary properties of Light Behaviour of Light

The dual nature of light

The speed of light

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

The behaviour of light

Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Light: Behaviour of Light: Geometric

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

• The absorption of light makes an object

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

filter was adjusted to eliminate certain

Light: Behaviour of Light: Physical

Useful in sunglasses to reduce

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

Colour is the way we distinguish different wavelengths of

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources:

• A coloured surface is coloured because

Colour is the way we distinguish different wavelengths of

Aaron M Lecciones, MSc (Lond) | sources: