Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 3 views

    Composite Material

    Uploaded by

    Nishit Parmar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content

    You might also like

    Composite Material

    Uploaded by

    Nishit Parmar
    3 views88 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    3 views88 pages

    Composite Material

    Uploaded by

    Nishit Parmar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 88
    wee op wes 08051) (Department Optional Course-5) Code : MEDL (course composite Materials Prof, Pratik Prakash Raut 1 of Technology, Shirgaon, Virar (East) VIVA Institut wv aa Oat eos aeemeemems (lili! Chee td HI Price 285/- A Sachin Shah Venture ‘@ wwwtechneobooks.in © info@techneobooks.in DOC 5 (Elect Enna ke ny eee ener eee cena ec syllabus. Course Cod ‘Course Name Credits Course Code = MEDLOSOS! ‘Composite Materials Objectives (1). To study the manufacturing metho of composite materia 2) Tosa te teaniur of composite mais that micro aC IETS 3). To study the procedure of designing a composite laminate amd structure as 4 who a application (4). To study the applicability of os (5). To study the damage detection and damage repair methods fo Joutcomes : Learner will be abe 9. (1) Select the type of material given application. (2) Relate swesses and stains through the elastic constants for a given lamin. sina based on the properties of its constituents. “posite materials fr various industrialloading applications composite materials or the fbres and matrix in a composite material for the (3) Evaluate elastic properies of (8) Predict failure of a laming under the given loading condition ()_ Select the number of laminae and their sacking sequence in a composite material forthe given Inspection of Composites le theory, Maximum strain fae | Wu failure theory, Stensth rate-| acess es Introduction to Micromechanics of Leming me | \ \e \ theory, TsaicHil failure theory, iro ‘and Laminate Prediction of mechanical properties of lamina based on open of wt ‘constuents (fibre and matrix), Laminate types and their One Oren | ‘of laminate design (no problems on this topic (Refer Chapter 4) | — Different types of damages in composites, Non-desiuctive tving of | composites: Ultrasonics inspection, Acoustography. Low fre ' ene Methods, Radiographic inspection, Shearogaphy, Acme mimics | ‘Thermogeaphy, (Refer Chapter §) | Repair of Composites Restitution and rept of composics: Selestion of Repair whet, Rep | ceteria, Generic repair designs, Matrix cracks, Delamination, Hoes aod | Fiber fracture, Damage removal and surface preparation. loading condition (6). Identify the ype of damage occuring in « composite structure and select an appropriate method to repair it Course Contents Module | ‘Contents | Hours 1__| Introduction 8 (Classifications based on fibres and matrix, Advantages, Applications, Terminology, Manufacturing Methods: Hand layup, Spray layup, Vacuum bagging, Prepregs, Industrial autoclave, Filament winding, Pultusion, Resin transfer moulding, Vacuum Infusion Processing, Powder metallurgy route for ceramic and metal matrix composites. (Refer Chapter 1) 2 _| Analysis of Lamina 6 Hoooke's aw for different types of materials, lane stress assumption, Hooke's law for «two-dimensional unidirectional lamina, Relationship of compliance and stiffness matrix to engineering elastic constants of a lamina, Hooke's law for a two-dimensional angle lamina, Engineering constants of an angle lamina, (Refer Chapter 2) fo rater canter | a0 Page Nos, 1.7 Powder metallurgy route for ceramic and Metal matrix composites. Introduction 1-1 to 1-25 introduction: Classics based on fibres and matix, Advantages, Appcations, Teminclogy. Manufacturing Methods : Hand layup, Spray layup, Vacuum bagging, Prepregs, Industral 2-1 to 2-33 Itoclave, Flament winding, Putusion, Resin tanser moulding, Vacuum infusion Processing, Powder melalrgy reve fr ceramic and metal matrix composites. Introduction to Composite Materials fo 1.2. Classiicaton of Composites 3 Ga. How aro composites classed based on thet fibres and mati? 3 Introduction to Micromechanics | 4-1 to 4-31 fae acm wae f G0, Explain properties of Composite Matera 1 Sone 1.4 Advantages of Composite Materia 8 Ga. What are the advantages of using composites in varovs appicatons? 18 GO. Wii deal the advantagesand appicatons of composite materi 8 ee] Inspection of Composites | 5-1 to 5-52 1.5 Applications of Composite Materials + GQ. List applications of composite materials in deta. 18 1.8 Manufacturing Methods. is Repair of Composites to 6-21 GQ. Enlist composite manulacturing methods expiin any one in deal 13 GO. —_Howare composites manufactured using the hand layup mathod ? 13 GQ. Explain vacuum bagging method. iat GO. Explain Indust! autotave method of composite manufacturing +13 GO. _Can you explain the resin transfer moulding process for producing composites ? 1-17 119 ‘Can you describe the powder metallurgy route forthe manufacture of ceramic and Ga. metal matrix composites 7 ses FD 1.7.1 Powdor Metallurgy. : von 119 1.7.2 Coramic Matrix Compositos . GQ. What are ceramic matix composites? Enlist is advantages. GQ. Explain fabrication method of caramic matrix composites. GQ. What are the applications of ceramic matrix composites ?... 1.7.8 Metal Matix Composites oo GQ. What are metal matrix composites? Enlist ts advantages. GQ. Explain fabrication mathod of metal matrix composites. GQ. What are the applications of metal matrix composites 2. + Chapter End, : ii episn its feanet_ Gq. Whar isa comet a 4 ‘ Joe oe me wc ial ce tat BCE es = «sites 7A as aang the FPS, ang a acs pessoa acne ks he es 1080 the cements tna fibre composi. 0 croscopie combinations o inst eer dant 0 mae05007 7 pout. is cheical prope B ro comptes a cat anor cEX es) Compose raters honed wh er PS ca ATONE for sn enced seal ict, THE perme non ne i ro a Pa sith a econisbe pad he mers He OOS COMPOS are pattes Com pletion toa ince 2 rminforcing pase. soch a6 bes oF widely se se the flowing 1 Oter estsescf compose tle IOVS utr bation sued ers in which various PaSeS ae Separated rl ES Be eet sor lonat wo or more mara eg se ove meal wa song abet are mas at contain sos ave 8 ova aaesvng wo different materials. The composite must reine, soir 0) One way topeterto make up o hetre : ponent separately in terms of strength, beat cutperorm desired aay + compoties wee cet tease ic was impose © find a single, Homogeneous structera rmatr with al ofthe ese roperis for acer ppliaion + Fhereinfrced composts wer ist developed to replace aluminum alloys, which provide high seh and al bgh sess ton weight bt are subject to corosion and Fatigue. + Anemanpe of « compose mstril is laseeinfoced plas fishing rod in which glass bers ar pce in an epoxy mart. + Foe gs fies hive exzemely hgh ene stiffeses and srnghs, but due to their small siametes they also have exrenely low bending sffteses. The rod would have strong bending sites bat low ens carters iit were onstrate ently of epoxy plas, However, the ‘suing sine possess high nse stiffs, ig ele strength, an high bending stiffness ‘hen theirs are ncorpried int the epoxy resin, scp he scons pi pel wir mre ove than he itt le vlumepropotio of he reinforcing phase (approximately (vena eye 22-23 5 6106) Benen sci ve Uletroduction)...Page no. (1-3) iat be present, There are examples of composites with discontinuous phases th tna ductile than the matrix, though, 10s) a are more exible ‘Natural being espite a hie gives ter sl ‘a composite of strong but soft collagen (a protein) and hard but brite apatite (a mineral). 1 composites include wood and bone. A mixture of cellulose and lignin makes up wood. Mlexile, cellulose fibres are strong under tension. These fibres are joined by lignin, pone is particulate composites avaiable in vaFows geome shapes (cubes, spheres. kes, et.) and ie made up of various ‘materials (rubber, metal, plastics, etc.) Have generally low strength. Fre reinforced metal matrix composites are now being produced comma, ad in this vee current sats ofthese malta is reviewed. The diferent types of reinforcement being ‘Jas aspects nwst be taken into account depending on the original processing techaique to Fecrate 2 good quality billet, The max composition and the kind of reinforcement are se pendcat of one another when using powder metallurgical processes, However, they are closely Bhd in molten metal procesing due tothe many reactivities that arise between the reinforcement soa ati in the molten slate “The factors controlling the distibution of reinforcement ae also dependent on the inital processing mth Secondary fabrication methods, such as extusion and rolling, are essential in processing composites produced by powder metallurgy, since they ae required to consolidate the composite tally Other methods, such as spray casting, molten metal infteatin, and molten metal mixing give an essentaly fully consolidated product direc, but extrusion, ec, an improve the properties by trodifying the reinforcement distribution ‘+The mechanical properties obtained in metal matrix composites are dependent on a wide range of factors, and the present understanding, and areas requiring futher study, are discussed ‘+The successful commercial production of metal matrix composites will finally depend on their cost effectiveness for different applications. This requires optimum methods of processing, machining, and recycling, and the routes being developed to achieve this are considered Fibre composites ae either Discontinuovs or Continuous, DM_1.2_ CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES (1) Organic Matrix Composites (OMC3) (@) Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCS) (Mew abu wef acai yar 2225) (8-106) (Braco Peto A SACHN SHAK Venture hr eees—éte ST eee ils (MU-Sem 8-Mach) (intrcdvetion)...Page no. (1-5) Page no.