MOBILE CHARGING USING PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL

Abstract: Our increasing reliance on mobile devices in our daily lives has raised concerns about
effective and sustainable charging methods. This research investigates the use of piezoelectric
materials as a novel solution for mobile charging. Known for their ability to generate electricity when
mechanical pressure is applied, piezoelectric materials are combined in mobile devices. This
combination allows mechanical energy from everyday interactions, such as tapping and swiping, to be
converted into electricity energetically for charging. The working principles of piezoelectric charging,
design and integration of piezoelectric elements in mobile devices, the potential benefits of this
technology, including durability, extended battery life and environmental reduction Movable of the
root and convenient Is to contribute to the development of charging solutions Our increasing reliance
on mobile devices in our daily lives has raised concerns about effective and sustainable methods of
charging.

Keywords: Footstep Body, Mobile Charging Module, Piezoelectric Sensor.

Introduction

The energy demand has been expanding at an alarming rate in recent years, and the availability of
energy supplies has decreased. More efficient, pollution-free, and renewable energy supplies must be
developed to fulfil the ever-increasing needs for sustainable development. The depletion of fossil
fuels has had an impact on global economics. Electrical energy has become a basic necessity in our
day-to-day activities. The advent of the Industrial Revolution has drastically changed the way of life.
In the past few decades, power consumption has drastically increased as electricity has been used in
new industries. Conventional energy sources include power generation from coal, petroleum, LPG,
etc., which involves the emission of green gasses.
The rapid proliferation of mobile devices in our daily lives has changed how we communicate, work
and access information. As these devices have become inevitable, they pose a fundamental challenge
to management. Mobile phone users are keenly aware of the need to recharge their devices, often
looking for power outlets or relying on power banks. Mobile charging is no exception as the world
looks for sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions to everyday challenges. This research
begins a journey to find an innovative solution: mobile charging using piezoelectric materials. At the
core of this new approach are piezoelectric materials. These materials can convert mechanical energy,
such as pressure or vibration, into electrical energy. They are commonly used in various applications,
from sensors to energy harvesting. However, the addition of piezoelectric materials to mobile devices
offers new possibilities. It can power mobile devices and reclaim energy from mechanical energy
generated during regular device interactions, such as screen taps and button presses. This promises a
consistent and intuitive approach to connecting potential touches to how we use and charge our
mobile devices more.
Literature Review:
The work proposed in the literature [1] states that The project proposes an innovative method to
harvest electrical energy from piezoelectric elements, aiming to provide a renewable and sustainable
energy source amid the depletion of fossil fuels. The approach involves converting pressure from
human and vehicle activities into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors. The team has
developed a unique methodology and efficient circuitry to maximize power output, storing it in a
rechargeable Lithium-Ion battery. The module stands out for its charging efficiency, utilizing a
prototype with numerous sensors and well-designed components. This innovation is particularly
relevant for remote areas where traditional electricity transmission is economically challenging, such
as powering cellular phone towers.

The work proposed in the literature [2] states that When an individual walks, the pressure exerted on
the ground can be harnessed to generate electrical energy, which, in turn, can be utilized to power
electronic devices. This paper introduces a mobile charging system design that incorporates a
piezoelectric generator embedded in the shoe. The generated power from the piezoelectric generator,
activated during walking, is then transferred to the device through a mid-range wireless power transfer
(WPT) system, specifically employing a resonance coupling technique.

The work proposed in the literature [3] states the challenge of sustainably powering wire-free sensors
(WFSs) in structure health monitoring (SHM) applications, particularly in scenarios where battery
replacement is impractical. The focus is on remotely charging WFS devices using external power
sources. The proposed approach involves a novel stress wave-based optimization method for
wirelessly charging piezoelectric sensors. This method incorporates a unique waveform optimization
scheme, a multi-actuator system, and a multi-channel wire-free charging strategy to maximize energy
transmission efficiency. Four different waveform design algorithms are successfully implemented
based on measured channel characteristics in a tightly insulated environment. The effectiveness of the
optimized wire-free charging method is demonstrated through simulations, showcasing the advantages
of multi-channel wire-free charging in reducing input power loss and improving energy transmission
efficiency.

