PHINMA COC College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23

EDU 536 - THE TEACHER AND THE COMMUNITY,

SCHOOL CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL 6. A teacher who lives this philosophy is the type of
LEADERSHIP teacher who is meticulous.
A. behaviorism
MULTIPLE CHOICE B. progressivism
Direction: Choose the correct option that answers or C. constructivism
completes the following questions or statements. D. linguistic philosophy
1. Which of the following best describes a positive 7. They defined school rituals as produces or routines
school culture? that are infused with deeper significance.
A. a school where everyone is happy all the time A. Peterson and Deal (2009)
B. a school where everyone is polite all the time B. Ott (1989)
C. a school where everyone performs well in a C. Sarason (1996)
standardized test D. Peterson (1998)
D. a school where everyone feels a sense of belonging
8. It involves the amount of emphasis the school places
2. Which of the following makes a school unique from on the continuous growth and development of faculty
other schools and makes the school active and alive? members as professionals.
A. School rituals A. professional orientation
B. School Tradition B. organizational structure
C. School Ceremonies C. quality of the learning environment
D. None of the above D. student-centered
3. This demonstrates how the students, staff, and 9. The following are the DepEd Core Values, except?
community look at the institution; how safe the school A. Maka-Diyos
makes the stakeholders feel while on campus; and how B. Maka-tao
high the level of rigor within the classroom. C. Makakalikasan
A. school culture D. Makabayan
B. school norm
C. school policy 10. Chris fosters a culture of responsibility and
D. School rules accountability within his team by holding regular team
meetings, creating a project plan, and rewarding team
4. It is the foundation of school culture elements that members who take initiative. This creates a sense of
determine the philosophies and standards the ownership and motivates them to take more
individuals will assimilate and incorporate into o their responsibility. What principle is being demonstrated by
everyday teaching and learning (Rhodes, Stevens, and Chris?
Hemmings, 2011). A. Create an atmosphere of responsibility in your group.
A. Mission B. See to it that every task is clearly understood,
B. Vision monitored, and accomplished.
C. Both a and b C. Commit and train your people to collaborate as a
D. Neither a and team.
D. Decisions must be sound and time bound.
5. Samantha, a program head in Mabungay Elementary
School, noticed that one of her teacher James is visibly 11. Teacher Lai always make sure that her students
upset and distracted. Rather than ignoring it, she took construct meaning to what they experience inside and
him aside and asked how he was doing. She took the outside the classroom. What educational philosophy is
time to understand James' situation and offer support, being practiced by Teacher Lai?
helping him cope with his personal crisis and ensure he A. Behaviorism
didn't burn out at work. What principle is being B. Linguistic Philosophy
demonstrated by Samantha? C. Constructivism
A. Be a good example. d. Progressivism
B. Knowledge of the people around you and be aware
of their welfare. 12. Who is the advocate of progressivism philosophy?
C. Commit and train your people to collaborate as a A. Jean Piaget
team B. John Dewey
D. See to it that every task is clearly understood, C. John Locke
monitored, and accomplished.
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D. Abraham Maslow
13. Which of the following refers to the beliefs,
perceptions, attitudes, and written and unwritten rules
that influence every aspect of a school?
A. School Traditions
B. School Culture
C. School Ritual
D. School Ceremonies
14. This includes the type of leadership that exists at the
school who is involved in leadership activities,
formulation of goals or action plans, and commitment
regarding organizational goals.
A. professional orientation
B. quality of learning
C. organizational structure
D. student-centered
15. It is the understanding of the world around us. They
are consciously held, cognitive views about truth and
reality (Ott, 1989) and how we understand the world and
people around us while assumptions are a set of beliefs,
perceptions, and values that guide behavior.
A. Values
B. Mission
C. Vision
D. Beliefs
16. Ms. Rodriguez is the principal of a large public high
school with over 2,000 students when she receives
news that a student has tested positive for COVID-19.
She immediately calls for a meeting with her
administrative team to discuss how to handle the
situation. She shares all the information she has about
the students’ diagnosis, including when the student was
last on campus, who they had been in contact with, and
what steps the school needs to take to ensure the
safety of students and staff. What principle is being
done by the school head?
A. Knowledge of the people around you and be aware
of their welfare.
B. Share information with people of one’s domain.
C. Decisions must be sound and time bound.
D. Create an atmosphere of responsibility in your group
17. Which is a teacher-centered philosophy?
A. progressivist
B. behaviorist
C. constructivist
D. none of the above
18. The following are examples of school rituals except:
A. Greeting the Teacher as students encounter them all
along
B. Conducting flag ceremonies every morning
College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23
C. Observing the honoring gesture or “pagmamano”
gesture
D. Holding Recollection activities to the graduating
batch
19. This is determined by assessing the degree to which
students are continually engaged in substantive,
cognitively challenging activities.
A. quality of the learning environment
B. student-centered
C. professional orientation
D. organizational structure
20.It is the unspoken rules for what is regarded as
customary or acceptable behavior and action within the
school.
A. Norms
B. Mission
C. Vision
D. Beliefs
21. Mr. Lee is the principal of a small private school that
prides itself on providing a high-quality education to its
students. One day, he observes that the school’s
maintenance staff is not performing their duties to the
expected level of proficiency. To ensure that the
maintenance staff understands what is expected of
them, he provides them with a detailed list of tasks and
standards.
A. Commit and train your people to collaborate as a
team
B. Knowledge of the people around you and be aware
of their welfare.
C. Proficiency must be observed in every task.
D. Master yourself and find ways to improve.
22. It is the teacher’s rule of thumb that any disorder
and chaos in class must be monitored and be minimized
or totally eradicated in order to produce the best
learning outcomes. What educational philosophy is
being described?
A. progressivism
B. behaviorism
C. constructivism
D. none of the above
23. Arranging a school camping is an example of?
A. School Traditions
B. School Culture
C. School Ritual
D. School Ceremonies
24. These are effective schools. The people in these
schools actively work together to respond to their
changing context, and to keep developing.
A. strolling schools
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 PHINMA COC College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23