(1-4) composite MBN Tire Resistant : More challenging and produced using materials ike phenolic resins, These ) 1g 10 use, formaldehyde-cured, and need a high level of post-curing to atain son eect) : ae challeni corona uses congenies O feowine fire resistance. Other materials are aso become easier to find for use i tumeseent mca sess Me MAES Byes, which spreed out and cover the surface to contain the spread of fir. A pait-on coating moses (EMH on applied t0 the product laminate’s back, anda thin fibre film is placed beneath the (4) Cora Man oT to give the exterior surface a protective layer. A Fire Door is one of the Steridor TM 1) Fibres infeed comes oe by using a specific phenolic resin. Fire rated by 2) Laminar composites sper tis 8 NETY 8008 MALE BRANZ. to 4 hours, this door is also approved by MAF as meeting all their Hygiene Parise mo a TE RE Te aif Though feauirements aan Ft 5c er Sein HET Tg te Ml MuNng yar Proprtg: Fibres Developmen i roid he nator Suppor sap for he a a ee rn se 1S HEME OM favre BY EMR ang ‘Franz Rail main trunk e ion, The straps, although only 4mm thick, meet the req ew resons WH © These KN as well a easily meeting insulation requirement, Ses a ‘Chemical and Weathering Resistance : Composite goods resist the attack of a variety of, Gestanees and have good weathering characteristics. This mostly depends on the resin used in the ‘ramufaturing process, but by making a careful choice, resistance 1o all but the harshest conditions ‘in be obtained. Asa result, composite materials are utilised to make chemical storage tanks, pipes, Shimneys, duets, boat hulls, and automobile bodies. The Auckland Marine Rescue Center was built ‘xing architectural panels made by FDL. Composite panels were chosen because oftheir resistance rrosion in salty Seaside circumstances. sy refining the laminate many tooo y cic wich oop for tei ei (6 Colour : By pigmentng the eloat lise, seay any colour shade can be inchded into the finished product during manufacturing. The lack of additional finishing or painting lowers costs. If ‘you want a translucent product, you can use soluble dyes, Dark colours, however, are not Something we advise. These generate an excessive amount of heaton the surface, which can cause the material to degrade and show print through when the resin matrix shrinks and further cures, ‘exposing the fibres. Lamination may take place ia are circumstances. () Teansluceney : Polyester resins are widely used to manufacture translucent mouldings and shee. Light transmission of up to 85% can be achieved, cnn of sy 3mm Chopped send mit Ho “il bend = long way more than the it flexible compared (0 say ¢ ly before yielding. Stfiness ies tht fil SSDS LSS tins soe, yer omy Be than 14 of (2 Lee th str Fei ana ts esi avy eo of 15, ome t Ally CcSvovseon sen eu aes dng at aon a, eng cane any ts af sel btn in be wee (ow Terma Conduct: Pres Desopmen has bees none ie dveapen ad 1S ae etme becucrownwcigtsonatn Rsctin of sind mes cons whch mnsin pie coe chile ew tte comet (8) Design Flexibility : Because ofthe versatility of composites, product design is only limited by your imagination ibs etlotas ci og eis late! ld on Cabal seg wal Gah temperature for Export markets. They are manufactured using the RTM process, with special sepporre forte All lacs during heir 199 Rughy Woeld Cup campaign eee (©) re Resistance: The silty for composites to withstand fire has ben taily improving over the 10) Manufacturing Economy : Fibreglass Developments produces several models of fuel pump iver Tie ws inte shonos ob celntohh covers for Fuel quip. Fibreglass is an ideal material for producing items of this type for many (6) Me Retarant Ae sf erigtitog anna, wy made with hind vson eu reasons including being very economical. Because of is versatile properties, breast canbe sed dives sch a Antimony oxide. These release CO2 when burning so when the fame erg roe povticaloc source is emved, he elf extinguish (ew abs wat aden year 22-2 0-08) hecrnesnitatins Arcanoi vou REY SHABEWef aad yer2-2 8305, [Bhechneorubications.A SACHIN SHAH Venture a te ) Mule (ew Sysous wat vad yer 2-25 4-106) onesie Gq. nat ae the 3 | a, wre in etal Lower desi Higher icc densi) ims seater Higher Fatigue endura Higher coghness han atnat(Mu-Ser SCE) renin cto of material reg «tes sesiie rah mechanical pooper (8 an hat of seh andi Easy to machine. Can combine ee cos DL_1.5 APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE 1 GQ. List applation ef composite materia in deta ging. coms. MATERIALS bases Ine we ee plans ees rp Ines that sccm at thei Every ear, 2 neu layers aded whe the old ayers tat to decompose Tis i leaf mol, inv ile a form of compost Wha ates ding is roving a protetive layer over the roots of pls. Tis eer of vepecive mater proet tbe tare sil rng the stmmer months ty eding sol empereze,sppessing weed growth nd reducing ol moisture los. Car comes: can do the stm hing in our gardens and landscapes. To prepare any aca for ruling, istler away gas or weeds tat might row up trough the muh, Make sr to remove ter of tough perennial weds such as ground ny. When using compost 2 4 mule in Nowe beds, veeble gardens, landscape beds, o Iw, seen the fins compos. ‘A simple sree canbe made sng Ych mes hardware lth and atacing it to @ wooden fame. Pace te screen over wheel brow o ter container and site compos into it ‘hela pees ef behind can go imo our next compos pile an ativaor, introducing the neces microorgaisns Cove te gare or be area wih serene compost oa eh of on oto inches. I you ‘op compost ona lawn, be suit fly ground or sid. You have less ofa chance of ‘otering the lava. You may want to we inch mesh hardware leh, compose Matera (MU @ #-Mech) Aitoduction)..Page no. ( “One way to incorporate the compost is (0 aerate the sod, then apply @ 18-inch to 14-inch covering of fine compos. Use a rake to distribute the compost into the crevices, When mulching around tees and shrubs, sreening may not be necessary. This is really a mater of aesthetic dese on your par. soil Amendment ‘We have already talked about how compost helps sol, especially sandy and clay soils. When staring a new garden soil amending is recommended before you plant. It is so much easier to add compost now than its after the garden is planted, Cover the garden area with 3 t 4 inches of compost and ill it nto the upper six inches of the soil. If your garden is already established and you want to incorporate compost deeply into the sol, your options ae limited. With perennials, every time you add a new plant to the ‘garden or divide an existing one, add compost. With annuals, you can add compost every spring. ‘Loosen up the entire area where annuals willbe planted and work in compost. Around trees ‘and shrubs add at planting time, mixing no more than 25 percent of soil volume. ‘Some references say not f0 use any at all for fear that the roots will remain inthe planting hole area and not grow out nto the surrounding soil ‘© Keeping the compost level at one-quarter of the total soil volume will not lead to this problem. If you're concerned, use the compost as a mulch only ‘+ Around existing tees it may be difficult to incorporate ino the upper six inches of the sol, You can add compost by injecting nutiats the way professional arboriss do. ‘* Drill 1-10 2inch diameter holes 12 inches deep in the soil throughout the tree canopy and ‘beyond at 18-inch spacing ‘+ Fill the bottom of each ole with recommended rates of dey fertilizer and then top off the holes with compost. For shrubs, the holes only need to be drilled 8 to 10 inches deep, This ‘weatment should supply nutrients for two to thre years hereon Asn sven Le {@) Using compost in Potting Mixes + You can also bien fietextured compost in poting mintres, However, make sure the compost does