The EFL

Teacher’s
Guide
‫وليد خالد‬.‫مدرب اللغة د‬
The EFL teacher’s Guide
From Practice to Theory

By Waleed K. Abdulabbas
PhD in Linguistics and Education
Waleed Khalid
P.O. BOX 2467
AL JADRIYA 10070
BAGHDAD
IRAQ
Dedicated to my father, mother, Wife, and my dear sons
Haroon, Nofel, and Karam.
Content

1. Introduction: Dear EFL learners and teachers

2. Chapter 1. Common Terminology
3. Chapter 2. Introduction to Teaching English as a
Foreign Language (EFL)
4. Chapter 3. Understanding the Learners: Motivation,
Age, and Learning Styles
5. Chapter 4. The Role of Grammar in EFL Teaching
6. Chapter 5. Techniques for Teaching Vocabulary and
Pronunciation
7. Chapter 6. Communicative Language Teaching:
Creating Real-life Situations in the Classroom
8. Chapter 7. Using Technology and Digital Resources in
EFL Teaching
9. Chapter 8. Assessment and Evaluation in EFL:
Measuring Language Proficiency
10. Chapter 9. Cultural considerations in EFL teaching
11. Chapter 10. Methodologies and Approaches in EFL:
Grammar-translation, Direct Method, Task-based
language teaching and Content-based instruction
12. Chapter 11. Managing the EFL Classroom: Effective
Teaching Strategies and Classroom Management
Techniques
13. Chapter 12. Developing Curriculum and Lesson
Planning for EFL
14. Chapter 13. Lesson Plans for EFL Class: step by step
guides and activities.
15. Chapter 14. Training Worksheets
16. Chapter 15. A Mini Dictionary of Common Academic
Words
Chapter 1. Introduction
Dear EFL learner,
I know that learning a new language can be challenging,
and at times it may feel like you are not making progress
or that you will never be able to speak English fluently.
But I want to encourage you to keep going and to not
give up.
Remember, learning a new language is a journey, not a
destination. It takes time and effort, but it is also an
exciting and rewarding experience. As the quote goes,
"The only limits are, as always, those of vision." (James
Broughton)

One of the most important things to keep in mind is to

not be too hard on yourself. It is natural to make mistakes
when learning a new language, and it is through these
mistakes that we learn and grow. As Winston Churchill
once said, "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is
the courage to continue that counts."

Another important tip is to stay motivated and to find

ways to make learning English enjoyable. Find resources
that you enjoy, such as books, movies, or music in
English, and try to immerse yourself in the language as
much as possible. Also, consider finding a language
exchange partner or joining a study group to practice
speaking and listening with others. As Confucius said,
"Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work
a day in your life."
Most importantly, believe in yourself and your ability to
learn English. As Henry Ford famously stated, "Whether
you think you can, or you think you can't - you're right."

So keep up the hard work, and don't let setbacks or

setbacks discourage you. With determination and a
positive attitude, you can achieve your goal of learning
English.
I'm here to tell you that it's completely normal to feel
frustrated when you're trying to learn a new language,
especially one as complex as English. It's not an easy
task, but that's what makes the reward of learning it all
the more sweet.

But don't let that frustration get you down. Remember

that you are capable of learning English, and with a little
bit of hard work and determination, you will get there.
Don't compare yourself to others and their progress –
everyone learns at their own pace.
Instead, focus on your own progress and the small
victories along the way. Every time you learn a new word
or understand a conversation, it's a step in the right
direction. And don't be afraid to ask for help or seek out
additional resources to support your learning.

It's also important to remember that learning a language

is a journey, not a destination. It's not about becoming
fluent overnight, it's about consistently putting in the
effort and improving over time. So keep at it, and don't
get discouraged. You've got this!
Professor Waleed Khalid is an inspiration to us all.
Growing up in a small village in Iraq, he faced many
challenges and obstacles, but he never let that hold him
back. Despite working various jobs to make ends meet,
he remained determined to pursue his dream of learning
English and becoming a translator.

Through hard work and dedication, Professor Khalid was

able to secure a scholarship to study in the United States.
This was no small feat, and it required a great deal of
determination and perseverance. But he was up for the
challenge, and he seized this opportunity with both
hands.

After completing his studies, Professor Khalid returned

to Iraq with a mission: to inspire and serve the people of
his homeland. He knew firsthand the struggles that many
Iraqis face, and he was determined to make a difference.

Today, Professor Khalid is a respected professor and

translator, and his work is making a real impact in the
lives of countless people. He is a shining example of
what can be achieved through hard work, determination,
and a never-give-up attitude.

So if you're feeling frustrated or discouraged, remember

the story of Professor Waleed Khalid. He faced
seemingly insurmountable challenges, but he never let
them hold him back. Instead, he turned them into
opportunities, and he achieved his dreams. If he can do it,
so can you. With hard work and determination, you too
can overcome any obstacle and achieve your goals.

My fellow English learners! Are you feeling

overwhelmed or unsure about your journey to fluency in
this beautiful and transformative language? Let me assure
you, the effort you are putting in is worth it. English can
open up a world of opportunities for you, both personally
and professionally.

First and foremost, learning English can significantly

improve your communication skills. It can expand your
vocabulary, enhance your ability to express yourself
clearly, and increase your confidence in social situations.
Imagine being able to effectively convey your thoughts
and ideas to a wide range of people, from different
cultural backgrounds and walks of life.

But the benefits of learning English go far beyond just

improving your social interactions. English is the
language of business, science, and the arts. It is spoken
by over 1.5 billion people worldwide and is the official
language in over 60 countries. This means that having a
strong command of English can significantly increase
your job prospects and career advancement. It can open
doors to international job opportunities, allow you to
participate in global professional networks, and give you
access to a vast array of educational and professional
resources.

So, don't get discouraged on your journey to fluency.

Embrace the challenges and setbacks as opportunities to
learn and grow. Remember, the more you practice, the
more proficient you will become. And as you continue to
improve your English skills, you will begin to see the
mental, social, and career transformation that this
language can bring.
So stay motivated, stay dedicated, and keep pushing
yourself to reach new heights. With hard work and
determination, you can achieve fluency and unlock the
limitless potential of English. Believe in yourself and
your abilities, and never underestimate the power of the
English language to enrich your life and transform your
future.

I know that you are working hard and struggling

financially. It can be tough to balance your work and
studies, especially when you are trying to learn a new
language. But let me tell you, your determination and
hard work are admirable and will pay off in the long run.

Learning a new language takes time, patience, and

dedication. It can be frustrating at times, but every
mistake you make and every lesson you learn brings you
one step closer to fluency. And don't forget, with fluency
comes a world of new opportunities. The ability to speak
English opens doors to new careers, new cultures, and
new experiences.

I understand that your financial struggles may make

things harder, but don't let that hold you back. There are
resources available to help you. Look into scholarships,
grants, and other financial aid options to help ease the
burden. And remember, the investment you are making in
yourself and your education is worth it. It may not be
easy, but it will be worth it in the end.

So don't give up, even when things get tough. Keep

working hard and stay motivated. You have the talent,
determination, and drive to succeed. Believe in yourself
and your abilities, and you will achieve your goals.

As an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learner,

achieving fluency and accuracy in the language can be a
challenging task. However, I am here to tell you that with
determination, you can overcome any obstacle and reach
your goals.
Determination is the key to success in any endeavor, and
learning a new language is no exception. It takes time,
effort and patience to master a new language, but with
determination, you can push through the difficult
moments and see progress in your abilities.
When learning English, it's important to set specific,
measurable goals for yourself. This could be anything
from learning a certain number of new vocabulary words
each week to being able to hold a conversation in English
without hesitation. Whatever your goals are, make sure
they are challenging but achievable.
Once you have set your goals, it's important to stay
motivated and focused. This means setting aside
dedicated study time each day, and immersing yourself in
the language as much as possible. This could include
watching English-language movies, listening to English-
language music, or reading English-language books.
It's also important to be patient with yourself. Learning a
new language is a journey, and progress will come in
stages. Some days you may feel like you're making great
progress, while other days you may feel like you're not
making any progress at all. But no matter how you feel,
remember that with determination, you will reach your
goals.
I want to remind you that determination is the key to
success in learning English as a foreign language. With a
clear goal, motivation, patience and focus, you will
achieve fluency and accuracy in English. Believe in
yourself, and never give up.
Dear EFL teachers,
As an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teacher in
the Middle East, particularly in Iraq, becoming an
excellent teaching model requires a combination of
cultural understanding, adaptability, and a commitment to
professional development.

One of the most important aspects of being an effective

EFL teacher in the Middle East is having a deep
understanding of the cultural context in which you are
teaching. This includes understanding the values, beliefs,
and customs of your students, as well as the social and
political issues that may impact their learning. By
understanding the culture, an EFL teacher can create a
more inclusive and welcoming learning environment, and
can better address any cultural-specific concerns that may
arise in the classroom.

Adaptability is also crucial for an EFL teacher in the

Middle East. The classroom dynamics and student needs
can vary widely, and an excellent teaching model must be
able to adapt to these changing conditions. This may
involve adjusting teaching methods, lesson plans, or
classroom management strategies to best meet the needs
of the students.

Furthermore, an EFL teacher in the Middle East should

have a commitment to professional development. This
means staying up-to-date with the latest research, trends,
and best practices in the field of EFL teaching, as well as
seeking out opportunities for continued learning and
growth. This can include attending conferences,
workshops, or taking online courses. Additionally, an
EFL teacher should seek out opportunities for
collaboration and networking with other EFL teachers in
the region, as this can provide valuable insights and
resources.

Another important aspect is to build trust with students

and to demonstrate respect for their culture and beliefs.
An excellent teaching model should be patient and
flexible in dealing with students’ backgrounds, abilities,
and needs. This may involve adapting the teaching
method and materials to accommodate different learning
styles, providing extra support for struggling students, or
allowing students to express themselves in their own
unique ways.

In conclusion, being an excellent EFL teacher in the

Middle East requires a deep understanding of the cultural
context, adaptability, a commitment to professional
development, building trust, and respect for students'
culture and beliefs. By incorporating these elements into
their teaching practice, an EFL teacher can create a more
effective and inclusive learning environment for their
students and better prepare them for success in the global
community.

Best of luck to you on your language learning journey.

!Keep up the good work

Sincerely,
Prof.Waleed Khalid
Baghdad, Iraq
January 6 2023
Chapter 2. Common Terminology
1. TESOL: Teaching English to Speakers of Other
Languages.
2. ESL: English as a Second Language.
3. EFL: English as a Foreign Language.
4. ELT: English Language Teaching.
5. L1: First Language or Mother Tongue.
6. L2: Second Language or a Language Being
Learned.
7. ELL: English Language Learner.
8. ESL Teacher: A Teacher Specialized in Teaching
English to Non-Native Speakers.
9. Language Proficiency: The Ability to Use a
Language Effectively.
10. Vocabulary: The Words and Phrases Used in a
Language.
11. Grammar: The System and Structure of a
Language.
12. Pronunciation: The Way in Which Words are
pronounced.
13. Fluency: The Ability to Speak a Language
Smoothly and Easily.
14. Comprehension: The Ability to Understand a
Language.
15. Listening: The Ability to Understand Spoken
Language.
16. Speaking: The Ability to Express Oneself in a
Language.
17. Reading: The Ability to Understand Written
Language.
18. Writing: The Ability to Express Oneself in Written
Form.
19. ESL Curriculum: The Plan or Outline of what Will
be Taught in an ESL Class.
20. ESL Materials: The Books, Worksheets, and Other
Resources Used in an ESL Class.
21. ESL Methodologies: The Different Approaches to
Teaching ESL.
22. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): An
Approach to Teaching Languages that Focuses on
Helping Learners to Communicate Effectively in
Real-life Situations.
23. Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT): An
Approach to Teaching Languages that Focuses on
Using Language for Real-life Tasks.
24. Content-based Instruction (CBI): An Approach to
Teaching Languages that Uses Authentic Texts and
Materials as the Basis for Language Instruction.
25. Language Immersion: A Method of Teaching
Languages in Which the Instruction is Conducted
Entirely in the Target Language.
26. Direct Method: A Method for Teaching Languages
that Emphasizes Spoken Language and Student-
centered Activities.
27. Inductive Method: A Method that Encourages
Learners to Discover Language Rules Through
Examples and Patterns
28. Grammar-translation Method: A Traditional
Method for Teaching Languages that Focuses on
Translating Text and Learning Grammar Rules.
29. Error Correction: The Process of Identifying and
Correcting Errors in a Learner's Language Use
30. Feedback: Information Given to Learners about
Their Language Use
31. Input: The Language that is Presented to Learners
32. Output: The Language that Learners Produce
33. Language Acquisition: The Process of Learning a
Language
34. Language Learning: The Study of a Language in a
Controlled Setting
35. Linguistics: The Scientific Study of Language
36. Phonetics: The Study of the Sounds of Speech
37. Phonology: The Study of the Way Speech Sounds
Function in a Language
38. Morphology: The Study of the Structure of Words
39. Syntax: the arrangement of words and phrases to
create well-formed sentences in a language: the
syntax of English.
Chapter 3. Introduction to Teaching
English as a Foreign Language (EFL)

Teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) refers to

the instruction of English to non-native speakers in a
country where English is not the primary language. EFL
teaching is a complex and challenging task that requires a
thorough understanding of language acquisition and
teaching methods, as well as an understanding of the
cultural and linguistic background of the learners.

When teaching EFL, it is essential to consider the

motivations, needs, and background of the learners. For
example, adult learners may have different motivations
for learning English than children, and students from
different cultural backgrounds may have different
expectations and learning styles. Therefore, EFL teachers
must be able to adapt their teaching methods and
materials to suit the needs and abilities of their students.

Grammar is one of the most important components of

EFL teaching. Grammar is the system of rules that
govern the structure of a language, and it is essential for
learners to understand and use grammar correctly in
order to communicate effectively in English. However,
grammar instruction should not be overly formal or
abstract, but rather, it should be presented in the context
of real-life situations and integrated into communicative
activities.

Vocabulary and pronunciation are also important

components of EFL teaching. Vocabulary refers to the
words and phrases used in a language, and learners need
to develop a rich vocabulary in order to communicate
effectively in English. Pronunciation refers to the way in
which words are pronounced, and learners need to
develop good pronunciation in order to be understood by
native speakers.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is an

approach that emphasizes the use of authentic language
in real-life situations and encourages learners to use the
language actively. CLT activities should be student-
centered and focus on helping learners to communicate
effectively in real-life situations. The teacher's role is to
provide opportunities for learners to use the language and
to give feedback on their performance.

In recent years, technology and digital resources have

become increasingly important in EFL teaching. These
resources can help learners to develop language skills,
improve comprehension, and increase motivation. For
example, using authentic materials such as news articles,
podcasts, and videos can provide learners with the
opportunity to engage with real-life language and
improve their listening, speaking, reading, and writing
skills. Additionally, online resources such as language
learning apps can provide learners with additional
practice and reinforcement outside of the classroom.

Assessment and evaluation are also critical components

of EFL teaching. Assessment refers to the process of
gathering information about a learner's language
proficiency, and evaluation refers to the process of
interpreting and using that information to make decisions
about instruction. EFL teachers should use a variety of
assessment techniques, such as written tests, oral
interviews, and portfolios, to gather information about
their learners' language proficiency. This information can
then be used to plan instruction, set goals, and evaluate
progress.

When teaching EFL, it is also important to consider

cultural considerations. English is widely spoken around
the world, and learners come from diverse backgrounds,
it is important to be aware of cultural differences in order
to create a more inclusive and respectful learning
environment. EFL teachers should be familiar with the
cultures of their students and should provide materials
and activities that reflect the cultural diversity of the
classroom.