B. cruising schools
C. struggling schools
D. moving schools
25. What is the first word in the DepEd Vision?
A. Were4èě
B. Where
C. We
D. To
26. Ms. Davis is the principal of a middle that serves a
diverse student population. As a leader, she believes in
the importance of s school self-improvement and
continuous learning. Ms. Davis is always looking for
ways to improve her leadership skills and her school’s
academic performance. What principle does she uphold
as a leader?
A. Commit and train your people to collaborate as a
team
B. Knowledge of the people around you and be aware
of their welfare.
C. Proficiency must be observed in every task.
D. Master yourself and find ways to improve.
31. Mrs. Cruz took responsibility for the decline in
students' academic performance and held a meeting
with stakeholders to address the issue. Her leadership
style fostered a culture of responsibility and
accountability, leading to improved academic
performance and a stronger sense of teamwork.
A. Create an atmosphere of responsibility in your
group.
B. Decisions must be sound and time bound.
C. Do not evade responsibilities and be accountable to
your own actions.
D. Be a good example.
32. Which of the following philosophy gives emphasis
on communicative competence. A teacher who is
mindful of this philosophy would demand that students
be taught how to communicate clearly in both oral and
written.
A. behaviorism
B. Constructivism
C. Progressivism
D. Linguistic Philosophy

27. A teacher who will not settle for sharing of 33. These are significant events that have a special
knowledge, ideas, and concepts alone but is rather history and meaning and occur year in and year out.
aware that all the learning experiences he/she provides A. School Traditions
are meaningful in order to be carried over to the outside B. School Culture
world is upholding the philosophy of? C. School Ritual
A. Behaviorism D. School Ceremonies
B. Constructivism
C. Progressivism 34. What typology of school is generally being
D. Linguistic Philosophy perceived as effective and efficient by teachers,
administrators, and stakeholders which is usually
28. These are elaborated as culturally sanctioned located in higher socio-economic status areas where
events that provide a welcome spiritual boost also students achieve and score well on standardized
known as periodic communal events. measures?
A. School Traditions A. moving school
B. School Culture B. cruising school
C. School Ritual C. strolling school
D. School Ceremonies D. struggling school