not make up more than one gute oon hl ofthe potting mintre's volume + Plans growing in coniners are ently reliant on the water and mtfens provided inthe posing mix + Compos is excelent for container growing mixes, because it stores moisture effectively and Provides a varity of nutrients not typically supped in commercial fertilizers or soil Posting mixes. * You si need to ferilze containers ona regular bss to provide he high volume of maints they need Finely sited compost can also be used in sed staring intures (New Sabu wa scadericyour 22-25) 8-108) [Bheorico ruins A SAeHIN SHAH Ventre xt ow coos Siig art a ace of nents npn Yu ; eh ished compe (4) compost Tet van cld fstioned wa of PO re tea, compost 3 SN ally We i abarap 9k O° ving gi * on sour as Cons te works espa seins To make somes snd secure he open eS for provi : 1 for proving pillow sone fof ite 8 The ae empost and the NUE wi fom th acs ot ent acento bare. oe wae step for a fe: dye WaT ucanase bag ofcomros forse vacant un a a ply empty the Bae "s cont as onto the garde take on be colo Spray or pour aches. Arad si Pr 1.6 MANUFACTURING METHODS (Spry le (a) Hand asap (o) Voouum being @ Press (e)_ Indusval asolave pFlsment winding (a), Resin aster moulding (@) Palsion ‘vacuum Infusion Processing (j)_ Powder metallurgy route fr cera Meta marx composes. 1 Gq. How ar compostes mnacurd sig te hand a method? | 6Q. Explain wet layup method in deta, ADF 161 eo h-Neo ubeations.A SACHIN SHAN Venti nw fabs wa cai yar 222108) eee eet sw pescription re rg ingen i iby mes fig le sasha it Laminates terials Optlons Frag Any 68 €P POE iy pei tough heavy rai febics an bear to wet ot ad lft to eure under standard atmospheric conditions a Typical Applications Sodan win-bin laes, proucton Doss, rhea moulin. w= advantages svidely weed for many Years. simple principles to teach. ow cost ‘olin, if DOMEmperstue cre resins re wsed Wide choice of supplies and material yes Fibre contents and longer fibres than with spray lay-up. o o o o (Higher 1 pisadvantoges (oy Resin ing mine icone ad amie guy a very eens 8 the sil of laminators dr resin content amines camo sal be aed witout te ierprion of ASS o quai of voids (Hed and ste considers of sn, The Hower moles wig of Mn lay-up resins ‘ly mean tht hy have he ptt © De mow rl th hr ake products a) The tower visosyof he eins ako means ht hey bave an nose ete? eset clothing. (5) Lining sbome styrene concent 1 eit eves pene and vinyleters is ‘evoming increasingly bard witout expensive extraction systems (6 Resin ed to be ow in vis 10 be workable y band, TS geo? compromises thet chaialermal propris du tthe nee for igh diventsyrene levels athe of composites manufacturing (New Sys wa cei yr 2-29 8108) [rere ruins ASACHNSHAH Vets —————————— i age 10. (1-10) aoe 82 5 peseription ina spay ot etd sin te ae MOM fed into 5 gon and 7 handed spereoiton ar eft cure ue standard a5 Fite iso ‘The deposited ma 1 Material options "© rypleal applications ocosueslighly loaded srucmral panels, eg caravan bois, stoners, some sl ing track flrngs, baths, © advantages (0) Widely used for many ears (2) Low ox way of sik depos re nd resin 2) Low ost toting © Disadvantages (0) Laminates en abe very resiosich and therefore excessively bea. (2) Only som fides ar incorporated which severely lis the mechanical properties ofthe laminae. (@) Resins need to be low in viscosiy 19 be sprysble, This generally compromises their echanialtbemal properties. (4) The high styrene coment of spray ly-up resins generally mean that they have the potential to be ‘more harmfl and their lower viscosity means thi hey have an inc Po ty means that they hi reased tendency'to penetrate (©) Litig bore syren conenratons legis Ie is ecoming increasingly difcal meer eee trl (MU-Sem 6 ac) ewoaucton.Page ro (1-11) compas Brsatner) leer foo Peet py eas vogaing tim Sealant tape Releaeatim \ Laminate orion \ release costes Aare. 1.463 sx pescription ‘This is basically an extension ofthe wet lay-up process described above where pressure i appli to the laminate once Inid-up inorder to improve its consolidation. This is achieved by sealing @ fast fl over he wet ad-op laminate and ot the oot «s‘The air under the bag is extracted by a vacuum pomp and thus up to one atmosphere of pressure can be applied tothe laminate to consolidate it '& Materials Options (a) Resins : Primarily epoxy and phenolic. Polyestes and vinylesters may have problems due to excessive extraction of styrene from the resin by the vacuum pur, (2) Fibres : The consolidation pressures mean that variety of heavy fabri can be wet-out (8) Cores : Any. "= Typical Applications Large, one-off cruising boats, race car components, core-bonding in production oats. | Advantages (1) Higher fibre content laminates can usually be achieved than with standard wet lay-up tecriques. (@) Lower void contents are achieved than with wet lay-up, (@) Better fibre wet-out due to pressure and resin flow throughout structural fibres, with excess into bagging materials. (4) Health and safety : The vacuum bag reduces the amount of volatiles emitted during cure er abs ae 222 sy 048306 horse nthains Asc severe EE, _, (ie abu wes acadeic yer 2-23) (8-06) Thee. no puaton. SACHIN SHAK Veture | aan Uintoduction)..Page age no. (1-12) i (MU-Som @-Mech) composite Ma as advantages ‘cheaper tooling materials, such as wood, can be used due to the lower cure temperatures involved Bt vals (USE conposte wate esters in disposable bees wo —— (2) Large ste can be realy made since only vacuum bag pressure is required, and het ae «9 anton amor ncn eel pve pot we oe eee nt fom proces life a Robust process providing a high level of dimension tolerance and repeatability o sa pisadvantages (i) Materials cost i stil higher than for non-preimpregnated fabrics although resin costs are lower than those required for aerospace applications (2) Tooling needs fo be able 1 withstand higher temperatures than Infusion Processes (ypically 80-140°C), > (@) Industrial autoclave 1G Explain Industrial autoclave method of composite manufacturing. 1 6Q. How is the prepregs manufacturing {eq osine rene naoasronpe rn eet nore 64 1 pescripton rong + tow Tener Caring pres ae made xa comet acave PERS Dut have ren emcee ta alow cige o te aceed a emperas fom 6D120°C. For low lemprtiecring (0%) te wen i of he til nyt mid oo ie 8 week but ferhighertengerse cys 080°) wkng tines can es log a veel month + The ow pois oe resin sens lw forte sof acum bg peste lone, avoiding the send roca © Hetero options ati Les (1) esis: Gener olen. (2) lire: ay As for omen pepe *= pescription (3) Cores : Any - Any tgh sand PV a ede pce Fors and fibres ae preimpregnated bythe materials manufecturer, under beat and pressure or 2 wit solvent, witha pre-calalyzed resin igh perforce windsubine : * ‘The catalyst is largely latent at ambient temperatures giving the materials several weeks, or somite Male ap igs ig hs mc et iia ‘ametines mont of sf ie when defosed However rlong srg fete mal re i frozen. — | a Neo ee NOASACHD SHAH Ventre | ow Sb wa academic yor 2:23) 8-108) (Becta uiteaons.ASACHN SHAR Vent iii Ms oe a veimpregnted Matrialy el sandae tek gether BEST gun bagged and then heated The reese te eel HO Tale (eetvely torppically 120180 valy peovles YY prescrzed oven) which at ary Materiais options gre resi sch a plymis, Resins + Generally epory: potest. phenolic and high fa gervel or as ay type of fabric of foam need 1 Be osed © Fibres: An. U the elevated temperatures 8) Cores inv [= typical Applications ses e.g wings nd econ) Fag cs SPring goods sac as Advantages «and the resin conte in the Se are acurtely set by the materials caters can be sey acieved. Resinfeas “The serials have excellent eat and sfey characters and ae clean to work with. (3) Fibre os is minimize inuidretonal tapes sac here is no secondary process conve fibre Int fare pio to we Resin chemistry ca be opinied for mechanical an thermal performance, wit the high viscosity resins being impregnable det the manufacturing proces. ‘The exendes working tines (of upto several mons tom temperatures) means that structurally ‘optimized, complex lay-up can be ready achieved. Potato utomstion a abou saving. Disadvantages o ® Matis os is higher for preimpregnated fis. Avocaves are asalyrequied to cue the component. These ae expensive, ited in ie enn cece 8 ‘Tooting needs to beable to withstand the proces temperatures involved, @ Core material eo be ew wind the proces enpratus ad pressures. serene ost Mates (MU-Sem Mech) (triroduction) Page no. (1-15) cam in deals 7 hole of ear wap cal by ratio /| stearage sped atonal specs Toor (Aor. 166 & Description “sThis process is primarily used for hollow, generally circular or oval sectioned components such 3s pies and tanks. «+ Fibre tows are passed through a resin bath before being wound onto a mandrel