HEALTH MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Activity 2 - Group 2

Purpose and Components of HIMS

The health information system provides the underpinnings for decision-making

and has four key functions: (i) data generation, (ii) compilation, (iii) analysis and
synthesis, and (iv) communication and use. The health information system collects data
from health and other relevant sectors, analyses the data and ensures their overall
quality, relevance, and timeliness, and converts the data into information for
health-related decision-making.

The health information system is sometimes equated with monitoring and

evaluation, but this is too reductionist a perspective. In addition to being essential for
monitoring and evaluation, the information system also serves broader objectives, such
as providing an alert and early warning capability, supporting patient and health facility
management, enabling planning, underpinning, and stimulating research, permitting
health situation and trends analyses, orienting global reporting and reinforcing
communication of health challenges to diverse users. Information is of little value if it is
not available in formats that meet the needs of multiple users, i.e., policymakers,
planners, managers, healthcare providers, communities, and individuals. Dissemination
and communication are therefore essential attributes of the health information system.

The components of the Health Information System are health information system
resources, indicators, data sources, data management, information products, and
dissemination and use.

Role of HIS in Dental Practice

Information that is generated and transmitted within the health- care information
systems has specific purposes: In the operational management of health and medical
records.– When it comes to this subject, it should be noted that the amount of data
collected in health facilities is very large. The provision of medical services is very
specific and complex work whose basic feature is the number and variety of data and
information. Modern processes of health care are built on the fact that information must
be easily accessible in the time and place where it is needed. On this set, it can be
answered only by using computers. In medical diagnostics–computers in medical
diagnostics are used in the processing and analysis of biophysical signals
(electrocardiography, electroencephalography, electromyography, measurement of
blood pressure), then the processing and analysis of medical imaging procedures for
computerized tomography–CT, then the image obtained with MRI, which will be
dis-cussed more later. In addition, it should be noted that computers play a significant
role in the diagnosis or the processing and analysis of clinical laboratory tests. To set
the diagnosis, using the so-called expert systems and, in essence, provide information
re- quested by the user, but can explain how this information may occur.

There are many examples of expert systems. Up to now, have been developed
as follows:

CASNET - consultative system for glaucoma, it is very important in the diagnostics in

ophthalmology;

INTERNIST - consultant in internal medicine, etc. However, it should be noted that more
work is in progress on the development of such a system or pro-gram. Use in therapy
and rehabilitation–the beginning of computer applications in medicine is related to
software for the planning of radiation of the tumor (calculated dose, field size).

Today this method is very widely used and practically cannot be imagined without
computers. When it comes to therapy, we mean follow-up of patients and their medical
condition in the intensive care unit.

Major Information System Categories

1. Transaction Processing Systems - Transaction processing systems are made up

of computer hardware and software that run a transaction-oriented application
that handles everyday business transactions. Systems that handle sales order
 entry, airline reservations, payroll, personnel data, production, and shipping are
just a few examples.
2. Management Information Systems - Middle managers' planning, controlling, and
decision-making activities are all supported by management information systems.
A management information system (MIS) gathers transaction data from
underlying TPSs, compiles it, and generates reports, displays, or answers as
information products. These information products give information that is tailored
to managers' and supervisors' decision-making needs. Simple routines such as
summaries and comparisons are used by management information systems to
enable managers to make decisions for which the approach for achieving a
solution has been outlined in advance.
3. Decision Support Systems - A decision support system (DSS) is a
computer-based interactive information system that, like MIS, is used at the
management level of a company. In contrast to MIS, however, it processes data
to assist managers in their decision-making. It delivers information to middle
managers that allows them to make informed decisions. In a bank, for example, a
decision support system allows management to examine shifting trends in
deposits and loans in order to determine yearly targets.