29. These are average schools. These are neither 35. In the DepEd Mission who are actively engaged and
particularly effective or ineffective. Efforts are made share responsibility for developing life-long learners?
towards improvements but at an inadequate pace. A. Parents, community, and other stakeholders
A. strolling schools B. Parents, society, and other stockholders
B. cruising schools C. Family, society, and other stockholders
C. struggling schools D. Family, society, and other stakeholders
D. moving school
36. Mr. Johnson is the principal of a new charter school
30. In the DepEd Mission who facilitates learning and that is set to open in a few months. He is task-focused
constantly nurtures every learner? and sets strict deadlines for each task. He also
A. Student recognizes the importance of building relationships with
B. Teacher his staff and creating a positive school culture.
C. Stakeholders However, his task-focused behavior can make him
D. Parents appear anxious and impatient, which can be stressful
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 PHINMA COC College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23

for his staff. What is the BEST theory of leadership A. create bright, clean, and organized spaces
describing this scenario? B. buy lots of posters with cute kittens
A. Situational Theory of Leadership C. make sure students bring materials from home
B. Task Behavior Theory of Leadership D. only let students use materials that don’t cost too
C. Relationship Behavior Theory of Leadership much
D. Contingency Theory of Leadership
43. According to Peterson and Dean
37. A teacher who model a good communication skill is (2009)__________is a procedure or routine that is
a teacher who strongly upholds the philosophy of? infused with deeper significance.
A. Behaviorism A. School Traditions
B. Progressivism B. School Culture
C. Linguistic Philosophy C. School Ritual
D. Constructivism D. School Ceremonies

38. Celebrating Christmas and Christmas Party are all
example of?
A. School Traditions
B. School Culture
C. School Ritual
D. School Ceremonies
39. How do major theories of sociology of education
view culture?
A. Culture assumes that a common language and
values help in the attainment of peace and harmony.
B. Culture may be used to maintain privilege and
exclude others from the benefits of the society.
C. Culture can be created, maintained, and modified
culture based from their activities
D. all of the above
40. In the DepEd Mission who ensure an enabling and
supportive environment for effective learning to
happen?
A. Administrators and stuff, as stewards of the institution
B. Administrators and staff, as stewards of the
institution.
C. Administrators and stuff, as rewards of the institution
D. Administrations and stuff, as rewards of the
institution
41. Mrs. Villanueva is the principal of a large public high
school that serves a diverse student population. She is
very hands-on one her work and can easily adapt to her
surroundings. For example, when working with a new
teacher who is struggling to manage classroom
behavior, she takes a more directive approach. What is
the BEST theory of leadership describes on this
scenario?
A. Situational Theory of Leadership
B. Task Behavior Theory of Leadership
C. Relationship Behavior Theory of Leadership
D. Contingency Theory of Leadership
42. How can teachers create a positive learning
environment with classroom space?
44. These are ineffective schools often found in lower
SES areas. The staff is, either out of apathy or
ignorance, making no effort toward change. The
curriculum at these schools is undemanding and the
teachers explain away failure by blaming it on the
home-life of the students.
A. sinking schools
B. cruising schools
C. struggling schools
D. moving schools
45. Complete the statement: We dream of Filipinos who
passionately love their country and whose values and
competencies enable them to realize their full potential
and contribute ____________to building the nation.
A. Exceptionally
B. Potentially
C. Continuously
D. Meaningfully
46. Mr. Sanchez is the principal of a small private
school that values community and relationships. He
prioritizes building strong relationships with his staff
members and students to create a positive and
supportive learning environment. He values their input
and ideas and actively seeks out their feedback to
improve the school’s operations. What dimension of
leadership is being exhibited in this situation?
A. Values Behavior
B. Task Behavior
C. Emphatic Behavior
D. Relationship Behavior
47. Which of the following is an example of a toxic
school culture?
A. confronting negativity and hostility head-on
B. vigorously celebrate the positive and improving sides
of the school
C. reconnect staff to the mission of the school to help
children learn
D. often have actively hostile relations among staff
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 PHINMA COC College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23