in a variety of ‘orientations controled bythe fibre feeding mechanism, and rate of rotation ofthe mandrel, |= Materials Options (Resins: Any, €.8 epoxy, polyester, vnylester, phenolic (2) Fibres Any. Te fibres are used straight from acrel and not woven or stitched into fabric form @) Cores : Any although components are usualy single skin |= Typical Applications Chemical storage tanks and pipelines, gas eyinders, fire-fighters breathing tanks "= Advantages ‘This can be a very fst and therefore economic method of laying material down, (1) Resin content canbe controlled by metering the resin onto each fibre tow through nips o des. (@) Fibre cos is minimised since there is no secondary process to convert fbr into fabric prior to use (3) Structural properties of laminates can be very good sine straight fibres can be lad ina complex pattern to match the applied loads. Ose abs wa enya 2223 8 109 (Bhermontcton Asc sive aia ta (en abs we acdc yet 2°23 48-109) [ee neoubeatons.ASACHN SHAH Ventre _ van girders sedi roof sures, bridges, ladders, Framework © pisaevanane - Bea time conven sage ETT og ex ndvantages Is rere ca aoe ela ‘ris can bea very fst and therefore economic. way of impregnating and curing materials eon xsi onatractve, como anh tent an be accurately contzlled (0 Se volume actos can be oie ee pisadvantages Limited o constant or near constant cross-section components Heated die costs canbe high ising? process for producing composites? ' ‘aes oft ogee 1+ Fires poles fms ve irough «rss bat ant then on through a ested die ‘The Gi completes te imregniioe ofthe be. conzols the resin content and cures the material ‘Tai cure profil i then automatically cu o length, ino is final stapes passes rg th (ABM 168 + Fabric may ao be nau te dew rove fie ction ober thn at” ee *Aitoue puso i coninoat pce, producing profi of ons cross-section, avant “Description town a pulforming allows for sone vari wbe ndaced inate rose section. . Fabrics ar laid pas a dry stack of materials. These fabrics are sometimes pre-press tothe mould ‘The proces pulls te materials through he defo impregnation, and then clamps them in a mould shape, and held together by a binder. These ‘preforms’ are then more easily laid into the mould tol SESEOF TH mes te roe nrconisnns, a wcommodag ofall change in crest: * A second mould tool ten clamped over the fat and en injected ito the cavity. Vacuum . «an also be applied to the mould cavity to assist resin in being drawn into the fabrics. This is known Material options 3 Vacuum Assisted Resin Injection (VARD. : ‘Resins: Generally epory. polyester, vinyls snd phenolic * Once all the fabric is wet out, the resin inlets are closed, and the laminate is allowed to cure. Both ) bres: Any injection and cure can take place at ether ambient or elevated temperature. (8) Cores Not general wed (in Ss wea ya 2-29 04 05 Bheorne Pans ASACHIN SHAH Vente (New Sylabus wf academic Year 2225) (8-108) Taree mtcason A SACI SHAH Vere ie compote Materials MU-Sem &-MECN) anu igh PTI FNS yy 6 {> materi Onion scr wet man espe ee a “ow us (Re ee cas EET ce he ES OW yg ‘woek well in ais (2) Fibres + Any. Stitched materials en in / transport. Sere specially developed fabs a8 8 eine sinotd nr iog would i with 08 ° (8) Cores : Nox honeycoms sive ce = Typical Applications ® Small en y components in st ‘Small complex aircraft and sutomouve : ae fn very low void comets: (1) High bee volume laminates can be cbiained with a {o). Good bas and ae nd enviromental con! db 10 eo8 of resi - (2) Possible ishoer reductions. . (4) Both sides of the component have a moulded surface. ® | pisadvantages ss expeasive and heavy in oder to withstand pressures ° smaller componeats. sive sora parts. ” o = o ® ° 5 Description ‘+ Fabrics are laid up as a dry stack of materials as in RTM. The fibre stack is then covered with peel ply and aknited type of non-structural fabric. ‘The whole dy stack is then vacuum bagged, and once bag leaks i bine bi bag leaks have been eliminated, resin is wtnerssnnamcyaznenins Sheanaranaunasomoonwan compose GQ. Can you describe the powder metallurgy route WAT ais (MU-Sem 8 Mech) (irotcton).Page n0-(1-19) “re eesin distribution over the whole laminate i aided by resin flowing easily through the 80” TPsetural fabric, and weting the fabric out fom above. Materials Options Resins : Generally epoxy, polyester and vinylester, ny conventional fabrics. Stitched materials work well inthis proces since the gaps allow Fibres : rapid resin transport Cores : Any except honeycombs. ‘Typical APE ‘semi-production small yachts, tran and truck body panes. advantages [AsRTM above, except only one side ofthe component has a moulded finish. Much lower tooling cost due to one half of the tool being a vacuum bag, and less strength being required in the main tol Large components can be fabricated ‘Standard wet lay-up tools may be able tobe modified for this process. Cored structures can be produced in one operation Disadvantages Relatively complex process to perform well. Resins must be very low in viscosity, thus comprising mechanical properties. impregnated areas can occur resulting in very expensive scrap pans. ———— 1.7 POWDER METALLURGY ROUTE FOR CERAMIC AND METAL MATRIX for the manufacture of ceramic and metal matrix | ‘composites? Powder Metallurgy Itis science of producing metal powders and making finished /semi-fnished objects from mixed or Alloyed powders with or without the addition of non-metallic constituents. Steps in powder metallurgy Powder production, Compaction, Sintering and Secondary operations (New Sjlabus wae academic year 22-23) (MB-108) (Breen icoPusications_A SACHIN SHAH Ventre ction).Page no. compote Mates (MU-Sem S MECN) (a) Powder production eens, osnere PemeT Raw materials => Powe Powe can BTM Methods for making powders sro powse STR SNES gg Prdces poses of th coer one + Atomization feroosan superalloys. Ti aloy + Redoction af compounds Bectrodpss : Bor making Chim. sver se pro mii x, talc #78 snpressibt 18 sung, obser ong with AVES A ing easy ection of compact ay, tion fon, ders Pomdes gto filial sing mixer. Labicans _gopite ee wo minimize wear fools: Wax Powder characterization - ize, ow; densi (8) Compaction + Compa carbide iotoo! see pressed using secin is 19 obain green coms machina nse wl Diss a mae of men prac or nechanical presses + with sufficient strength 1 peruions vcs then take for sneig. Hot exmaion, Kot pressing, Hot Hosa a a reguned sosphee to metallurgical Unk toms; Atoms difese an frm cease 700 ofa mae absolte meting point The mechanically bonded panicles ax consolidated isto cohesive body with the desired on service behaviout Deasiication occurs during the process and improvement in physical and mechanical properies ae seen. «s Famaces ~ mesh belt furnaces (up to 1200C), walking beam, pusher type furnace, batch tye farnaces ar also used. Protective atmosphere: Nivogen (widely used). (©) Secondary operations Repressng grinding, nd plating are among the processes that canbe cated out. They ar used make sur that dimensions are within precise tolerances, o provide a good surface polish, to increas density, to prevent corosion, ee. ee eee ee (troduction... Page no (1-24 i omens ngalor Taaioves tors alloy powders (Graphits lubricats) y aaa wixing Hat compaction h Taid compaction aren Die cpt Die conectng 7 Feming en etre Preserlss seeing nesen rosa Sip cara E Sry earna sierra ee DigNe veoamete) Hig enperanre copter poration ne [reste promet ] poset tvoFig. 1.7.1: Flow chat for making PIM components 5 Advantages and limitations (1) ficient matril stzation (2) Enables close dimensional tolerances — nea net shape Posse (New sjabus wet academic yor 2-23) 8208) [Bobeer neo rteion-ASHCHI SHA Vet ‘composite Materle (MU-Sem SMe 3) Good sure Fish rine ean DE realy my, (Manticore footer gt 1 (5) Hard mates usd to mae components rungs sire or incandescent ams (6) Envirnmen ren. eng effcien J proton (7) Site for moderate 1 high vam comgsset POIPTT part => flected i (8) Powders of uniform chemical compesiton > oa (9) wide ware of materials => misibe. immisible ems (10) Pars with cones pores canbe mae (01) High cs of powder materi ad tooling 12) Less song pars than wrought ones 2) Less wel knoe proses 3.1.7.2 Ceramic Matrix Composices {eq wate cow mata ope Ets ota ; 4 Q. toitn ercron nets ewan mai compote: } 1 @Q._ What are the applications of ceramic matrix composites? 