In conclusion, teaching English as a foreign language is a

complex and challenging task that requires a thorough
understanding of language acquisition and teaching
methods, an understanding of the cultural and linguistic
background of the learners, and the ability to adapt
instruction to suit the needs of individual students. EFL
teachers should be familiar with different methodologies
and approaches such as Communicative Language
Teaching, Task-based language teaching, and Content-
based instruction and use them in their teaching. EFL
teachers should also be able to use technology and digital
resources effectively
Chapter 4. Understanding the Learners:
Motivation, Age, and Learning Styles
I will first present what I believe language is, by
discussing form, meaning and use dimensions of
language. Then, I will articulate my philosophy of
language, learning process, and teaching by discussing
sociocultural theory (SCT), identity, willingness to
communicate (WTC) and learning strategies. The
aforementioned aspects represent my current belief about
their substantiality in teaching and learning trajectory.
My main argument in this paper is that language is
learned when learners have the willingness to
communicate with other people using learning strategies.
In addition to this, interaction is necessary for the learner
to receive input from other interlocutors that will increase
their L2 output (Long, 1997).
I believe that language is a complex organism
that lives in society to facilitate people’s understanding of
each other (van Lier, 2004). This organism is born, grows
by use, and dies if not used, as in the case of the dead
Sumerian language in Mesopotamia. van Lier (2004)
shows that in order to understand language clearly, we
have to consider its components or constituents such as
phonemes, adjacency pairs, speech events and text as
well as how they are intertwined in a social context to
formulate a specific meaning that is agreed upon by a
group of people and conveyed by the medium of
language.
 I believe that language is also a medium that
conveys our thoughts and feelings. This medium is
intricate and complex, occurring in patterns for each
language that we learn while growing up. These patterns
have social or geographic variation, that are manifested
in dialects, which is the various different forms of the
same language (Petyt, 1980). A dialect also refers to a
form of language variety that is spoken by certain group
generally share interaction as evidenced in the case of
working class in Manchester, England when they use
aintit to refer to isn't it? (Chambers & Trudgill, 2004).
Language is used in order to interact with other people
and deliver messages. This view is reflected in Larsen-
Freeman (2003) who states that “language is a vehicle for
communicating meanings and messages” (p. 2). For
example, when I was in the ESL program, I did not have
a shared L1 with my classmates from Africa and Europe.
However, English worked as a vehicle to communicate
with them in classroom.
The presence of English constitutes a substantial
part of my communication in this world. This medium is
a global passport to access the thoughts of other people.
In this language passport, each visa expresses a language
that I use for communication such as French and Spanish.
As a nonnative speaker of English, whenever I go
shopping or book an airplane ticket, I realize how much
language helps to satisfy my needs. I can socialize in any
society using its language components such as nouns,
verbs, and adjective combinations productively. I agree
with van Lier (2004), who argues that “language is part
of other message systems that are tied up with all our
sensory systems‚ and all our memories‚ and all the stories
we construct to create and nurture our identity” (p. 1). I
understand here that language is only one component of
society’s ecosystem and functions as a communication
tool. To understand language, we have to look at its
components that I will briefly address next.
Form
According to Larsen-Freeman (2003), language
has three dimensions or components, which are form,
meaning, and use. Form is both the physical, visible, and
written shape and the sound of a word. It can also refer to
inflections and derivations, function and content words,
and syntax structures (Larsen-Freeman, 2003). For
example, in Arabic, the form of the word (sephir),
when found in a dictionary, has many decontextualized
meanings (e.g., zero, to whistle, yellow). The speaker
cannot discover which one the interlocutor refers to
unless this word is embedded in a context.
Meaning
Meaning or semantics is the genuine denotation
decontextualized from its shape structure (Larsen-
Freeman, 2003). For example, we often encounter many
polysemous words in the Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary as in the word lead. Polysemy is the
coexistence of many meanings for a word (Yule, 2010).
For example the word lead may occur in a sentence as a
noun as in this example: Is lead heavier than gold? Here
lead refers to a grey mineral. It also occurs as a
modifying adjective to mean a chief part in a play or a
movie such as Mitt Romney may be the lead candidate
for next election. Lead also occurs as a transitive verb of
action as in: Democrats will lead a march to Supreme
Court to support gay marriage. Here lead means
organize or command. Lead is also an irregular verb. The
past tense of lead passes through an irregular
morphophonemic process and the change takes place in
the vowel [i] to [ɛ], to become led (Quirk, Greenbaum,
Leech, & Svartvik, 1985). In essence, the morpheme lead
by form has more than one meaning that can be realized
when it occurs in a speech context as in the case of
forms in Arabic. Given these multiple meanings of words
such as lead can be realized in the context of usage, I will
further elaborate next on the use dimension.
Use
Cowan (2008) defines use as “the ability to
arrange the words of a second language (L2) into
meaningful sentences” (p.28). Cowan shows that the use
dimension represents the active practice of certain
linguistic structures to express the wanted messages
using grammar rules. These messages serve “social
functions” according to Larsen-Freeman (2003). For
example, these social functions might be asking for help,
apologizing, or greeting somebody. The use dimension
represents the active utilization of a product (language) to
deliver a message to another interlocutor in a parole, a
term coined by Ferdinand de Saussure (1959) to refer to
the actual utterances of interlocutors in a certain social
context. For example, a student may learn to use the
modal verb “can” which means “to be able to” to ask for
help with her assignment. When she asks her friend “Can
you help me with my homework?” the modal verb can
works as a form for request. Ellis (1994) defines request
as an attempt by the speaker to get the hearer to do or
undo something that is understood contextually by the
other interlocutor fulfilling the need of asking for help.
The use dimension entails the social function of
an utterance such as requests, agreements (Larsen-
Freeman, 2003). One of the characteristics of the three
dimensions of form, meaning and use are their
dependence on each other. In my previous example of
“Can you help me with my homework?”, the syntactic
structure of subject-verb inversion can you indicates that
it is a question. However, this utterance meaning
(locution) works as a request that prompts the listener to
do something for the speaker (Searle, 1970). According
to Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1999) and Cowan
(2008), the utterance may convey multiple meanings that
intersect with the use dimension. Therefore, I think that
the interpretation of meaning relies heavily on the
pragmatic use. Given this discussion so far about the
interdependence of the three dimensions, providing a
context will be crucial to enhance learners’ contextual
knowledge of the target expressions. In the final analysis
of form and meaning, there is always a necessity to
provide the context use for where this event takes place
through authentic materials, such as pictures in order for
learners to understand multi-meaning words such as . In
short, language is a set of heterogeneous structures and
expressions that can be seen in three dimensions of form,
meaning, and use. Next, I will address how these three
dimensions can be taught.
Teaching Dimensions
In his book Time, Space and Things, Ridley
(1995) discusses a bizarre physics phenomenon that
students have while they study physics. He shows that
when students are occupied with studying
thermodynamics, or electromagnetism, they lose the skill
to look beyond the study of these two aspects, and he
wishes that they could raise their heads to see the forest
for the trees. As a nonnative speaker of English in Iraq, I
had this situation in the classroom where we were
occupied with memorizing tens of decontextualized
vocabulary and grammar rules. Teachers did not provide
us with a sufficient social context to practice rules or
vocabulary. We could not see the forest and we had
difficulty understanding the patterns of English grammar
and the occasions for their use. In other words, we were
in need of discourse, sociolinguistic, and strategic
competencies for contextualized practice of English
coupled with emphasis on use dimension.
Larsen-Freeman (2003) shows that teachers
should first understand the three dimensions of form,
meaning, and use before teaching a language. Lantolf
(2005) and Zuengler and Miller (2006) inform us that
language learning should be encapsulated in the social
interactive context (e.g., community building activities,
and conversation partners) to ensure ideal learning. In
order to help students understand English language
properly, I have to focus on the challenge that form,
meaning, and use boundaries bear (Larsen-Freeman,
2003). In other words, learning form and meaning is not
sufficient to understand a language. For example, my
English was limited in many aspects due to the emphasis
on form and meaning when I arrived in US. I used to use
approximately in my conversation before I realize that
almost is used more frequently. I don’t deny here though
the significance of form and meaning. While teaching
them, I have to implicitly and explicitly raise learners’
awareness of form and meaning by highlighting certain
texts or making it bold to raise learners textual
enhancement skills (Nassaji & Fotos, 2011). As an
indirect example of focusing on the tenses’ forms in my
LP, I had my students listen to a video and write
examples of past tense emphasizing meaning conveyed
and the context of the tense use. Then, I wrote some of
the examples on the board and explained them to ensure
students have sufficient conscious knowledge of the
English simple past and simple present tense structure.
Ideally conscious knowledge of the form and
meaning is quintessential for learning but not enough for
learners to understand language components (Cowan,
2008). There is always a necessity for the use dimension
to practice form and meaning, as learners will use their
language skills for communication. Ellis (1994) shows
that the context is necessary for learners to support their
understanding of the significance of an utterance. To be
clear here, Ellis defines context as the various settings
that L2 can occur in such as within family conversation
or in school. The use dimension is emphasized in my
lesson plan tasks. A task is defined by Nassaji & Fotos
(2011) as an activity that a teacher asks learners to do to
elicit meaning through language. For example, I ask my
students at the Peace Resource Center to perform a role-
play of a suspect and a Police Officer person in an alibi
activity. I then, allow them to answer questions using
simple present and past. The learners first received input
in a form of a YouTube video. Then, my co-teacher and I
modeled the task to ensure that learners completely
understood the task. Based on this task, I had noticed that
one of the learners, Felipa started using the verb be
saying “I was working in the bakery” Previously, Felipa
dropped auxiliary verbs, saying instead sentences such as
“ I working in Safeway” for example. In sum, this learner
benefited from task to learn multiple forms of the verb
to-be. Her competence to engage with advanced Spanish-
speaking ESL learners improved her linguistic
competence that I will attempt to discuss in the next
heading.
According to Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman
(1999), if “students are able to develop a feel for the
meanings conveyed by components of the system, they
will have a tremendous advantage in learning to cope
with the boundary problems” (p. 111). Her statement
refers to the interdependence of the three dimensions. To
put this in application, I highlighted examples of past and
present progressive tenses in English on the whiteboard
to introduce tense (Task 1). Then, I explained the form
and meaning of past and past progressive tenses by
having students first watch a video of interrogation.
Then, I wrote examples of interrogation sentences such
as “Where were you Frank?” and explained the form and
meaning of were and how it is used to refer to a past
event happened before the time of speaking. The officers
in the role-play started interrogating suspects “students”
using past tense forms. Now that I have briefly discussed
the pertinent dimensions of language, I will discuss
communicative competence that learners should have to
be able to learn and interact in a language.
Communicative Competence
Communicative competence is the ability to use a
certain language in an appropriate, accurate and feasible
way (Hymes, 1972). According to Canale (1983), there
are four types of competencies learners should be aware
of to help them understand a language. These
competencies are: grammatical, strategic, sociolinguistic,
and discourse competence. Grammatical competence
includes the awareness of structure forms such as the
ability to differentiate a verb from a noun in a context as
in the lead example. According to Canale (1983),
grammatical competence includes the mastery of
vocabulary, sentences, and linguistic semantics. It
includes the ability to understand L2 written and spoken
utterances in terms of their meaning and formation.

Strategic competence is when the speaker has the

ability to fix a failure in conversation to reach to an
understating point. According to Canale Framework of
communicative competence, strategic competence
includes requests for clarifications, using reference
sources and paraphrasing. For example, sometimes in
conversation, the speaker has to specifying whether a bat
means the mammal or a baseball bat in the context by
providing further description to the other interlocutor.

Sociolinguistic competence is the skill to handle

language in a nonlinguistic context. According to
Canale’s Framework, it has to do with the
appropriateness of utterances meaning and form in
various sociolinguistic contexts of use such as location,
social status, and identity. For example, in Arabic, it is
fine to ask a person about their salary in the first meeting,
but it is not appropriate to do that in the American social
context. To understand sociolinguistic competence more,
consider this utterance:
A. A mother shouts loudly in the house “Some
chocolate bars are missing!”
B. The son responds, “I did not eat anything”.
The child has the sociolinguistic competence to infer that
his mother is actually asking him “did you eat the
chocolate or not?” In fact, no one told the child to
respond but his sociolinguistic practice informs him that
there is a necessity to say “I did not eat the chocolate”.
The mother’s utterance is also known as implicature, a
term coined by Grice (1975) to refer to the meaning
conveyed beyond its linguistic structure of sentence. For
example, saying the cup is nice to show that the drink is
horrible. This example also shows the complexity of the
use dimension in a natural context of communication.
In addition to sociolinguistic competence, there is
also discourse competence that is relevant to learners’
decisions of when to initiate and end a conversation
(Hymes, 1972). Richards and Schmidt (2010) define
discourse as “a general term for examples of language
use, i.e. language which has been produced as the result
of an act of communication.” (p. 174). For example, in
the Middle East, it is common to find two people talking
to each other at the same time and still understand each
other. This competence comes from the Arabic
sociocultural tradition. Unlike Arabic, discourse
competence is different in the American sociocultural
context. While studying in ESL, I noticed many times
that my teacher’s look changed whenever I started
talking at the same time as her. I did not realize in the
beginning the importance of turn taking, i.e., when I
should talk and when I should let the other interlocutor
hold the floor (Widdowson, 1996). In summary, in order
to learn a language, I believe that speakers have to
employ four types of linguistic competences to deliver a
message depending on the social context. In the
 following section, I will attempt to explain the process
of learning a language.
Learning Process
Learning a language is as unique for each person
as his or her fingerprints. My understanding of how
English language is learned is directly influenced by my
experience as an ESL learner at MIIS. My learning
followed a pattern that is best described by the
Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky, 1978). This theory
focuses on learners’ engagement in the target language
and culture. As an example, when I arrived in the US, I
was avoiding engagement in U.S. society because I did
not have friends. One day, I was walking in downtown
Monterey after my arrival, when a pedestrian asked me
“Do you have the time?” I responded, “Yes.” Then, he
paused and asked me the same question again. Each time
he asked me I responded “Yes”. The pedestrian felt
frustrated and I was left having no clue why he walked
away without telling me what to do. Had I been more
acculturated into U.S. society, I would have had enough
sociolinguistic competence to successfully interpret his
question as “What is the time now?” I instead looked at
each component of the sentence and assumed it meant,
“Do you have some time to spare?” I think that while I
had a high grammatical competence, my interaction
lacked the sociolinguistic competence that was necessary
to fulfill the need of the other interlocutor (Canale, 1983).
I believe that my lack of understanding of that idiomatic
expression was a result of my low English proficiency
level at that specific time. Later, my willingness to
communicate with native speakers and embrace
American culture had increased because of my successful
engagement in social events such as Farmers Market, and
working at MIIS. In contrast with my learning story,
Second language acquisition informs us about a case that
failed to learn a language due to their rejection of the L2
culture. In his discussion of the acculturation theory,
Schumman (1976), discusses the case of the Costa Rican
learner, Alberto. This learner failed to learn English
because of his rejection to the target language culture and
lack of interaction with native speakers. Given these
points about the significance of culture and interaction, I
will turn next to discuss the sociocultural theory as it
stresses these two constructs to describe how language is
learned.
Sociocultural Theory
My learning of the meaning and use of “Do you
have the time?” depended on my interaction in English in
the American society. This interaction is well explained
by sociocultural theory (SCT) that describes the process
of learning through stressing the importance of social
interaction and culture. According to Lantolf (2005) and
Zuengler and Miller (2006), SCT merges human
cognition skills and the social context for describing how
humans learn a language. It also theorizes that language
learning occurs when the learner has the cognitive
predisposition and the availability of the social context of
the target language. The early pioneering researcher on
SCT is Vygotsky (1978, 1986). He shows that all the
higher mental processes (cognition) are mediated through
language. The construct of mediation is the possession of
language and cultural tools such as literacy to interact in
society (VanPatten & Benati, 2010). In other words, the
process of mediation occurs when individuals use
learning tools such as text and words to constructed and
negotiate for meaning (Vygotsky, 1978). Mediation
according to Swain (2001) occurs when speakers engage
in speaking socially to shape and reshape their language
skills. Despite the fact that I grow up an Arabic speaking
society, my English reading tools such as dictionaries,
and my father’s agricultural engineering textbooks from
his library in Abu Ghraib mediated my English language
proficiency. By the age of 18, I memorized most of the
words in the Arabic-English Concise Dictionary. These
two tools helped me navigate English language further
and reach other sources such as English literature.
van Lier (2004) builds on Vygotsky’s theory
(1978) by stating that language evolves in a context
where L2 learners usually receive help to scaffold their
learning from another person such as a teacher, another
learner, or the community. The notion of scaffolding is
defined as the “process where knowledge can be jointly
constructed by learners working in groups” (van Lier,
2004, p. 148). Starting from the notion that mediation is a
core component of SCT, I will explain how the following
activity uses reading as a mediation tool to promote
scaffolding and SCT. The advanced learner’s peers and I
work collaboratively in PRC to raise the learner’s reading
skills of news in L2 through a jigsaw reading activity. I
provided low-level learners with a news article that
showed higher level of reading ease on the Flesch
Kincaid scale. As for those in the advanced level, I
provided them with a different news article that had
lower level of reading ease with more vocabulary
complexity. Then, in the activity, I paired each low-level
student with another advanced one and asked him or her
to explain what each article was about after modeling one
with my co-teacher. Since both of learners were Spanish-
speaking, the advanced learner had to explain his article
more and translate some vocabulary to the low level
student, which was beneficial for the latter to learn new
vocabulary through interaction. In addition to
scaffolding, I will explain next another component of
Vygotsky’s theory that has relevance to learning progress
called ZPD.
Zone of Proximal Development
The notion of where a learner’s level moves
from one stage to another in language skill is known as
the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Vygotsky
(1978) defines ZPD as the distance between the current
level of a learner’s skills such as reading and writing and
his problem solving skills and what her peers can do to
develop her learning and problem solving skills. With the
support of the learner’s peers in classroom tasks, such as
the role-plays in my PRC example, the learner becomes
more independent in learning thus encouraging L2
learning to develop (Vygotsky, 1978). To put this theory
into practice, interaction is necessary for learning to
occur in L2. This notion of interaction occurs frequently
in the community of practice. Lave and Wenger (1991)
described it as the community that shares a particular
occupation in which it becomes their interests as the
members can be involved in it and become active
members who do task activities and gain new
understandings in that community interest. Labov (1972)
explains it further by saying that it is a community that
shares a set of norms and behaviors conveyed through a
language. In this community such as PRC, where learners
are almost all Spanish-speaking immigrants, ideally,
interaction notion evolves as they share similar
occupations such as social workers in the American
society. In my belief, learners’ identities as citizens of the
target community develop by interaction in this
community. For example, as shown in Component 6,
social interaction is emphasized by practicing activities
that have social relevance such as job interviews. In the
attached lesson plan, I have also promoted these learners’
interaction through group discussion of each one’s daily
routines. Learners’ identities according to Lave and
Wenger will be more attached to a community that shares
their interests and fulfills their needs. For example,
exchanging the daily routines of the PRC students,
creates a framework for a comfortable learning space.
Literally saying “I wake up at 8:00 a.m. and go to work
at Safeway until 5:00 p.m.’ could assist them in interact
with other classmates who share the same social status.
My argument now is that the learning process
occurs when it is mediated with learning tools such as
reading and writing and input from L2 community. Input
is the language that learner receives from the
environment such as pronouns, nouns and adjective
(Kumaravadivelu, 2003). To promote input, I had to rely
on a content-based topic such as lifestyle to encourage
learners who share their experiences about their daily
routines for example. Listening and doing jigsaw
readings with advanced learners, raise the literacy skills
of these learners that leads them to practice new
vocabulary in the PRC speech community. To complete
my discussion of learning process, I will turn now to
discuss the role of identity in learning.
Language Identity