48. Which of the following reflects the manner in which
you and the members of the staff share close and
positive relationships?
A. Symbol
B. Culture
C. Tradition
D. Mission and Vision
49. These are ineffective schools and they know it. They
have the will to improve but lack the direction or the
skill.
A. sinking schools
B. cruising schools
C. struggling schools
D. moving schools
50. How many core values does the DepEd have?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
51. Sarah is a newly hired employee. She finds herself
struggling to adapt to the company`s fast-paced and
complex work environment. She had a lot of questions,
but felt hesitant to ask her team leader, John, for
clarification. Due to this, she tends to commit mistakes
and poorly performed in her 3 months stay. What does
John failed to implement in this scenario?
A. Leadership Style
B. Structural and Process Quality
C. Mentoring, Coaching, and Empowerment
D. Influence vs. Authority
52. Which of the following is the best example of a
teacher applying a constructivist approach to student
learning?
A. A math teacher has students use hands-on materials
and real-world problems to acquire new concepts and
practice skills.
B. A language arts teacher provides students with a
concrete reward each time they turn in a written
assignment
C. A social studies teacher uses visual aids and logical
progression of ideas when presenting lectures about
new or unfamiliar topics.
D. A science teacher models the correct procedures for
performing complex experiments before having students
perform the experiments.
53. What is the purpose of school rituals?
A. a powerful means to both create and perpetuate
school culture.
B. can help distinguish your community from others and
imprint students for years to come.
C. not only energize students and faculty but also
reinforce their best selves.
D. All of the above
54. Refers to the collective efforts of the school staff to
focus on students as individual learners, with unique
characteristics.
A. professional orientation
B. organizational structure
C. quality of the learning environment
D. student-centered
55. Which of the following connotes a specific way or
pattern of running the organization, which is evident in
the leader's acts or behaviors as an administrator?
A. Leader
B. Leadership
C. Leadership style
D. Instructional Leadership
56. What is the key difference between influence and
authority in leadership?
A. Influence is the formalized position of authority.
B. Authority is about collaboration with productive
teams.
C. Influence is about cultivating relationships, while
authority is about occupying a position
D. Authority is about teamwork, while influence is about
leading a team
57. Which of the following is the TOXIC culture of staff?
A. Always share ideas, materials, or solutions to
classroom problems.
B. Supports every activity of the school’
C. View student as the problem rather than as their
valued clients.
D. All of the above
58. Which of the following does not belong to the
group?
A. Rise and Shine with Morning Assembly.
B. Flag Retreat
C. Foundation Day
D. Greeting Teachers at the start of the class
59. In Mahiwaga National High School, teachers work
together, share the same educational values, and are
committed to improving their teaching and the school as
a whole. Which of the following characteristic is inhibited
by the teachers?
A. Jealousy
B. Punctuality
C. Collaboration
D. Patience

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 PHINMA COC College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23

60. Who said that the leadership style of some leaders
is based on how they conceptualize service to others as
based on trust, integrity, empathy, follower
development, and empowerment?
A. Bush (2011)
B. J. Oswald Chamber
C. Deal (1985)
D. Joseph and Winston et al. (2006)
61. What is the recommended question for leaders to
reflect on in order to build strong relationships with their
followers?
A. How can I establish my position of authority over my
followers?
B. What can I do to make sure my followers respect me
as their leader?
C. How can I cultivate influence with my followers?
D. How can I create productive teams within my
authority?
D. Bureaucratic Leadership.
66. Why is it important for leaders to mentor and coach
newly hired personnel?
A. To show off their wisdom and experience
B. To facilitate work and minimize problems in the
organization
C. To create a sense of threat among the less
experienced employees
D. To make the newly hired personnel feel inferior and
incompetent
67. What kind of school environment will most
effectively encourage the new teacher for active
participation in the school’s unique educational culture?
A. constructive feedback
B. involvement in planning/designing activities
C. induction/orientation program
D. briefing with colleagues

62. What is one common characteristic of a positive
school culture.
A. The classrooms are chaotic and messy.
B. Academics are prioritized over social and emotional
learning.
C. Children are not involved in decisions about their
learning.
D. Differences are noticed, admired, and taken
seriously.
68. Culture is a learned ________________ system that
consists of patterns of traditions, beliefs, values, norms,
meanings, and symbols that are passed on from one
generation to the next and are shared to varying
degrees by interacting members of a community.
A. normative
B. meaning
C. language
D. group