1 one CMCH sae ee mati sacha lumina Calcium sli Sica renfecs Shen saw exon sa exile, © Advantages () nce hie sng. ds tiger mpi eranics, cheicl nrt, stl dens, Hone cris) dese veo fate debe (2) Voter ering od heya caeptcay, ©) Reitcing crams with Ste, sch a icon ede or con, ines tet facts tuptcstesaei cases pe ale of te compost. Thiscoabieton of a cramer males CMC! nme rapes oe es op enn wich igh ert 7" ‘and extreme service temperatures are desired. : "© Fabrication Method o @ 6. What are meta mari composts? Elst ts advantages ‘SQ. Spin fabrication method of metal matrix composites. $2. What ae the applications of metal matric composites? Materials (MU-Sem 8 Mech) (introducton)..Page no. (1-23) eating at about 932°F (500°C) burs out the binder, Hot pressing at high tempex W32°F (1000°C) and pressures of 110.2 si (7 to 4 MPa) follows this wn * =— ale [E333] Motors ‘oo aos (sig. 1.72: Schematic of tury infiltration process for ceramic matrix composites ‘Applications In places with high temperatures where metal and polymer matrix composites cannot be used, ceramic matrix composites are being employed more frequently. This isnot to suggest that CMC arent appealing in other contexts, particularly When taking into account their high strength and ‘modulus and low density. ‘Typicel applications include cutting tool inserts in oxidizing and high-temperature environments ‘Textron Systems Corporation has developed fiber-reinforced ceramics with SCSmonofilaments for {ture aircraft engines (Mew Spabus we academic year 22-23) (MB-108) [Breer neorbicatins ASACHIY SAH entire Page no. (1., (inrodseton). ie Materials (MU-SET suggests. These co compete Matra ah ame SHEE TH Cong rsa nd loi. «Metal matrix composites (MMCS) Dave 8 te found in materials ike sta carbon an soon cet Typical es inctode design Picton 5 ‘+The main goal of srengtiening instance, headin of icon card APES an elec and termalsondoctvies of a opis t0 sats ip igh tema eXPOSION coo, ore elastically stifT nd roby cas isan te soe snaking er 5 Advantages and Disadvantages vaninges over monolithic Metals ike (1) Toe major of meal msi opi 1 i oy ‘and aluminium, These benefits include higher specifi sength and cea) See a eee SE aa ae foes een eee {@) MMs ae sapesior than polymer marx composes in a nambe of was (PMCS). These ining improved wear, fatigue, and defect resisanoes, bee clastic characteristics, higher seryig temperatures, insensitivity to moisture, higher electric ‘and thermal conductivities, and high, insensitivity to mise, Higher processing emperares ad higher density are sadvantgesq [MICS versus PMCs © Fabrication Method 4+ Fabrication mods for MMCs ae vrod. One mtd of manufacring them is difsion bon, (Fig. 173), which sed in manwacoringbrllumioum compost pats +A fiber mat of bro i plied erento thi minus about 0.02 in. (0.05 mam) thick + A polymer binder ora src sdhesve olds te fibers together inthe ma. Layers ofthese met fos re sacked at ages seid byte design ‘+The laminates fist heated in a vacuum bg to remove the binder, The lamin is then hot pes ‘witha tempera of abou 952°F (00°) and pes of abut Ski (35 MPa) in adi ofr the equised machine cement (ew Sma cade yar 2225 ieee Bhesncnotann snomsunvent compost Metals (MU-Sem 6-Moch) (troduction ..Page (1-25) {ye pierce mano (ig 1.73: Sehemati of itfcion bonding for metal matrix composes 5 Applications Metal matrix composites applications are (a) Space + The fuselage frame of the spuce shut is supponed by mbes made of boron and helped reduce the weigh of sluminium, Because of is low thermal conductivity, boron/slumioum the space shut by more than 320 Ib (145 kg) andthe amount of insulation hat was needed. The Hubble Telescope's mast is made of aluminium with carbon fibre enforcement. (@) Military : Precision components fr missile guidance systems must be dimensionally sable, which ‘means that they cannot vary in shape while being used metal matrix composites like SiClaluminum composites Doe to their strong micro yield stength, compatible with other meet this need. In order to have a coefficient of thermal expansion ‘components ofthe system assembly, the volume fraction of SiC can also be changed (2) Transportation : Auomative engines tat are lighter than heir metal eval rics ly ising metal rari composites. Meal max composes ae aso the peered mail 6 _tn cop dt tet eistenghat tw wee cure goa Pe ity Paper. Solutions 1. Written, Edited by most experienced faculty. Chapterwise & Topicwise Paper Solutions. 3. Most Likely question also included. Answers exactly as per the weightage of marks given in exam. All Latest Q. Papers included. 2s a7 28. 29 syllabus. Hooke’ two-dimensi lastic constants of lamina, Hooke's law for @ two-dimensional angle lamina, engineering ‘gering constants of an angle amine. Analysis of Lamina law for diferent types of materials, Plane stress assumption, Hooke's law for 2 jonal unidirectional lamina, Relationship of compliance and sbfness matrix 0 Enginoeting Introduction Ga. Wrte a shor note on lamina Ga. Exon laminate in detail Stross. ‘strain Elastic Modul. Strain Energy Hooke's Law for Ditforent Types of Materals GQ. Explain Hooke's Law for cffeent types of materials 26.1 Anisotropic Materia. Ga. What do you mean by anisotropic material 2. 262 — Monocinic Matera. GO. Witea shor note on Monacinic Material. 263. Orthotropic Material (Orthogonally Anisotropic Specially Orthotopic. GQ. Explain Orthotropic Material 2.6.4 Transverse Isotropic Matera GQ. Wirtea shor note on Isotropic Matera. 2.65 Isotropic Material... Hooke's Law for a Two-Dimensional Unidirectional Lamina. GQ. What's the plane stress assumption and how does it relate to Hooke's law. 27.4 Plane Stress Assumption 2.72 Reduction of Hook's Law in Three Dimensions to Two Dimensions. GO. How is Hooke's law applied to a two-dimensional unidirectional lamina ? 27.3 Relationship of Compliance and Stitiness Matrix to Engineering Elastic Constants ofa Lamina... 203 60, Canyeu aia ‘élationship betwoen the compliance and sifiness matic andthe engine sie constants ofa lamina’ 223 Hook's Law fora Two-Dimonsional Angle Lamina. 2.26 GQ. Howis Hooke's law applled toa two-dimensional angle lamina 226 Engineering Constants of an Angie Lamina. 229 Ga How are tho enginering constants ofan oi lamina obtained ? 229 + Chapter Ends... i 233 anny oan) P208 0. composite Matoala (WU.Sam 8 Mach) pee D1_2.1_INTRODUCTION ‘Case Bs Apply the sme pure normal lod Pas Incase A but om in dietion >. Meare pfespecvely formal dormations in dretions {and 2p nd J+ Note ha ©. F6Q. Wie short note on trina Fpally about 0005 inches ays = Fane at i epi” abo eS thi However, taking unidirectional square pate (Fig 2.1.3) ofthe same dimensions wo of 4 large composite lamina of thickness ¢ and conducting the same eave A and B experiments, ee thatthe deformation because the sitfess ofthe unidiectionl lamina i he direction of fies mach larger than the stifaes in he direction perpendicular tothe fers “Thus, the mechanical characterization of «unidirectional lamina wil reste more parameters than it wll for an isotopic lina. $60. Spin arnate +A taming ie 2 thin layer of composi a in he diction of the Taming thick, A laminate is made by pling sever of ese at . ehwand Toads like bend can withstand fads Tike bending ay ce yori Sa ae A i sie ea eo homogeneous matix. Any form of mechanical modelling ofthe lamina willbe extremely ditficuy these variances, Tis is why a laminas micromechanical sty 'o complete without accounting for based on average properties and assumes that the lamina is homogeneous. Deformation of square plate taken from anisotropic plate unde norma loads, aia) bat ute 21.20) ange ote (ienFig. 2.1.1 : Typical laminate made of three laminate Even with the homogenization ofa lamina, the mechanical behavior is sil different from tht of homogeneous isotropic material. For example, take a square plate of length and width w and ® thickness ¢ out of a large isotropic plate of thickness 1 Fig. 21.2) and conduet the following da + Bip < ‘© Also, note that if the square plate (Fig 2.14) taken out of the lamina his fibers a sides of the squae pat, the deformations will be difret for diferat angles. = in addition to undergoing regular deformation. This re dificult, experiments Case A : Subject the square plate to a pure normal load P in direction 1. Measure the normal Aeformations in directions 1 and2, 8,4 and 84, respectively, 1m actuality, the square plate would distor i means thatthe mechanical characterisation of an angle lamina is mor jcations-ASACHIN SHAH Vents Cooaenareimicecntinenine — Bhewonsia (New Syllabus we academic year 22-23) (M8106) heres Publications. A SACHIN SHAH Venture aay of taming) Page no. (4 congosite Materale MU-Sen 6 Mech) oo i eto te (80g. 21.3: Deformation of equare plate taken from + unldiretonal lamina with Mbers at 20 ‘nel ander normal loads as well as theoretical modelling are typically + Experiments that ae expeasive and time-consu needed for mechanical characterisation of materials, “densify the bere minimum of parameters necessary for a lamina’s Adsitionlly, during preparation and use, a composite laminate may * Therefore, the objective isto Iechanical characters re and may absorb moisture crocs mp + Tanne ngs a srs erat oe opted pene Dasa +P mi ee ; nw hee vine ots tis ow as ‘and strains in a laminate are calculated. 