Identity is a nebulous concept amongst applied

linguistics and second language researchers. It has been
borrowed from social psychology and is defined as “the
sense of ‘belonging’ to a particular social group, whether
defined by ethnicity, by language, or any other means”
(Mitchell & Myles, 2004, p. 246). People have many
identities. For example, I carry the identity of a TESOL
teacher, and an ESL learner. These identities’ coexistence
might create a struggle for L2 learners. According to
Norton Peirce (1995), social identity is a “site of
struggle” and is “changing over time”. This struggle
comes from the fact that learners encounter various
contexts where they might struggle to deliver a point of
view. The notion of identity struggle is neatly illustrated
by Norton Peirce when discussing Eva, a Polish migrant
to Canada. Eva’s perception of her identity as an
immigrant put her in a constant struggle in Canadian
society. One of the conditions for Eva’s work was not to
initiate a conversation with her co-workers. Eva
perceived herself as a marginalized stranger. Eva’s
perception changed over time when she moved to work
in full time job in restaurant where her opportunity to
speak increased and empowered her “multicultural
citizen” identity (p. 23). In somewhat similar
experiences, as a graduate student at MIIS, I constructed
my language identity as an L2 speaker through my
constant engagement with MIIS graduates in social life
such as with the Globadores sport team. For example, my
soccer position required me to give instruction to other
American players on the team. I believe that created
helped create my L2 authoritative identity that
empowered my communication with native speakers.
Furthermore, identity shaping and reshaping in
various contexts occurs as a result of the multiple
influences that affect learners’ experience while living in
the target language environment. While staying with a
host family when I arrived in Monterey, my identity as an
Arabic speaker consistently influenced my responses to
my host family, causing a language misunderstanding.
For example, in Arabic we say “May God have mercy on
your soul!” when someone sneezes. When I said that to
my host mother once, she started laughing. But because
as a learner, I had my needs to communicate using L2 in
the community, my ESL identity started to grow and I
became aware of saying “bless you” instead. Norton and
McKenny (2011) argue that “language learning engages
the identities of learners because language itself is not
solely a linguistic system of signs and symbols, but also a
complex social practice through which relationships are
defined, negotiated, and resisted” (p. 77). Given the
interaction period with my host family, I began to feel as
a member of American society, especially when my
willingness to interact increased.
Ushioda (2009) shows that willingness is
“emergent from relations between real persons, with
particular social identities, and the unfolding cultural
context of activity” (p. 215). For example, when my host
family introduced me to their relative at dinner once, that
new unfolding cultural context encouraged me to initiate
a conversation with the invited guest as a member of the
family. When the guest asked me what I was doing, I told
her that my host mother and I cleaned our house and
went shopping at the Sand City shopping center. The
significance of this speech event among many others was
my perception of myself as a native speaker, which
fostered my identity of an accepted member of that
family. In summary, ensuring learners have a perception
that they are members of the target society empowers
their learning and allows them to have access to social
networks to practice speaking (Heller, 1987).
Identity construction is a complex process in
classroom. It might take learners years of practice as in
my ESL case owing to its relevance to learners’ social
status. Therefore, my classroom treatment of identity is
only an attempt to cultivate learners’ awareness of their
L2 identities as I believe that affects their learning
progress. Learners’ realization of their multiple identities
may have an impactful role on empowering them to
become part of the community of practice. In Eva’s case,
her reconceptualization of her multiple identities as a
worker, and a member empowered her identity from
being an illegitimate person to an engaging speaker in the
Canadian society.
Given the key role that identity plays in the
learning process, I will focus as a teacher on developing
learners’ feelings that they are part of the target
community by engaging them in social communication
activities. Learners’ identities can develop through social
communication between learners and native speakers
with the presence of social mediation (Gibbons, 2003).
Recently, we had field trips from the PRC to Starbucks to
practice English using wh-questions with the baristas and
students. Tied with identity development, constant
interaction amongst learners about daily-life topics that
have social relevance such as daily routines, keeps
learners engaged in shaping and reshaping their
perception about themselves as members of the target
community (Kumaravadivelu, 2003). In parallel with
identity, I believe that there is another construct called
WTC that has effect on language learning process.
Willingness to Communicate
My contention thus far is that identity is a
substantial ingredient for language learning. Coupled
with identity is WTC. MacIntyre, Baker, Clemente, and
Donovan (2002) define willingness to communicate
(WTC) as the “readiness to enter into discourse at a
particular time with a specific person or persons, using an
L2” (p. 27). Willingness to communicate in the
classroom or outside it is influenced directly by the
learners’ need to initiate a conversation with their
teachers or peers or in their target language society to
reach a meaning. In a recent experience, I interviewed a
Spanish-speaking immigrant working at a Subway
restaurant to talk about his learning experience. The
interviewee decided to always speak in English and his
language has developed considerably based on my short
interview with him. I concluded that his English has
developed due to his willingness to use it on a daily basis
with customers. Based on this interview, I believe that
there is a volition relationship between WTC and L2
learning (MacIntyre, 2007). For example, Satar is an ESL
student who came from Iraq with completely no English
language skills. His willingness to improve his L2
literacy skills mediated his language learning. L2 literacy
worked as a coordinating force towards his language
learning. He reports that his willingness to communicate
with other people was a matter of personal choice to be a
successful L2 speaker.
As we saw in Satar’s case, willingness to
communicate has layers of stimuli that range from
personal to community level according to MacIntyre,
Clémente, Dörnyei and Noels’ (1998) pyramid model of
WTC. For example, WTC could stem from the stimuli of
searching for a job in the target community as in the case
of PRC learners. For example, some learners come to the
Peace Resource Center (PRC) to learn English so that
they can find a job. The learner’s feeling of success and
accomplishment may also affects her willingness to
engage in a positive climate for a productive learning.
MacIntyre (2007) shows that if a learner has high L2
self-confidence in communication, the learner will
seamlessly engage in the target language. This finding
was based on a research by Zakahi and McCroskey
(1989) who pretested a psychology class on their
willingness to communicate in laboratories. This study
revealed that a positive climate in the classroom
promotes learner’ WTC. Building on this, self-confidence
can be encouraged in class through negotiating
interaction where learners are allowed to initiate
discussion about their learning or daily life routine as in
my LP (Kumaravadivelu, 2003). Next I will attempt to
describe how learning happens.
Learning process happens when learners have the
willingness to communicate in a community of practice
such as PRC or MIIS that shares the learners’ interests. In
this community, learners receive prevailing L2 input
from the social context and learn how to practice using
language under their teachers or advanced peers
guidance. Additionally, learners’ L2 identities develop
while interacting with advanced learners and native
speakers. To encourage interaction with advanced
learners for example, I had presented a sample of a daily
routine in my LP Task 2. After this example, I directed
each advanced learner to partner with another low-level
learner to present examples of their daily activities. The
findings were apparent, a learner’s willingness to initiate
a conversation in the society or classroom with her peers
or teachers may result in that learner re-constructing
herself to reach a level of self-confidence in language
(Masgoret & Gardner, 2003). Additionally, the learner’s
role in the classroom is critical in her language learning.
If the learner fails to engage with her peers in the target
language, she might not develop her language skills.
Learning Strategies
So far, I have argued that language identity and
willingness to communicate affect the learning process of
a second language. I want to extend my discussion to
include learning strategies as a third component. Cohen
(2003) gives a concise definition of learning strategies as
“the conscious or semi-conscious thoughts and behaviors
used by learners with the explicit goal of improving their
knowledge and understanding of a target language” (p.
280). Cohen explains that there are four categories of
strategies learners choose to use to change their behavior
and reaction to various tasks as a way to learn. These
categories are: cognitive strategies where learners use
their memorization to practice target language structures,
metacognitive for administering their language skills use,
affective strategies for measuring their learning
emotionally, and social strategies for low anxiety
enhanced learning. For example, I have taken the TOEFL
iBT 13 times. My last three scores were, 98, 99 and 100.
I had to work consciously with my ESL teachers to
develop my cognitive and metacognitive strategies for
example to acquire advanced score in TOEFL.
In terms of regular classroom work, we learned to
write an outline to connect the main topic with details.
We also used Voicethread site to record our speech and
reflect on our pauses and speech coherence for example.
I believe that developing my L2 learning strategies
passed through three stages: associative, procedural and
productive (DeKeyser, 2001). In the first stage of strategy
acquisition, I began to associate certain patterns and
themes in the test prompts, which is referred to as
cognitive strategy by Cohen (2003). After 15 seconds,
which were allowed for reading or listening to the prompt
on the screen, I had to provide an answer. My responses
became faster each time I took the test as my association
skills developed as a result of praxis. As for procedural
stage, my ESL teacher used to provide us with aural
training to make our answers faster to various types of
prompts of TOEFL speaking section. The last stage is
called productive strategy. In this stage, the learner will
have mastered the skills of responding accurately and
fluently to the provided conversation prompts, which is
the stage I received the 100 score. My own experience in
developing learning strategies corresponds with the
findings of de Jong (2005). Her study indicates that
learners of Spanish as second language processing speed
of comprehension increases substantially with the aural
training. In summary, learning new strategies influenced
my ESL learning and they may significantly improve
ESL learners’ communication.
Collaborative Learning
Collaborative learning is defined as working in
dynamic groups where learners share responsibilities
(Richards & Schmidt, 2010). In my opinion, there is a
necessity to foster collaborative social learning of use
through team activities such as group presentations.
Larsen-Freeman (2003) argues that learning language
components should be social and dynamic. Long (1991)
discussed the notion of classroom collaboration when
learners engage in learning tasks where they give
meaning and elicit meaning from other learners. In his
approach of Focus on Form that capitalizes on
collaborative learning, he illustrates that FonF draws
learners’ attention to linguistic structures indirectly, while
the attention of these learners is mainly drawn to
meaning. In the alibi role-play task as mentioned
previously, the attention of students was drawn to the
meaning of past and present tenses rather than form
despite the fact that I wrote few past and present tense
structure on the whiteboard as an explanation resource.
I also believe that when learners share self-
reflection with their peers, their learning chance will
increase due to exchange of interests with other advanced
peers. For example, I asked my PRC students to bring
their reflections of what learning tools (e.g., note taking,
self-reflection) they used to learn tense and paired
students to discuss in a think-pair-share activity these
tools. According to Kumaravadivelu (2003), these
learning tools foster autonomous learning in the
classroom. Emphasizing collaborative interaction, Ellis
(2008) shows that the opportunity to interact in the L2 is
central to enhance learning and explore various learning
styles.

Finally, I will foster dynamic and relaxed group

interaction in the class while learners develop their
willingness to interact with their peers. Larsen-Freeman
(2011) also noticed this role when visiting an Arabic
school in Egypt where students were enrolled in a
beginning level course in English. Larsen-Freeman found
that the students performed better when they felt relaxed
with their peers in the dynamic environment of the
classroom more than the other class where the teacher did
not ask students to work in pairs. I applied collaborative
learning in my PRC classes through group activities
where learners share their thoughts with less interference
by me.
I discussed language as a global passport that redefines
learners’ personalities and takes them beyond the limits
of geographic borders. I also defined language as a live
organism that is complex and socially dynamic. I
emphasized the form, meaning, and use components of
language encapsulated in the interactive social context to
learn L2 effectively. My experiences as an ESL and
TESOL student at MIIS have shaped and informed my
beliefs that language identity, WTC, and learning
strategies are the factors that accelerate L2 learning. I
tried within the limits of this paper to discuss how
language is learned through emphasizing form, meaning,
and use in a scaffolded learning by emphasizing group
interaction. Furthermore, my contribution to language
learning will be to emphasize these aspects, as they will
contribute to the development of my Iraqi students’
learning skills in language as they did to mine. As
teaching circumstances change, I will adapt my teaching
to students’ needs. There will always be times of
frustration and bumps in the road. My mission as a
teacher will be as McCombs (1994) recommends: to
respect, trust, and to show care for my students to deliver
productive social and cultural learning.
Chapter 5. The Role of Grammar in EFL
Teaching

The role of grammar in English as a Foreign

Language (EFL) teaching has been the subject of much
debate and discussion in the field of second language
acquisition. Some scholars argue that grammar
instruction is essential for language learning, while others
maintain that it is unnecessary or even detrimental.

Proponents of grammar instruction argue that it helps

students to understand the underlying rules and structures
of the language, which in turn enables them to
communicate more effectively. They point out that
grammar is an integral part of any language, and that
without a basic understanding of grammar, students will
struggle to understand and produce accurate and fluent
language. Furthermore, they argue that grammar
instruction can help students to develop the cognitive
skills necessary for second language acquisition, such as
the ability to analyze and manipulate language.

On the other hand, opponents of grammar instruction

argue that it can be boring and unengaging for students,
and that it can stifle creativity and communication. They
point out that the primary goal of language learning is
communication, and that a focus on grammar can distract
from this goal. Furthermore, they argue that students can
learn grammar implicitly through exposure to authentic
language input, and that explicit instruction is not
necessary.
Despite these opposing views, it is clear that grammar
plays a crucial role in EFL teaching. The key is to strike a
balance between explicit instruction and communicative
activities. One way to do this is through task-based
language teaching, which emphasizes the use of authentic
language in real-life tasks and activities. This approach
allows students to practice grammar in context, which
can make it more meaningful and relevant to them.
Furthermore, incorporating technology, such as
interactive grammar exercises and games, can make
grammar instruction more engaging and interactive.

In addition, providing form-focused instruction, which is

a direct and explicit teaching of grammar, can be useful
in certain situations, such as teaching of grammatical
forms that are more difficult for L2 learners. This can be
done in different ways such as , through error correction,
through focused exercises or through recasts or feedback
provided by the teacher.

In conclusion, grammar is an essential aspect of EFL

teaching, and it is important to find ways to integrate it
into language instruction in a meaningful and engaging
way. By striking a balance between explicit instruction
and communicative activities, and using technology and
task-based language teaching, EFL teachers can help
their students to develop the grammatical knowledge and
skills necessary for effective communication in English.
Chapter 6. Techniques for Teaching
Vocabulary and Pronunciation

Teaching vocabulary and pronunciation are two

important aspects of English as a Foreign Language
(EFL) instruction, and there are a variety of techniques
that can be used to help students acquire and master these
language skills.

One effective technique for teaching vocabulary is

through the use of flashcards. Flashcards are simple,
portable, and can be used in a variety of settings. They
can be used to introduce new vocabulary in a fun and
interactive way, and can be customized to target specific
words or phrases that are relevant to the students.
Additionally, flashcards can be used for self-study, which
can be an effective way to reinforce vocabulary
acquisition.

Another technique for teaching vocabulary is through the

use of context-based activities. This approach emphasizes
the use of vocabulary in authentic contexts, such as
through reading or listening to authentic texts. This can
help students to understand the meanings of words in a
more natural and meaningful way. Furthermore, context-
based activities can be used to provide students with the
opportunity to practice using new vocabulary in a
communicative context.
Another important aspect of EFL instruction is teaching
pronunciation. One technique for teaching pronunciation
is through the use of minimal pairs. Minimal pairs are
two words that differ by only one sound, such as “cat”
and “bat”. By having students practice distinguishing
between minimal pairs, they can learn to hear and
produce the sounds of the target language more
accurately.

Additionally, teaching phonemic script can be helpful for

learning the pronunciation. It allows students to
understand and use the symbols that represent sounds and
helps them to analyze the word to spell it correctly.

Another technique for teaching pronunciation is through

the use of choral repetition. In this technique, the teacher
models a word or phrase, and the students repeat it
together. This can help students to become more aware of
the sounds of the target language and to improve their
own pronunciation.

Furthermore, providing feedback for pronunciation error

can be helpful for students to improve their accuracy.
This can be done through teacher's correction, through
modeling and repetition or through the use of technology
such as speech recognition software.

In conclusion, teaching vocabulary and pronunciation are

important aspects of EFL instruction. The use of
flashcards, context-based activities, minimal pairs,
phonemic script, choral repetition and providing
feedback are effective techniques that can be used to help
students acquire and master these language skills. By
using a variety of techniques and strategies, EFL teachers
can help their students to develop a strong vocabulary
and accurate pronunciation, which are essential for
effective communication in English.