63. Culturally shared ________ involve answers to 69. Derbyshire International School is often in deprived
questions such as human origins, concepts of time, areas, and constantly blames poor parenting or
space, reality, and the existence of a supernatural unprepared children when negative scenarios occur at
being. school.
A. traditions The given scenario is an example of which school
B. beliefs culture?
C. norms A. sinking schools
D. values B. cruising schools
C. strolling schools
64. In Corneila College, Staff relationships are collegial, D. moving schools
collaborative, and productive, and all staff members are
held to high professional standards. 70. This leader highly believes that his or her followers
The given scenario is an example of which school are matured and competent enough to be left alone.
culture? A. Laissez-Faire Leadership
A. sinking schools B. Transactional Leadership
B. cruising schools C. Transformational Leadership
C. struggling schools D. Bureaucratic Leadership.
D. moving schools
71. What should a leader do when their followers need
65. This is the style of leadership which according to clarification on their tasks?
Bush (2011) is currently in vogue so it renders closely A. Deny them enlightenment to maintain a power
with the present emphasis on vision as the central dynamic.
dimension of leadership. B. Provide unclear or incomplete answers to keep the
A. Laissez-Faire Leadership followers learn on their own.
B. Transactional Leadership C. Give answers to lead the followers to the standards
C. Transformational Leadership set in the performance of their tasks.
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 PHINMA COC College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23

D. Guide the followers for not understanding their tasks.
72. In a supportive learning environment, children’s
diverse strengths are ___________.
A. disregarded
B. honored
C. punished
D. discouraged
73. These can include myths, legends, ceremonies, and
rituals that are passed on from one generation to the
next via an oral or written medium.
A. Culturally shared traditions
B. Culturally shared beliefs
C. Cultural norms
D. Cultural values
74. Which of the following is NOT a positive effect of a
well-organized organizational structure in schools?
A. Reduced production problems
B. Provides a way to report and communicate
C. Inhibits superiority complex
D. Convey the sense of roles and responsibilities
75. This is a leadership style which is based on a
process of exchange (Bush, 2011).
A. Laissez-Faire Leadership
B. Transactional Leadership
C. Transformational Leadership
D. Bureaucratic Leadership
76. Why are structural and process quality important in
leadership?
A. They allow leaders to be more dominant in changing
the way their subordinates think.
B. They help leaders achieve more positive and
welcome results for the organization.
C. They create chaos and confusion in the organization.
D. They make the performance of followers well.
have heard the same words, but they attached differing
___________ to these words.
A. symbols
B. settings
C. goals
D. meanings
79. Amethyst School is neither particularly effective nor
ineffective, it is moving at an inadequate rate to cope
with the pace of change in both delivering instruction
and the school environment.
The given scenario is an example of which school
culture?
A. sinking schools
B. cruising schools
C. strolling schools
D. moving schools
80. What leadership styles when the leader consults
the followers’ opinion so that his or her plan of action
will be done?
A. Commanding
B. Involving
C. Persuading
D. Empowering
81. What is the consequence of taking away structural
and process quality in an organization?
A. The followers' performance will improve.
B. The organization will become more chaotic.
C. The followers' performance will be unsatisfactory.
D. The organization will become more flexible.
82. Which of the following statements is an example
positive school culture?
A. The school blames students for lack of progress.
B. The school discourages school collaboration.
C. The school celebrate school success.
D. The school breeds hostility among staff.