7 * Foe spas. comin een sn sn ‘pening on temperature change eee eval (MU-Sem &.Mech) (Analysis of Lamina) Page 00. (2-5) ‘composite Ma Lndetormed sate i I. atormes state + Deformation ofa square plate taken from a unidirectional lamina with bers at an angle ‘under normal loads (og. 2 DH 2.2 STRESS ‘A mechanical structure absorbs external frees that a body experiences as surface forces (bending & Stick, for example) and body forces (the weight of a telephone pole resting vertically on itself, for example). Internal forces within the body are produced by these factors. ‘Understanding internal forces is crucial because they must be less than the strength of the material used to construct the structure at all points in the body. Stress, which is defined as the intensity of the load per unit area, determines this knowledge because the strengths of a material ae intrinsically known in terms of stress. ‘Imagine body (Fig, 2.2.1) in equilibrium under various loads. Ifthe body is cut at a cross-section, forces will need to be applied on the cross-sectional area so that it maintains equilibrium as inthe original body. At any cross-section, a force AP is acting on an area of AA. (ew ibs meade yer 22208105 Bharat los SACHIN suas Venture (ven abs wf academic yor 2225) 8-109) [Beenie puttin A SACHIN SHAK Verte SE B snalysis of Lamina) Page no. (2-6) va (mu-som &-Mee) sana 8 : relating the preceeding strain-stress: ‘equation to Equi In the case of an isotropic material. (2.4.1), one find thatthe compliance matrix i ' . Jated directly to engineering constants as 2. 5 = Sat = S32 Sus . 1 $eSs=Se6 own that the 36 constants in Equati ‘ther than in the preceeding, are zero. It can be shown that | a rmmety ofthe stiffness mati (C] 2 follows, (2.61) scaly rece to 21 constant doe tothe 5 + Thesues-srin lationship in Equation (2.6.1) can so be writen 5 LE Gppict6 jst ver, ina conrcted notation, Og = Tx O5 = Tis 5: 264) 1 8 = tay Sse tanto e +The stain energy inthe body per unit volume, per Equation 2.5.1, i expressed as 6 w 228 ‘Substituting Hooke law, Equation (2.64, in Equation (2.6.7), 168 W=7d DGG ‘Now, by partial differentiation of Equation (2.6.8), aw. iy aad Ww deae, = Si ‘Composite Materials (MU-Sem 8-Mech) Materials (MUS (anata of Laing). _.Page no. (2-18) Because the differentiation does not necessarily need to be in either order, = SH (2.6.11) Equation (2.6.11) can also be proved by realizing that aw. a= 3 ‘Thus, only 21 independent clastic constants are in the general stiffness matrix (C) of Equation (2.6.1). This also implies that only 21 independent constants are in the general compliance matrix [Sof Equation (2.6.2). %_ 2.6.1 Anisotropic Material “What do you mean by anisotropic material ? ‘The material that has 21 independent elastic constants ata point is called an anisotropic materi ‘Once these constants are found for a particular point the stress and strain relationship can be developed at that point. Note that. ((o10Fig. 2.6.1: Transformation of coordinate ares for 1-2 plane of symmetry for a monoclinic material ‘These constants can vary from point to point if the material is nonhomogeneous. Even if the ‘material is homogeneous (or assumed to be), one needs to find these 21 elastic constants ‘analytically or experimentally. However, many natural and synthetic materials do possess material ‘symmetry - that is, elastic properties are identical in directions of symmetry because symmetry is present in the internal structure, Fortunately, this symmetry reduces the number of the independent elastic constants by zeroing out or relating some of the constants within the 6 x 6 stiffness [C] and 6 x 6 compliance [S] matrices. ‘This simplifies the Hooke’s law relationships for various types of elastic symmetry. ‘2.6.2 Monoclinic Material If, in one plane of material symmetry (Fig. 2. ‘material symmetry, then the stiffness matrix reduces to 1), for example, direction 3 is normal tothe plane of (en Syabus we academic yor 2-23) 8.206 (New Syllabus we academic year 22-23) (MB-106) Theres pbtatinsASACHN SHAR Venue (Analysis of Laing) composite Materials (MU-Som @ Mech) (Analysis of Lamina) ..Page no. (2-17) Compo Matern (AS Mec) as ar Fagor (217), 6 He. Cup 0, C9= 0 the principal direction. Note that Je of a monecfinic material. The ye = OCs=0.Ce Jane of symmetry i alld eg, eldpar isan exam 0 Se 0 0 Sx Sp Sx Su 9 0 Si 619 B=! 9 0 0 Su Ss 0 0 00 Sy Sis 0 Sis Sos Sos 9 9 Sé6 te meaning of elastic symmetry for ¢ (rig, 2.6.2 : Deformation of cubic element made of monoclinic material ‘© Thus te faces ABEH and CDFG perpendicular tothe 3 direction will change from rectangles to parallelograms, while the otber four faces ABCD, BEFC, GFEH, and AHGD will stay as rectangles. Tis is unlike anisotropic behavior, in which all faces will be deformed in shape, and also unlike isotropic behavior, in which all faces will remain undeformed in shape. %. 2.6.3 Orthotropic Material (Orthogonally Anisotropic)/Specially Orthotropic een If material has three mutually perpendicular planes of material symmetry, then the stffaess matrix is given by F ‘am excellent example? of demonstrating : a consider 2 cubic element of Fig. 262 taken out of a monoclinic ee penne te 2p cme Ay sn eee cca eno Epson (262k cops mai 2.6.13) forthe monoctinic mail, ne gets Cn Sp Gs 0 C2 Cn Cy 0 is Ca Cy 0 0 0 0% o 0 0 0 0 Gs ; 0 0 0 0 0G F (26.1405) ‘he cube wil deform inal divecons as determined by the normal stain equations. The she Stang inthe 2-3 and 3-1 plane are 20, sowing tet the element will not change shape in those lates However, it wll change shape inthe 1-2 pane. a 2619 ‘eS cade yr 225 048-108) [Brennen SAC SHA Vor Sabu wat cael yee 2-23 (48-106) [Bhecis neo rubato. ASACHIN SHAH Vane Composite Matonals (MU.Sem 8-Mech) ‘The preceeding stffnese matrix can te derives by startin ‘Analysis of Lamina)... Page no. (2-1 ‘monoclinic material (Equation 2.6.12). With two more planes of symmeuy, Cis = 0, the siiess man IC} for | "i 263: A udrecionl lamina a2 montis materi! with bers arranged in rectangular ay ‘+ Three mutually perpendicular planes of material sy planes of elastic symmetry * Note that nine independent elastic constants are present. This is a symmetry unlike anisotropic and monoelinic materials. * Examples of an orthotropic material include a sin arranged in a rectangular ray (Fig. 2.6.3), a wooden bar, and rolled steel. reduces to Su Sa =] 3 o ° Siz S13 0 0 Sa S30 0 0 0 So 0 0 0 Sys 00 one o ° Sis S23 Sis 0 00 ° ° * Demonstrating the meaning of clastic symmetry for an orthotropic mat ‘spproach taken for a monoclinic material (Section 26.2), Arp normal stes, ot the element. Then, using the Hook's law Equation (2 6.2) and the 1 are the three mutually orthogon: ‘compliance matrix (Equation 2.6.16) forte onhotropic material, one gets #1 = Sj303 £2 = Sy303 3 = $3305 = 0 Yr = 0 n =0 metry also imply three mutually perpendia commonly found materia gle lamina of continuous fiber composi ‘The compliance may 2.6.16) terial is similar to the al planes of symmetry, (26.170) ‘Ths, the cube wil not deform in sha P° Under any normal load spl i ‘This isunike the monoclinic material, n on ree te ion ich 10 oUt of he six tc of ‘terial would ot change its shape either: bo ‘an onthotropc material and identical ins ‘Acute made of isotope {and ep, will be diferent eo he cube changed shape, eer the formal sing, isotropic mata, (etFig, 264 : Deformation ofa cubic cement made of orthotropic material 2.6.4 Transversely Isotropic Material ie ee eee n otropic Material, (New Sylabis wf ecadeic yer 22-25) 0.206) Shere raion A SACHIN SHAH Ventutt (New Sylabus wef academic year 22-23) (M-106) TBrecteortiatonASHCHN SAK Page no. (2-21 canaiyls tain (anatyis of arin). Materials (MU-Sem a-Mech) nora atin er po ma se we gt aD Gy C2 cn 8 ° ° ise te ees mG Ceci n 8 cy cis & 5 oo to ooo 0 oo 0 0 oto sus inthe following atonal elsionships Cay = Can Cin Co Cope Ge SU following relations ‘This also implies infinite principal planes of symmetry. Note the two independent constants. This is the most common material symmetry available. Examples of isotopic bodies inlude steel, ion, ‘and aluminum. Relating Equation (2.6.20) to Equation (2.4.2) shows that a ‘Transverse isotopy resi ine C22 Cis Gs Coe Coe ‘ofthis is thin unidirectional ling jy je constants. An example “+ Noe the fv independet eas aia uch he fibers are arranged ina square aay or DESSEOT ay Cu = G-2y0e0" ve Ce = gaa (2.6216) Noe that cue rag 265: Aidit lamina 2 ance rope material with z ranged ns gure 2797 [eae a «ae may conte the elastic propetis inthe two dzetons perpendicular to the fibers tobe he yds) Oe same. In Fi. 265, the fibers ace in direction 1, so plane 2-3 will be considered as the plane of =x isotropy. The