WEEK 3

GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURE
ARCHT’L FEATURES
 - Arranged for convenience rather
than for symmetry.

PLANS
 - Rubble masonry not laid in
horizontal courses.

WALLS
- Materials were in small pieces.
- Walls are not load-bearing which
is a contribution to stained glass
windows.
 - Pointed arches spanned the recessed doors and
windows.
- Gothic Architecture is known as the Architecture of
Light.
- Windows are larger or enormous for the display of
stained glass.
- Windows are divided by vertical mullions and
horizontal transoms.

OPENINGS
 - Plate Tracery = Tracery uses thick
stones to separate glazed areas.
The stone rather than the glass
dominates the window.

TYPES OF
WINDOW
TRACERY
 - Bar Tracery = Tracery is
composed of thin stone elements
than thick ones. The glass rather
than the stone dominates the
window.
TYPES OF
WINDOW
TRACERY
 - Spires on towers are the
predominant features which
accentuated the verticality of the
design.

ROOFS
 - Finial =
Decorative
upper
termination of
PARTS OF -
a spire.
Crocket =
THE Foliage

TOWER
decoration n
the raking of a
spire.
- Pinnacle =
Small spire
GOTHIC Groin Vault Quadripartite Rib Vault
VAULTS

Complex Rib Vault

 - Were used structurally and
classical proportions were not
observed.

COLUMNS
 - Characteristics of Gothic
Ornaments
➢ Study craftsmanship
➢ Bodily-executed
- Forms of Gothic Ornaments
➢ Medieval mysticism
➢ Christian subjects
ORNAMENTS ➢ Statues
- Motifs of Gothic Ornaments
➢ Stained glass
➢ Grotesques = only ornamental
➢ Gargoyles = Functional
waterspouts & believed to scare
off evil spirits.
GOTHIC IN FRANCE
 - French Gothic style is called “L”
architecture ogivale.
- Ogivale > Ogive referring to
pointed arch
- Vaulting framework of
intersecting pointed arch ribs
ARCHT’L -
known as the “Ogival” system..
Chevet = An apse having a
CHARACTER surrounding ambulatory of which
are chapels
- Less prominent transepts.
ARCHT’L - Fleche = Slender spire
rising from a roof
CHARACTER
 - Primaire Period = 12th century.
Called “lancettes” &
distinguished by pointed arches
& geometric traceries windows.
- Secondaire Period = 13th century.
3 PERIODS Distinguished as “rayonnant”
and is known for the circular
OF FRENCH windows with wheel tracery.
GOTHIC - Tertiare = 14th – 16th century. Also
called as “flamboyant”. Has a
florid style of late Gothic & is
characterized by flame-like
window tracery.
CATHEDRAL CHURCHES
ALBI CATHEDRAL

- Fortress
church with a
large-vaulted
hall, 18m – the
largest in
France.
AMIENS CATHEDRAL

- Has slightly
projecting
transepts and
sweeping
chevet of 7
chapels.
BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL

- Has slightly
projecting
transepts and
sweeping
chevet of 7
chapels.
LA SAINTE CATHEDRAL
- Conceived by Louis IX
as a kind of gigantic
reliquary for the
‘true cross’ of Christ,
the ‘crown of
thorns’, and other
relics notable to the
passion of Christ.
CHARTES CATHEDRAL

- A Latin rite
Catholic
cathedral &
one of the
finest
examples of
French Gothic.
 - Has the most
complete
collections of
medieval
stained glass
in the world.
152/186 are
FEATURES original.
STRASBOURG CATHEDRAL
- Known as one of the
most beautiful late
gothic cathedrals in
Europe.
- It was the tallest
building from 1647 –
1874 and is now the
6th tallest church in
the world.
NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL
- One of the oldest
French Gothic
cathedral.
- It is restored and
saved by Eugene
Viollet-le-Duc, one of
France’s most
famous architects.
REIMS CATHEDRAL
- Coronation church
of the French kings
and one of the
finest gothic
structures ever
built.
- Its vast scale,
wonderful designs,
and rich sculptural
adornment are its
features.
SOISSONS CATHEDRAL

- An imitation of the
Notre Dame with
its single tower,
dating back from
mid-13th century.
FORTIFIED TOWNS
LE MONT SAINT MICHEL

- Used to be a
fortified
stronghold of the
Roman-Bretons in
the 6th & 7th
century.
CARCASSONE

- Historic fortified city

and was restored by
1853 by Eugene Viollet-
le-Duc.
- It was one of the first
fortress to use
hoardings in times of
siege.
CA STLES
CHATEAU GAILLARD
- Has a complex and
advanced design
where it uses early
principles of
concentric
fortifications.
- One of the earliest
European castles
to use
machicolations.
CHATEAU DE PIERREFONDS

- Defensive military
architecture from
the Middle Ages
CHATEAU D’ AMBOISE

- Once home to the

French Royal court
and became their
favourite.
- Built in late Gothic
Flamboyant style.
 - Chapel of Saint
Hubert = Burial
place of
Leonardo da
Vinci.

FEATURES
HOTELS DE VILLE
HOTEL DE VILLE, ARRAS
- Built in the
sixteenth century,
and completed in
1517. It was
restored in the
nineteenth
century, and re-
dedicated on
August 26, 1867 by
Emperor Napoleon
III.
HOTEL DE VILLE, COMPIEGNE
- Built in late Gothic
Flamboyant style.
- The town hall now
houses the seat of the
administration of the
city of Compiègne as
well as the tourist
office . The monument
was classified as a
historical monument
in 1840
PALAIS DE JUSTICE
PALAIS DE JUSTICE, ROUEN
- Built by Roulland Le
Roux in late Gothic
style.
- Also known as the
Parliament of Rouen
after the place where
it sat (the provincial
capital of Normandy),
was a provincial
parliament of the
Kingdom of France.
COUNTRY HOUSES
CHATEAU DE BLOIS
- Was the residence of several
French kings.
- Notable for its gothic spiral
staircase [at the left] of King
Louis XII.
- It is also the place where
Joan of Arc went in 1429 to
be blessed by the Archbishop
of Reims before departing
with her army to drive the
English from Orléans
GOTHIC IN GREAT
BRITAIN
 - British Gothic Period Style
1. Norman Gothic
This style is characterized by
semi-circular arched windows.

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 - British Gothic Period Style
2. Transitional Gothic
This style is characterized by
pointed arches introduced into
structures with Romanesque
character
ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 - British Gothic Period Style
3. Early English Gothic
Also called Lancet or First
Pointed Style
Characterized by long,
pointed, narrow, lancet windows.
ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 - British Gothic Period Style
4. Decorated Gothic [1275 – 1375]
Also called Second Pointed, geometrical, or
curvilinear and characterized by fanciful window
tracery.
> Decorative Geometric = Principle of the window
with several lights surmounted by a circle.
ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 - Decorative Curvilinear = The
upper part of the window head
might be filled with trefoils,
quartrefoils, or dagger shapes.

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 - British Gothic
Period Style
Perpendicular
Gothic [1375 –
1530]
- Also called 3rd
pointed or
ARCHT’L rectilinear.
- Characterized
CHARACTER by strong vertical
lines in window
tracery and wall
paneling.
 6. Tudor Gothic [1485 – 1603]
Called as Late Perpendicular
➢ Was a shift to the plainer Renaissance style.
➢ Characterized by the following four features:
a. Four-centered arch or the Tudor Arch

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 b. Oriel Window
This window projects from the wall and
does not extend to the ground & often
supported by brackets or corbels.

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 c. Timber frame

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 d. Half-timbering

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 e. Broached spire

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 a. Cresting

TUDOR
GOTHIC
ORNAMENTS
 b. Battlements

TUDOR
GOTHIC
ORNAMENTS
 c. Crocket
d. Finial

TUDOR
GOTHIC
ORNAMENTS
 e. Fleur-de-lis = used in the Royal Arms of
England

TUDOR
GOTHIC
ORNAMENTS
 f. Portcullis = Mark
of the Beaufort
lineage of Henry VII,
founder of the Tudor
dynasty.

TUDOR
GOTHIC
ORNAMENTS
 g. Tudor Rose =
Royal emblem of
England

TUDOR
GOTHIC
ORNAMENTS
 g. Elizabethan Gothic [1550 – 1830]
Characterized by the use of mullioned
windows.

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
 Early English Vaulting = The quadripartite
ribbed vault came into general use.

EVOLUTION
OF ENGLISH
GOTHIC
VAULTING
 Wall ribs or called “formerets” came into use in
the early English vaulting as their ploughshare
twist is produced by raising the springing of the
wall rib.