Enumerate the different components of HIMS

This part of the HMN Framework describes the six components of a health
information system and the standards needed for each. There is clear value in defining
what constitutes a health information system and how its components interact with each
other to produce better information for better decisions and better health. In addition to
its six components, a health information system can be further subdivided into its inputs,
processes, and outputs. Inputs refer to resources, while processes touch on how
indicators and data sources are selected and data is collected and managed. Outputs
deal with the production, dissemination, and use of information. Accordingly, the six
components of a health information system are:
Inputs
1. Health information system resources – these include the legislative, regulatory,
and planning frameworks required to ensure a fully functioning health information
system, and the resources that are prerequisites for such a system to be
functional. Such resources involve personnel, financing, logistics support,
information and communications technology (ICT), and coordinating mechanisms
within and between the six components.
Processes
2. Indicators – a core set of indicators and related targets for the three domains of
health information is the basis for a health information system plan and strategy.
Indicators need to encompass determinants of health; health system inputs,
outputs, and outcomes; and health status.
3. Data sources – can be divided into two main categories; (1) population-based
approaches (censuses, civil registration, and population surveys) and (2)
institution-based data (individual records, service records, and resource records).
It should be noted that a number of other data-collection approaches and
sources do not fit neatly into either of the above main categories but can provide
important information that may not be available elsewhere. These include
occasional health surveys, research, and information produced by
community-based organizations (CBOs).
4. Data management – this covers all aspects of data handling from the collection,
storage, quality assurance, and flow, to processing, compilation, and analysis.
Specific requirements for periodicity and timeliness are defined were critical – as
in the case of disease surveillance.
Outputs
5. Information products – data must be transformed into information that will
become the basis for evidence and knowledge to shape health action.
6. Dissemination and use – the value of health information can be enhanced by
making it readily accessible to decision-makers (giving due attention to
behavioral and organizational constraints) and by providing incentives for
information use.
 For a health information system to function, various policy, administrative,
organizational and financial prerequisites must be in place. Supportive legislative and
regulatory environments are needed to enable confidentiality, security, ownership,
sharing, retention, and destruction of data. Investment from domestic and international
sources is required to strengthen ICT, and provide human resources to run these
systems. Expertise and leadership at national and sub-national levels must also be
provided to enable the monitoring of data quality and use. And there must be
infrastructure and policies in place to transfer information between producers and users
both inside and outside the health system.
Limited national resources and capacities may affect how far countries can apply
the full standards described in the following sections, and how this may be achieved. In
countries where standards do not currently exist, they are likely to evolve over time as
countries adapt, use, and learn from the HMN Framework.

Data Sources for HIS

1. Census - is taken in most countries of the world at regular intervals. In health and
the social sciences, census data provides a frame of reference and baseline
information for administration, planning, action, and study.
The data used to calculate health, demographic, and socioeconomic indicators
come from the population census.
2. Registration of Vital Events - Unlike Census, ‘’Registration of vital events’’
maintains a continuous record of demographic trends. Vital events includes Live
births, Deaths, Fetal deaths, Marriage, Adoptions, etc.
3. Sample Registration System (SRS) - SRS aims to provide reliable estimates of
birth and death rates for the States. At present, the Sample Registration System
(SRS) provides reliable annual data on fertility and mortality at the state and
national levels for rural and urban areas separately.
4. Notification of Diseases - Disease notification is the process of notifying the
relevant and designated authorities about the occurrence of a specific disease or
 health-related condition. Any ailment that must be reported to government
authorities under the law is considered a notifiable disease.

Different data sources for health information system

1. Demographic data - It refers to the facts about the patient which includes: Age
and birthday, gender, marital status, address of residence, race, ethical origin,
educational background, employment, immediate family members (emergency
contact)
2. Administrative data - It includes information on services. This includes: diagnostic
test or out-patient procedures, kind of practitioner, physician's specialty, nature of
institutions (specialty if the hospital), charges and payments
3. Health risk information - Record the lifestyle and behavior of a patient and his/her
medical history and other genetic factors.
Useful in evaluating patients' propensity for different diseases.
4. Health status - Refers to the quality of life that a patient leads which is crucial to
his or her health.
Domains of health: physical functioning, mental, emotional well-being,
cognitive functioning, social functioning
Own perception of health.
5. Patient medical history - Gives information on past events relevant to patients'
health.
Example: hospital admission
➔ Pregnancy and live births
➔ Surgical procedures
➔ Family history (alcoholism or parental divorce)
6. Current medical management - It reflects patients' health screening sessions,
diagnoses, allergies, medications, and current health problems.
7. Outcomes data - It presents the measures of aftereffects of healthcare and
various health problems.
 Outcomes directly reported by the patient after treatment will be most
useful ( unexpected complications, side effects, etc.)

Enumerate and Identify Fundamental Components

HMIS Components
An understanding of the adaptive but integrated HMIS begins with differentiating among
its five major components and their interrelationships:
1. Data/information/knowledge component.
2. Hardware/software/network component.
3. Process/task/system component.
4. Integration/interoperability component.
5. User/administration/management component.

The data/information/knowledge component forms the central core, the content,

of all HMIS. It encompasses the specification of, organization on, and interrelationship
among data, information, and knowledge elements required of integrated HMIS. Raw
data form the basic building blocks for generating useful information that is to be stored
in any HMIS; processed data are transformed into information that serves as a useful
output for HMIS end-users to make informed and intelligent decisions.

The hardware/software/network component features prominently as it entails the

choice deployment of various information and computing-related technologies to
support HMIS applications and use. Briefly, this component involves configuring various
hardware, software, user interface, and communication-enabling infrastructures,
associated devices, and applications in such a way as to best achieve efficient and
effective information services integration throughout while connecting individuals,
groups, and organizations.