compliance matrix redtices (0 - Su'Sa Sp. 0 0 el “The compliance matrix reduces to 82 Sm Sy 0-0 0 Si 82 84 "0 ° ° SzSsSp 9 20 0 261 Sn Sy Su 8 ° ° 0 0 0 2Sn-S3) 0 0 oe Sx Sz Su 2 a Ss] = 062) 000 0 . Ss5:0 : CiG0 es) oo ° oe 00 0 0 0 a. 0-0 °0* O° 2n-S) 9 2% 2.6.5 lsotropic Matertal 000 0 0 26-82) +" Wesummarize the numberof independent elastic constants for various types of material: a © Anisotpi — lhc rhc Srhrmrst— Oar Qe oF "The global and local stresses in an angle lamina are related to each other through the angle of the fein "The axes in the x-y coordinate system ae called the global axes or the off-axes. The angle between, the two axes is denoted by an angle 0 (27.18) relate renin speci onboopic lamina becatse normal sess ape : ZV oad oe | “ass oa i wig suns inte 1-2 plane becase Qye= Qag = Dies wo rey Te 12 lado ot salina normal rig ty a wher (7 ile be ransfomaton mati nds ied as fe compote with x weaves perpendicular o each ober and shor fiber composites ‘oO Oca pereadicalarly to each ober or aligned in ove direction also are wm oa 2 mw me=| 2 2 -2 |, 2.83) -w edu? © = cos) 5 = sin) 0.88) pe ving a ge ani ve in Fig 28.1. The at Using the stress-strain Equation (2.7.3) inthe local axes, Equation (2.8.1) can be written 3s : e 285) Teneo rttcatins ASA SAH Ventre “composite Materials (MU-Sem &-Mech (anatysis of Lain. elated through the transformation mats “The stobal an local srsns ae also related through (eke J wenn] ' ‘where Ris the Revter matix’ and is defined 2s 100 m-[eie| cay 002 “Then, substituting Equation (28.7) in Equation (2.85) gives 6 | =crammer') 285] %y Wy ‘on carying the muliplication ofthe ist five matrices onthe right-hand side of Equation (2.8.9), a7 [ & Sn Oe Ip % |=] G2 2 Os |] & | (2.8.10) 5. Ie tLe Os Os were Qy rele the clements ofthe wasfomed edved sites matrix [and are given by By = Que!+ Qes*+2 in #205), Ga = unt Or 4060) 77+ Qia(eas, Ben = Qus'+ rae +2(Qi2 #20508 Bie = (ir 2-205). -(Qzr- Qi2= 2060)", Bas = Qui Qa 204) 5° ~ (Qn O2= 206°, ss (Qin + Qe2= 2012 = 206) 5c" + Qe" 4°) » Note that six elements are in the [ @] matrix. However, by looking at Equation (2.8.11), it cant seen that they ate just functions ofthe four stiffness elements, Qh, Qiav Qap and Qo and angle ofthe lamina, 0 (2.8.10) (Bho ptt. A SACHIN SHAH er ew Syllabus wee academic yea 22-23) (8-106) averting Equation (28.1) gives le Syllabus wef academic year 22-23) (MB-206) &] [8 S256 bo [5] =| 82 Sa 86 | \ ai 7 3s Sas See here Sy ae the elements of the transformed reduced compliance matin andar ven by Bn = Sucsasp+soeessns Ba = Sn6'+c}+6u+5n- S08 Ba = Sus'+@5y 4s easac, So = @Sn1~2812~ 849) 80° ~ (S39 ~2812~ S465 Bag = 0812832 ~SeQ) Se ~ O8p_ -28 3 See) Boo = 2OSi#2S2-48 2S) FE Se666' +E) — 818) From Equation (272) and Equation 2:73, fora unidirectional lamina Loaded inthe materi axes directions, no coupling occurs berween the normal and shearing terms of stins and suese However, for an angle lamina, from Equation (28.10) and Equation (2.8.12), coupling takes place ‘between the normal and shearing terts of tains and stresses. If only normal sireses ae ape to fan angle Tamina, the shear stains are nonzero; if only shearing stresses ae applied to an ange Jamina, the normal strains are nonzero. Therefore, Equation (2.8.10) and Equation (28.12) are stress-strain equations for what s called generally orthotropic lamina. "The engineering constants fora unidirectional lamina were related to the compliance and stiffness ‘matrices in section 2.7:3.n this section, similar techniques are applied to relate tbe engineering ‘constants of an angle pl to its transformed stiffness and compliance matrices. For finding the engineering elastic moduli indirection x Fig. 2.9.1(8) apply 0, # 0,6y=0,4,y=0 091) ‘Then, from Equation (2.8.12), & = Suc. fy = Sut: s sates) ‘ty = Sot 4 ennui conan sini San: eran oat sa Se cans it Sphpetheatnrpeeyeinee sented reteset Set ne ‘ WE Bish Fb tt ete pm at, be “The elastic moduli in direction x he shear coupling erm is parkeulaty import in tensile esting of ange pis For exams, tan ‘angle lamina is clamped ete two ends, i wil not allow shearing stain o cee. This wil reso Jirbendng moments snd shear forces athe lamged ends Sinilaty, by applying stesaes Oe = D.0y# Oty as shown in Fig, 29.1), itean be found 295 297 sand 298) ry 299) The shear coupling term my relates the normal stesso, to the shea srin Yy Tn the following fection (2), note that the seme parameter m relates the shear SUC55 yy inthe xy plane to the ‘normal strain ty From Equation (2.9.3), Equation relationship is given by (2.94), Equation (29.7), and Bquation (29.8, the reciprocal =e 429.10) BB 3. Also, by applying the stresses. ay = 0404=0,%70, asa) pomPig, 29.1: Application of stress to find engineering constants of an ange lamina, 1s shown in Fig, 29.1(€, itis found that 2912) ‘Also, the Poisson’s ratio, Vi is defined as ae & 0913) Vay sons ASAIN SAVE 2.2) M8) Bheerneoraiaten ew abs wa teary 22230 ee eee (New Syllabus w.ef academic year 22-23) (MB-106) [BhectseoPubcations_A SACHIN SHA Vert Composite Matorals (MU-Sem &-Mect syst Pay 2944 Ths, the sine Egan 2.812 o ale an can aoe ten emo 8 4 (2915 pe Ea +The preening i enginetring constants of an angle ply can ao be writen in tems of gaa engineering constants of 2 undiectional ply vsing Equation (2.7.17) and Equation (2.8.13 Equation (29.3) through Equation G95), Equation (29.7), Equation (295), a Equation (29.14) 1 Sn Sif +QSntS@ee+snst 29) 7 4 a8 ~E, (Sp +) + Sy) + Sz2- Sop) 8 C1] mdet)-(2b 12? i =5 [BC +)-(E nts : 2918) Sa “ 22g = Sus! 4 252 +5)e F450 El 2919) 5 oe oes a i 22 4 = 208 428-45 2-SOPE #56664 22 V2.1 (4,4 52) Seat ie— |sc+e—s +0), (2.9.20 Eee a)Pe ae m= -Syeb By {(Syy ~282— gg) 8° ~ 2839-289 Sea) °C] 4 fee ae [ebbech-neo Pubications.a SACHIN SHAH Vent MODULE 3 CHAPTER 3 Toai-Hl fallure theory, TsaWu failure theory, Strength 3.1 Intreduction 32. Maximum Stress Failure Theor. GO. Explain Maximum stress faite theory 3.8 Maximum Strain Failure Theory GQ. Explain Maximum stain failure theory 84 Tsai Failure Theory GQ. Write a short note on TSAL-HILL fallure theory 35. “Tsai-Wu Faure Theory. GQ. Explain TSAL-WU failure theory. 36 Strength Ratio, GQ. What is Strength ratio? 3.7 allure Envelopes. GQ. What do you mean by failure envelopes ?. + Chapter Ends, Lamina Failure Theories compression dtfer Finding the main no steughtforward fai Introduction, Maximum stress failure theory, Maximum stain failure theory, the associated uma tio, Faure envolopes. a 6 a te high srt le Ht forms te fn . theory for an isotropic material. If any of these maxim mnt ‘Strengths, the material will fail,” oer Wg Bobal ses of lamina, one can ind the sesss inthe teal ‘30s by using Equation (2.94 inchape 2. ~(5F Jac of) 01 ~ (2 )ase( 0) .0F ~Cidactne dy 2) Faia, Mil the norma steses are positive i esl and negative ifcompesie Arg Bot comparisons bewsen each suas ator an its cotesponding sheng, exch mee fon Compesi om Med (Lamina Failure Theories)..Page no. (3.9 ‘of the unidirectional lamina, failure is expected in that lamina, tfc, tot fie dean can STE BEM te ens pe ea + Given the sirainssresses in an angle lamina, one ca fin the sean in the local axes. A lamina ig ries will produce the san ae o in the considered 19 be filed if 0 Vor-Mises’ distortional energy yk and Gi of the strength criterion depend on the failure 0) streagths and are found a follows. "S200 250-200 1801007 60060100 eso for iouspic ve i for isotopic materials. applica | sateils, serves asthe foundation fora 2 ital wae = Seon. As a MAT of fart bodys wal nn ey + i The stain enegy ina body is vide ito two pars: he ds won Steg which rele om a | chan irae Sod the distortion energy, which results froma change in shape Is presuable : 8 matrial fls oly when te distrion energy is higher than he eoascr . -< | than the maria fare distortion - 24 MPa ener. on + As ye retin for anisotropic materials, Hil wed the VoaMssdiociona cary forma ‘Afterward, Ts meified itt fit unidirectional lamin. He put up the eathat a aot g | | Wilated, in accordance withthe distion energy theory 209 | Crane} +G,+6) 3 +(G, +6) 05-2610, -2650) | -2610,05+20¢25+26505,+20¢%¢1 ean | ‘* The components G;, Gp, Gs, Oy, Gs, | | ery 1. Apply 0, = (of )yy 10 a unidirectional mins: he, the lamina wil fa Ts, Equation ‘1onFig 33:1: Fallre envelopes for constant shear stressing maximam sires failure theory | A. reamento | G+Gp(o), 642) is violated, where | 2 4 2. Apply 02 = (0; 2 dtetioa amin: the, the lamina wil fa. Ts, Equaion (4 Jug = vhimate longitudinal tensile strain (indirection 1) Apply o2= (02 Jay “a reduces to & ug = timate longitudinal compressive strain (in direction 1) @ir9(e)2 1 oat (2 ay = wtimate transverse sain (n dition 2) 3. Apply 03 = (0; yf 8 unidirectionlamina and, suming tha the soem easel rection (2 3 lamina wil fai Ths, Egostion 2.41) ec (uy = ultimate transverse compressive strain (in direction 2) | strength is same in directions (2) and (3, the lamina wil fi. Thus, Equation (2 | © (iadux = ultimate in-plane shear stain (n plane 1-2) ‘otoy(S) «1 as +60) = © If the stress-strain response is linear up to failure, the ultimate strains can be calculated ‘simply from | ee the elastic moduli and ukimatestength parameters | icaions.ASACHIN SHAH Vents Bh. (New Sylabus wef acedemic year 22-28) (M106) [Bers runiatons Ask (ew Sylabus we academic yer 2223) (48-106) ech Neo Publcations.A SACHIN SHAH Vert | crm wil ft THIS. Ua Gas) B45 » [Gada / es in ni ens ane ae : reer ough Egpton O48) ; 7s ).