EVOLUTION
OF ENGLISH
GOTHIC
VAULTING
 Decorated Vaulting = Addition of ‘lierne ribs’
[short immediate ribs] produced the star-
shaped pattern called ‘stellar vaulting’. The
intersection of the ribs is covered by a
projecting ornament called ‘boss’.
EVOLUTION
OF ENGLISH
GOTHIC
VAULTING
 Perpendicular Vaulting = The intricate stellar
vaulting led to the type known as the fan, palm,
or conodial vaulting.

EVOLUTION
OF ENGLISH
GOTHIC
VAULTING
 Tudor Vaulting = Use of the four-centered [Tudor] arch
and fan vaulting.
Boss = Projecting ornament that covers the intersection
of ribs.
Pendant = Sculpted ornament or elongated boss
terminating the fan vaulting.

EVOLUTION
OF ENGLISH
GOTHIC
VAULTING
 Trussed rafter roof

TIMBER
CHURCH
ROOFS
 Tie-beam roof

TIMBER
CHURCH
ROOFS
 Hammer beam

TIMBER
CHURCH
ROOFS
 Double hammer beam

TIMBER
CHURCH
ROOFS
 Collar based roof = Simplified hammer-beam
form

TIMBER
CHURCH
ROOFS
 Aisle roof

TIMBER
CHURCH
ROOFS
 Barrel roof

TIMBER
CHURCH
ROOFS
GREATER CHURCHES
BRISTOL CATHEDRAL
- Augustinian priory.
- Rectangular chapel house with
bold interlaced wall arcades.
- Much of the church was rebuilt in
the English Decorated Gothic
style during the 14th century
despite financial problems within
the abbey.
- In the 19th century Gothic Revival
a new nave was built by George
Edmund Street partially using the
original plans.
- Located on College Green, the
cathedral has tall Gothic
windows and pinnacled skyline.
EXETER CATHEDRAL
- Decorated Gothic
Cathedral “par
excellence”.
- properly known as
the Cathedral Church
of Saint Peter in
Exeter, is an Anglican
cathedral, and the
seat of the Bishop of
Exeter, in the city
- It has the longest
uninterrupted vaulted
ceiling in England.
LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL
- The only medieval
English cathedral with
3 spires dedicated to
St. Chad and St. Mary.
- The stone is
sandstone and came
from a quarry on the
south side of
Lichfield.
LINCOLN CATHEDRAL
- One of the most
important Medieval
cathedrals in England
& a prominent
landmark visible for
miles around.
- It is the seat of the
Anglican Bishop of
Lincoln. Like many of
the medieval
cathedrals of England,
it was built in the
Early Gothic style.
KING’S COLLEGE CHAPEL
- One of the most
important Medieval
cathedrals in England
& a prominent
landmark visible for
miles around.
- It is the seat of the
Anglican Bishop of
Lincoln. Like many of
the medieval
cathedrals of England,
it was built in the
Early Gothic style.
PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL
- Has a
magnificent
façade of a
Gothic screen
with 3
enormous
arches.
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL
- Contains the world’s
oldest working clock.
- an Anglican cathedral
in Salisbury, England.
The cathedral is
regarded as one of
the leading examples
of early English Gothic
architecture.[3] Its
main body was
completed in 38
years, from 1220 to
1258.
ST. ALBAN CATHEDRAL
- Dedicated to Britain’s
first saint who was a
Roman soldier that
got beheaded for
giving shelter to a
Catholic priest –
making him the first
martyr.
- At 85 metres long, it
has the longest nave
of any cathedral in
England.
WELLS CATHEDRAL
- An Anglican cathedral
in Wells, Somerset,
England, dedicated to St
Andrew the Apostle and
seat of the Bishop of
Bath and Wells.
- Its Gothic architecture is
mostly in Early English
style of the late 12th –
early 13th centuries,
lacking the
Romanesque work that
survives in many other
cathedrals.
WESTMINSTER ABBEY CATHEDRAL
- Traditional place of coronation
and burial site of British
monarchs.
- The abbey became the coronation
site of Norman kings. None were
buried there until Henry III,
intensely devoted to the cult of
the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey
in Anglo-French Gothic style as a
shrine to venerate King Edward
the Confessor and as a suitably
regal setting for Henry's own
tomb, under the highest Gothic
nave in England. The Confessor's
shrine subsequently played a
great part in his canonization.
WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL
- It is one of the largest
cathedrals in Europe,
with the greatest
overall length of any
Gothic cathedral.
- Dedicated to the Holy
Trinity,[3] Saint Peter,
Saint Paul and, before
the Reformation, Saint
Swithun,[4] it is the seat
of the Bishop of
Winchester and centre
of the Diocese of
Winchester.
YORK MINSTER
- Second largest Gothic
cathedral of Northern
Europe.
- The minster was
completed in 1472 after
several centuries of
building. It is devoted to
Saint Peter, and has a
very wide Decorated
Gothic nave and chapter
house, a Perpendicular
Gothic quire and east
end and Early English
North and South
transepts.
 CASTLES &
FORTIFICATIONS
CONWY CASTLE
- Designed for king Edward I
by master mason James of
St. George – a renowned and
gifted castle architect.
- Built on a rock promontory,
the castle incorporated the
latest defensive design
features such as massive
round towers, a double
courtyard or bailey, and
outer barbican defensive
walls and towers.
- onwy Castle is listed by
UNESCO as a World Heritage
Site.
CAERNARFON CASTLE
- Architecturally one of
the most impressive of
all castles of Edward I of
Wales.
- Same designer of
Conway castle.
- Caernarfon Castle's
design was partly
influenced by a desire to
make the structure
impressive as a symbol
of the new English rule
in Wales.
BEAUMARIS CASTLE
- An unfinished masterpiece, the
last, and the largest of the
Edwardian castles.
- Its construction lasted for 35 years.
- Was built as part of Edward I's
campaign to conquer north Wales
after 1282.
- described Beaumaris as Britain's
"most perfect example of
symmetrical concentric planning"
and for many years the castle was
regarded as the pinnacle of military
engineering during Edward I's
reign.
 LATE MEDIEVAL
ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY
LATE The conflicting influences of Gothic,
Roman, Greek, Byzantine, &
MEDIEVAL Moslem produced a peculiar blend
ARCHT. of Medieval architecture.
 1. Flatness of roof
GENERAL 2. Screen wall of the west façade
masks the aisle roof.
FEATURES 3. Circular window of the west
OF THE front
4. Absence of pinnacles and flying
CHURCH buttresses.
GENERAL 5. Stripes of colored marbles instead of
FEATURES mouldings.
6. Small windows without tracery.
OF THE 7. Occasional frescoes and mosaics.
CHURCH
EXAMPLES
[N. ITALY]
MILAN CATHEDRAL
- The 2nd largest Gothic cathedral in
the world next to Cathedral of
Seville, Spain.
- Largest medieval cathedral in Italy
and can accommodate 40,000
people.
- More than 50 architects took part
in the construction of the church in
a span of 5 centuries.
- The cathedral took nearly six
centuries to complete:
construction began in 1386, and
the final details were completed in
1965.
BASILICA DE SAN ANTONIO PADUA
- 7-domed pilgrimage
church.
- Sant'Antonio is a giant
edifice without a precise
architectural style. Over
the centuries, it has
grown under a variety of
different influences as
shown by the exterior
details.
- . The exterior style is a
mixing of mainly
Romanesque and
Byzantine elements, with
some Gothic features.
S. GIOVANNI E PAOLO
- Dominican church
with beautiful
brickwork.
- The huge brick
edifice was
designed in the
Italian Gothic
style, and
completed in the
1430s.
S. ANDREA, VERCELLI
- Closest in spirit and form
to the French Gothic style.
- The apse has a
rectangular plan, a typical
feature of Cistercian
Gothic edifices.
- The aisles are lower than
the nave. The right aisle
has buttresses from
which flying buttresses
(an element typical of
Gothic architecture)
connect it to the nave.
- Its façade is finished with
grey-green stones.
CASTLES IN
[N. ITALY]
DOGE’S PALACE
- Designed by Filippo
Calendario.
- A palace built in Venetian
Gothic style, and one of the
main landmarks of the city of
Venice in northern Italy.
- The palace was the residence
of the Doge of Venice, the
supreme authority of the
former Republic.
- The whole scheme of
columned & pointed arches
with a combination of carved
capitals & long horizontal line
of open tracery Is a uniue
design of Venetian Gothic.
CA D’ ORO, VENICE
- Designed by Giovanni &
Bartolomeo Buon.
- One of the older palaces
in the city, its name
means "golden house"
due to the gilt and
polychrome external
decorations which once
adorned its walls.
- It has long been regarded
as the best surviving
palazzo in Venetian Gothic
architecture, retaining all
the most characteristic
features, despite some
losses.
EXAMPLES
[C. ITALY]
FLORENCE CATHEDRAL
- It was begun in 1296 in
the Gothic style to a
design of Arnolfo di
Cambio and was
structurally completed by
1436, with the dome
engineered by Filippo
Brunelleschi.
- The exterior of Florence
Cathedral is faced with
polychrome marble
panels in various shades
of green and pink
bordered by white.
 - Initially designed by Giotto
& later by Andrea Pisano &
Francesco Talenti.
- Assisted by Andrea Pisano,
Giotto continued di
Cambio's design. His major

FLORENCE
accomplishment was the
building of the campanile.
- Standing adjacent to the

CATHEDRAL Basilica of Santa Maria del

Fiore and the Baptistry of

CAMPANILE
St. John, the tower is one
of the showpieces of
Florentine Gothic
architecture with its design
by Giotto, its rich
sculptural decorations and
its polychrome marble
encrustations.
 - Is octagonal in plan with an internal dome.
- The octagonal baptistery stands in both the Piazza del Duomo and
the Piazza San Giovanni, across from Florence Cathedral and the
Campanile di Giotto.
- The Baptistery is one of the oldest buildings in the city,
constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque

FLORENCE
style.