77. Which of the school activities helps to create a
positive learning environment?
A. Encouraging only the excellent performing personnel
to apply for promotion.
B. Encouraging to participate in accomplishing school
vision and goals.
C.Giving commendation to faculty/staff
accomplishments.
D. Providing clear expectations to the academic
community.
78. The instructor says to Brooke and Bianca, “You look
tired.” Although they both understand the words, Brooke
takes this to mean a comforting message and Bianca
believes she has been criticized. These two women
83. Mrs. Ferrer keeps on reminding her students to
wear the prescribed uniform but the teacher is the one
who violates the said policy. What principle of effective
organizational leadership was violated?
A. Commit and train your people to collaborate as a
team.
B. Decisions must be sound, and time-bound.
C. Create an atmosphere of responsibility in your group.
D. Be a good example.
84. The following are characteristics of a good quality
learning environment, EXCEPT;
A. Incorporating technology
B. Hazardous play area
C. Learning through play
D. Encouraging collaboration
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85. What type of leadership style when a leader of this
sort gives instructions to his or her subordinates
specifying what to do, and how they are going to do it
consciously?
A. Commanding
B. Involving
C. Persuading
D. Empowering
86. What is the benefit of providing structure in an
organization?
A. It enables leaders to micromanage their
subordinates.
B. It stifles creativity and innovation in the organization.
C. It reduces the autonomy of employees and
discourages independent thinking.
D. It helps leaders achieve order, discipline, and
objectivity.
87. Which of the following is the beliefs, perceptions,
attitudes, and written and unwritten rules that influence
every aspect of a school?
A. School norms
B. School culture
C. School traditions
D. School rituals
88. A leader is not an “island” who must be alone in his
work. Every leader must remember this: “You are not
the master of the universe.” As such you must work with
your followers to work as a team. What principle of
effective organizational leadership is this?
A. Commit and train your people to collaborate as a
team.
B. Decisions must be sound, and time bound.
C. Create an atmosphere of responsibility in your group.
D. Be a good example.
89. Which of the following is NOT a Learner-Centered
classroom environment?
A. Strong emphasis is placed on instruction
B. Use open-ended questioning techniques
C. Create individual self-paced assignments
D. Encourages group work and collaboration
90. The leader is too trusting that he or she delegates
the work to his or her followers with so much confidence
that it will be accomplished successfully. What type of
leadership style is being describe?
A. Commanding
B. Involving
C. Persuading
D. Empowering
College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23
91. Why do some leaders reserve the making of final
decisions for themselves instead of consulting with their
followers?
A. They do not trust their followers to make important
decisions.
B. They believe that their leadership style is superior to
their followers.
C. They prioritize collaboration in decision-making, but
final decision-making should be done by the leader.
D. They do not see the need to involve their followers in
decision-making.
92. Which of the following statements is an example of
TOXIC school culture?
A. Let students participate all the activities during
FOUNDATION DAYS.
B. Give students’ academic break once in a while.
C. Recognized student’s effort by giving certificates and
medals.
D. Discourage participation in all activities during
FOUNDATIONS DAYS and focus on academics and
continue class sessions instead.
93. Every leader must be firm with his or her decisions,
a leader whose unwavering decision is being held on
despite its unpopularity. Which of the following principle
does this characteristic belongs to?
A. Commit and train your people to collaborate as a
team.
B. Decisions must be sound, and time bound.
C. Create an atmosphere of responsibility in your group.
D. Be a good example.
94. In a class brainstorming session, students generate
a list of topics they would like to debate. One student
writes the suggestions on the board and then guides the
formation of pro and con debate teams.
Which of the following is inhibited in the scenario?
A. Student-centered learning
B. Subject-centered learning
C. Teacher-centered-learning
D. None of the above
95. This leadership style is the opposite of a
commanding leader; this approach is based on the
influence of the leader who never threatens but inspires
others to follow him or her.
A. Commanding
B. Involving
C. Persuading
D. Empowering
96. What is the MAIN issue emphasized in leadership
styles that needs to be addressed?
A. The need for delegation of power to subordinates.
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 PHINMA COC College of Education Second Sem SY 2022-23

B. The importance of maintaining control over all

decisions.
C. The need for leaders to always make decisions
alone.
D. The importance of always following a specific
leadership style.

97. According to Peterson and Deal(199), the following

are attributes of a positive school culture except;
A. A mission focused on student and teacher learning.
B. A rich sense of history and purpose
C. Core values of collegiality, performance, and
improvement that engender quality, achievement, and
learning for everyone.
D. All of the above

98. “through the transforming process, the motives of

the leader in the follower merge.” While shared vision of
the future is evident between the transformational
leader in his or her followers, yet high standards are set
with clear communication disseminated so that
everybody is aware of what to do. Who said that
statement?
A. Bush (2011)
B. J. Oswald Chamber
C. Miller and Miller (cited in Bush, 2011),
D. Joseph and Winston et al. (2006)

99. What is the main issue that dissuades teachers from

assuming leadership roles?
A. A lack of expertise and knowledge.
B. The pressure to maintain school culture norms.
C. The absence of support from colleagues.
D. The desire to avoid leadership responsibilities.

100. Who will serve as the conflict-resolution mediator

when disputes develop within the company?
A. The president
B. The leader
C. The follower
D. The subordinate