The work proposed in the literature [4] states that The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative
technology aiming to create a connected ecosystem of devices, including sensors and actuators. The
deployment of these devices, enabled by advancements in miniaturization and low-power
communication, necessitates fundamental changes in hardware, software, networks, data analytics,
storage, and power sources. Many IoT devices cannot rely solely on batteries, especially in hard-to-
reach areas where regular maintenance is impractical. The survey advocates for energy harvesting
techniques to address this, emphasizing the need to scavenge and harvest energy from the
environment. The objective is to extend the device's lifespan and eliminate battery dependency. The
survey delves into the energy and power design challenges for IoT devices, offering considerations for
successful self-powered implementations. It focuses on piezoelectric energy harvesting as a promising
solution and discusses challenges and research directions.

The work proposed in the literature [5] states that Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters (PEH) is gaining
attention for prolonging the battery life of wearable devices by generating electricity from stress or
vibrations. Recent research explores their dual role as power-free sensors for gait recognition,
leveraging their sensitivity to gait-induced stress or vibrations. However, challenges arise in achieving
high accuracy, especially when PEHs simultaneously store generated electricity. This work proposes a
preprocessing algorithm to mitigate the impact of energy storage on PEH signals and introduces Long
Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network-based classifiers to capture temporal information for precise
gait recognition. Implemented in an insole form factor, the proposed architecture shows improved gait
recognition with a 12% higher recall and enhanced energy harvesting performance—127% more
energy harvested while consuming 38% less power—compared to the state-of-the-art.

The work proposed in the literature [6] states that this paper discusses the generation and storage of
electrical energy from piezoelectric materials, emphasizing their ability to directly convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy. The focus is on energy harvesting techniques and circuits, exploring the
conversion of ambient vibration into electrical power—a current and compelling research area.
Piezoelectric materials are highlighted for compatibility with electronics and microsystems, making
them popular for low-power consumption applications like wireless devices and sensors. The paper
addresses explicitly energy extraction from piezoelectric materials for storage in devices such as
batteries, intending to supply power to electronic equipment. The simulation in MATLAB Simulink
and experimental results presented in the paper validate the effectiveness of energy extraction,
positioning this work as practical for supplying energy to low-power devices.

The work proposed in the literature [7] states that energy harvesting involves deriving energy from
external sources like solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy.
This harvested energy is captured and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices, such as those
found in wearable electronics and wireless sensor networks. The focus of this work is on utilizing
piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting. While various methods exist for energy harvesting,
mechanical energy harvesting, particularly based on piezoelectric components, is highlighted as a
prominent technique. This approach involves converting deformation generated by different means
directly into electrical charge through the piezoelectric effect. The proposed innovative method in this
work involves utilizing freewheel and reciprocating motion for enhanced mechanical energy
harvesting.

The work proposed in literature [8] states that this paper explores the potential of Acoustic Energy
Harvesters (AEH) in generating electricity to reduce overall energy consumption. AEHs utilize
piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical stress induced by stimuli like pressure or sound, into
electrical energy. The study focuses on the impact of a commercial passive piezoelectric transducer on
an energy harvesting circuit, with the generated energy intended for low-power charging applications,
such as mobile electronic devices. The methodology involves employing a Piezoelectric Acoustic
Energy Harvester (PEAEH) circuit. The paper advocates for the use of renewable acoustic energy to
support eco-friendly applications, emphasizing the system's resilience in noisy environments like
industrial areas and busy transportation hubs. The proposed system not only contributes to the
minimization of electrical waste but also offers a convenient public service for mobile device
charging.

The work proposed in literature [9] states the paper addresses the increasing interest among electrical
engineers in developing oceanic wave energy conversion technologies using piezoelectric materials.
Piezoelectric Oceanic Wave Energy Converters (OWECs) are highlighted for their advantages,
including small size, lightweight nature, independence from intermediate devices, and minimal
negative impacts on the oceanic environment. While existing literature discusses piezoelectric devices
for oceanic energy conversion, this review distinguishes itself by providing a comprehensive scheme
covering various piezoelectric device-based power generation aspects. The paper explores prospects,
historical development, classification, operating principles, configurations, arrangements, models,
processing, post-processing, and test setups related to piezoelectric device-based oceanic wave energy
conversion technology. Additionally, the review addresses technical challenges, outlines future
research directions, and offers a critical assessment, aiming to contribute significantly to advancing
piezoelectric OWECs and assisting researchers in this field.