CATHEDRAL
BAPTISTERY
SIENA CATHEDRAL
- One of the most
stupendous undertakings
since the building of Pisa
cathedral.
- It has a library that houses
that precious illuminated
choir books and frescoes
painted by the Umbrian
Bernardino di Betto,
called Pinturicchio,
probably based on
designs by Raphael.
ORVIETO CATHEDRAL
- Designed by Amolfo di
Cambio
- The construction of the
cathedral lasted almost
three centuries with the
design and style evolving
from Romanesque to
Gothic as construction
progressed.
- However, when Giovanni
di Uguccione succeeded
Fra Bevignate, the design
was transformed into
Italian Gothic forms.
S. MARIA NOVELLA
- City’s principal Dominican
church & the first great
basilica in Florence.
- It was designed by Fra.
Sisto & Fra. Ristoro.
- The façade was later
designed by Leon Battista
Alberti in the renaissance
style.
- In 1360, a series of Gothic
arcades were added to
the façade; these were
intended to contain
sarcophagi.
EXAMPLES
[S. ITALY]
MESSINA CATHEDRAL
- Begun during the time of
King Roger.
- The bell tower holds one
of the largest
astronomical clocks in the
world.
- Formerly the episcopal
seat of the Diocese of
Messina, it became in
1986 the archiepiscopal
seat of the Archdiocese of
Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia
del Mela.
PALERMO CATHEDRAL
- Erected by Walter
Ophamil.
- Was turned into a mosque
by the Sarcacens after
their conquest of the city
in the 9th century.
- Characterized by the
presence of different
styles, due to a long
history of additions,
alterations, and
restorations, the last of
which occurred in the 18th
cent.
GOTHIC IN CENTRAL
EUROPE
 - “Hall Churches” are special characteristics of German Gothic, with
naves & aisles approximately of the same height without the
triforium & clerestory.

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
EXAMPLES
COLOGNE CATHEDRAL
- Largest Gothic church of
N. Europe.
- Its towering spires are
157m. High. It was the
tallest structure in the
world from 1880-1884.
- It took 632 years to
construct the largest
German cathedral.
- Was modeled from French
Gothic cathedrals of
Amiens, Chartes, and
Reims.
FREIBURG MINSTER
- Had started around 1200
in Romanesque style &
continued in 1230 in
Gothic style.
- It is the only Gothic
church tower in Germany
that was completed in the
Middle Ages (1330)
- The cathedral holds 19
bells, altogether 25
tonnes, making it one of
the largest peals in
Germany.
REGENSBURG CATHEDRAL
- Was built with cream-
colored limestone and a
softer green sandstone.
- The architect that took
over supervision over the
new cathedral in 1280 was
trained in France, and
because of this there was
an incorporation of
French Gothic
architectural themes. This
included a central nave
that divides into three
sections, buttresses,
vaulting, and two towers
over a facade.
ULM MINSTER
- Lutheran church.
Although sometimes
referred to as Ulm
Cathedral because of its
great size, the church is
not a cathedral as it has
never been the seat of a
bishop.
- Ulm Minster was begun in
the Gothic architecture of
the Late Middle Ages but
the building was not
completed until the late
19th century after a hiatus
of centuries.
FRAUENKIRCHE CATHEDRAL
- An example of a hall
church.
- Was once a Romanesque
church but the late Gothic
building visible today,
commission of Duke
Sigismund and the people
of Munich, was erected in
the 15th century.
- There were plans for tall,
open-work spires typical
of the Gothic style, but
given the financial
difficulties of the time, the
plans could not be
realized.
ST. STEPHEN, VIENNA
- A hall church and has
become one of the city’s
most recognizable
symbols.
- It has been the place of
some of Austria’s most
historic moments,
including Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart’s 1791
Paupers Funeral.
- A glory of St. Stephen’s
cathedral is its ornately
patterned, richy coloured
roof, 111m. long & covered
with 230,000 glazed tiles.
PRAGUE CATHEDRAL
- Built by Mathias d’ Arras
and Peter Parler in the
late Gothic style.
- Contains the tombs of
many Bohemian kings and
was the coronation
church of several Holy
Roman emperors.
- Also known as St. Vitus
Cathedral and is a
prominent example of
Gothic architecture and is
the largest and most
important church in the
country.
SECULAR & DOMESTIC
ARCHITECTURE
TOWN HALL,
MUNSTER
TOWN HALL,
COLOGNE
TOWN HALL
WIEN,
AUSTRIA
CUSTOM
HOUSE,
NUREMBERG
KAISERWORTH
HOTEL
GORSAL,
GERMANY
 - Domestic
architecture was

OLD HOUSE
marked by lofty
roofs which had
more storeys than
the walls.
 - They had dormer windows for use as drying ground for large
monthly wash.

OLD HOUSE
GOTHIC IN SPAIN &
PORTUGAL
 - Horseshoe arch
- Pierced stone tracery
- Rich surface decoration of intricate geometric pattern
- Excessive ornamentation
- Cimborio or lantern
- Retablo and Reredo