[—%-] [Tn oan) | Gera |b Cade c ‘an find the local stresses in a lamina and apply te Gee the global soesses in 2 lamina one Ce gfe hor determi whee the lina py 5 TSAI-WU FAILURE THEORY 1s failed ‘asthe foundation for this failure then, ‘lamina is broken, itis lami serves 3 Fhe woe! sain energy failure theory of Belt ‘apply te failure theory. If Tou. Wo ose laminate under plane SESS ' regarded as unsuccessi yon + Hye + Hea + Hiy0) + i+ Hosta + 2201025! isingisesbeween the compressive and tensile sensi ure theory yy and Hof the fare theory are found using 31) ofa lamina, making © This failure theory it more general than the Tsa-Hill fal + The components Hy, Hy, He, His strength parameters ofa unidirectional lamina as follows 1 1. Apply 1 = (0) uy » 92 = 0 tia = 0 10 2 unidirectional lamina; the lamina will fai Equation (3.5.1) reduces to 1401 Java Fa ig the fir B53) HTech-Neo Publcations..A SACHIN SHAH Vent (New Syflabus wef academic year 22-23) (MB-106) Ato uxt Bao 2) and Equation (3.53). From Equation (3 (oan . ann con Mu = oT 3. Apply 01 = 0, 02 = (05 )yy 12 = 0 to a unidirectional Lamina the lami will Equation (35.1) reduces t, (01 Joa Bn ae 4 Apply 6 = 0, 02 =~ (03 )gy + fi2 = 0 ta unidirectional sina the Lamina wil fl Equation (35.1) reduces to c cy? (63 )uct HC or Jue = From Equation (3.5.6) and Equation (3.5.7) © a Ea Ha € (CoC) Apply 01=0,0;=0, 0d yy urea! ann wi fa Eguion 25.0 reduces to Hols *Hes*i2)ux = * (35:10) 6 Apply = 0, 05 =, and yp #~ (a1 8 wiesona ania emia WN fl uation (5:1) reduces to Hada *Hes( ta) ae! asa) From Equation (35.10) and Equation (35.11 Q512 esi [Borer rsicons ASACHNSHAAVete jow Sylabus wee academic year 22-23)(ME-108) [Compost Materia (MU-Sem &-Mech) (Lani ature Theos) Page na (3 the flue theory that ca parameters ofthe wnigirectinal lamina is Hi, 0 be found directly fom the five sey This can be found experimentally by knowig ‘asia ses at which the laming fails and then sbsittng the values of 6}, 6; and) 4 Equation 85.) ‘Note hat 6; and 6, need to he none 0 Lo find Hy, Experimental methods to find Hy include following 1. Apply equal tensile loads along the two matevial axes ia © 8y= 6, T= Os the oad at which the lamina fils hen (Hy +H) 0+ yy +H + 2H Io 4 unidirectional composite, ay essonot Buen 95.1) ph Ha = i-th iy9-thy sine) sy Tes not necessary to pick tensile Toads inthe preceeding bial test, but one may apply a combination of % 516] ‘This wil ive four diferent aes of Hy, each comepondigt the four ests, Ta 2 ein hei tenon 9, The tet 0a ue nose 1 6th using Equation (28.1), cel sess t flue ae a =8, a =§. sn] * Ssbsiting he preceding local sreses in Equation 5.1), Hs 4H THF ln +H yg +28) = 1 (59 2 Wen, Baas BS pl + Han +H) sis} * Some empl suggeions fo fing the vl of Hy icude 1 os TCE er Tat ae toy sat Conoste etwas MU.Sen te) Ha = ~ L Dy Fe Hotinan crtrog nea, My A allure envelope is tre dine sional visualisation ofthe oral and shear tes combines ‘pts canbe tine consuming, one ay deveop fue yt hen we he two normal sens ad ya tet ‘2ak The laminas se ithe app ses fas win te fle eno, terse, i ha fale, Chapter Et goo (New abs wet seer 22.2 8 06 hes neritcin sincarsumvene MODULE 4 CHAPTER 4 Introduction to Micromechanics of La 7 min, & Laminate Design come (wu Sem 8 -Mech) (intro. to Micromech. of La gste MateralS effective way to establish a laminate’ stength under a certain set of loads is probably to ‘The ma ever analysis methods for estimating laminae strength become useful when numerous test ue laminates and various loading situations are being taken into consideration, as in a ‘andi Taming prniminary design study taal tots a not cenle sce te sess dtibution overt ibe and max pre of ale ples in anit highly compen. Bu te are praca! spose that en taeda dist he eliniony din poe Depending 00 Jel of pein in theses sed, moll Kinds of seni anys Phas maybe ‘The following classes are of practical interest Laminate level: Average values of the stress components in a laminate coordinate system are vilized. 2. Ply,or lamina, level: Average values of the stess components within each ply are utilized. 3. Constituent level: Average values of the stress components within each phase (fiber or matrix) of each ply are utilized, 4 Micro-level: Local stresses ofeach point within each phase are utilized. ‘The external loads at which local failure would begin might be determined using micro-level stresses in appropriate failure criteria for each element. However, this approach is unworkable due to the uncertainty caused by deviations from the regular local geometry that is anticipated as well asthe statistical variability ofthe local strength (On the other hand, measuring stresses atthe laminate level can be helpful for converting measured Strengths under component tests for single stress to projected strength values for combined stress Scenarios. However, this method does not aid in the assessment of substitute laminates for which test data are not available. ‘The approsch to laminate strength that is most frequent! ly employed is ply level stresses. First ply failure and subsequent ply failure leading to laminate failure are calculated using the average stresses in specific ply. onmivent vel x Phe average sueses reduce pat of the microlevel suesses’ complexity. ‘They are a practical strategy for increasing the stren ith of a ply or unidirectional composite. ips between a composite’ constituents’ characteristics, Dy 42 DESIGN PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LAMINA BASED ON PROPERTIES OF ITS CONSTITUENTS (FIBRE AND MATRiy) 1.6q. How can the mechanic! properties of lamina be predicted bosed on 160. ust assumptions made made for characerng lamina properties, Blastic properties oneal so YS 4.2.1 Assumptions Several assumpions have been made for characterizing lamina properties. 1. Material homogeneity ; + Composites by definition re heterogencous material. Mechanical analysis proceeds on assumption the material is homogeneous. This apparent confit is resolve considering homogeneity on misroscopie and macroscopic sales fo Moistre swelling coefciens ‘Thermal conductivity + Microscopical. composie materials are cerainly beterogeneous, However, on ay ‘Be appear Romngeneou and respond homogeneously when teste, Ty mstrials uses effective properties which ae based onthe ave Moisture diffsvity alysis of compe 2, Material orthotropy ‘za. 4.2.2(A) Elastic Properties + Qnbeurpy ith condition expressed by variation of mechenesl properties a a funciony ME", he elastic properts ofa materi sea mea ssf. This fom is sce 0 determine the deformations which ae produced by oad ‘+ Lamina exhibit onbotropy as the large difference in properties between the O° and sp irctions. If a material is orthotopic, it contains planes of symmetry and can by characterized by four independent elastic constants. 3. Material linearity + In-a UDC, the sifoes is provided bythe fiber the role ofthe mai st pvt cal deflections ofthe fers. For engnering poss it is cess to deterige sch ropes a ‘Young's moduls i the fiber diecton, Young’ modus transverse ote fiber, sbest malas long the fibers and shear modus in the plane tanec tthe bers a wells varios Poisscs tos, These properties canbe determined in tems of simple analyicl express. ‘Some composite material properties are nonlinear. The amount of nonlinearity depends on he aie Teese Deter oe iene _Propety ype of specimen, and est environment, The stress-strain curves for composite materials are frequently assumed to be linear to simplify the analysis 4. Residual stresses The effective elatc sesamin ean ofa pl tannene sein of «UDC, based on ‘ average stress and average strain, have the form: By = eiysfepelty Be ate 42 Fin fay s(¥°40, ne -)i fans (i Ghent (¥ +6: Je * One consequence of the microscopic heterogeneity of a composite material is the therm expansion mismatch between the fiber and the matrix. This mismatch causes residual strains in the lamina after curing. oa * The corresponding residual stresses are often assumed not to affect the material's stiffness ot its ability to strain uniformly. (4240 108) (ew sylabus wef academic year 22-22) ME | =—ri“

    You might also like