The work proposed in literature [10] states that This paper introduces a novel wearable energy
harvester integrating a PVDF piezoelectric charge generator and an a-Si:H dual-gate thin-film
transistor as a rectifier. An analytical model and equivalent circuit explain the device's working
principle and physics. Initial experimental results confirm the viability of the concept, showcasing the
device's ability to generate microwatt-range power through a simple 90° finger bending action. The
combination of low-cost and large-area fabrication processes suggests the potential for creating a
pixelated energy-harvesting array, positioning it as a promising alternative energy source for wearable
electronics.

The work proposed in literature [11] states that This paper introduces an innovative self-powered
CMOS interface circuit tailored for piezoelectric harvesters. The design aims to conserve backup or
pre-charged power by employing self-powered peak detection (PKD) and switch circuits to minimize
quiescent current. A novel low phase lag (LPL) PKD circuit enhances synchronous extraction
efficiency, utilizing a single detection capacitor for positive and negative PKD. The circuit offers both
general mode (G-mode) and LPL mode (LPL-mode), with LPL-mode reducing phase lag by
approximately 50%. Achieving a synchronous extraction efficiency of up to 94%, the circuit yields an
output power of 659 µW when the piezoelectric transducer's original open-circuit voltage is 5 V,
surpassing full-bridge rectifier standard energy harvesting circuits by 3.56 times at the maximum
power point. The minimum harvesting startup voltage is 1.7 V, independent of the energy storage
capacitor voltage (VDC). Even at Voc,org = 5 V, the harvesting efficiency remains at 71.3%.
Implemented in a 0.18-µm CMOS technology with a 0.5 mm2 active area, the circuit holds promise
as a functional block for energy-autonomous wireless sensor network nodes within the Internet of
Things.

The work proposed in literature [12] states that This study investigates the utilization of piezoelectric
elements for harvesting energy from ambient vibration and human motion. The research quantifies the
energy generated by the piezoelectric device in both scenarios. A nickel metal hydride rechargeable
battery is employed to store the harvested energy. In resonant vibration environments, the discharged
40mAh rechargeable battery can be rapidly charged to its cell voltage within 10 minutes. In the case
of human motion energy harvesting, with a subject running at a speed of 5km/h, the same battery can
reach its cell voltage within one hour. These findings highlight the efficiency of piezoelectric energy
harvesting, showcasing its potential for quick charging in resonant vibrations and feasible energy
generation from human motion.

The work proposed in the literature [13] states that This paper compares three ac-dc converter circuits
designed for energy harvesting from piezoelectric sources, specifically focusing on periodic
mechanical vibrations of a piezomaterial cantilever beam. The circuits are intended to supply voltage
to charge Li-ion battery energy storage devices. The study investigates the impact of incorporating
third and fifth harmonics, in addition to the fundamental input, on output voltage, current, and power
delivered to the load. The comparison is conducted on an even basis, with all circuits operating in an
open-loop configuration and sharing the same input parameters and load characteristics, including the
battery model. Simulations performed using PSIM software showcase the output voltage ranging
between 3.5 V and 4.2 V. The study contributes to understanding the voltage and current responses to
different AC-DC conversion circuitry approaches, providing insights into optimizing the energy
storage produced by piezoelectricity.

The work proposed in the literature [14] states that This paper addresses the challenge of limited
energy storage space in miniaturized systems, such as biomedical implants, by proposing a 2-μm bi-
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor switched-inductor piezoelectric harvester prototype.
Unlike traditional rectifiers, this prototype directly channels 30 μW from a periodic 72-μW
piezoelectric source into a battery, eliminating operational restrictions. The circuit enhances the
system's electrical damping force to extract more power from the transducer and increases
mechanical-electrical efficiency by up to 78%. Additionally, the system captures up to 659 nJ from
nonperiodic mechanical vibrations prevalent in the environment, with an observed mechanical-
electrical efficiency ranging from 6.1% to 8.8%. This innovation holds promise for overcoming
energy storage limitations in small-scale systems, providing a more efficient and sustainable energy
harvesting solution.