ARCHT’L
CHARACTER
EXAMPLES
SALAMANCA NEW CATHEDRAL
- By Juan Gil de Ontayon
and is a magnificent late
Gothic church.
- The building began at a
time when the gothic
style was becoming less
popular and was merging
with the new Renaissance
style, giving the resulting
Plateresque style in Spain.
However, this cathedral
retained more of its
Gothic character because
the authorities wanted
the new cathedral to
blend with the old one.
BARCELONA CATHEDRAL
- Its roof is notable for its
gargoyles featuring a
wide range of animals,
both domestic, and
mythical.
- The cathedral is dedicated
to Eulalia of Barcelona, co-
patron saint of Barcelona.
- The cathedral has a
secluded Gothic cloister
where 13 white geese are
kept, the number
explained by the assertion
that Eulalia was 13 when
she was martyred.
LEON CATHEDRAL
- Also known as the
House of Light.
- It is a masterpiece
of the Gothic style
dominating the
mid-13th century by
master architect
Enrique.
SEVILLE CATHEDRAL
- Largest medieval
cathedral in
Europe with the
exception of St.
Peters at Rome.
- Houses the tomb
of Christopher
Columbus.
TOLEDO CATHEDRAL
- Ranked among the
greatest Gothic structures
in Europe.
- The cathedral of Toledo is
one of the three 13th-
century High Gothic
cathedrals in Spain and is
considered, in the opinion
of some authorities, to be
the magnum opus of the
Gothic style in Spain.
VALENCIA CATHEDRAL
- Catalan version of
Gothic.
- Has a mixture of
artistic styles ranging
from Early
Romanesque to
Renaissance which
makes it a jewel of
universal
architecture.
SECULAR ARCHT.
LA LONJA DE LA SEDA
- Founded in 1469
as a market for oil.
- Designed by Pedro
Compte, Juan
Yvarra, & Johan
Corbera.
- Declared by
UNESCO as World
Heritage Site at
1996.
TORRES DE SERRANOS
- Gateway in the
defensive wall in
the late Middle
Ages.
- Built by Pere
Balaguer in the
14th century to
defend one od the
busiest point of
access to old
Valencia.
 GOTHIC IN
NETHERLANDS
 - Its medieval states was divided between the
Kingdom of Belgium and the Netherlands, the
ARCHT’L latter called as Holland.
- Belgium has marbles, limestone, sandstone,
CHARACTER and granite.
- In Flanders, clay is abundant which produced
beautiful brick architecture.
ANTWERP CATHEDRAL
- Masterpiece of
lace work in stone
in late flamboyant
gothic by its
architect Jean
Appelmans.
- It is remarkable
for its great width
[a nave flanked by
triple aisles].
UTRECHT CATHEDRAL
- Is a Gothic church
dedicated to Saint
Martin of Tours,
which was the
cathedral of the
Diocese of Utrecht
during the Middle
Ages.
- Example of French
Gothic in Holland.
ST. JOHN’S- HERTOGENBOSCH
- Is the height of gothic
architecture in
Brabant,
Netherlands.
- In about 1340,
building began to
extend the church.
This was done in the
gothic style that now
dominates the
exterior [as it was
once a Romanesque
church]
TOWN HALL, BRUGES
- Was built in Gothic and is
a proof of the town’s
wealth in the 14th century.
- Between 1895 and 1905
the distinguished local
architect, Louis
Delacenserie and the
Gothic Revival champion
Jean-Baptiste Bethune
started the restoration of
the interior.
TOWN HALL, LEUVEN
- Built in Brabartine
Late Gothic style
famous for its
ornate
architecture,
crafted in laced-
like detail by
Mattheu de
Layens.
TOWN HALL,
BRUSSELS
TOWN HALL,
OUDENAARDE
TOWN HALL,
GHENT
TOWN HALL,
MIDDELBURG
 IMAGE REFERENCES
• Cover image was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/2e/13/ff/2e13ffbfe98f9f2ffd0f1b4551e7aca1.jpg.
• Gothic floor plan t slide 3 was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/13/21/42/132142934987f815e1665f4d94f18fa7.jpg.
• Opening photo at slide 5 was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/06/0a/28/060a2818ad2bfc009c604fa4b9957f11.jpg.
• Plate tracery image at slide 6 was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/600x315/62/02/ce/6202ceeea89a51288b634b710110bcb6.jpg.
• Bar tracery image at slide 7 was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/12/5f/31125fc3e528c0fb3e0b22e64b85a494.jpg.
• Spire image at slide 8 was retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321090293/figure/fig1/AS:561146144407553@15107
99074975/A-gothic-spire-Bernard-1882-353.png.
• Parts of a tower image at slide 9 was retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/4Ah-
oNK80KUHALPQjrxr5n3GGruEW0g524DSFHX_EgnR7rLmq068JkcucbCrdMVIpSQ8TexaIv3w7F0aAI5
SGwgfUMOx7hZsolBLgdcAFLOt_z8xAVhcCTi0xCDbDqokqFExuvwQk2OXVm5gezDSkAaBJZ8UrF24M
NEMusDMU-k.
• Vaults images at slide 10 were retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/scIj4uSq40b0trxGEnSO1IbpQlkX91ZvXZMdevBPMehujzs
gmEzg0CgvQG4ihtWsxePvMTIMftYMyXJXlshyxvlZAUnMLN6x1_ZUVY8bnfB5skY,
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Santiago_Huerta/publication/39424866/figure/fig13/AS:65
0824116097033@1532179969424/Cracks-in-a-gothic-quadripartite-vault.png, and
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276507520/figure/fig2/AS:646800092450827@15312
20567550/Paris-St-Gervais-et-St-Protais-Nave-rib-vault-system.png.
• Column images at slide 11 were retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/af/00/b5/af00b513bafcd5598efa115043f86fc4.jpg and
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/6a/6e/41/6a6e4194e60d910098b26090cd7dc43a.jpg.
• Fleche image at slide 15 was retrieved from
https://architecturehereandthere.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/screen-shot-2019-04-21-at-
9.16.15-pm.png?w=640.
• Albi cathedral images at slide 18 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Albi_Sainte-C%C3%A9cile.JPG and
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Albi_cathedral_-
_choir_and_choir_screen.jpg.
• Amiens Cathedral images at slide 19 were retrieved from https://cdn.britannica.com/02/153502-
050-3A7A88DF/Mullions-Amiens-Cathedral-France.jpg and https://i2.wp.com/www.france-travel-
info.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/amiens-labyrinth-2-
e1557785116287.jpeg?fit=1000%2C667&ssl=1.
• Beauvais cathedral images at slide 20 were retrieved from https://frenchmoments.eu/wp-
content/uploads/2012/12/xBeauvais-cathedral-LR-Stock-Photos-from-Borisb17-
Shutterstock.jpg.pagespeed.ic.hpZ7gJGrON.jpg and https://frenchmoments.eu/wp-
content/uploads/2012/12/xBeauvais-Cathedral-Interior-Transept-LR-Stock-Photos-from-
Isogood_patrick-Shutterstock.jpg.pagespeed.ic.N5uRNWv0-d.jpg.
• La-Sainte Chapel images at slide 21 were retrieved from https://www.unjourdeplusaparis.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/04/sainte-chapelle-paris1.jpg and
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/Yqcvm_Kx_95bPKGbw8DqO8btIaaJXia-
Vkry_arqxPGqWKHNa8l2gWaRxj9dGsJcKyKWdkz-
2eX_76Jbnzo3S8C6ZpyHBmvdQJNuskF_lBivoMUphusgOzeMcrZ43Ks.
• Chartres cathedral images at slide 22 were retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/09/aa/dc/09aadcaf3b13c99977b4f6cbcd76b6ed.jpg and
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/21/27/ce/2127cec202a5804078103e7c4209f285.jpg.
• Strasbourg cathdreal images were retrieved from https://tripanthropologist.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/05/front-of-Strasbourg-Cathedral.jpg and
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Strasbourg_Cathedral_inside.jpg/
1200px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_inside.jpg.
• Notre Dame images at slide 25 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-
Dame_de_Paris%2C_3_June_2010.jpg and
https://cdni0.trtworld.com/w960/h540/q75/84974_FRANotreDameInterior_1596454862906.jpg.
• Notre Dame video at slide 25 was retrieved from https://youtu.be/_4kBntxPUic.
• Reims cathedral images at slide 2 were retrieved from https://cache-
graphicslib.viator.com/graphicslib/page-
images/742x525/227102_Viator_Shutterstock_155254.jpg and https://dlsfootsteps.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/01/reims-cathedral-interior.jpg.
• Soissons cathedral images at slide 27 were retrieved from https://media-
cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-p/05/35/ea/30/cathedrale-saint-gervais.jpg and https://media-
cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-m/1280/16/4d/eb/e2/the-interior-of-the-church.jpg.
• Carcassone image at slide 29 was retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/1_carcassonne_aerial_2016.jpg/1
 IMAGE REFERENCES
• Le Mont Saint Michel image at slide 29 was retrieved from https://cdn.theculturetrip.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/03/gettyimages-818591066.jpg.
• Chateau Gaillard image at slide 32 was retrieved from https://cdn.britannica.com/89/147789-050-
861B7A2B/Chateau-Gaillard-region-Normandy-France.jpg.
• Chateau de Pierrefonds image at slide 33 was retrieved from https://i.redd.it/ezj0nh15qp001.jpg.
• Chateau d’ Amboise image at slide 34 was retrieved from