Since the introduction of computers into the classrooms

in the 1980’s, a debate has been ongoing about the role of
technology in learning and the job of teachers in
implementing technology. Technology has become a
remarkable presence in the field of education (Arnold &
Ducate, 2006), but questions remain as to how teachers
are using technology to optimize students’ learning.
Research into the field of CALL (Computer-
Assisted Language Learning) has followed current trends
in second language acquisition (SLA). In general, the
field of language teaching in the 1960s and 1970s was
dominated by behaviorist models of language learning
and therefore technology at that time was seen primarily
as a tool for drill and practice (Fotos & Browne, 2004).
By the early 1980s, the communicative approach to
language teaching had become popular and therefore,
computers and the Internet were then seen as tools for
providing language learners with authentic
communicative interaction with native speakers (Brett &
Gonzalez-Lloret, 2011). By the 1990s, the view of
technology had once again evolved, and it was seen as a
facilitator for “motivation, critical thinking, creativity,
and analytical skills” (Fotos & Browne, 2004, p. 5-6). As
task-based language teaching has come into popularity,
technology is now an even more viable tool for helping
students contend with tasks that promote language
learning (Warschauer & Healey, 1998).
In the 21st century, the use of technology in
teaching has become more important because teachers
may feel pressured to keep up with technological
advances and with the technological knowledge of their
students (Arnold & Ducate, 2006). Young learners today
have more access to information and more tools available
to them to manage their own learning than ever before.
Reinders (2009) suggests that “the challenge for teachers
will be more one of helping learners develop the skills to
deal successfully with the increased control and
independence that technology demands” (p. 236).
Literature Review
Technology has become ever more integrated
into our daily lives due to the technological changes of
the 20th and 21st centuries. The development of the field
of CALL and the implications of technology integration
for educational purposes has become an important part of
the field of second language teaching. As technology
continues to advance, educators will likely encounter and
need to contend with technological changes that can
positively influence language teaching and learning
(Arnold & Ducate, 2006). Borko, Whitcomb, and Liston
(2009) state that there are two main issues with using
technology in the classroom: instability and unreliability.
Because technology is evolving at such rapid speed, it
often comes and goes before users are able to fully
integrate it into teaching and learning. Such innovation
can be challenging because it “ensures that the
knowledge required to use digital technologies is never
fixed” (Borko et al., 2009, p. 4). Technology can also be
unreliable. Given that technology is constantly evolving,
there can often be “bugs” in new software that must be
fixed, causing frustration for language educators.
Donaldson and Haggston (2006) argue that “while
schools may have easy access to technology, both its
newness and rapid evolution make it difficult for
instructors to meet the challenge of effectively
incorporating these technologies into the language
curriculum” (p. 1). Since there are so many challenges
facing language teachers in integrating technology into
teaching, it is no wonder why so many teachers choose
not to use technology at all.
Previous research is abundant on the
effectiveness of using technology to help learners
develop fluency and accuracy. Current CALL theory
suggests that technology can have positive learning
outcomes, such as facilitating learner autonomy (Blin,
2004), promoting motivation (Evans, Mulvihill, &
Brooks, 2008), and potentially even increasing
satisfaction and self-confidence in the language
classroom.
 Despite positive learning outcomes with using
technology, hundreds of thousands of teachers have yet to
put into practice the use of technology in their
classrooms. Although there have been plenty of
innovations in recent years in terms of technological
development, Van den Branden (2011) states that “few of
them have been completely institutionalized in daily
classroom practice” (p. 659). Beyond issues of access,
why is there a disconnect between research and practice
when it comes to technology integration? One possible
explanation is that teachers have not been sufficiently
convinced that the positive impacts of using technology
outweigh any potential challenges they may face.
Teachers are simply not fully educated on what Borko et
al. (2009) call the “transformative power” of technology
integration (p. 3). McMeniman and Evans (1998) assert
that new evidence about positive influences of new
technologies on learning can encourage teachers to adopt
these technologies in their teaching. Thus, language
teachers need to see evidence that technology is useful
for accomplishing certain learning goals and technology
is helpful for their specific students in order for them to
start incorporating such tools into their teaching. Another
important explanation for the lack of technology
integration by language teachers is that they may not be
sufficiently trained on how to implement technology into
their teaching. Lack of training translates to teacher
discomfort and avoidance with exploring and
implementing technological tools in the classroom (e.g.,
computers and the Internet).
As Van den Branden (2011) states, “What
language teachers do in the classroom is inspired by what
they know, believe, and think about the different aspects
of their profession” (p. 663). Therefore, teachers’
perceptions about the effectiveness of using technology
largely determine to what extent they will take up the
task of implementing such technology. Technology
expertise can make teaching and teacher-related tasks
easier and more time efficient (Arnold & Ducate, 2006).
However, not all teachers may hold the same beliefs
about using technology in their teaching.
Investigations into teachers’ perceptions of
technology and how they make choices about using
technology in their teaching could impact the field of
CALL field of CALL. Such studies could influence not
only the direction in which the field heads, but could also
have pedagogical implications for teacher training in
CALL. Given that integrating technology into language
teaching can be a complex and challenging process, it is
no wonder that so many teachers choose not to take up
the challenge. Borko et al. (2009) state that “the rapid
growth of digital technologies, coupled with the
complexity of classroom life, increases both the potential
transformative power and the difficulty of problems”
surrounding technology integration into language
teaching (p. 3). Digital technology is constantly changing
as new developments are made. These changes can result
in confusion and frustration for teachers trying to develop
curricula using technology. Technology can be used in a
variety of ways; however specific tools are often more
effective for specific tasks (Koehler & Mishra, 2009).
Finding those matches between tool and task can be
overwhelming to a novice technology user.
Another important factor that influences whether
a teacher chooses to use technology is the context in
which a teacher is working. If the administration is
unsupportive or restricts the use of technology in the
classroom, then the teachers’ chances of using technology
will decrease. Given the challenges of technology
integration, it comes as no surprise that some teachers
“do not appreciate its value or relevance to teaching and
learning” (Koehler & Mishra, 2009, p. 62).
Age may be another potential factor that
determines whether a language teacher chooses to use
integrated technology in her curriculum. Prensky’s
(2001) conceptualization of digital natives, or those who
have grown up in an atmosphere saturated in digital
technology, suggests that digitally native teachers are
more likely to use and integrate technology into their
own teaching. There are many factors that contribute to
the pedagogical decision-making processes about
whether to use technology or not, including the context in
which a teacher is working and how the administration
feels about technology. However, for the purposes of this
study, we’ve chosen to focus only on the differences
between novice and experienced language teachers and
the variable of age.
The differences in pedagogical practices
between novice and experienced teachers have been
heavily researched in the field of education and applied
linguistics. Previous research has found that there were
significant differences in the ways that novice and
experienced teachers make decisions in the language
classroom (Leinhardt & Greeno, 1986) and the ways in
which they recognize and contend with learners as
individuals (Johnson, 1996).
Adding technology into the mix, there are
various studies that point out the pedagogical differences
between teachers who are comfortable with technology
and use it in their teaching versus those teachers with
lesser abilities in implementing technology. A study by
Meskill, Mossop, DiAngelo, and Pasquale (2002) used
interview data to qualitatively investigate the differences
in “technology talk” between ESOL teachers that were
expert and novice technology users. Despite all of the
teachers having taken courses in instructional technology,
the interview data results showed there were stark
discourse differences relating to teachers’ beliefs and use
of technology in their teaching. Some of the important
differences that Meskill et al. found were that expert
teachers spoke about technology as being inanimate
objects or “tools” to guide teaching and learning while
referring to themselves and the students as the doers.
Novice teachers tended to anthropomorphize computers
and referred to technology as the agent of teaching; they
credited learning and teaching to the machine rather than
to the students and the teacher. The two groups differed
strikingly in their views of the power and usefulness of
technology in the classroom. Expert technology teachers
viewed technology as a way of empowering learners,
while the novice technology teachers were preoccupied
with classroom management and used technology as a
way of managing the behavior of the learners. The focus
of the instruction was another important difference
revealed by Meskill et al. They determined that novice
teachers emphasized the product that they expected their
learners to produce, whereas experienced teachers
focused on whether learners understood the process by
which to get to the final product.
Other studies looking at technology and
teachers’ perceptions have focused on the knowledge and
skills that teachers need in order to effectively integrate
technology into their teaching (Koehler & Mishra, 2009;
Lim & Chai, 2007). A case study by Lim and Chai (2007)
investigated six math, English, and science teachers from
Singapore primary schools that reported high levels of
computer integration. Interviews with the teachers
included discussions of their beliefs about education and
“the affordances of computers for teaching and learning”
(p. 815). The interviews revealed that almost all of the
teachers had strong pedagogical beliefs towards teaching
that is output-focused and saw computers as tools for
mediated learning. Yet, after conducting classroom
observations the researchers found that the lessons and
the use of computers took a traditional approach.
Computers were mostly used for information gathering or
drill-and-practice. Lim and Chai’s findings suggest that
despite teachers having certain pedagogical beliefs, their
practice is often in contradiction with those beliefs. They
state that “until teachers’ pedagogical beliefs are
transformed, there may not be changes in the way they
use computers in the classroom” (p. 808). Their findings
reveal that teachers’ perceptions of the usefulness of
technology as a tool for learning is only one piece of a
complex and dynamic puzzle as to why teachers use or
avoid technology in their teaching.
One of the critical questions that has been posed
by researchers including Chappelle and Hegelheimer
(2004) is what are the main skills that language teachers
need in order to participate in “technology-related
teaching issues?” (p. 300). Building on Shulman’s (1986)
idea of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK),
researchers Mishra and Koehler (2006) developed the
concept of technological pedagogical content knowledge
(TPCK) as a way of explaining the knowledge teachers
need to integrate technology into their teaching. TPCK is
used as a way of explaining the complexities of
integrating knowledge of content, pedagogy, and
technology into the task of teaching. The TPCK
framework was designed to investigate thought processes
and knowledge involving technology in relation to
teachers’ actions in their teaching. Reinders (2009) points
out that a teacher’s level of technological expertise could
involve “being able to first, use a certain technology;
second, being able to create materials and activities using
that technology; and third, being able to teach with
technology” (p. 231).
Research on teachers’ beliefs about their own
competencies, self-efficacy, or confidence with using
technology has also been important in looking at
teachers’ decision-making processes of using technology
in the language classroom (Wang, Ertmer & Newby,
2004; Abbitt & Klett, 2007; Lee & Tsai, 2010; Kessler &
Plakans, 2008; Hegelheimer, 2006). Lee and Tsai (2010)
designed a new questionnaire based on the TPCK
framework (Koehler & Mishra, 2006) that included Web
pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK-W). They
conducted a study in which they surveyed elementary to
high school teachers in Taiwan about their perceived self-
efficacy in terms of TPCK-W and using the Internet in
their language teaching. Their findings suggested a strong
correlation between teachers’ self-efficacy in terms of
TPCK-W and their attitudes towards web-based
pedagogy; teachers with more experience using the web
tended to have high self-efficacy while teachers with less
experience using web based pedagogy were likely to
have low self-efficacy in terms of their TPCK-W. A study
by Kessler and Plakans (2008) investigated how teachers’
confidence with CALL relates to their integrated
technology practice in the language classroom. The
researchers logged the use of CALL by seven language
teachers at universities in the United States and then
followed-up with interviews to examine their confidence
with CALL. Results suggested that high confidence with
technology did not necessarily equate to high levels of
integrated technology use in the classroom. Such findings
reveal the complexities at play in regards to teachers’
decisions about whether to use technology in their
language teaching.
Much research has been done on teachers’
beliefs about their own self-efficacy with technology
integration (Abbitt & Klett, 2007) and how teachers’
discourse mirrors their beliefs about technology (Meskill
et al., 2002). Other research has been done on the types
of knowledge needed in order to effectively use
technology in language teaching (Mishra & Koehler,
2006; Lee & Tsai, 2010). However, how novice and
experienced teachers differ in their perceptions on
technology in language teaching have not been as well
researched. Thus our study attempted to address this gap
in the field of CALL by surveying current groups of ESL
teachers’ perceptions on using technology.
Chapter 7. Communicative Language
Teaching: Creating Real-life Situations in
the Classroom

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is a method of

language instruction that emphasizes the use of authentic
and meaningful communication in the classroom. This
approach is based on the idea that the primary purpose of
learning a language is to be able to communicate
effectively in real-life situations. In order to achieve this
goal, CLT classrooms are designed to provide students
with opportunities to use the language in meaningful and
relevant contexts.

One of the key features of CLT is the use of real-life

situations in the classroom. These situations can take
many forms, including role-plays, simulations, and real-
world projects. For example, a teacher might create a
role-play scenario in which students are working in a
hypothetical company, and they have to use the language
to communicate with their colleagues and customers.
Another example would be a simulation where students
take on the role of a news reporter and have to conduct
an interview, write an article, and present it to the class.
Or, a real-world project where student apply the language
to solving a problem or achieve a real-world task.
The use of real-life situations in CLT classrooms has
several advantages. Firstly, it provides students with a
sense of purpose and motivation, as they can see how the
language they are learning can be used in practical and
relevant ways. Secondly, it allows students to practice
using the language in a wide range of communicative
contexts, which can help to develop their communicative
competence.

Another important aspect of CLT is the use of authentic

materials. This can include real-life written and spoken
texts such as newspapers, magazines, and audio and
video recordings of native speakers using the language in
natural settings. Using authentic materials can help to
provide students with exposure to the language as it is
actually used in the real world, rather than only
practicing with simplified or artificial materials.

Finally, CLT also stresses on the active participation of

the learners and encourages interaction among them. The
emphasis is on group work, pair work, and other
collaborative activities that require students to use the
language in interactive ways. This promotes both fluency
and accurate use of the language, while encouraging
students to take responsibility for their own learning.

In conclusion, Communicative Language Teaching is an

approach to language instruction that emphasizes the use
of authentic and meaningful communication in the
classroom. By creating real-life situations and using
authentic materials, CLT classrooms provide students
with opportunities to use the language in meaningful and
relevant contexts, which can help to develop their
communicative competence and provide them with a
sense of purpose and motivation.
Chapter 8. Using Technology and Digital
Resources in EFL Teaching

Technology and digital resources have revolutionized the

way English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is taught and
learned. From interactive whiteboards to online language
learning apps, technology has provided teachers and
students with a wide range of tools that can be used to
enhance the learning experience. In this essay, we will
explore the various ways in which technology and digital
resources can be used in EFL teaching and the best
resources available to help learners and teachers of
English.

One of the most significant ways in which technology

can be used in EFL teaching is through the use of
interactive whiteboards. These boards allow teachers to
present and organize multimedia content, such as videos,
images, and audio recordings, in a visually engaging way.
Interactive whiteboards also allow teachers to create
interactive activities, such as quizzes and games, that can
be used to reinforce language concepts and skills. This
can help to make learning more engaging and interactive
for students, which can in turn lead to better retention of
information.
Another way in which technology can be used in EFL
teaching is through the use of online language learning
apps. These apps provide students with a wide range of
interactive activities, games, and quizzes that can be used
to practice vocabulary, grammar, and other language
skills. Many of these apps also feature a built-in speech
recognition feature, which allows students to practice
their pronunciation. Some of the best examples include
Duolingo, Babbel and Rosetta Stone.

Digital resources are also important for English language

teachers, as they can provide teachers with a wealth of
resources for lesson planning and classroom
management. Websites such as the British Council's
LearnEnglish provide a wide range of materials,
including videos, audio recordings, and activities that can
be used to support language teaching. The website of the
British Council also offers an interactive grammar and
vocabulary learning resources. Other popular websites
that can be used to find teaching materials include the
websites of publishers such as Cambridge University
Press and Oxford University Press.
Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter can
also be used to connect with other EFL teachers and
learners. This can provide teachers with a valuable
opportunity to share ideas and resources and also can be
used to make connections with native speakers of
English. Online forums such as the TESOL International
Association forum can also be used to connect with other
teachers and share resources.

In conclusion, technology and digital resources have

greatly improved the way English as a Foreign Language
is taught and learned. These resources can provide
students with a wide range of interactive activities and
multimedia content that can be used to enhance their
learning experience. They also can provide teachers with
a wealth of resources for lesson planning and classroom
management. The use of interactive whiteboards, online
language learning apps, digital resources, and social
media can all help to make learning more engaging and
interactive for students, while providing teachers with a
valuable set of tools to support their teaching.
Chapter 9. Assessment and Evaluation in
EFL: Measuring Language Proficiency

Assessment and evaluation in the field of English as a

Foreign Language (EFL) is an essential part of the
language learning process. It is used to measure students’
language proficiency, identify areas of strength and
weakness, and provide feedback for future instruction. In
this essay, we will explore the various assessment tools
and methods that can be used to measure students’
reading, listening, speaking, writing, vocabulary, and
grammar skills, as well as the ways to effectively
administer these assessments.

One of the most widely used methods of assessing

students’ reading skills is through the use of standardized
reading comprehension tests. These tests typically consist
of passages of text followed by multiple-choice questions
designed to measure students’ understanding of the text.
Standardized tests such as TOEFL and IELTS are
examples of this type of assessment. They are widely
used for testing students' reading skills at an academic
level and for universities admission or job applications.
Listening skills can be assessed through the use of
recorded dialogues or monologues, followed by multiple-
choice or fill-in-the-blank questions. This type of
assessment is commonly used in language proficiency
tests such as the TOEFL, IELTS and also on a classroom
level to assess students' listening skills. Online resources
such as the British Council's LearnEnglish website
provide a wide range of listening activities with different
levels of difficulty.

Speaking and writing skills can be assessed through the

use of oral or written exams, such as the TOEIC or
TOEFL, which include tasks such as describing a picture,
giving a presentation or writing an essay. Another
effective method is to use simulated or authentic
speaking or writing tasks, such as a mock job interview
or a letter-writing task. In this case, the teacher can
evaluate the students based on fluency, accuracy, and
appropriate use of vocabulary and grammar.

Vocabulary and grammar skills can be assessed through

the use of multiple-choice or fill-in-the-blank tests. These
tests are useful for measuring students’ knowledge of
specific vocabulary or grammar points, and can be easily
administered in a classroom setting. The above
mentioned exams such as the TOEFL, IELTS, TOEIC
also include sections that measure vocabulary and
grammar knowledge. Additionally, some digital resources
such as Duolingo, Babbel and Rosetta Stone can also
provide quizzes and interactive activities that focus on
vocabulary and grammar learning.

When administering these assessments, it is important to

consider several factors, such as the level of difficulty of
the assessment, the timing of the assessment, and the
methods used to score the assessment. The assessment
should be appropriate to the students' level of proficiency,
and should be administered in a way that allows students
to demonstrate their skills and knowledge. Additionally,
scoring methods should be clear and transparent, and
should take into account both accuracy and fluency.

To sum up, assessment and evaluation in EFL is an

essential part of the language learning process.
Standardized reading comprehension tests, listening
exercises, spoken and written exams, vocabulary and
grammar quizzes are some examples of the assessment
tools that can be used to measure students’ reading,
listening, speaking, writing, vocabulary, and grammar
skills. These assessments should be administered in an
appropriate and fair manner, and should be used as a
means of providing feedback for future instruction. As a
teacher, it is important to consider the level of the
students, the timing of the assessment and the scoring
methods when using the above mentioned tools to
provide the best results for the students.
Chapter 10. Cultural considerations in
EFL teaching
Cultural considerations are an important aspect of
teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in any
context, but they become even more critical when
teaching in a different cultural setting. In this essay, we
will explore the cultural considerations that come into
play when teaching EFL in the Middle East, with a
specific focus on Iraq.

One of the most important cultural considerations when

teaching EFL in the Middle East is understanding the
different cultural norms and customs. For example, in
Iraq, it is important to be aware of the traditional Islamic
values that underpin the culture. This can include
concepts such as the importance of family and
community, respect for authority, and a focus on modesty
and humility. Understanding these values can help
teachers to create a more welcoming and inclusive
classroom environment, and can help them to avoid
inadvertently offending their students.

Another cultural consideration when teaching EFL in the

M i d d l e E a s t i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e d i ff e r e n t
communication styles that are used in the region. For
example, in Iraq, there is a tendency towards indirect
communication and a focus on saving face. This can
mean that students may be less likely to express
disagreement or criticism directly, and may instead use
nonverbal cues or indirect language. Understanding these
communication styles can help teachers to interpret the
messages their students are trying to convey and to create
an environment where students feel comfortable
expressing themselves.

Another key consideration when teaching EFL in the

Middle East is understanding the linguistic diversity of
the region. Iraq is home to a wide variety of languages,
including Arabic, Kurdish, Turkish, and Assyrian, and
many students may be fluent in more than one language.
This linguistic diversity can have a significant impact on
the teaching of English, particularly in terms of
vocabulary and grammar. For example, students may find
it difficult to learn English vocabulary that is not present
in their native language, or they may use grammar
structures that are not typically found in English.
Understanding these linguistic challenges can help
teachers to create more effective lessons and to provide
targeted support for their students.
It is also important for EFL teachers in the Middle East to
be familiar with cultural and historical background of the
country they are teaching in. In Iraq's case, the country
has a rich history and a cultural heritage that has been
shaped by centuries of invasions and influences, and the
teacher should be familiar with the country's major
historical events.

Furthermore, teachers should also be aware of the

cultural and political context of their students, and how
this context might be influencing their students'
perceptions of the world. A context of a long-term war,
political unrest and sectarian tensions can have a big
impact on the students' and their ability to learn.

In summary, cultural considerations are an important

aspect of teaching EFL in the Middle East, especially in
Iraq. Understanding the cultural norms and customs,
communication styles, linguistic diversity and historical
background, can help teachers to create a more
welcoming and inclusive classroom environment, and to
design effective lessons that take into account the unique
needs of their students. By being aware of these cultural
considerations, teachers can help their students to achieve
their full potential and to succeed in their studies of the
English language.
Chapter 11. Methodologies and Approaches in
EFL: Grammar-translation, Direct Method, Task-
based language teaching and Content-based
instruction
Methodologies and approaches in English as a Foreign
Language (EFL) teaching refer to the different strategies
and techniques that teachers use to teach the language.
These methodologies and approaches vary in their focus
and emphasis, and they have different strengths and
weaknesses. In this report, we will examine four major
methodologies and approaches that have been used in
EFL teaching in Iraq: Grammar-translation, Direct
Method, Task-based Language Teaching, and Content-
based Instruction. We will analyze the key principles of
each methodology and approach, and examine how they
have been used in the EFL context in Iraq.

The Grammar-translation method is one of the oldest

methodologies in EFL teaching, and it is still widely used
in many parts of the world, including Iraq. This method
focuses on teaching the grammar and vocabulary of the
target language through translation from the students'
native language. The primary goal of this method is to
enable students to read and translate written texts from
the target language. This method is typically associated
with teaching the language in a traditional and formal
way, with a strong emphasis on accuracy and
memorization.

The Direct Method is another approach that has been

used in EFL teaching in Iraq. This method focuses on
teaching the target language through immersion and the
use of the target language in the classroom. The Direct
Method aims to develop the students' oral skills by using
only the target language in the classroom. The teacher
avoids using the students' native language, and instead,
the teacher uses visual aids, gestures, and other nonverbal
communication to convey meaning. The Direct Method
focuses on communicative competence and encourages
students to use the language actively, which helps them
to develop fluency.

Task-based Language Teaching is a methodology that is

based on the idea that the best way to learn a language is
through meaningful and authentic tasks. This approach
emphasizes the use of tasks that are relevant to the
s tudents ' liv es an d th at s imu late real-w orld
communication. The students are given tasks to perform,
such as problem-solving, decision-making, or critical
thinking, which can be performed in the target language.
This approach encourages students to use the language in
a communicative way, which can help them to develop
fluency and communicative competence.

Content-based instruction is an approach that uses the

content of the curriculum as a means to teach the
language. This approach combines language instruction
with the teaching of subject matter content, such as
science, math, or social studies. The emphasis is on the
development of language skills through the content,
which provides a context for the language. This approach
provides students with a sense of purpose and motivation,
and can help them to acquire the language in a more
meaningful and relevant way.

In the context of Iraq, different methodologies have been

used in EFL teaching over the years. The Grammar-
translation method was widely used in the past, but it has
gradually been replaced by more communicative and
interactive approaches. The Direct Method has been used
in a limited way, but it is not as popular as other methods.
Task-based Language Teaching and Content-based
Instruction have gained popularity in recent years, as they
align with the need for students to develop
communicative competence and fluency, and provide
students with relevant context and meaningful tasks. As
the education system and society of Iraq has evolved, so
has the methodologies and approaches to teaching
English, and it is expected that these more
communicative and interactive approaches will become
more widely used in the future.
Chapter 12. Managing the EFL Classroom:
Effective Teaching Strategies and
Classroom Management Techniques

Managing the English as a Foreign Language (EFL)

classroom can be a challenging task, particularly within
the context of the Middle East where there can be a lack
of social stimulus to talk in English. In this essay, we will
explore effective teaching strategies and classroom
management techniques that can be used to create a
successful learning environment for EFL students in the
Middle East. We will begin by discussing the importance
of building a positive classroom climate and the role of
the teacher in creating a welcoming and inclusive
environment. We will then examine several key teaching
strategies, including task-based language teaching,
communicative language teaching, and content-based
instruction, which can be used to enhance students'
language skills. Finally, we will discuss effective
classroom management techniques that can be used to
maintain a positive learning environment and to address
common classroom management challenges.