The process/task/system component exemplifies the routine and internalized

driving engine for HMIS. Here, our focus should be on the cohesion to be achieved
within established “local” processes, tasks, and applications. In other words, existing
administrative-based HMIS, such as financial information systems, human resources
information systems, facility utilization, and scheduling systems, materials management
systems, facilities management systems, and office automation systems, as well as
clinical-based HMIS applications such as EHR, CPOE, and CDSS, must be designed to
collect relevant data and accumulate useful information for organizational
task-processing and decision-making activities.

The integration/interoperability component is a key determinant of HMIS success

from an enterprise view. Often, the key to positioning today’s healthcare services
organizations for future success is the interoperability of systems used in managing
existing and ongoing healthcare information services vis-à-vis its competitive
marketplace environment. The “interoperability” for much of the computerized
information processing within the organizational framework must be upheld both
internally and externally to achieve efficient, effective, and excellent delivery of
healthcare services. This requires not only an elaborate understanding of evolving
technological innovations and changing needs in organizational task processes, but
also knowledge of the market structure and changing characteristics of the healthcare
services industry and how the different current systems should be designed to fit well
with every other HMIS application to achieve an integrated, enterprise-wide HMIS.

The user/administration/management component brings together and intelligently

coordinates all of the other HMIS components. Based on a shared technological
infrastructure, for example, various users are, in turn, empowered to perform designated
tasks and activities that will support the overall business goals of the organization—that
is, to serve their clients both inside and outside the organization in the most efficient,
productive, and effective manner. The function of this critical user component, when
blended appropriately with all the other HMIS components, is to engender a holistic
conceptualization that absorbs the many insights and interactions inherent in any
organizational HMIS endeavor.
HCIS Components
1. Patient management and billing
2. Department management
3. Care delivery and clinical documentation
4. Clinical decision support
5. Financial and resource management

Patient management and billing

● A system that supports patient management functions
-Example
● Patient identification
-Supporting technology
● Master patient index
● Houses centralized database
-Patient financial, demographic, registration and location data

Department management
● Systems that support a departments information needs
-Example
● Health information management department system
-Supporting technology
● Electronic document management systems
● Supplies data to patient database

Care delivery and clinical documentation

● A system that supports the delivery of the care and documentation of that care
-Example
● Clinical information systems
-Supporting technology
● Clinical documentation
● Houses patient clinical data
Clinical decision support
● Systems that support the clinical staff with data interpretation and decision
making
-Example
● Prescription decision support
-Supporting technology
● Drug-drug interactions
● Accesses patient clinical data

Financial and resource management

● Systems that support business functions
-Example
● Accounts payable system
-Supporting technology
● Claims administration
● Houses financial and employee data

Give examples of HIMS

Everyone in healthcare, from patients to clinicians to public health officials, can

benefit from health information systems. They gather information and compile it in a way
that may be used to make medical decisions. Examples of health information systems
include:

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and Electronic Health Record (EHR)

These two terms are almost used interchangeably. The electronic medical record
replaces the paper version of a patient’s medical history. The electronic health record
includes more health data, test results, and treatments. It also is designed to share data
with other electronic health records so other healthcare providers can access a patient’s
healthcare data.
Practice Management Software
Practice management software helps healthcare providers manage daily
operations such as scheduling and billing. Healthcare providers, from small practices to
hospitals, use practice management systems to automate many of the administrative
tasks.

Master Patient Index (MPI)

A master patient index connects separate patient records across databases. The
index has a record for each patient that is registered at a healthcare organization and
indexes all other records for that patient. MPIs are used to reduce duplicate patient
records and inaccurate patient information that can lead to claim denials.

Patient Portals
Patient portals allow patients to access their personal health data such as
appointment information, medications, and lab results over an internet connection.
Some patient portals allow active communication with their physicians, prescription refill
requests, and the ability to schedule appointments.

Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)

Also known as telehealth, remote patient monitoring allows medical sensors to
send patient data to healthcare professionals. It frequently monitors blood glucose
levels and blood pressure for patients with chronic conditions. The data is used to
detect medical events that require intervention and can possibly become part of a larger
population health study.

Clinical Decision Support (CDS)

Clinical decision support systems analyze data from various clinical and
administrative systems to help healthcare providers make clinical decisions. The data
can help prepare diagnoses or predict medical events — such as drug interactions.
These tools filter data and information to help clinicians care for individual patients.
Members:
Diaz, Christine Andrea
De Vera, Chrisaine
San Juan, Jeanne Elaine
Felices, Verna Rica
Castro, Steffanie
Sesperez, Kimberly

Resources:
https://www.who.int/healthinfo/country_monitoring_evaluation/who-hmn-framework-stan
dards-chi.pdf
https://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/WHO_MBHSS_2010_section3_web.pdf
http://www.ihatepsm.com/blog/sources-health-information
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaxLTPyrZcM
http://samples.jbpub.com/9780763756918/56918_CH01_Tan.pdf