https://www.touraineloirevalley.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/wpetourisme/Amboise-vu-de-
la-loire--2018-Joel-Klinger-FSL.jpg.
• Chapel of Saint Hubert image at slide 35 was retrieved from
https://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/10507.jpg?v=1599152404.
• Hotel de Ville image at slide 37 was retrieved from
• Chateau de blois images at slide 42 were retrieved from https://www.loirevalley-
france.co.uk/sites/default/files/visionneuse/image/chateau_blois_2_dlepissier.jpg ,
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ae/b9/1a/aeb91a9c832115185b09724ab3aa5e2c.jpg, and
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a0/d4/5b/a0d45b976ee4858cec5fdf2bde81564e.jpg.
• Bristol cathedral images were retrieved from https://a.travel-assets.com/findyours-
php/viewfinder/images/res40/298000/298676-Bristol-Cathedral.jpg and
https://i.redd.it/r28g0p1mnup31.jpg.
• Exeter cathedral images at slide 76 were retrieved from
https://www.visitexeter.com/imageresizer/?image=%2Fdmsimgs%2F_F8O6818Exeter_20West_20
front_20RT_preview_1025002782.jpeg&action=ProductDetailFullWidth2 and
https://britishpilgrimage.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Exeter-Cathedral-Nave-looking-
West.jpg.
• Lichfield cathedral images at slide 77 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Lichfield_Cathedral_2010-10-13.jpg and
https://www.britainexpress.com/images/attractions/editor3/Lichfield-7142-Edit.jpg.
• Lincoln cathedral images at slide 78 were retrieved from https://www.swedishnomad.com/wp-
content/images/2020/01/Lincoln-Cathedral.jpg and
https://www.visitlincoln.com/media/made/8c3657489c8e3999/nave_small_480_320_c1_c_c_0_0
_1.JPG.
• King’s College Chapel images at slide 79 were retrieved from
https://www.britainexpress.com/images/attractions/editor3/Kings-College-4778_1.jpg and
https://download-kings.sharp-stream.com/images/Empty%20Chapel.jpg and
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/d9/a4/1e/d9a41e8cdb55e760d91febfcd4e0dcf2.jpg.
• Peterborough cathedral image at slide 80 was retrieved from
https://kevinrobinsonartist.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/7-x-5-peterb-
e1576173069200.jpg.
• Salisbury cathedral images at slide 81 were retrieved from
https://www.salisburyjournal.co.uk/resources/images/11473457/ and
https://www.explorechurches.org/sites/default/files/styles/hero_image/public/2020-
03/WiltshireSALISBURYSalisburyCathedral%28jackpeasephotographyCC-BY-
2.0%291.jpg?itok=QTl3HajD.
• St. Alban Cathedral image at slide 82 was retrieved from
https://www.britainexpress.com/images/attractions/editor3/St-Albans-Cathedral-5319.jpg.
• Wells Cathedral images at slide 83 were retrieved from https://www.wellscathedral.org.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2020/03/Deans-message-1-min.png and https://assets.simpleview-
europe.com/bristol2014/imageresizer/?image=%2Fdmsimgs%2FDavidMaynard_Wells_Cathedral_
nave-1000x300_-_Copy_2005036621.jpg&action=ProductDetailNew.
• Westminster abbey cathedral images at slide 84 were retrieved from https://www.westminster-
abbey.org/media/9031/quire-looking-west.jpg and
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f1/28/90/f128901c71439762460ac1bebc80cf15.jpg.
• Winchester Cathedral images at slide 85 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/WinCath30Je6-4836wiki.jpg and
https://www.tchevalier.com/images/singlethread/catheral-slides/b-winchester-interior.jpg.
• York Mnster iamge at slide 86 was retrieved
fromhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/York_Minster_from_M%26S.JPG.
• Conway castle images at slide 88 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Conwy_Castle_plan.jpg/600px-
Conwy_Castle_plan.jpg and https://www.ancient.eu/img/r/p/500x600/11615.jpg?v=1576246158.
• Caernafon castle image at slide 89 was retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/99VV-
jVwO8MD812T2ZMn1aLg2s7J2SPNyCgKLvcOZnsalZRa2PRemmosWXmXZoEkAkvpx8e6GLk4vl_5k-
phtWxg7dzUfA_SvOoi09rnpN6PUqsE87rolLcwrNxKRRXWjxgPm7ebqAY-nPNDivAQ.
• Beaumaris castle image at slide 90 was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/70/66/70/706670154691398e0da200c1594ebe8a.jpg.
 IMAGE REFERENCES
• Norman architecture image at slide 44 was retrieved from
https://c8.alamy.com/comp/CXHGHC/prominent-norman-arches-in-the-church-of-st-andrew-and-
st-cuthman-CXHGHC.jpg.
• Transitional gothic image at slide 45 was retrieved from
https://worcestercathedrallibrary.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/wendtriforium2.jpg?w=415&h=27
5.
• Earl English gothic style images at slide 46 were retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ea/86/6c/ea866cc23c3ce09e8288dc38bd8e388f.jpg and
https://img.tfd.com/architecture/f0351-02.png.
• Perpendicular style architecture image at slide 49 was retrieved from
https://worcestercathedrallibrary.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/s-side-of-
nave2.jpg?w=292&h=440.
• Tudor Gothic style image at slide 50 was retrieved from https://i2.wp.com/www.hisour.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/05/Four-centred-arch.jpg?fit=960%2C640&ssl=1&resize=1280%2C720.
• Oriel windows image at slide 51 was retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/2014_K%C5%82odzko%2C_pl._Chrobrego
_13_03.JPG.
• Timber frame image at slide 52 was retrieved from https://hardwoodsgroup.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/05/Hampton-Court-Palace.jpg.
• Half-timbering image at slide 53 was retrieved from
https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/12/22/article-2252269-169F52B6000005DC-302_634x405.jpg
• Broached spire image at slide 54 was retrieved from
https://www.explorechurches.org/sites/default/files/styles/hero_image/public/2019-
12/DevonSWIMBRIDGEStJames%28mikesearleCC-BY-SA2.0%291.jpg?itok=4sKZfU4E.
• Tudor cresting ornament image at slide 55 was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/40/1d/2c/401d2c0cab3ed4490d30398bd4742833.gif.
• Fleur-de-lis ornament image at slide 58 was retrieved from
https://c8.alamy.com/comp/ER9XH1/uk-england-cambridge-kings-college-chapel-tudor-rose-and-
crown-on-ER9XH1.jpg
• Portculis gothic ornament image at slide 59 was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/87/f7/23/87f7235015fea7a4129c93c83bb798bc.jpg.
• Tudor Rose ornament image at slide 0 was retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/31/4c/05/314c053836022c4af88979479098d03d.png.
• Elizabethan gothic style image at slide 61 was retrieved from
https://villacastagnadaylesford.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/fig_01_montacute_window.jpg.
• Early English vaulting images at slide 62 were retrieved from
https://www.britainexpress.com/images/attractions/editor/churches/Peterborough-3238.jpg and
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/_04vIbC0nv6DCBQw6Fh4XBvPwmclRRnGvtDG9bI7d7G
MS9NLoa2TXxMQtZD2JTIqMy_Bck7YgMZkuPuAowpDxWjFE2golxyh0ywtPiP4PNDOr5c.
• Wall ribs image at slide 63 was retrieved from https://2wvx7qb0kgarxirx3i60lj8v-
wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Exeter-Cathedral-engagement-ring-
setting.jpg.
• Stellar vaulting image at slide 64 was retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_
Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/378px-
Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg.
• Perpendicular vaulting image at slide 65 was retrieved from
https://www.britainexpress.com/images/attractions/editor/churches/Kings-College-3510.jpg.
• Tudor vaulting images at slide 66 were retrieved from https://www.peartree-
miniatures.co.uk/topics/gothic/gloucester_vault.jpg,
• Trussed rafter roof at slide 67 was retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/1rBZRpzYkGfdenTEVoRAjLRyoOWZ-
8ajwx0gDaZMbHhLXC5PyJwnNlStWDJG5wFiKoyWnUgNwke1WGnjAtld0nl8pz8abex3Lk6r6iTp0-
yfee4.
• Tie beam roof image at slide 68 was retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/W5rKSjm_shvgZOoPE-
jz3SWZrFMX52LwJiSJbPhbq9U2jnSltcqSaKOH7ROIe08wR-
lhcGCuxPi11LdEd12XW6xfXHA8F_ZmrNZy3UNLtFP8og.
• Hammer beam roof image at slide 69 was retrieved from
http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/gothic/13c.jpg.
• Double hammer beam roof image at slide 70 was retrieved from
http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/gothic/13c.jpg.
• Collar based roof image at slide 71 was retrieved from
http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/gothic/13d.jpg.
• Aisle roof image at slide 72 was retrieved from
http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/gothic/13f.jpg.
• Mialn Cathedral images were retrieved from https://media.tacdn.com/media/attractions-splice-
spp-674x446/07/71/3a/16.jpg and