One of the most important aspects of managing the EFL

classroom is creating a positive classroom climate. A
positive classroom climate can be defined as a learning
environment that is supportive, welcoming, and
inclusive. The teacher plays a key role in creating a
positive classroom climate by building positive
relationships with students and fostering a sense of
community within the classroom. This can be achieved
through simple actions such as greeting students by
name, being responsive to their needs, and providing
opportunities for students to interact with one another.
Additionally, teachers can create a positive classroom
climate by using inclusive language and providing
opportunities for students from different cultural
backgrounds to share their perspectives.

Another effective teaching strategy that can be used to

enhance students' language skills is task-based language
teaching (TBLT). TBLT is an approach that emphasizes
the use of tasks that are relevant to the students' lives and
that simulate real-world communication. This approach
encourages students to use the language in a
communicative way, which can help them to develop
fluency and communicative competence. For example,
teachers can use TBLT to design a simulation where
students take on the role of a news reporter and have to
conduct an interview, write an article, and present it to
the class. This type of task allows students to practice
their language skills in a meaningful and relevant way
and can make the learning process more engaging.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is another

approach that can be used to enhance students' language
skills in the EFL classroom. CLT is a method of language
instruction that emphasizes the use of authentic and
meaningful communication in the classroom. This
approach is based on the idea that the primary purpose of
learning a language is to be able to communicate
effectively in real-life situations. In order to achieve this
goal, CLT classrooms are designed to provide students
with opportunities to use the language in meaningful and
relevant contexts. In addition, teachers can use CLT to
provide students with opportunities to practice using the
language in a wide range of communicative contexts,
which can help to develop their communicative
competence.
Chapter 13. Developing Curriculum and
Lesson Planning for EFL

Firstly, understanding the cultural context of the students

can help teachers to create a more welcoming and
inclusive classroom environment. This includes
understanding the cultural norms and customs, as well as
the traditional values that underpin the culture. By
understanding these cultural elements, teachers can adapt
their teaching style and materials to be more culturally
appropriate and relevant, which can help to increase
student engagement and motivation.

Secondly, culture and context play a significant role in

shaping the way students perceive and use the language.
The culture and background of the students can influence
the way they communicate, including their
communication styles, conventions, and idiomatic
expressions. By taking this into account, teachers can
design activities and materials that are appropriate for the
students' linguistic and cultural backgrounds, which can
help to improve their understanding of the language.

Thirdly, incorporating culture and context into EFL

teaching can also promote students' intercultural
awareness and understanding. By providing students with
opportunities to learn about different cultures and to
practice the language in a variety of cultural contexts,
teachers can help them to develop a greater
understanding of the world and to be more culturally
sensitive and respectful.

Lastly, incorporating context and culture in EFL teaching

can help to increase the authenticity of the learning
experience. When the language is taught in a way that is
relevant and connected to real-world situations, it can
make the learning process more engaging and meaningful
for the students, which can improve their retention of the
material and ability to use the language in real-life
context.

In summary, understanding and incorporating context and

culture into EFL teaching can help to create a more
welcoming and inclusive classroom environment,
improve students' understanding of the language,
promote intercultural awareness and understanding, and
increase the authenticity and relevancy of the learning
experience.
Developing a curriculum and lesson planning for
teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in the
Middle East context requires careful consideration of the
cultural, linguistic, and educational backgrounds of the
students. In this essay, we will explore the steps involved
in developing a curriculum and lesson planning for EFL
in the Middle East context, including identifying the
needs and objectives of the learners, selecting appropriate
materials, and designing effective activities and
assessments.

The first step in developing a curriculum and lesson

planning for EFL in the Middle East is identifying the
needs and objectives of the learners. This includes
assessing the students' current language proficiency level,
as well as their specific needs and goals. For example, if
the students are preparing for a language proficiency
exam such as TOEFL or IELTS, the curriculum should
focus on developing the specific skills and knowledge
needed for the exam. Additionally, it should be also
considered whether the students are going to use the
language for academic or professional purposes, or for
general communication. Identifying the needs and
objectives of the learners allows teachers to design
lessons and activities that are specifically tailored to the
students' needs, which can help to improve their language
proficiency.
The next step in developing a curriculum and lesson
planning for EFL in the Middle East is selecting
appropriate materials. This includes choosing texts,
videos, and other resources that are appropriate for the
students' level of proficiency, as well as culturally and
linguistically relevant. For example, texts and materials
that are specific to the Middle East region can be used to
provide students with a sense of cultural relevance and to
help them to connect the language learning to their own
experiences. Additionally, it is important to select
materials that are appropriate for the learners' age, level,
and learning style.

Once the materials have been selected, the next step is to

design effective activities and assessments. This includes
creating activities that are interactive, communicative,
and that provide opportunities for students to practice the
language in meaningful contexts. Additionally, teachers
should also design activities that are challenging, yet
achievable, in order to promote student engagement and
to help them to achieve their learning objectives.
Furthermore, assessments should be aligned with the
learning objectives and the activities, and should provide
opportunities for formative and summative evaluations
Chapter 14: Worksheets

In this section, we will focus on proving you with the most

common worksheets that I have used to teach English.
Most worksheets focus on improving productive skills
such as speaking and writing. Since there are two language
motors; comprehension and production, I find it a must to
focus on production motor since it is the ultimate factor in
peoples success in becoming better communicators.
 ‫‪ ١٠‬أﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻋن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ .١‬ھل ﺳﯾﺳﺗﺑدل اﻟﻣدرس ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ؟‬
‫ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﺗـﻛون اﻟـﺗﻛﻧوﻟـوﺟـﯾﺎ أداة ﻣـﻔﯾدة ﻟـدﻋـم وﺗـﻌزﯾـز ﻋـﻣل اﻟـﻣﻌﻠﻣﯾن‪ ،‬وﻟـﻛن ﻣـن ﻏـﯾر اﻟـﻣرﺟـﺢ أن‬
‫ﺗﺣـل ﻣﺣـل دور اﻟـﻣﻌﻠم ﺑـﺎﻟـﻛﺎﻣـل ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻔﺻل اﻟـدراﺳـﻲ‪ .‬ﯾـﻠﻌب اﻟـﻣﻌﻠﻣون دورً ا ﺣـﺎﺳـﻣًﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﻌﻠﯾم‬
‫اﻟـطﻼب وﺗـﻧﻣﯾﺗﮭم‪ ،‬وﻻ ﯾـﻣﻛن اﺳـﺗﺑدال اﻟـﻌﻧﺻر اﻟﺑﺷـري ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺗدرﯾـس ‪ -‬ﻣـﺛل اﻟـﻘدرة ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟـﺗﻛﯾف‬
‫ﻣـﻊ اﺣـﺗﯾﺎﺟـﺎت اﻟـطﻼب اﻟـﻔردﯾـﺔ وﺗـﻘدﯾـم اﻟـدﻋـم اﻟـﻌﺎطـﻔﻲ‪ -‬ﺑـﺎﻟـﺗﻛﻧوﻟـوﺟـﯾﺎ‪ .‬ﯾـﻣﻛن اﺳـﺗﺧدام اﻟـﺗﻛﻧوﻟـوﺟـﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺗﺳﮭﯾل اﻟﺗﻌﻠم‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن اﻷﻣر ﻣﺗروك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠم ﻟﺧﻠق ﺑﯾﺋﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﯾﺔ إﯾﺟﺎﺑﯾﺔ وﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ھل ﺳﺗﺣل اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﺑدل اﻟﻣﺗرﺟم؟‬

‫ھـﻧﺎك ﺑـﺎﻟـﺗﺄﻛـﯾد ﺗـﻘﻧﯾﺎت ﺗـرﺟـﻣﺔ ﻣـﺗﺎﺣـﺔ ﯾـﻣﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﺗـرﺟـﻣﺔ اﻟـﻧص أو اﻟـﻛﻼم ﺗـﻠﻘﺎﺋـﯾًﺎ ﻣـن ﻟـﻐﺔ إﻟـﻰ أﺧـرى‪.‬‬
‫وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـك‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈن ھـذه اﻟـﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت ﻟﯾﺳـت ﻣـﺗﻘدﻣـﺔ ﺑـﻣﺎ ﯾـﻛﻔﻲ ﻟﺗﺣـل ﻣﺣـل اﻟـﻣﺗرﺟـﻣﯾن اﻟﺑﺷـرﯾـﯾن ﺑـﺎﻟـﻛﺎﻣـل‪.‬‬
‫ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟـرﻏـم ﻣـن أن اﻟـﺗرﺟـﻣﺔ اﻵﻟـﯾﺔ ﻗـد ﺧـطت ﺧـطوات ﻛـﺑﯾرة ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺳﻧوات اﻷﺧـﯾرة وﯾـﻣﻛن أن‬
‫ﺗـﻛون ﻣـﻔﯾدة ﻓـﻲ ﻣـواﻗـف ﻣـﻌﯾﻧﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻧـﮭﺎ ﻻ ﺗـزال ﺗـﻌﺎﻧـﻲ ﻣـن ﻗـﯾود وﻟﯾﺳـت داﺋـﻣًﺎ ﻗـﺎدرة ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـرﺟـﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟـﻔروق اﻟـدﻗـﯾﻘﺔ واﻟـﺧواص اﻟـﻠﻐوﯾـﺔ ﺑـدﻗـﺔ‪ .‬ﻣـن ﻧـﺎﺣـﯾﺔ أﺧـرى‪ ،‬ﯾـﻣﻛن ﻟـﻠﻣﺗرﺟـﻣﯾن اﻟﺑﺷـرﯾـﯾن ﻓـﮭم‬
‫اﻟﺳـﯾﺎق واﻟـﻣﻌﻧﻰ وراء اﻟـﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟـﺗﻲ ﯾـﺗم ﺗـرﺟـﻣﺗﮭﺎ وﯾـﻣﻛﻧﮭم إﻧـﺗﺎج ﺗـرﺟـﻣﺎت دﻗـﯾﻘﺔ وﺗـﻧﻘل اﻟـﻣﻌﻧﻰ‬
‫اﻟـﻣﻘﺻود‪ .‬ﻟـذﻟـك ‪ ،‬ﻣـن ﻏـﯾر اﻟـﻣﺣﺗﻣل أن ﺗﺣـل اﻟـﺗﻛﻧوﻟـوﺟـﯾﺎ ﻣﺣـل اﻟـﺣﺎﺟـﺔ إﻟـﻰ ﻣـﺗرﺟـﻣﯾن ﺑﺷـرﯾـﯾن ﻓـﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﻘرﯾب‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ھل ﯾؤﺛر اﻟﻌﻣر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬

‫ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﯾـؤﺛـر اﻟـﻌﻣر ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ إﻟـﻰ ﺣـد ﻣـﺎ‪ .‬أظﮭـرت اﻷﺑـﺣﺎث أن اﻷطـﻔﺎل ﻟـدﯾـﮭم ﻗـدرة‬
‫طـﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺎت وﯾـﻣﯾﻠون إﻟـﻰ أن ﯾـﻛوﻧـوا أﻛـﺛر ﻧـﺟﺎﺣً ـﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻛـﺗﺳﺎب ﻟـﻐﺔ ﺛـﺎﻧـﯾﺔ ﻣـن اﻟـﺑﺎﻟـﻐﯾن‪.‬‬
‫وذﻟـك ﻷن أدﻣـﻐﺔ اﻷطـﻔﺎل أﻛـﺛر ﺗـﻘﺑﻼً ﻟـﺗﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺎت وﻣـن اﻟـﻣرﺟـﺢ أن ﯾـﻠﺗﻘطوا ﻟـﻐﺔ ﺟـدﯾـدة ﻣـن ﺧـﻼل‬
‫اﻻﻧﻐﻣﺎس ‪ immersion‬واﻟﺗﻌرض اﻟﻣﻧﺗظم ﻟﮭﺎ ‪.Consisten exposure‬‬
‫وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـك ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈن اﻟـﻌﻣر ﻟـﯾس ﻋـﺎﻣـﻼً ﻣﺣـد ًدا ﻓـﻲ ﻗـدرة اﻟـﺷﺧص ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻛـﺛﯾر ﻣـن اﻟـﺑﺎﻟـﻐﯾن‬
‫ﻗـﺎدرون ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻌﻠم ﻟـﻐﺎت ﺟـدﯾـدة وإﺗـﻘﺎﻧـﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧـﺎﺻـﺔ إذا ﻛـﺎن ﻟـدﯾـﮭم اﻟـﺣﺎﻓـز واﻻﻟـﺗزام ﺑـﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟـﺗﻌﻠم‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوارد اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ وﻧﮭﺞ اﻟﺗﻌﻠم ‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن ﻷي ﺷﺧص ﺗﻌﻠم ﻟﻐﺔ ﺟدﯾدة ﻓﻲ أي ﻋﻣر‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ھل ﻣﺗﺣدث اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻم اﻓﺿل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣن ﻣﺗﺣدث اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ؟‬

‫ﻗـد ﯾـﻛون ﻟـدى اﻟﻣﺗﺣـدﺛـﯾن اﻷﺻـﻠﯾﯾن ﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ﻓـﮭم ﻟـﻠﻐﺔ وﻓـروﻗـﮭﺎ اﻟـدﻗـﯾﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻣﺎ ﻗـد ﯾـﻛون ﻣـﻔﯾ ًدا ﻟـﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻟـﻶﺧـرﯾـن‪ .‬وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـك‪ ،‬ھـذا ﻻ ﯾـﻌﻧﻲ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺿرورة أن اﻟﻣﺗﺣـدﺛـﯾن اﻷﺻـﻠﯾﯾن ھـم داﺋـﻣًﺎ أﻓـﺿل ﻣـﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﯾـﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣـدﺛـﯾن ﻏـﯾر اﻷﺻـﻠﯾﯾن ﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻟـذﯾـن ﺗـﻌﻠﻣوا اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ﻛـﻠﻐﺔ ﺛـﺎﻧـﯾﺔ وﻟـدﯾـﮭم ﻓـﮭم ﻋـﻣﯾق‬
‫ﻟﻘواﻋدھﺎ وﺑﻧﯾﺗﮭﺎ أن ﯾﻛوﻧوا ﻣدرﺳﯾن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾن‪.‬‬
‫إن اﻟـﻌﺎﻣـل اﻷﻛـﺛر أھـﻣﯾﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺗﺣـدﯾـد ﻣـﺎ إذا ﻛـﺎن اﻟـﺷﺧص ﻣـدرس ﻟـﻐﺔ ﺟـﯾ ًدا ھـو ﻗـدرﺗـﮫ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟـﺗواﺻـل‬
‫وﻧـﻘل ﻣـﻌﺎرﻓـﮫ ﺑـﺷﻛل ﻓـﻌﺎل إﻟـﻰ طـﻼﺑـﮫ‪ .‬ﯾـﺗﺿﻣن ذﻟـك اﻟـﻘدرة ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺷـرح ﻣـﻔﺎھـﯾم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ﺑـوﺿـوح‪،‬‬
‫وﺗـﻘدﯾـم ﻣـﻼﺣـظﺎت ﻣـﻔﯾدة‪ ،‬واﻟـﺗﻛﯾف ﻣـﻊ اﺣـﺗﯾﺎﺟـﺎت وأﻧـﻣﺎط اﻟـﺗﻌﻠم ﻟـطﻼﺑـﮭم‪ .‬ﯾـﻣﻛن ﻟـﻛل ﻣـن اﻟـﻧﺎطـﻘﯾن‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﯾﯾن وﻏﯾر اﻟﻧﺎطﻘﯾن ﺑﮭﺎ أن ﯾﻛوﻧوا ﻣدرﺳﯾن ﻣﮭرة ﻟﻠﻐﺔ طﺎﻟﻣﺎ أﻧﮭم ﯾﻣﺗﻠﻛون ھذه اﻟﺻﻔﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٥‬ھل اﻟﻘواﻋد ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬

‫ﺗـﻌﺗﺑر اﻟـﻘواﻋـد ﺟـﺎﻧـﺑًﺎ ﻣـﮭﻣًﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﻌﻠم أي ﻟـﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻣﺎ ﻓـﻲ ذﻟـك اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ‪ .‬ﺗـﺳﺎﻋـد اﻟـﻘواﻋـد ﻓـﻲ ﺑـﻧﺎء‬
‫وﺗـﻧظﯾم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ وﺗـﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺣـدﺛـﯾن ﺑـﻧﻘل أﻓـﻛﺎرھـم ﺑـوﺿـوح وﻓـﻌﺎﻟـﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﯾـﺳﺎﻋـد اﻟـﻔﮭم اﻟـﺟﯾد‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘواﻋد اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻣﯾن أﯾﺿًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﮭم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدﺛﯾن اﻷﺻﻠﯾﯾن واﻟﺗواﺻل ﻣﻌﮭم ﺑﺷﻛل أﻓﺿل‪.‬‬
‫وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـك‪ ،‬ﻣـن اﻟـﻣﮭم ﻟـﻣﺗﻌﻠﻣﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻟـﺗرﻛـﯾز ﻋـﻠﻰ أﻛـﺛر ﻣـن ﻣﺟـرد اﻟـﻘواﻋـد ﻋـﻧد ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﻲ ﺣـﯾن أن اﻟـﻘواﻋـد ﻣـﮭﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﮭـﻲ ﻣﺟـرد ﺟـﺎﻧـب واﺣـد ﻣـن ﺟـواﻧـب اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﺗـﻌد ﻣـﮭﺎرات‬
‫اﻟـﻣﻔردات واﻟـﻧطق واﻟـﻔﮭم ﻣـﮭﻣﺔ أﯾـﺿًﺎ ﻟـﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻟـﻣﺗﻌﻠﻣﯾن ﺣـﺗﻰ ﯾـﺗﻣﻛﻧوا ﻣـن اﺳـﺗﺧدام اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ وﻓـﮭﻣﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛل ﻓﻌﺎل‪ .‬اﻟﺗوازن ﺑﯾن ﻛل ھذه اﻟﻣﮭﺎرات ﻣﮭم ﻹﺗﻘﺎن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٦‬ﻛم ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج ﻟﺗﻌﻠم ﻟﻐﺔ ﻟﺣد اﻻﺣﺗراف؟‬