The work proposed in the literature [15] states that This paper emphasizes the crucial role of
ecological security within the broader human security framework, tracing environmental challenges
back to the Industrial Revolution's impact on pollution and ecosystem degradation. The study
introduces a method to generate environmentally friendly electricity using piezoelectric materials,
aiming to mitigate the effects of global warming. The proposed model utilizes piezo materials to
convert scavenged mechanical energy from vibrations and rotations into electrical energy. This
generated power is employed to sustain the "Eco secured Piezoelectric Road" and "Ecosecured
Piezoelectric Waterfall," turning the material into a medium for power harvesting. The significance
lies in leveraging natural resources for electricity generation in hilly areas and rural locations, mainly
through tube-well water pressure. Additionally, the research addresses challenges faced by individuals
living below the poverty line, presenting a sustainable solution to overcome critical problems in these
communities.

Methodology

The proposed system works on converting mechanical energy to electrical energy, as shown in Figure
1.
 Fig. 1. Process flow of the system

Enegy Conversion (Mechanical to Electric): Piezoelectric material converts mechanical energy (such
as pressure or vibrations) into electrical energy when subjected to mechanical stress or deformation.
AC to DC Conversion: The electrical energy generated by the piezoelectric material may be in the
form of alternating current (AC). This needs to be converted into direct current (DC), which is
suitable for charging batteries.
Energy Storage (Battery): The converted DC electrical energy is then stored in a battery for later use.
The battery serves as an energy reservoir to ensure continuous power supply for charging the mobile
device.
Use of Stored Energy to Charge Mobile Device: When the mobile device needs to be charged, the
stored energy in the battery is utilized to supply power to the device, charging its battery or powering
its operation directly.
The proposed system has successfully tackled these challenges head-on. Our solution boasts a
significantly reduced form factor, effectively eliminating the bulkiness associated with previous
systems. We've dramatically lowered production costs by leveraging cutting-edge materials and
design approaches, making our technology more accessible to a broader audience. Furthermore, our
system is engineered with scalability in mind, ensuring it can be easily expanded to meet the growing
demands of mobile charging. The key principle behind the energy-generating floor is the piezoelectric
effect shown by metals. When a person walks, he puts pressure on the floor due to his weight and
muscle power. The electricity-generating floor uses this force to generate electricity by utilizing this
force to bend the piezoelectric material. Block Diagram:

Result and Testing

1. Conversion of Mechanical to Electric Energy:- Stepping on the footstep body containing
piezoelectric sensors helps convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. It gives AC voltage as an
output, which then converts to DC for further use. Output AC voltage also depends on the weight of
the Person. 2. Conversion of AC Voltage to DC Voltage: The output voltage from the piezoelectric
sensor is AC, which is converted to DC voltage with the help of a bridge rectifier made using diodes.
3. Storing the Energy in the battery:- The output of the bridge rectifier is a DC voltage. This DC
voltage is stored in the rechargeable battery, which will charge for further use. 4. Use of stored energy
to charge mobile devices: The stored energy in a rechargeable battery is used for many purposes in
our research. This system uses this energy to charge the mobile.

Fig 1. Piezoelectric material connection

The developed working model produces power by applying pressure and imitating walking situations;
this can also be done by physically walking on the setup of piezoelectric sensors. This model
effectively demonstrates the use of power, which was previously neglected. The developed model is
straightforward and highly useful. This system can output a good amount of power, which can further
be used to provide huge areas with electricity.

Fig 2.Hardware Setup Fig 3. Working of Mobile Charging

In Figure 2, the mobile device remains uncharged due to the absence of any pressure applied to the
piezoelectric material. However, in Figure 3, the mobile successfully charges, illustrating the direct
result of exerted pressure on the piezoelectric element. The research on "Mobile Charging Using
Piezoelectric Material" has uncovered the potential of harnessing mechanical energy for sustainable
mobile device charging. Piezoelectric materials offer a promising avenue to convert user interactions
into electrical power, reducing the reliance on traditional charging methods. While in its early stages,
this technology addresses sustainability concerns and reduces environmental impact. Technical
challenges like limited energy output are being researched and refined to enhance efficiency.
Conclusion
The developed working model generates electricity by applying pressure and simulating walking
situations; this can also be accomplished by walking on the piezoelectric sensor setup. This model
successfully illustrates the application of power, an aspect that was previously neglected. The
formulated model is simple and extremely practical. This system can produce a substantial quantity of
electricity, which can then be expanded to provide huge areas with electricity.

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