https://previews.123rf.com/images/masterlu/masterlu1711/masterlu171100025/90047588-
milan-italy-october-24-2017-interior-of-the-milan-cathedral-duomo-di-milano-milan-duomo-is-
 IMAGE REFERENCES
• Milan cathedral video at slide 94 was retrieved from https://youtu.be/9OZjtSEEUrE.
• Basilica de san Antonio Padua images at slide 96 were retrieved from
https://www.santantonio.org/sites/default/files/styles/slider_pagina_semplice/public/pagina-
semplice/galleries/altare_maggiore.jpg?itok=y5SkpAmS and
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/FKFwahec9eEavSdcfnsISbMrmnHpgvjp0eOJM4UQ6iVVS
EOe-4mBkUDtpOtYqvXMazg_innT7-
iDm3p4wpYduMn2fN59pSEUPjyom52_IMiqGb9EDQcKGZfWbnERpPBnbvzNLqnCwzibbqbD-
citp1GstRn2Bg.
• "International and National Shrines". gcatholic.org. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
• St. Anthony's Tongue
• Giovanni e Paolo images at slide 97 were retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/sgzmk3Yc2oaS70MeQhOHG-ipz5G0ojEc-
mwRDZK7vHKBDqfpbEb9K4difB_st_seHgMdDrFQpvFc078NMf2CLrMj_cZF3Of-
SJugIOBk8xaHwj0csg89oLNrijtSz-gbxtpMLPe2atbMSABXGTayvBM8E4k8RA and
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_Venice_i
nterior_01.jpg/1280px-Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_Venice_interior_01.jpg.
• S. Andrea Vercelli images at slide 98 were retrieved from https://www.ilprimatonazionale.it/wp-
content/uploads/2019/06/santandrea-vercelli.jpg and
https://previews.123rf.com/images/clodio/clodio1408/clodio140800192/30884793-vercelli-
piedmont-italy-interior-of-the-sant-andrea-church-of-medieval-era.jpg.
• Doge’s palace images at slide 100 were retrieved from https://blog.headout.com/wp-
content/uploads/2018/03/palazzo_ducale_large_02-1200x769.jpg and
https://www.inexhibit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Doges-Palace-Venice-interior.jpg and
https://c8.alamy.com/comp/FP5X6E/doges-palace-detail-venice-italy-FP5X6E.jpg.
• Ca D’ Oro images at slide 101 were retrieved from
https://www.mignonvenice.com/sites/default/files/field/image/ca_doro_venezia.jp,
https://cdn2.civitatis.com/italia/venecia/guia/ca-d-oro.jpg, and https://thedesignedit.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/05/dysfunctional-virgil-abloh-alaska-acqua-alta-series@2x.jpg.
• Florence Cathedral images at slide 103 were retrieved from https://theculturetrip.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/01/duomo-florence-toiles-filantes-flikr.jpg and
https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/interior-of-the-duomo-florence-italy-picture-
id619770990?k=6&m=619770990&s=170667a&w=0&h=7ZgolhytL6HfVOxPiPeuNjXo343jwzGKPjNr
AqUy8i8=.
• Florence cathedral campanille image was retrieved from
https://previews.123rf.com/images/rasoft/rasoft1505/rasoft150500090/39850703-perspective-
of-the-giotto-bell-tower-in-square-of-the-duomo-in-florence.jpg.
• Florence cathedral baptistery image at slide 107 was retrieved from
https://cdn.civitatis.com/italia/florencia/galeria/baptisterio-catedral-florencia.jpg.
• Orveita cathedral images at slide 108 were retrieved from https://cdn.britannica.com/50/151350-
050-D200FD0C/Interior-Orvieto-Cathedral-Lorenzo-Maitani.jpg and
https://media.tacdn.com/media/attractions-splice-spp-674x446/0a/4f/65/9b.jpg.
• S. Maria Novella images at slide 109 were retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/LFZS07Ub1ztQ3OjKnUR2FTBsVCgn_qz6GXtlksiUX51Dvv
70lwBwH5sQaM2RLtBSsPXmI9jjLn2w95E8QEPsiFiiI5OJN_KNETK-
aAlMBUOXi0PpucooXTY8n4L3pJ8WU9sbRn71wOHpDySkxpH6tlzV and
https://cdn1.discovertuscany.com/img/florence/churches/smn-
interior.jpg?auto=compress,enhance,format&w=.
• Palermo cathedral images at slide 112 were retrieved from https://media-
cdn.sygictraveldata.com/media/800x600/612664395a40232133447d33247d38373736303633363
8 and https://europenomad.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/dscf6358.jpg.
• Cologne cathedral images at slide 116 were retrieved from https://blog.radissonblu.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/07/Cologne-Cathedral-and-view-over-Rhine-River.jpg,
https://image.arrivalguides.com/x/00/d7bd3b3772f7301b6de864b3f9f64bfb.jpg,, and
https://blog.radissonblu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Choir-of-Cologne-Cathedral-
interior.jpg.
• Freiburg minster images at slide 117 were retrieved from
https://assets.maqnify.com/products/attachments/000/000/327/large/12_Muenster_01.jpg?148
190656 and https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/inside-freiburg-minster-germany-july-nave-
cathedral-im-breisgau-southwest-germany-last-duke-46042787.jpg.
• Regensburg cathedral images at slide 118 were retrieved from
https://i1.trekearth.com/photos/43511/reg3.jpg and
https://www.vikingrivercruises.co.uk/images/Regensburg_St_Peters_Interior.350.2x1_tcm23-
149299.jpg.
• Ulm Minster images at slide 119 were retrieved from https://i.redd.it/z35n7pup26001.jpg and
https://ih0.redbubble.net/image.759820007.0758/flat,1000x1000,075,f.u3.jpg.
 IMAGE REFERENCES
• Frauenkirche cathedral images at slide 120 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Frauenkirche_Munich_-
_View_from_Peterskirche_Tower2.jpg and https://www.planetware.com/photos-
large/D/germany-munich-cathedral-interior.jpg.
• St. Stephen, Vienna images at slide 121 were retrieved from
https://www.planetware.com/photos-large/A/austria-vienna-st-stephens-cathedral-2.jpg,
https://www.planetware.com/photos-large/A/interior-stephansdom.jpg, and
https://kleesbutterfly.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/wien-206-edited1.jpg.
• Prague cathedral images at slide 122 were retrieved from
https://www.welcometoprague.eu/storage/upload/images/sightseeing/prague-castle-st-vitus-
cathedral.jpg and https://c0.wallpaperflare.com/preview/69/191/594/st-vitus-cathedral-prague-
st-vitus-cathedral.jpg.
• Town hall, munster image at slide 124 was retrieved from
https://media.istockphoto.com/photos/town-hall-of-mnster-in-germany-picture-id1028766360/
• Town Hall, Cologne image at slide 125 was retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rathaus-K%C3%B6ln.JPG/1200px-
Rathaus-K%C3%B6ln.JPG.
• Town Hall Wein, Austria image at slide 126 was retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/NyF3gQsERVF_V0r6fjqaC1BSee5Av_cx9FNcPQUqbb9LN
nU6dk1MkJ5kQw2U_45cP6qW0v-9BEzcHPNHKv8smPMpotaqglqGCExLhu4ytOOr.
• Custom House, Nuremberg image at slide 127 was retrieved from
https://www.nuremberg.museum/img/behaim_012_o.jpg.
• Kaiserworth Hotel Gorsal, Germany image at slide 128 was retrieved from
https://cf.bstatic.com/images/hotel/max1024x768/919/91912237.jpg.
• Old houses images were retrieved from https://www.penguinandpia.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/09/things-to-do-in-erfurt-germany-Kr%C3%A4merbr%C3%BCcke-
exterior.jpg and
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/9c/ae/dc/9caedc01fec60b078863e92be77ed100.jpg.
• Horseshoe image at slide 132 as retrieved from
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ff/4b/73/ff4b73490d50076ff5e2298e918714d0.jpg.
• Pierced stone tracery image at slide 132 was retrieved from
https://www.christies.com/img/LotImages/2011/CSK/2011_CSK_05068_0404_000(a_large_pair_o
f_spanish_gothic_tracery_screen_panels_16th_century_and060747).jpg?mode=max.
• Spanish intricate geometric pattern image at slide 132 was retrieved from
https://as2.ftcdn.net/jpg/02/77/32/17/500_F_277321714_BItOQMAQdzWbqygBTRO9DaEtGcFJ5r
76.jpg.
• Cimborio image at slide 132 was retrieved from https://www.lookandlearn.com/history-
images/preview/M/M085/M085238_Section-of-Cimborio-at-Salamanca.jpg.
• Retablo image at slide 132 was retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/BpBBQQdxBBl2V1iASAx4j3U597EjBhRxVcVogJpHXeKcIA
GVwzP9GJ_tygw06eDzj2YVZdzl15qPyLGDPI-4dWPRQndk7vM2-zhSWw.
• Salamanca Cathedral images at slide 134 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Salamanca_Catedral.JPG and
https://travelpast50.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/spain_salamanca_cathedral-choir.jpg.
• Barcelona cathedral images at slide 135 were retrieved from
https://res.cloudinary.com/fleetnation/image/private/c_fit,w_1120/g_south,l_text:style_gothic2:
%C2%A9%20Stephen%20Barna,o_20,y_10/g_center,l_watermark4,o_25,y_50/v1503083494/yohy
4khpovrdwh67sp4b.jpg and
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Catedral_de_Barcelona_-_Interior5.JPG.
• Leon Cathedral images at slide 136 were retrieved from
https://static.thousandwonders.net/Le%C3%B3n.Cathedral.original.18485.jpg and
https://travelpast50.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Leon-Cathedral-windows-spain.jpg.
• Leon Cathedral video was retrieved from https://youtu.be/6iyQD6fZ6ik.
• Seville cathedral images at slide 137 were retrieved from https://devoursevillefoodtours.com/wp-