‫ﻣـن اﻟـﺻﻌب ﺗﺣـدﯾـد ﻋـدد اﻟـﺳﺎﻋـﺎت اﻟـﺗﻲ ﯾﺳـﺗﻐرﻗـﮭﺎ إﺗـﻘﺎن اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ ﺑـﺷﻛل دﻗـﯾق ﺣـﯾث ﯾـﻣﻛن‬
‫أن ﺗـﺧﺗﻠف اﺧـﺗﻼ ًﻓـﺎ ﻛـﺑﯾرً ا ﻣـن ﺷـﺧص ﻵﺧـر‪ .‬ﯾـﻣﻛن ﻟـﻌواﻣـل ﻣـﺛل ﻗـدرة اﻟـﺷﺧص اﻟـﻠﻐوﯾـﺔ اﻟـطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﺳـﺗوى ﺗـﺣﻔﯾزھـم وﺗـﻔﺎﻧـﯾﮭم‪ ،‬وﻛـﻣﯾﺔ وﻧـوﻋـﯾﺔ ﻣـوارد ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻟـﻣﺗﺎﺣـﺔ ﻟـﮭم ﺟـﻣﯾﻌًﺎ أن ﺗـﻠﻌب دورً ا‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣدى ﺳرﻋﺔ ﻗدرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑـﺷﻛل ﻋـﺎم‪ ،‬ﻗـد ﯾﺳـﺗﻐرق إﺗـﻘﺎن ﻟـﻐﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﻗـدرً ا ﻛـﺑﯾرً ا ﻣـن اﻟـوﻗـت واﻟـﺗﻔﺎﻧـﻲ‪ .‬ﻟـﯾس ﻏـرﯾـﺑﺎ أن ﯾﺳـﺗﻐرق‬
‫ـﺎل ﻣـن اﻟـطﻼﻗـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻣـر ﻋـدة ﺳـﻧوات ﻣـن اﻟـدراﺳـﺔ واﻟـﻣﻣﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻟـﻠوﺻـول إﻟـﻰ ﻣﺳـﺗوى ﻋ ٍ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ‪ .‬وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـك‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈن ﻣـﻘدار اﻟـوﻗـت اﻟﻣﺳـﺗﻐرق ﻟـﻠوﺻـول إﻟـﻰ اﻟـطﻼﻗـﺔ ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﯾـﺧﺗﻠف‬
‫اﻋﺗﻣﺎ ًدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻔردي واﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎﺗﮫ وأھداﻓﮫ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٧‬ھل ان اﻟﺳﻔر اﻟﻰ دوﻟﺔ ﺗﺗﺣدث اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺷرط أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻹﺗﻘﺎن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬
‫ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﯾـﻛون اﻟـﺳﻔر وﺳـﯾﻠﺔ ﻣـﻔﯾدة وﻣـﻣﺗﻌﺔ ﻟـﻣﻣﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟـﻣﮭﺎرات اﻟـﻠﻐوﯾـﺔ وﺗﺣﺳـﯾﻧﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣـﯾث ﯾـوﻓـر‬
‫ﻓـرﺻـﺔ ﻟـﻠﻣﺗﻌﻠﻣﯾن ﻟـﻼﻧـﻐﻣﺎس ﻓـﻲ ﺛـﻘﺎﻓـﺔ ﺟـدﯾـدة واﺳـﺗﺧدام اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺑـﯾﺋﺔ واﻗـﻌﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻣـﻊ ذﻟـك‪ ،‬ﻓـﮭو ﻟـﯾس‬
‫ـرطـﺎ ﻹﺗـﻘﺎن اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‪ .‬ھـﻧﺎك اﻟـﻌدﯾـد ﻣـن اﻟـطرق اﻷﺧـرى ﻟـﺗﻌﻠم وﻣـﻣﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻟـﻐﺔ ﻻ ﺗـﺗﺿﻣن اﻟـﺳﻔر‪ ،‬ﻣـﺛل‬ ‫ﺷ ً‬
‫اﻟدورات ﻋﺑر اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت‪ ،‬أو ﺑراﻣﺞ ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻣل ﻣﻊ ﻣدرس أو ﻣدرس ﻟﻐﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻧﮭﺎﯾـﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟـﻌﺎﻣـل اﻷﻛـﺛر أھـﻣﯾﺔ ﻓـﻲ إﺗـﻘﺎن اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ھـو اﻟـﻣﻣﺎرﺳـﺔ واﻟـﺗﻌرض ﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻐض اﻟـﻧظر ﻋـﻣﺎ‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ذﻟك ﯾﺣدث أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺳﻔر أم ﻻ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٨‬ھل اﻟﻧﺳﺎء أﺳرع ﻣن اﻟرﺟﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬

‫ﻻ ﯾـوﺟـد دﻟـﯾل ﻋـﻠﻣﻲ ﯾﺷـﯾر إﻟـﻰ أن أﺣـد اﻟﺟﻧﺳـﯾن أﻓـﺿل ﺑـطﺑﯾﻌﺗﮫ ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺎت ﻣـن اﻵﺧـر‪.‬‬
‫أظﮭـرت اﻷﺑـﺣﺎث أن اﻟـرﺟـﺎل واﻟـﻧﺳﺎء ﯾـﺗﻣﺗﻌون ﺑـﻘدرات ﻣـﺗﺷﺎﺑـﮭﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ وأن ﻛـﻼھـﻣﺎ ﯾـﻣﻛن‬
‫أن ﯾـﻛون ﻧـﺎﺟـﺣً ﺎ ﺑـﻧﻔس اﻟـﻘدر ﻓـﻲ ﺗـﻌﻠم ﻟـﻐﺔ ﺟـدﯾـدة‪ .‬ﺗـﻌﺗﺑر ﻋـواﻣـل ﻣـﺛل اﻟـداﻓـﻊ واﻟـدﯾـﻣوﻣـﺔ واﺳـﺗﺧدام‬
‫ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت ﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ أﻛﺛر أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻧﺟﺎح اﻟﺷﺧص ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺟﻧﺳﮫ‪.‬‬

‫‪.٩‬ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻓﺿل ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﻣوﺟودة ﻻﺗﻘﺎن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ؟‬

‫ھـﻧﺎك اﻟـﻌدﯾـد ﻣـن اﻟـﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻟـﺗﻲ ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﺗـﺳﺎﻋـدك ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ‪ .‬ﺗـﺗﺿﻣن ﺑـﻌض‬
‫اﻟـﺧﯾﺎرات‪ :‬ﺑـراﻣـﺞ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ھـﻧﺎك اﻟـﻌدﯾـد ﻣـن اﻟـﺑراﻣـﺞ اﻟـﺗﻲ ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﺗـﺳﺎﻋـدك ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬ﻣـﺛل ‪ Rosetta Stone‬و ‪ .Duolingo‬ﻏـﺎﻟـﺑًﺎ ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺗﺿﻣن ھـذه اﻟـﺑراﻣـﺞ دروﺳًـﺎ وﻣـﺳﺎﺑـﻘﺎت‬
‫وأﻧﺷطﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﯾﺔ أﺧرى ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدﺗك ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ ﻣﮭﺎراﺗك اﻟﻠﻐوﯾﺔ وﺗﺣﺳﯾﻧﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ .‬اﻟـدورات اﻟـﺗدرﯾـﺑﯾﺔ ﻋـﺑر اﻹﻧـﺗرﻧـت‪ :‬ھـﻧﺎك اﻟـﻌدﯾـد ﻣـن اﻟـدورات اﻟـﺗدرﯾـﺑﯾﺔ واﻟـﻣواﻗـﻊ اﻹﻟـﻛﺗروﻧـﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘدم ﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ ﻣﺟﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺑﻌض اﻵﺧر ﻣدﻓوع‪.‬‬
‫ج‪ .‬ﺗـطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟـﮭﺎﺗـف اﻟﻣﺣـﻣول‪ :‬ھـﻧﺎك اﻟـﻌدﯾـد ﻣـن ﺗـطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻷﺟﮭـزة اﻟﻣﺣـﻣوﻟـﺔ اﻟـﺗﻲ ﯾـﻣﻛن أن‬
‫ﺗـﺳﺎﻋـدك ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ‪ .‬ﻏـﺎﻟـﺑًﺎ ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺗﺿﻣن ھـذه اﻟـﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت دروﺳًـﺎ واﺧـﺗﺑﺎرات وأﻧﺷـطﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﯾﺔ أﺧرى ﯾﻣﻛﻧك إﻛﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺎﺗﻔك أو ﺟﮭﺎزك اﻟﻠوﺣﻲ‪.‬‬

‫د‪ .‬اﻟـﻛورﺳـﺎت اﻟـدراﺳـﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﯾـﻣﻛﻧك أﯾـﺿًﺎ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ ﻣـن ﺧـﻼل ﺣـﺿور دروس ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻣـدرﺳـﺔ ﻟـﻐﺎت أو ﻣـﻊ ﻣـدرس ﺧـﺎص‪ .‬ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﯾـﻛون ھـذا ﺧـﯾﺎرً ا ﺟـﯾ ًدا إذا ﻛـﻧت ﺗـﻔﺿل اﻟـﺗﻌﻠم ﻓـﻲ‬
‫إطﺎر ﺷﺧﺻﻲ ﻣﻧظم‪.‬‬
‫ﻓــﻲ اﻟــﻧﮭﺎﯾــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺗﻌﺗﻣد أﻓــﺿل ﺗــﻘﻧﯾﺔ ﻟــﺗﻌﻠم اﻟــﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟــﻠﯾزﯾــﺔ ﻋــﻠﻰ أﺳــﻠوب اﻟــﺗﻌﻠم اﻟــﺷﺧﺻﻲ‬
‫وﺗﻔﺿﯾﻼﺗك‪ .‬ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻣن اﻟﻣﻔﯾد ﺗﺟرﺑﺔ ﺑﻌض اﻟﺧﯾﺎرات اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻷﻓﺿل ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟك‪.‬‬

‫‪ .١٠‬ھل أﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﺗﻘﺎن اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑدون ﻣﻌﮭد ﻛﻠﯾﺔ او ﻣدرس ﺧﺎص؟‬

‫ﻧـﻌم‪ ،‬ﻣـن اﻟـﻣﻣﻛن ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ وإﺗـﻘﺎﻧـﮭﺎ دون ﺣـﺿور ﻣـرﻛـز ﻟـﻐﺎت أو أﺧـذ دورات ﺧـﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫أو اﻻﺳـﺗﻌﺎﻧـﺔ ﺑـﻣدرس ﺧـﺎص‪ .‬ھـﻧﺎك اﻟـﻌدﯾـد ﻣـن ﻣـوارد اﻟـدراﺳـﺔ اﻟـذاﺗـﯾﺔ اﻟـﻣﺗﺎﺣـﺔ ﺑـﻣﺎ ﻓـﻲ ذﻟـك ﺑـراﻣـﺞ‬
‫ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ واﻟـدورات ﻋـﺑر اﻹﻧـﺗرﻧـت وﺗـطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟـﮭﺎﺗـف اﻟﻣﺣـﻣول واﻟـﻛﺗب‪ ،‬واﻟـﺗﻲ ﯾـﻣﻛن أن‬
‫ﺗﺳﺎﻋدك ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻣﮭﺎراﺗك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﺑﻧﻔﺳك‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻟﻧﺻﺎﺋﺢ ﺣول دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻓﻌﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺿـﻊ ﻟـﻧﻔﺳك أھـدا ًﻓـﺎ ﻣﺣـددة‪ :‬ﻗـرر ﻣـﺎ ﺗـرﯾـد ﺗـﺣﻘﯾﻘﮫ ﻣـن ﺧـﻼل ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ ووﺿـﻊ ﺧـطﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠوﺻول إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠك اﻷھداف‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﺗـدرب ﺑـﺎﻧـﺗظﺎم‪ :‬ﺧـﺻص وﻗـ ًﺗﺎ ﻛـل ﯾـوم ﻟـﻣﻣﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻣـﮭﺎراﺗـك ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ‪ .‬ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﯾـﺷﻣل‬
‫ذﻟك اﻟﻘراءة أو اﻟﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ أو اﻻﺳﺗﻣﺎع أو اﻟﺗﺣدث‪.‬‬
‫‪.٣‬اﺳـﺗﺧدم ﻣﺟـﻣوﻋـﺔ ﻣـﺗﻧوﻋـﺔ ﻣـن اﻟـﻣوارد‪ :‬ﺟـرب ﻣـوارد ﻣـﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟـﻠدراﺳـﺔ اﻟـذاﺗـﯾﺔ ﻟـﻠﻌﺛور ﻋـﻠﻰ‬
‫أﻓـﺿل ﻣـﺎ ﯾـﻧﺎﺳـﺑك‪ .‬ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﯾـﺷﻣل ذﻟـك ﺑـراﻣـﺞ ﺗـﻌﻠم اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ أو اﻟـدورات اﻟـﺗدرﯾـﺑﯾﺔ ﻋـﺑر اﻹﻧـﺗرﻧـت أو‬
‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﺣﻣوﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻛﺗب‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﺑـﺣث ﻋـن ﺷـرﯾـك ﻟـﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﻓـﻛر ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻌﺛور ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺷـﺧص ﻟـﻣﻣﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟﺗﺣـدث ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﮫ‪ .‬ﯾﻣﻛﻧك ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﺗدرﯾب اﻟﻠﻐوي ﻣﻊ ﺷﺧص ﯾﺗﻌﻠم ﻟﻐﺗك اﻷم ﻟﻐﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬اﺑـﺣث ﻋـن طـرق ﻟـﻼﻧـﻐﻣﺎس ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‪ :‬ﺣـﺎول أن ﺗـﺣﯾط ﻧـﻔﺳك ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ ﻗـدر اﻹﻣـﻛﺎن‪.‬‬
‫ﯾـﻣﻛن أن ﯾـﺷﻣل ذﻟـك ﻣـﺷﺎھـدة اﻟـﺑراﻣـﺞ اﻟـﺗﻠﻔزﯾـوﻧـﯾﺔ أو اﻷﻓـﻼم ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟـﻠﯾزﯾـﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻻﺳـﺗﻣﺎع إﻟـﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺳﯾﻘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻗراءة اﻟﻛﺗب ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑـﺎﺗـﺑﺎع ھـذه اﻟـﻧﺻﺎﺋـﺢ وﻛـوﻧـك ﻣـﻧﺗظﻣﺎ وﻣـﺗﻔﺎﻧـﯾًﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺟـﮭودك ﻟـﻠدراﺳـﺔ اﻟـذاﺗـﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾـﻣﻛﻧك إﺣـراز ﺗـﻘدم‬
‫ﻛﺑﯾر ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻠم اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ وإﺗﻘﺎﻧﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
 The Vision

Vision plays an important role in language learning and processing.

When we read or listen to language, our eyes and ears send information
to the brain, which then processes the information and interprets it as
meaning.

This process is called language perception.

Several studies have shown that vision plays a key role in language
perception and processing. For example, research has shown that
people who are deaf or hard of hearing and use sign language as their
primary mode of communication tend to have larger brain areas
dedicated to visual processing, compared to people who primarily use
oral language. This suggests that visual input plays a significant role in
language learning and processing for these individuals.
Additionally, research has shown that people who are proficient in a
second language tend to have faster visual processing speeds compared
to those who are not proficient in a second language. This suggests that
improved visual processing may be related to improved language
learning and processing.
Overall, vision plays an important role in language learning and
processing by providing the brain with visual input that it uses to
interpret and understand language.

What is English? Story of the “Alphabet”.

The English language has a long and complex history that dates back to
the arrival of the Germanic tribes in England during the 5th century.

The origins of the English language can be traced back to the Indo-
European language family, which includes a wide range of languages
spoken across Europe and beyond. Within this family, English is
classified as a Germanic language, along with languages such as
German, Dutch, and Scandinavian languages such as Norwegian and
Danish.
The first recorded use of the English language can be traced back to the
5th century AD, when the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people, migrated
to the British Isles. The Anglo-Saxons spoke a variety of Old English,
which was heavily influenced by the languages spoken by the Celts, who
had lived in Britain for centuries before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons.
Old English was also influenced by Latin, which was the language of the
Roman Empire and was widely spoken throughout Europe at the time.

Over time, the English language evolved and changed, as all languages
do. In the 11th century, the Normans, who spoke a form of French,
invaded England and introduced many French words into the English
language. This period, known as the Norman Conquest, had a significant
impact on the English language, and many English words of French
origin, such as "prince," "noble," and "meat," were adopted into the
language.

In the centuries that followed, the English language continued to evolve

and change. It was heavily influenced by the languages of other cultures
that came into contact with England, such as Latin, Greek, and various
Scandinavian languages. Today, English is spoken by millions of people
around the world and is recognized as a global language of business,
science, and technology.

What is the origin of English alphabet?

The English alphabet is derived from the Latin alphabet, which was
originally developed by the ancient Romans. The Latin alphabet was
based on the Greek alphabet, which was itself based on an earlier
Phoenician alphabet.

Here is the origin of each letter in the English alphabet:

A: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "aleph," which

represented the vowel sound /a/.

B: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "bet," which

represented the vowel sound /b/.
C: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "gimel," which
represented the vowel sound /g/. In the Latin alphabet, this letter was
used to represent the sounds /k/ and /g/.

D: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "dalet," which

represented the vowel sound /d/.

E: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "he," which

represented the vowel sound /e/.

F: This letter is derived from the Greek letter "phi," which represented
the sound /f/.

G: This letter is derived from the Greek letter "gamma," which

represented the sound /g/.

H: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "het," which

represented the vowel sound /h/.

I: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "yod," which

represented the vowel sound /i/.

J: This letter was originally a variant of the letter "i," and was used to
represent the sound /j/.

K: This letter is derived from the Greek letter "kappa," which

represented the sound /k/.

L: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "lamed," which

represented the vowel sound /l/.

M: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "mem," which

represented the vowel sound /m/.
N: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "nun," which
represented the vowel sound /n/.

O: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "ayin," which

represented the vowel sound /o/.

P: This letter is derived from the Greek letter "rho," which represented
the sound /r/. In the Latin alphabet, this letter was used to represent the
sound /p/.

Q: This letter is derived from the Greek letter "kappa," which

represented the sound /k/. In the Latin alphabet, this letter was used to
represent the sound /k/ followed by the sound /w/.

R: This letter is derived from the Greek letter "rho," which represented
the sound /r/.

S: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "samekh," which

represented the vowel sound /s/.

T: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "tet," which

represented the vowel sound /t/.

U: This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter "waw," which

represented the vowel sound /u/.

V: This letter is derived from the Latin letter "u," which represented the
vowel sound /u/. In the Latin alphabet, this letter was used to represent
the sound /v/.

W: This letter is derived from the Latin letter "u," which represented the
vowel sound /u/. In the English alphabet, this letter is used to represent
the sound /w/.
X: This letter is derived from the Greek letter "chi," which represented
the sound /k/. In the Latin alphabet, this letter was used to represent the
sound /ks/.

Y: The letter Y is derived from the Greek letter "upsilon," which

represented the vowel sound /u/. In the Latin alphabet, this letter was
used to represent the same sound.

