Answers

1. Increased Breathing Rate

2. Valves in heart
3. There is lack of oxygen
4. Water content in guard cells
5. Shark, dog fish, sting ray
6. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
7. Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct
explanation for the assertion.
8. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
9. The function of mucus in gastric glands :-
I) The mucus is released by the inner cells of the stomach.
II) This mucus is highly important for us as it acts as a protective
layer for the stomach against its own secreted enzymes and
acids.
10. Functions of bile juice :-
 i) Bile juice emulsifies fats and breaks them down into small
particles.
ii) This is a detergent-like action of bile that helps tody to absorb
the broken-down fat products in the gut.
The liver releases the bile juice.
11.

Respiration Photosynthesis
i) Occurs in all living i) Occurs only in
organisms. phototrophs (all
ii) The entire process green plants, algae
occurs in and some bacteria).
Mitochondria. ii) The entire process
iii) Glucose and occurs in
oxygen are the Chloroplasts.
reactants of this iii) Carbon dioxide,
process. water and light
iv) Carbon dioxide, energy are the
water, and energy reactants of this
(ATP) are the by- process.
products. iv) Glucose, oxygen and
v) Undergoes water are the by-
Catabolic Process. products.
v) Undergoes Anabolic
Process.

12.The division of lungs into alveoli is a remarkable adaptation that

maximizes the surface area for gas exchange, minimizes the diffusion
distance, and ensures efficient and effective respiration necessary for
the body's metabolic needs.
13.Diaphragmatic rupture (also called diaphragmatic injury or tear) is a
tear of the diaphragm, the muscle across the bottom of the ribcage
that plays a crucial role in respiration. Most commonly, acquired
diaphragmatic tears result from physical trauma.
Simply, if the diaphragm ruptures then the person will not be able to
breathe properly which can lead to death.
14.Nutrition is crucial for organisms as it provides the energy and
nutrients needed for growth, development, and repair of cells and
tissues. It supports essential functions like metabolism, movement,
and reproduction. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs rely on
nutrition to maintain health and sustain vital life processes, making it
fundamental to survival.
15.Nutrition is crucial for organisms as it provides the energy and
nutrients needed for growth, development, and repair of cells and
tissues. It supports essential functions like metabolism, movement,
and reproduction. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs rely on
nutrition to maintain health and sustain vital life processes, making it
fundamental to survival.
16.Exothermic reactions release heat or energy. When you or we breath
out, breath is warmer. This is happened for respiration reaction of
our body.
Carbohydrates present in food are broken down to form glucose.
This glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and
provides energy. This reaction is known as respiration. hence,
respiration is considered as an exothermic reaction.
17.(a) Arteries ar thick walled because these vessels carry blood from
the heart to all the part of the body and blood emerges from the heart
under high pressure.
(b) A fish has a two chambered heart and has gills to oxygenate
blood. In a fish, the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to gills where
oxygenation of blood takes place. The oxygenated blood from the gills
is supplied to the body part of the fish where oxygen is utilised and
carbon dioxide enters into it, making it deoxygenated. This
deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped into gills
again. Thus blood passes through the heart of fish only once in one
complete cycle.
(c) Plants are fixed at a place and do not show any locomotion. Plants
are less active. Their cells do not need to be supplied with materials
so quickly. Therefore plants have low energy needs and respire at a
slow rate.
18.Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood allows a highly
efficient supply of oxygen to the body. This is useful in animals that
have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, which
constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. In animals
that do not use energy for this purpose, the body temperature
depends on the temperature in the environment. Such animals, like
 amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered hearts, and
tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.
19.

20.The reasons are as followa :-

i. Presence of cartilaginous rings in trachea :-
Cartilaginous rings in the trachea provide structural support,
preventing its collapse and ensuring the air passage remains open for
smooth breathing.

ii. Why is the small intestine in herbivore animals longer than in

carnivore animals? :-
Herbivores require a longer small intestine to effectively digest
plant materials, which are complex and require more time for
breakdown and absorption of nutrients compared to the simpler
animal proteins carnivores consume.

iii. What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands? :-
If mucus is not secreted by the gastric glands, the stomach lining
would be exposed to its own digestive enzymes and acids, leading to
potential damage such as ulcers and impaired digestion. Mucus
protects the stomach lining from these corrosive substances.
21.The answers are as follows :-
i. Salivary glands are present in which region of the alimentary canal?
Salivary glands are present in the buccal cavity (mouth) region of the
alimentary canal.
ii. Which gland secretes bile juice?
Bile juice is secreted by the liver. It is stored and concentrated in the
gallbladder before being released into the small intestine.
iii. What is digestion?
Digestion is the process by which complex food molecules are
broken down into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used
by the body. It involves both mechanical (chewing, mixing) and
chemical (enzymatic breakdown) processes in the alimentary canal.