content/uploads/visit-seville-cathedral-exterior.jpg and
https://st3.idealista.com/cms/archivos/styles/idcms_social_tablet/public/2018-
11/media/image/CatedralSevilla.jpg?fv=y93elQhS&itok=abWXD6j2.
• Toledo Cathedral images at slide 138 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Toledo_Cathedral%2C_from_Plaza_del_A
yuntamiento.jpg, https://travelpast50.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Spain_toledo-cathedral-
crucifix-h.jpg, and https://travelpast50.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Spain_toledo-
cathedral-altar-gold.jpg.
• Valencia Cathedral images at slide 139 were retrieved from https://247valencia.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/10/cathedral-PHOTOSHOP-copia-SMALL-IMG_0788-copia.jpg,
https://img.locationscout.net/images/2017-09/valencia-cathedral-spain_l.jpeg,
 IMAGE REFERENCES
• La Lonja de la Seda image at slide 141 was retrieved from • TEXT
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/9frSQmOOhZj1RXURacyknDW8IHDHNNo8r_a0CcTbKvT
C-eBu-oa8vW_qAcAL36J0Aq63XgYNl5TQPfPFe8lkeq5E4onumTzld0qdW0vDxNjjHm6XBSveTSY.
• Torres de Serranos image at slide 142 was retrieved from https://www.barcelo.com/guia-
turismo/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/torres-de-serranos.jpg.
• Antwerp cathedral images at slide 145 were retrieved from
https://www.visitflanders.com/en/binaries/7ed31009-dede-4c2e-b881-1580b5d95244_tcm13-
132125.jpg, and
https://d3d00swyhr67nd.cloudfront.net/w944h944/collection/WYL/LMG/WYL_LMG_128880-
001.jpg
• Utrecht cathedral images at slide 146 were retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Buurkerk_en_Domtoren.jpg and
https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/0b/3f/81/c0/st-martin-s-cathedral.jpg.
• St. John’s – Hertogenbosch image at slide 147 was retrieved from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Madurodam_-
_St._John%27s_Basilica_in_%27s-Hertogenbosch_-_panoramio.jpg.
• Town hall, bruges image at slide 148 was retrieved from https://cache-
graphicslib.viator.com/graphicslib/page-
images/742x525/113249_Bruges_TownHall_iStock_000015024740Small.jpg.
• Town hall, Leuven image at slide 149 was retrieved from
https://previews.123rf.com/images/borisb17/borisb171806/borisb17180600110/103183763-
grote-markt-main-market-square-with-town-hall-leuven-belgium.jpg.
• Town Hall, Brussels image at slide 150 was retrieved from
https://www.tititudorancea.com/lib/edfiles/gm/stadhuis_van_brussel_21_crop_w4c.jpg.
• Town Hall, Oudenaarde image at slide 151 was retrieved from https://media-
cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/02/57/de/af/town-hall-of-oudenaarde.jpg.
• Town hall, ghent image at slide 152 was retrieved from
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/JxaFvtnfSJeqDLEnZn9OUohy45OckOJynX4FM5a1WIaOU
70T5bdq8vF52686AovI1DVV5ibNuEr5YN4jiM_R5bEJ8GiSlgasj7NsGZazWybzgPFOt3g-
BZic2yLBoXAVR6Swo023fQ.
• Town hall, Middelburg image at slide 153 was retrieved from https://heavenly-holland.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/05/Middelburg01.jpg.
• Chartes cathedral stained glass image was retrieved from https://cdn.britannica.com/85/177985-
050-A93347BB/stained-glass-Beautiful-Window-Chartres-Cathedral-Virgin.jpg.
 REFERENCES
• "Carcassonne". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
• Léon Palustre ( dir. ), L'architecture de la Renaissance , Paris, 7 rue Saint-Benoît, former Quentin
house, Combined Booksellers-Imprimerie,1892 ( ISBN 978-1-5087-0118-7 )
• " The Town Hall " [ archive ] , on http://www.histoire-compiegne.com [ archive ] ,2015 (accessed
March 15, 2017 )
• " HÔTEL DE VILLE DE COMPIÈGNE " [ archive ] , on http://www.encyclopedie.picardie.fr [ archive
] ,2014 (accessed March 15, 2017 )
• “ Hôtel de ville ” [ archive ] , notice n o PA00114622, base Mérimée , French Ministry of Culture
• Amable Floquet, Histoire du parlement de Normandie, 7 volumes, Rouen, Édouard Frère, 1840–
1842
• Olivier Chaline, Godart de Belbeuf : le parlement, le roi et les Normands, Luneray, Bertout, 1996,
ISBN 2-86743-250-2
• (ed. Nicolas Plantrou), Du Parlement de Normandie à la Cour d'appel de Rouen 1499–1999, Rouen,
1999
• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Arras_h%C3%B4tel_de_ville.jpg.
• Camille Enlart, Arras avant la guerre, Paris: H. Laurens, 1916, p. 16
• Florian Pharaon, Voyage impérial dans le nord de la France : 26-27-28-29-30 août 1867, Paris:
Imprimerie de L. Danel, p. 124
• Historic England. "Cathedral Church of St Augustine, including Chapter House and cloisters
(1202129)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
• Smith 1970, p. 6.
• J H Bettey, Bristol Cathedral the Rebuilding of the Nave, University of Bristol (Bristol branch of the
Historical Association), 1993
• Walker 2001, pp. 12–18.
• "St Augustine's Abbey". University of the West of England. Archived from the original on 4
November 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
• McNeill 2011, pp. 32–33.
• Willis-Bund, John William (1905), The Civil War In Worcestershire, 1642–1646: And the Scotch
Invasion Of 1651, Birmingham: The Midland Educational Company
• "Timeline - Lincoln Cathedral". Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October
2018.
• "Floorplan - Lincoln Cathedral". Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 4
October 2018.
• Blagdon-Gamlen, P. E. (1973). The Church Travellers Directory. London: Church Literature
Association. p. 69.
• Historic England. "Cathedral Church of St Andrew, Chapter House and Cloisters (1382901)".
National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
• "Dimensions of Westminster Abbey" (PDF). westminster-abbey.org. Archived (PDF) from the
original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
• Newcomb, Rexford (1997). "Abbey". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. I A to
Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier. pp. 8–11.
• Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1291494)". National Heritage List for
England. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
• "History". Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 3 July
2014. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
• "Coronations". Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on 14
July 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2008.Westminster-abbey.org
• "Royal Weddings at Westminster Abbey". Westminster Abbey. Archived from the original on
14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
• Castle, Stephen (15 June 2018). "Stephen Hawking Enters 'Britain's Valhalla,' Where Space Is
Tight". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January
2019.
• Page, William (1909). "'Benedictine monks: St Peter's abbey, Westminster', in A History of the
County of London: Volume 1, London Within the Bars, Westminster and Southwark,". London.
pp. 433–457. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
• "Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity". British Listed Buildings. Archived from the original on
20 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
• Alec Clifton-Taylor, The Cathedrals of England (Thames & Hudson, 1969)
• "York Minster". York Minster. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
• Historic England. "Cathedral Church of St Peter, York Minster (1257222)". National Heritage
List for England. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
• Bigland, John (1815). Yorkshire; or, Original Delineations, Topographical, Historical, and
Descriptive of That County. London. p. 211. OCLC 19912009. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
• "York Minster a Medieval Cathedral" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February
2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
• Cartwight, Mark. Conay castle retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Conwy_Castle/.
 REFERENCES
• Allen Brown, Reginald (1984), The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide, B. T. Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-
4089-9
• Avent, Richard (2010), "The Conservation and Restoration of Caernarfon Castle 1845–1912", in
Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.), The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales, Oxford, UK: Oxbow
Books, pp. 140–149, ISBN 978-1-84217-380-0
• Brears, Peter (2010), "Food Supply and Preparation at the Edwardian Castles", in Williams, Diane;
Kenyon, John (eds.), The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 85–98,
ISBN 978-1-84217-380-0
• Coldstream, Nicola (2003), "Architects, Advisers and Design at Edward I's Castles in Wales",
Architectural History, 46: 19–36, JSTOR 1568798 (subscription required)
• Taylor 1987, p. 125; Creighton & Higham 2003, p. 49; Toy 1985, p. 161