The Greek alphabet was developed around the 9th century BC, and it
was heavily influenced by the earlier Phoenician alphabet. The Greek
alphabet was the first alphabet to include letters for the vowel sounds,
and it was also the first to use letters to represent consonant sounds. The
Greek alphabet was adopted by the Romans and was modified to create
the Latin alphabet, which was the basis for the English alphabet.

In English, the letter Y is used to represent the vowel sound /aɪ/ (as in
"my") and the consonant sound /j/ (as in "yes"). It is also used to
represent the vowel sounds /i/ and /u/ in some words, such as "by" and
"symbol." The letter Y is used in many English words, including
"yellow," "yes," and "yield."

Z: The letter Z is derived from the Greek letter "zeta," which represented
the sound /z/. In the Latin alphabet, this letter was used to represent the
same sound.

The Greek alphabet was developed around the 9th century BC, and it
was heavily influenced by the earlier Phoenician alphabet. The Greek
alphabet was the first alphabet to include letters for the vowel sounds,
and it was also the first to use letters to represent consonant sounds. The
Greek alphabet was adopted by the Romans and was modified to create
the Latin alphabet, which was the basis for the English alphabet.

In English, the letter Z is used to represent the sound /z/, which is a

voiced alveolar sibilant. This sound is made by vibrating the vocal cords
and making a sound that is similar to the sound of the letter S, but with
the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth rather than the alveolar
ridge. The letter Z is used in many English words, including "zoo,"
"zero," and “zipper."

How many countries speak English as a first or second language?

English is spoken as a first or second language by people in many

countries around the world. It is estimated that there are around 1.5
billion people who speak English as a first or second language.

English is the official language of many countries, including Australia,

Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is also widely
spoken as a second language in many other countries, particularly in
countries with a history of British colonization. These countries include
India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and many countries in the Caribbean and
Africa.

In addition to being spoken as a first or second language in many

countries, English is also used as a lingua franca, or common language,
in international business, science, and technology. This means that it is
often used as a common language for communication between people
who do not share a native language. As a result, English is spoken and
understood by people in many countries where it is not an official
language.

Why should you learn a language?

You should learn a language because:
1. Improved communication: Learning another language allows you to
communicate with people who speak that language, expanding the number
of people you can communicate with and potentially building stronger
relationships.
2. Enhanced brain development: Studies have shown that learning a second
language can have cognitive benefits, such as improved problem-solving
skills and memory.
3. Improved cultural understanding: Learning another language allows you to
better understand and appreciate different cultures, as language and culture
are closely intertwined.
4. Increased job opportunities: In today's global economy, being able to speak
another language can give you a competitive edge in the job market and
open up new job opportunities.
5. Improved travel experiences: Knowing another language can make travel
more enjoyable, as you will be able to communicate with locals and better
understand the culture and customs of the places you visit.
6. Enhanced learning: Learning a second language can improve your overall
ability to learn, as it helps to develop new neural connections and
strengthens your language learning skills.
7. Improved reading and writing skills: Learning a second language can also
improve your reading and writing skills in your first language.
8. Improved decision-making skills: Research has shown that bilingual
individuals tend to have better decision-making skills, possibly due to their
ability to consider multiple perspectives.
9. Improved memory: Bilingual individuals have been found to have better
memory skills, including the ability to remember lists and names.
10. Improved multitasking skills: Bilingual individuals have been found to be
better at multitasking, as they are used to switching between languages and
processing information in different ways.

Why should you learn English?

1. English is the most widely spoken language in the world, with around 1.5
billion speakers.
2. It is the official language in a number of countries, including the United
States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
3. English is the primary language of international communication, with it
being the language of diplomacy, science, business, and the internet.
4. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
5. English is the most commonly taught second language in the world.
6. It is the language of popular culture, with many songs, movies, and TV
shows being produced in English.
7. English has a large and varied vocabulary, with around 170,000 words in
use.
8. It is a Germanic language, with influences from Latin, French, and other
languages.
9. English spelling can be difficult to learn, as there are many exceptions to the
rules.
10. English grammar is relatively simple, with relatively few inflections
compared to other languages.
11. English has a rich literary tradition, with many famous works of literature
being written in the language.
12. It is the language of the world's top universities, with many academic papers
and research being published in English.
13. English is the language of business, with many international business
transactions being conducted in English.
14. It is the language of the media, with many news articles and broadcasts
being in English.
15. English is the language of technology, with many technical manuals and
documentation being written in English.
16. It is the language of science, with many scientific papers being published in
English.
17. English is the language of aviation, with pilots and air traffic controllers
communicating in English.
18. It is the language of the legal profession, with many legal documents being
written in English.
19. English is the language of the entertainment industry, with many movies and
TV shows being produced in English.
20. It is the language of diplomacy, with many international negotiations and
treaty negotiations being conducted in English.
21. English is the language of the internet, with a large portion of online content
being in English.
22. It is the language of sport, with many international sporting events being
broadcast in English.
23. English is the language of the arts, with many plays, concerts, and
exhibitions being presented in English.
24. It is the language of the fashion industry, with many fashion shows and
fashion magazines being produced in English.
25. English is the language of tourism, with many tourist destinations offering
information and services in English.
Why is it important to be a bilingual at least?
Learning a new language can be a challenging, but rewarding endeavor.
It requires dedication, hard work, and a willingness to step outside of
your comfort zone. But the benefits of bilingualism are numerous, and
they extend far beyond simply being able to communicate with a wider
range of people. In fact, research has shown that bilingual individuals
enjoy numerous advantages in both their personal and professional lives.

First and foremost, being bilingual has been linked to numerous

cognitive benefits. Bilingual individuals tend to have better memory,
problem-solving skills, and multitasking abilities. They are also less
prone to developing age-related cognitive decline and dementia.

In terms of health, bilingualism has been shown to have a positive

impact. Studies have found that bilingual individuals have a lower risk
of developing Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. They
also tend to have better mental health and a lower risk of developing
depression and anxiety.

In the workplace, bilingualism can also be a major advantage. Bilingual

individuals are often more attractive to employers, as they have the
ability to communicate with a wider range of clients and customers.
They are also more likely to be promoted and earn higher salaries.

But the benefits of bilingualism don't stop there. Bilingual individuals

also tend to have a more diverse social network and a greater cultural
awareness. They are more open-minded and adaptable, and they tend to
have a greater appreciation for other cultures.

In short, learning a new language can be a challenging but immensely

rewarding experience. It has the power to enhance your cognitive
abilities, improve your health, boost your career prospects, and enrich
your personal life. So don't let fear or hesitation hold you back – take the
plunge and start learning a new language today! You'll be glad you did.

Why schools fail to teach English?

There are a number of reasons why schools may fail to teach languages effectively.
Some of the potential reasons include:
1. Limited resources: Schools may not have the resources, such as trained
language teachers or sufficient materials, to provide high-quality language
instruction.
2. Insufficient time: Language instruction may be given a low priority in the
curriculum, with only a small amount of time dedicated to it. This can make
it difficult for students to achieve fluency in a language.
3. Lack of teacher expertise: Language teachers may not have the necessary
skills or training to effectively teach the language.
4. Large class sizes: Language classes may be large, which can make it difficult
for students to receive individualized attention and support.
5. Lack of motivation: Students may not be motivated to learn a language,
either because they do not see the value in it or because they find it too
difficult.
6. Limited exposure to the language: Students may not have enough
opportunities to hear and speak the language outside of the classroom, which
can make it difficult for them to gain proficiency.
7. Ineffective teaching methods: Language instruction may be based on
outdated or ineffective teaching methods, which can make it difficult for
students to learn the language.
8. Lack of cultural context: Language instruction may not include information
about the culture and customs of the country or region where the language is
spoken, which can make it difficult for students to fully understand and
appreciate the language.

How can practice help you learn faster?

Practice is an essential part of learning any language, and this is especially true
for learning English. There are several reasons why practice is so
important when it comes to learning English.

First and foremost, practice helps to build proficiency. The more you practice
speaking, listening, reading, and writing in English, the more comfortable
and proficient you will become in using the language. This is especially
true when it comes to vocabulary and grammar. The more you practice
using new words and grammatical structures, the more natural they will
become to you.
Second, practice helps to improve your confidence. The more you practice
speaking and using the language, the more confident you will become in
your ability to communicate effectively in English. This is especially
important when it comes to speaking in public or in social situations.

Third, practice helps you to better understand and retain new information.
When you practice using the language, you are actively engaging with the
material and reinforcing your understanding of it. This can help you to
retain new information more effectively, making it easier to build your
knowledge of the language over time.

Finally, practice helps you to become more fluent in English. Fluency is the
ability to use a language smoothly and confidently. It is an important
aspect of language learning, and it can only be achieved through practice.
The more you practice using English, the more fluent you will become.

In conclusion, practice is the most important part of learning English because

it helps you to build proficiency, improve your confidence, better
understand and retain new information, and become more fluent in the
language. By setting aside time to practice regularly, you can make
significant progress in your language learning journey.
 How to program your mind to learn a language
There are several strategies that can help someone program their mind to learn
a language:
1. Set specific goals: Setting specific, achievable goals for your language
learning can help to motivate and focus your efforts. Determine what you
want to achieve and how you will measure your progress.
2. Practice regularly: Consistent practice is essential for language learning. Set
aside dedicated time each day or week to practice speaking, listening,
reading, and writing in the language.
3. Use multiple resources: Utilize a variety of resources, such as textbooks,
language learning apps, podcasts, and movies, to expose yourself to the
language in different contexts and modalities.
4. Immerse yourself: If possible, try to immerse yourself in the language by
visiting a country where it is spoken, speaking with native speakers, or
watching TV shows or movies in the language.
5. Stay motivated: Keep yourself motivated by finding activities that you enjoy
and by setting small, achievable goals that you can celebrate as you reach
them.
6. Seek help: Don't be afraid to ask for help if you are struggling. Consider
working with a tutor or joining a language learning group for support and
guidance.
By following these strategies, you can program your mind to learn a language
more effectively and efficiently.

10 reasons why you should learn another language.

1. Improved communication: Learning another language allows you to
communicate with people who speak that language, expanding the number
of people you can communicate with and potentially building stronger
relationships.
2. Enhanced brain development: Studies have shown that learning a second
language can have cognitive benefits, such as improved problem-solving
skills and memory.
3. Improved cultural understanding: Learning another language allows you to
better understand and appreciate different cultures, as language and culture
are closely intertwined.
4. Increased job opportunities: In today's global economy, being able to speak
another language can give you a competitive edge in the job market and
open up new job opportunities.
 5. Improved travel experiences: Knowing another language can make travel
more enjoyable, as you will be able to communicate with locals and better
understand the culture and customs of the places you visit.
6. Enhanced learning: Learning a second language can improve your overall
ability to learn, as it helps to develop new neural connections and
strengthens your language learning skills.
7. Improved reading and writing skills: Learning a second language can also
improve your reading and writing skills in your first language.
8. Improved decision-making skills: Research has shown that bilingual
individuals tend to have better decision-making skills, possibly due to their
ability to consider multiple perspectives.
9. Improved memory: Bilingual individuals have been found to have better
memory skills, including the ability to remember lists and names.
10. Improved multitasking skills: Bilingual individuals have been found to be
better at multitasking, as they are used to switching between languages and
processing information in different ways.
11.
Why English is a global Language?
1. English is the most widely spoken language in the world, with around 1.5
billion speakers.
2. It is the official language in a number of countries, including the United
States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
3. English is the primary language of international communication, with it
being the language of diplomacy, science, business, and the internet.
4. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
5. English is the most commonly taught second language in the world.
6. It is the language of popular culture, with many songs, movies, and TV
shows being produced in English.
7. English has a large and varied vocabulary, with around 170,000 words in
use.
8. It is a Germanic language, with influences from Latin, French, and other
languages.
9. English spelling can be difficult to learn, as there are many exceptions to the
rules.
10. English grammar is relatively simple, with relatively few inflections
compared to other languages.
11. English has a rich literary tradition, with many famous works of literature
being written in the language.
12. It is the language of the world's top universities, with many academic papers
and research being published in English.
13. English is the language of business, with many international business
transactions being conducted in English.
14. It is the language of the media, with many news articles and broadcasts
being in English.
15. English is the language of technology, with many technical manuals and
documentation being written in English.
16. It is the language of science, with many scientific papers being published in
English.
17. English is the language of aviation, with pilots and air traffic controllers
communicating in English.
18. It is the language of the legal profession, with many legal documents being
written in English.
19. English is the language of the entertainment industry, with many movies and
TV shows being produced in English.
20. It is the language of diplomacy, with many international negotiations and
treaty negotiations being conducted in English.
21. English is the language of the internet, with a large portion of online content
being in English.
22. It is the language of sport, with many international sporting events being
broadcast in English.
23. English is the language of the arts, with many plays, concerts, and
exhibitions being presented in English.
24. It is the language of the fashion industry, with many fashion shows and
fashion magazines being produced in English.
25. English is the language of tourism, with many tourist destinations offering
information and services in English.
 How to Improve Listening?
Here is a detailed program for training your ears to learn English as a beginner
student:
1. Start by listening to short, simple audio clips or songs in English. Focus on
listening for key words and phrases and try to understand the overall
meaning of the audio.
2. As you become more comfortable with short audio clips, move on to longer
audio materials, such as podcasts or movies. Try to follow along with the
dialogue and pay attention to the rhythms and sounds of the language.
3. Practice listening to English in different accents and dialects. This will help
you to become more accustomed to the variety of ways that English is
spoken.
4. As you listen, try to repeat what you hear out loud. This will help you to
internalize the rhythms and sounds of the language and improve your
pronunciation.
5. Try to listen to English as much as possible, both intentionally and
incidentally. This could include listening to music, watching movies or TV
shows in English, or listening to podcasts or radio programs.
6. Consider working with a tutor or language exchange partner to practice
listening and speaking in English. This can help you to get personalized
feedback and support as you train your ears to learn the language.
7. Be patient and persistent. It takes time and practice to train your ears to learn
a new language, so don't get discouraged if you don't see progress right
away. With consistent practice and exposure, you will improve your
listening skills over time.
Is Grammar Necessary?
Grammar is an important aspect of learning any language, including English.
Grammar refers to the rules that govern how words are combined to form
sentences and how sentences are related to one another in a text.
Research has shown that grammar plays a crucial role in language learning and
communication. For example, a study published in the journal Language Learning
found that grammar knowledge is significantly related to the development of
vocabulary, reading comprehension, and writing skills in a second language.
Additionally, research has shown that a strong foundation in grammar is essential
for advanced language proficiency. A study published in the Journal of Second
Language Writing found that advanced English language learners who had a strong
foundation in grammar were better able to produce more complex and nuanced
written texts.
Overall, research suggests that grammar is a necessary component of learning
English to an advanced level. It is important for building vocabulary, improving
reading comprehension, enhancing writing skills, and achieving advanced
proficiency in the language. However, it is also important to note that grammar is
only one aspect of language learning, and it should be combined with practice in
speaking, listening, and reading in order to achieve a high level of proficiency in
English.
 ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺒﺘﺪئ‬
‫ﻓـﯿﻤﺎ ﯾـﻠﻲ ﺧـﻄﺔ ﻣـﻘﺘﺮﺣـﺔ ﻟـﻤﺪة ﺷﮭـﺮ ﻟـﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻛـﻠﻐﺔ ﺛـﺎﻧـﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴـﯿﻦ ﻣـﮭﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث واﻟـﻤﻔﺮدات‬
‫واﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎع‪:‬‬
‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع ‪ :1‬اﺑـﺪأ ﺑـﺎﻟـﺘﺮﻛـﯿﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟـﻨﻄﻖ‪ .‬ﺗـﺪرب ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻧـﻄﻖ أﺻـﻮات اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ واﺳـﺘﺨﺪم أدﻟـﺔ اﻟـﻨﻄﻖ ﻋـﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ أو ﻣـﺪرس ﻟـﻐﺔ ﻟـﻤﺴﺎﻋـﺪﺗـﻚ ﻓـﻲ أي أﺻـﻮات ﺗﺠـﺪھـﺎ ﺻـﻌﺒﺔ‪ .‬اﻗـﺾ ﺑـﻌﺾ اﻟـﻮﻗـﺖ ﻛـﻞ ﯾـﻮم ﻓـﻲ ﻣـﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب أو ﺗﻜﺮار أﻋﺎﺻﯿﺮ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﺑﺼﻮت ٍ‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻧـﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻤﺠـﺮد أن ﯾـﻜﻮن ﻟـﺪﯾـﻚ ﻓـﮭﻢ ﺟـﯿﺪ ﻟـﻠﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬رﻛـﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺑـﻨﺎء ﻣـﻔﺮداﺗـﻚ‪ .‬اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم اﻟـﺒﻄﺎﻗـﺎت اﻟـﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ أو‬
‫ﺗـﻄﺒﯿﻘًﺎ ﻟـﺒﻨﺎء اﻟـﻤﻔﺮدات ﻟـﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻛـﻠﻤﺎت ﺟـﺪﯾـﺪة‪ ،‬وﺣـﺎول اﺳـﺘﺨﺪاﻣـﮭﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻤﺤﺎدﺛـﺔ ﻗـﺪر اﻹﻣـﻜﺎن‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﻗﺎﻣﻮس اﻟﻤﺮادﻓﺎت ﻟﺘﻮﺳﯿﻊ ﻣﻔﺮداﺗﻚ وﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺮادﻓﺎت ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‪ ،‬اﺳـﺘﻤﺮ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺘﺮﻛـﯿﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟـﻤﻔﺮدات واﺑـﺪأ أﯾـﻀًﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻌﻤﻞ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﮭﺎرات‬
‫اﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺎع ﻟـﺪﯾـﻚ‪ .‬اﺳـﺘﻤﻊ إﻟـﻰ اﻟـﺒﻮدﻛـﺎﺳـﺖ أو اﻟـﻤﻮﺳـﯿﻘﻰ أو اﻟـﺒﺮاﻣـﺞ اﻹﺧـﺒﺎرﯾـﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴـﯿﻦ ﻗـﺪرﺗـﻚ‬
‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻓـﮭﻢ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ اﻟـﻤﻨﻄﻮﻗـﺔ‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﻟـﻌﺜﻮر ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺎع ﻋـﺒﺮ اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﺗـﻤﺎرﯾـﻦ اﻟـﻔﮭﻢ ﻟـﻤﺴﺎﻋـﺪﺗـﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ‪ ،‬رﻛـﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻣـﮭﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻟـﺪﯾـﻚ‪ .‬اﻧـﻀﻢ إﻟـﻰ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﺤﺎدﺛـﺔ‬
‫ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ أو اﺑـﺤﺚ ﻋـﻦ ﺷـﺮﯾـﻚ ﻟـﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ﻟـﻤﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻣـﻌﮫ‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام أدوات ﻋـﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﻣـﺜﻞ ﺗـﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﺗـﻌﻠﻢ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ أو ﻣـﻮاﻗـﻊ اﻟـﻮﯾـﺐ ﻟـﻤﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻣـﮭﺎراﺗـﻚ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓـﺔ إﻟـﻰ ﻣـﺎ ﺳـﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫اﻟـﻤﮭﻢ أﯾـﻀًﺎ أن ﯾـﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﻣـﺘﻌﻠﻢ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻛـﻠﻐﺔ ﺛـﺎﻧـﯿﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻗـﺪر اﻹﻣـﻜﺎن‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾـﺸﻤﻞ ذﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻣـﺸﺎھـﺪة اﻟـﺒﺮاﻣـﺞ اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾـﻮﻧـﯿﺔ أو اﻷﻓـﻼم ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗـﺮاءة اﻟـﻜﺘﺐ أو اﻟـﻤﻘﺎﻻت ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻣـﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺘﺤـﺪﺛـﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ اﻷﺻـﻠﯿﯿﻦ ﻛـﻠﻤﺎ أﻣـﻜﻦ ذﻟـﻚ‪ .‬ﻗـﺪ ﯾـﻜﻮن ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﻤﻔﯿﺪ أﯾـﻀًﺎ ﺗﺤـﺪﯾـﺪ‬
‫أھﺪاف ﻣﺤﺪدة ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ وﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻚ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء ﻣﺘﺤﻔ ًﺰا وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪Here is a suggested month-long plan for an ESL learner to improve their‬‬