• Ashbee, Jeremy (2007), Conwy Castle, Cardiff, UK: Cadw, ISBN 9781857602593
• Cadw (2005) [1996], Listed Buildings in Wales: What is Listing? (PDF) (3rd ed.), Cardiff, UK: Cadw, ISBN
1-85760-222-6, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2012, retrieved 1 October 2012.
• "Architects of the Veneranda Fabbrica del Duomo". duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 15
February 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
• "Art and History of the Duomo: Architecture". duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 30 April
2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
• "Capella Musicale" (in Italian). duomomilano.it. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017.
Retrieved 16 August 2016.
• See List of largest church buildings in the world.
• S. Baiocco, S. Castronovo, E. Pagella, Arte in Piemonte. Il Gotico, 2004, Priuli e Verlucca Editori, Ivrea,
ISBN 88-8068-225-3
• G. Vergani, "L'Italia settentrionale. Le contaminazioni del Gotico", in La Storia dell'Arte, Vol 5, cap. 13,
2006, Electa and La Biblioteca di Repubblica, Milan
• M. Cappellino, Il coro ligneo della basilica di S. Andrea. Agiografia Canonicale in un codice vercellese,
1989, Vercelli
• de Bardi, Gerolamo (1587). Dichiaratione di tutte le istorie che si contengono nei quadri posti
novamente nelle sale dello Scrutinio et del gran Consiglio del Palagio Ducale della Serenissima Republica
di Vinegia, nella quale si ha piena intelligenza delle più segnalate vittorie, conseguite di varie nationi del
mondo dai Vinitiani. Venezia: Felice Valgrisio.
• Cadorin, Giuseppe (1838). Pareri di XV architetti e notizie storiche intorno al palazzo ducale di Venezia.
Venezia. ICCU: IT\ICCU\SBL\0415914
• Leopoldo Cicognara (1840). Le fabbriche e i monumenti cospicui di Venezia. Antonelli. ICCU:
IT\ICCU\VEA\1062363
• Giovanni Battista Cipelli (1554). De exemplis illustrium virorum Venetae civitatis atque aliarum gentium.
VIII.
• Goy, Richard J. (1992). The House of Gold. Cambridge.
• Arslan, Edoardo (1979). Venezia gotica: l’architettura civile gotica veneziana. Milano: Electa.
pp. 225–237.
• Brusegan, Marcello (2007). I Palazzi di Venezia. Roma: Newton & Compton. pp. 275–279. ISBN
978-88-541-0820-2.
• Bartlett, Kenneth R. (1992). The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance. Toronto: D.C. Heath
and Company. ISBN 0-669-20900-7 (Paperback).
• King, Ross (2000). Brunelleschi's Dome: How a Renaissance Genius Reinvented Architecture.
London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 9781620401941.
• Jepson, Tim (2001). The National Geographic Traveler, Florence & Tuscany. National
Geographic Society. ISBN 978-90-215-9720-1.
• Henry A. Millon (ed.) (1994). Italian Renaissance Architecture: from Brunelleschi to
Michelangelo. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27921-2.
• Jepson, Tim (2001). The National Geographic Traveler Florence & Tuscany. Washington, D.C.:
National Geographic Society. ISBN 978-90-215-9720-1.
• Wirtz, Rolf C. (2005). Kunst & Architektur, Florenz (in German). Tandem Verlag GmbH. ISBN
978-3-8331-1576-9.
• Montrésor, Carlo (2000). The Opera del Duomo Museum in Florence. Florence, Italy:
Mandragora. ISBN 978-88-85957-59-6.
• von Schlosser, Julius (1896). Quellenbuch zur Kunstgeschichte des abendländischen
Mittelalters. Ausgewählte Texte des vierten bis fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts, gesammelt von
Julius von Schlosser (in German). Wien, C. Graeser. ISBN 978-88-7166-096-7. (Describes the
relations between Florentine art and medieval scholastic doctrines.)
• Giorgio Verdiani, Firenze delle Torri: Architetture verticali e loro intorno, Firenze, Alinea 2005
ISBN 88-8125-647-9
• Some of these relics, including the guard tower and the impluvium of the house, are on display
at the National Archaeological Museum, Florence[7]
• A 20th-century restoration by Leonetto Tintori revealed that the Peruzzi Chapel scenes were
painted in tempera on dry plaster rather than true fresco.[1]
• World Heritage Committee, UNESCO (16 July 2006). "World Heritage Scanned Nominations:
Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof" (PDF). Retrieved 21 November 2018.
• David M. Gillerman (1994). "The Evolution of the Design of Orvieto Cathedral, ca. 1290–1310"
(PDF). The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. Society of Architectural
Historians. 53 (3): 300–321. doi:10.2307/990939. JSTOR 990939.
 REFERENCES
• Harding, Catherine. "Orvieto". In J. Turner (ed.). Grove Dictionary of Art (2nd ed.). Oxford University • Camón Aznar, José. Historia general del arte, Tomo XVIII, colección Summa Artis. La escultura
Press. ISBN 0-19-517068-7. y la rejería españolas del siglo XVI. Editorial Espasa Calpe S.A. Madrid 1961.
• James, Sara Nair (2003). Signorelli and Fra Angelico at Orvieto: Liturgy, Poetry, and a Vision of the End- • Camón Aznar, José; Morales y Marín, José Luis; Valdivieso, Enrique. Historia general del arte,
time. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-0813-1. Tomo XXVII, colección Summa Artis. Arte español del siglo XVIII. Editorial Espasa Calpe S.A.
• Pope Hennessy, J. (1955). Italian Gothic Sculpture. London.
Madrid 1984.
• Riess, Jonathan B. (1995). Luca Signorelli: The San Brizio Chapel, Orvieto (Great Fresco Cycles of the
Renaissance). George Braziller. ISBN 0-8076-1312-6.
• Chueca Goitia, Fernando (1975), La Catedral De Toledo (in Spanish), Riga: Everest, ISBN 84-
• Torriti, Piero. The Cathedral of Orvieto. Bonechi Edizioni. ISBN 88-7204-612-2. 241-4719-7
• White, John (1959). "The Reliefs on the Façade of the Duomo at Orvieto". Journal of the Warburg and • Borst, P. (1997). Graven en begraven in de Dom van Utrecht (in Dutch). Bunnik: Reinders. ISBN
Courtauld Institutes. 22 (3/4): 254–302. doi:10.2307/750692. 9789072507266.
• Decker, Heinrich (1969) [1967]. The Renaissance in Italy: Architecture • Sculpture • Frescoes. New • Albers, P.S.J. (1904), Geschiedenis van het herstel der hierarchie in de Nederlanden [History of
York: The Viking Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-670-59395-8. the restoration of the Catholic Hierarchy in the Netherlands] (in Dutch), II, L.C.G. Malmberg,
• Giovanni Bonanno. Cattedrali di Sicilia. M. Grispo, 2000. Nijmegen
• Der schönste Turm auf Erden, Badische Zeitung, Seite 17, 10. März 2005 • Coppens, J.A. (1840), Nieuwe beschrijving van het bisdom van 's Hertogenbosch [New
• "Freiburg Münster (Cathedral) – Our landmark". Freiburg Tourism. Retrieved 16 April 2019. description of the diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch] (in Dutch), J.F. Demelinne, 's-Hertogenbosch
• "BIOPRO Home". archive.is. 12 March 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 16
• Peeters, C.J.A.C. (1964), De Sint Janskathedraal te 's-Hertogenbosch [St. John's Cathedral in 's-
April 2019.
• "Herzlich Willkommen in der Münstergemeinde Ulm" [Welcome to the Münster community of Ulm] (in
Hertogenbosch] (in Dutch), Staatsuitgeverij Den Haag, Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg,
German). Retrieved 27 September 2018. Zeist
• "Rising from Rubble 1945-1960". Munich Official City Portal. 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010. • Vis, G.N.M.; Janse, W. (2002). Staf en storm : het herstel van de bisschoppelijke hiërarchie in
• "Cathedral to our lady". Munich-info. 2007. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 21 Nederland in 1853: actie en reactie. Hilversum: Verloren. p. 235. ISBN 9065507264. OCLC
December 2010. 783087573.
• "Building History (in German)". Der Münchner Dom. 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2010. • Arne Vandewalle; prof. dr. Linda Van Santvoort (supervisor) (2010). "Louis Delacenserie
• Calculation of the volume of the Frauenkirche (in German) (1838-1909): meer dan neogothiek?" (PDF). doctoral dissertation. Universiteit Gent. Retrieved
• "Munich churches:Frauenkirche". My Travel Munich. 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2010. 5 August 2015.
• Hold, Gabriella (26 May 2010). "Church concedes battle for St. Vitus". The Prague Post.
• Garcia Vincente, Jose (2002). "Catedral Nueva". Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved
2007-09-10.
• Rui Silva (2006-11-16). "O Astronauta da Catedral de Salamanca" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2008-07-
17.
• Article at Snopes
• Though sometimes inaccurately so-called, the famous Sagrada Família is not a cathedral
• http://www.catedralbcn.org/
• Edward Steese, "The Great Churches of Catalonia" Parnassus 7.3 (March, 1935:9-12) p. 9.
• Patterson, Margot (1 April 2004). "To build a cathedral is immense, crazy work". National Catholic
Register. Retrieved 12 January 2007.