‫‪speaking, vocabulary, and listening skills:‬‬

‫‪Week 1: Begin by focusing on pronunciation. Practice saying the sounds of the‬‬

‫‪English language and use online pronunciation guides or a language tutor to help‬‬
‫‪you with any sounds that you find difficult. Spend some time each day practicing‬‬
‫‪your pronunciation by reading aloud from a book or repeating tongue twisters.‬‬

‫‪Week 2: Once you have a good grasp of pronunciation, focus on building your‬‬
‫‪vocabulary. Use flashcards or a vocabulary-building app to learn new words and‬‬
‫‪try to use them in conversation as much as possible. You can also use a thesaurus‬‬
‫‪to expand your vocabulary and learn synonyms for common words.‬‬
‫‪Week 3: In the third week, continue to focus on vocabulary and also start working‬‬
‫‪on your listening skills. Listen to English-language podcasts, music, or news‬‬
‫‪programs to improve your ability to understand spoken English. You can also find‬‬
‫‪online listening comprehension exercises to help you with this.‬‬

‫‪Week 4: In the fourth week, focus on practicing your speaking skills. Join an‬‬
‫‪English-language conversation group or find a language exchange partner to‬‬
‫‪practice speaking with. You can also use online tools such as language learning‬‬
‫‪apps or websites to practice your speaking skills.‬‬

‫‪In addition to the above, it is also important for an ESL learner to immerse‬‬
‫‪themselves in the English language as much as possible. This can include watching‬‬
‫‪English-language TV shows or movies, reading books or articles in English, and‬‬
‫‪practicing speaking with native English speakers whenever possible. It may also be‬‬
‫‪helpful to set specific goals for yourself and track your progress to stay motivated‬‬
‫‪and on track.‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺷﮭﺮ ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ESL‬اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﮭﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤﺪث واﻟﻤﻔﺮدات واﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎع‪:‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻻول‪ :‬اﺑـﺪأ ﺑـﻤﺮاﺟـﻌﺔ وﺗـﻌﺰﯾـﺰ أﺳـﺎﺳـﯿﺎت ﻧـﻄﻖ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ‪ .‬ﺗـﺪرب ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻧـﻄﻖ أﺻـﻮات اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ واﺳـﺘﺨﺪم أدﻟـﺔ اﻟـﻨﻄﻖ ﻋـﺒﺮ اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ أو ﻣـﺪرس ﻟـﻐﺔ ﻟـﻤﺴﺎﻋـﺪﺗـﻚ ﻓـﻲ أي أﺻـﻮات ﺗﺠـﺪھـﺎ ﺻـﻌﺒﺔ‪ .‬اﻗـﺾ‬
‫ﻋﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب أو ﺗﻜﺮار أﻋﺎﺻﯿﺮ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‪.‬‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﺑﺼﻮت ٍ‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻧـﻲ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻧـﻲ‪ ،‬رﻛـﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺑـﻨﺎء ﻣـﻔﺮداﺗـﻚ‪ .‬اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم اﻟـﺒﻄﺎﻗـﺎت اﻟـﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ أو ﺗـﻄﺒﯿﻘًﺎ ﻟـﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟـﻤﻔﺮدات ﻟـﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻛـﻠﻤﺎت ﺟـﺪﯾـﺪة‪ ،‬وﺣـﺎول اﺳـﺘﺨﺪاﻣـﮭﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻤﺤﺎدﺛـﺔ ﻗـﺪر اﻹﻣـﻜﺎن‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻗـﺎﻣـﻮس‬
‫اﻟـﻤﺮادﻓـﺎت ﻟـﺘﻮﺳـﯿﻊ ﻣـﻔﺮداﺗـﻚ وﺗـﻌﻠﻢ اﻟـﻤﺮادﻓـﺎت ﻟـﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟـﺸﺎﺋـﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺿـﻊ ﻓـﻲ اﻋـﺘﺒﺎرك ﺗﺤـﺪﯾـﺪ ھـﺪف ﻟـﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﻟـﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋـﺪد‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‪ ،‬اﺳـﺘﻤﺮ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺘﺮﻛـﯿﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟـﻤﻔﺮدات واﺑـﺪأ أﯾـﻀًﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻌﻤﻞ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﮭﺎرات‬
‫اﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺎع ﻟـﺪﯾـﻚ‪ .‬اﺳـﺘﻤﻊ إﻟـﻰ اﻟـﺒﻮدﻛـﺎﺳـﺖ واﻟـﻤﻮﺳـﯿﻘﻰ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ أو ﺑـﺮاﻣـﺞ إﺧـﺒﺎرﯾـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴـﯿﻦ ﻗـﺪرﺗـﻚ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻓـﮭﻢ‬
‫اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ اﻟـﻤﻨﻄﻮﻗـﺔ‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﻟـﻌﺜﻮر ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻤﺎرﯾـﻦ وﻓـﮭﻢ اﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺎع ﻋـﺒﺮ اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﻟـﻤﺴﺎﻋـﺪﺗـﻚ ﻓـﻲ ذﻟـﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرك ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ھﺪف ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺎع إﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ‪ ،‬رﻛـﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻣـﮭﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻟـﺪﯾـﻚ‪ .‬اﻧـﻀﻢ إﻟـﻰ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﺤﺎدﺛـﺔ‬
‫ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ أو اﺑـﺤﺚ ﻋـﻦ ﺷـﺮﯾـﻚ ﻟـﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ﻟـﻤﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻣـﻌﮫ‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام أدوات ﻋـﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﻣـﺜﻞ ﺗـﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﺗـﻌﻠﻢ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ أو ﻣـﻮاﻗـﻊ اﻟـﻮﯾـﺐ ﻟـﻤﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻣـﮭﺎراﺗـﻚ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث‪ .‬ﺿـﻊ ﻓـﻲ اﻋـﺘﺒﺎرك ﺗﺤـﺪﯾـﺪ‬
‫ھﺪف ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‪.‬‬
‫ اﻟـﻤﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﻓـﻲ اﻻﻧـﻐﻤﺎس ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻗـﺪر‬ESL ‫ ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﻤﮭﻢ أﯾـﻀًﺎ أن ﯾﺴـﺘﻤﺮ ﻣـﺘﻌﻠﻢ‬،‫ﺑـﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓـﺔ إﻟـﻰ ﻣـﺎ ﺳـﺒﻖ‬
‫ وﻗـﺮاءة اﻟـﻜﺘﺐ أو‬،‫ ﯾـﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾـﺸﻤﻞ ذﻟـﻚ ﻣـﺸﺎھـﺪة اﻟـﺒﺮاﻣـﺞ اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾـﻮﻧـﯿﺔ أو اﻷﻓـﻼم ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ‬.‫اﻹﻣـﻜﺎن‬
‫ ﻗـﺪ ﯾـﻜﻮن‬.‫ وﻣـﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻣـﻊ ﻣﺘﺤـﺪﺛـﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ اﻷﺻـﻠﯿﯿﻦ ﻛـﻠﻤﺎ أﻣـﻜﻦ ذﻟـﻚ‬،‫اﻟـﻤﻘﺎﻻت ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻔﯿﺪًا أﯾﻀًﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ أھﺪاف ﻣﺤﺪدة وﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ وﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻚ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء ﻣﺘﺤﻔ ًﺰا وﻣﻮاﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ‬

Here is a suggested month-long plan for an intermediate ESL learner to

improve their speaking, vocabulary, and listening skills:

Week 1: Begin by reviewing and reinforcing the basics of English pronunciation.

Practice saying the sounds of the English language and use online pronunciation
guides or a language tutor to help you with any sounds that you find difficult.
Spend some time each day practicing your pronunciation by reading aloud from a
book or repeating tongue twisters.

Week 2: In the second week, focus on building your vocabulary. Use flashcards or
a vocabulary-building app to learn new words, and try to use them in conversation
as much as possible. You can also use a thesaurus to expand your vocabulary and
learn synonyms for common words. Consider setting a goal for yourself to learn a
certain number of new words each day.

Week 3: In the third week, continue to focus on vocabulary and also start working
on your listening skills. Listen to English-language podcasts, music, or news
programs to improve your ability to understand spoken English. You can also find
online listening comprehension exercises to help you with this. Consider setting a
goal for yourself to listen to a certain amount of English-language material each
day.

Week 4: In the fourth week, focus on practicing your speaking skills. Join an
English-language conversation group or find a language exchange partner to
practice speaking with. You can also use online tools such as language learning
apps or websites to practice your speaking skills. Consider setting a goal for
yourself to practice speaking English for a certain amount of time each day.

In addition to the above, it is also important for an intermediate ESL learner to

continue to immerse themselves in the English language as much as possible. This
can include watching English-language TV shows or movies, reading books or
articles in English, and practicing speaking with native English speakers whenever
possible. It may also be helpful to set specific, challenging goals for yourself and
track your progress to stay motivated and continue improving.
 ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪم‬

‫ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺷﮭﺮ ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ESL‬اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪم ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻣﮭﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤﺪث واﻟﻤﻔﺮدات واﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎع‪:‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻻول‪ :‬اﺑـﺪأ ﺑـﻤﺮاﺟـﻌﺔ وﺗـﻌﺰﯾـﺰ أﺳـﺎﺳـﯿﺎت اﻟـﻨﻄﻖ واﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ‪ .‬ﺗـﺪرب ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻧـﻄﻖ أﺻـﻮات اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ واﺳـﺘﺨﺪم أدﻟـﺔ اﻟـﻨﻄﻖ ﻋـﺒﺮ اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ أو ﻣـﺪرس ﻟـﻐﺔ ﻟـﻤﺴﺎﻋـﺪﺗـﻚ ﻓـﻲ أي أﺻـﻮات ﺗﺠـﺪھـﺎ ﺻـﻌﺒﺔ‪ .‬اﻗـﺾ‬
‫ـﺎل ﻣـﻦ ﻛـﺘﺎب‪ .‬راﺟـﻊ اﻟـﻘﻮاﻋـﺪ اﻷﺳـﺎﺳـﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺑـﻌﺾ اﻟـﻮﻗـﺖ ﻛـﻞ ﯾـﻮم ﻓـﻲ ﻣـﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟـﻨﻄﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﻼل اﻟـﻘﺮاءة ﺑـﺼﻮت ﻋ ٍ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ وﺗﺪرب ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﺪث واﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻧـﻲ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻧـﻲ‪ ،‬رﻛـﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻮﺳـﯿﻊ ﻣـﻔﺮداﺗـﻚ‪ .‬اﺳـﺘﺨﺪم اﻟـﺒﻄﺎﻗـﺎت اﻟـﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ أو ﺗـﻄﺒﯿﻘًﺎ ﻟـﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟـﻤﻔﺮدات ﻟـﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻛـﻠﻤﺎت ﺟـﺪﯾـﺪة‪ ،‬وﺣـﺎول اﺳـﺘﺨﺪاﻣـﮭﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻤﺤﺎدﺛـﺔ ﻗـﺪر اﻹﻣـﻜﺎن‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام ﻗـﺎﻣـﻮس‬
‫اﻟـﻤﺮادﻓـﺎت ﻟـﺘﻮﺳـﯿﻊ ﻣـﻔﺮداﺗـﻚ وﺗـﻌﻠﻢ اﻟـﻤﺮادﻓـﺎت ﻟـﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟـﺸﺎﺋـﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺿـﻊ ﻓـﻲ اﻋـﺘﺒﺎرك ﺗﺤـﺪﯾـﺪ ھـﺪف ﻟـﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﻟـﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻋـﺪد‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‪ ،‬اﺳـﺘﻤﺮ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﺘﺮﻛـﯿﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ اﻟـﻤﻔﺮدات واﻟـﺒﺪء أﯾـﻀًﺎ ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻌﻤﻞ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﮭﺎرات‬
‫اﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺎع ﻟـﺪﯾـﻚ‪ .‬اﺳـﺘﻤﻊ إﻟـﻰ اﻟـﺒﻮدﻛـﺎﺳـﺖ أو اﻟـﻤﻮﺳـﯿﻘﻰ أو اﻟـﺒﺮاﻣـﺞ اﻹﺧـﺒﺎرﯾـﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴـﯿﻦ ﻗـﺪرﺗـﻚ‬
‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻓـﮭﻢ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ اﻟـﻤﻨﻄﻮﻗـﺔ‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﻟـﻌﺜﻮر ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺗـﻤﺎرﯾـﻦ وﻓـﮭﻢ اﻻﺳـﺘﻤﺎع ﻋـﺒﺮ اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﻟـﻤﺴﺎﻋـﺪﺗـﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرك ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ھﺪف ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺎع إﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ‪ :‬ﻓـﻲ اﻷﺳـﺒﻮع اﻟـﺮاﺑـﻊ‪ ،‬رﻛـﺰ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣـﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻣـﮭﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻟـﺪﯾـﻚ‪ .‬اﻧـﻀﻢ إﻟـﻰ ﻣﺠـﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﺤﺎدﺛـﺔ‬
‫ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ أو اﺑـﺤﺚ ﻋـﻦ ﺷـﺮﯾـﻚ ﻟـﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ ﻟـﻤﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻣـﻌﮫ‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻨﻚ أﯾـﻀًﺎ اﺳـﺘﺨﺪام أدوات ﻋـﺒﺮ‬
‫اﻹﻧـﺘﺮﻧـﺖ ﻣـﺜﻞ ﺗـﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت ﺗـﻌﻠﻢ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ أو ﻣـﻮاﻗـﻊ اﻟـﻮﯾـﺐ ﻟـﻤﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ ﻣـﮭﺎراﺗـﻚ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث‪ .‬ﺿـﻊ ﻓـﻲ اﻋـﺘﺒﺎرك ﺗﺤـﺪﯾـﺪ‬
‫ھـﺪف ﻟـﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﻟـﻤﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻟـﻔﺘﺮة ﻣـﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﻮﻗـﺖ ﻛـﻞ ﯾـﻮم‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓـﺔ إﻟـﻰ ﻣـﺎ ﺳـﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫اﻟـﻤﮭﻢ أﯾـﻀًﺎ أن ﯾﺴـﺘﻤﺮ ﻣـﺘﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ESL‬اﻟـﻤﺘﻘﺪم ﻓـﻲ اﻻﻧـﻐﻤﺎس ﻓـﻲ اﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻗـﺪر اﻹﻣـﻜﺎن‪ .‬ﯾـﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾـﺸﻤﻞ ذﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻣـﺸﺎھـﺪة اﻟـﺒﺮاﻣـﺞ اﻟـﺘﻠﻔﺰﯾـﻮﻧـﯿﺔ أو اﻷﻓـﻼم ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻗـﺮاءة اﻟـﻜﺘﺐ أو اﻟـﻤﻘﺎﻻت ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻣـﻤﺎرﺳـﺔ اﻟﺘﺤـﺪث ﻣـﻊ اﻟـﻨﺎطـﻘﯿﻦ ﺑـﺎﻟـﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠـﻠﯿﺰﯾـﺔ ﻛـﻠﻤﺎ أﻣـﻜﻦ ذﻟـﻚ‪ .‬ﻗـﺪ ﯾـﻜﻮن ﻣـﻦ اﻟـﻤﻔﯿﺪ أﯾـﻀًﺎ ﺗﺤـﺪﯾـﺪ أھـﺪاف ﻣﺤـﺪدة‬
‫وﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻚ وﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻚ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء ﻣﺘﺤﻔ ًﺰا وﻣﻮاﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪Here is a suggested month-long plan for an advanced ESL learner to improve‬‬
‫‪their speaking, vocabulary, and listening skills:‬‬
‫‪Week 1: Begin by reviewing and reinforcing the basics of English pronunciation‬‬
‫‪and grammar. Practice saying the sounds of the English language and use online‬‬
‫‪pronunciation guides or a language tutor to help you with any sounds that you find‬‬
‫‪difficult. Spend some time each day practicing your pronunciation by reading‬‬
‫‪aloud from a book or repeating tongue twisters. Review the basic rules of English‬‬
‫‪grammar and practice using them in your speaking and writing.‬‬
‫‪Week 2: In the second week, focus on expanding your vocabulary. Use flashcards‬‬
‫‪or a vocabulary-building app to learn new words, and try to use them in‬‬
‫‪conversation as much as possible. You can also use a thesaurus to expand your‬‬
vocabulary and learn synonyms for common words. Consider setting a goal for
yourself to learn a certain number of new words each day.
Week 3: In the third week, continue to focus on vocabulary and also start working
on your listening skills. Listen to English-language podcasts, music, or news
programs to improve your ability to understand spoken English. You can also find
online listening comprehension exercises to help you with this. Consider setting a
goal for yourself to listen to a certain amount of English-language material each
day.
Week 4: In the fourth week, focus on practicing your speaking skills. Join an
English-language conversation group or find a language exchange partner to
practice speaking with. You can also use online tools such as language learning
apps or websites to practice your speaking skills. Consider setting a goal for
yourself to practice speaking English for a certain amount of time each day.
In addition to the above, it is also important for an advanced ESL learner to
continue to immerse themselves in the English language as much as possible. This
can include watching English-language TV shows or movies, reading books or
articles in English, and practicing speaking with native English speakers whenever
possible. It may also be helpful to set specific, challenging goals for yourself and
track your progress to stay motivated and continue improving.

A WEEKLY PLAN TO LEARN ENGLISH.

As a beginner Arabic learner of English, there are several major aspects
of the English language that you should focus on learning. Here is a
sample day-by-day plan that you can follow, with examples, details, and
recommendations for reading, listening, and speaking:
Day 1:
• Review the basic rules of English grammar, such as subject-verb
agreement and sentence structure.
• Practice identifying and correcting common grammatical errors,
such as subject-verb disagreement and improper verb tense.
• Read a simple English text, such as a children's book or a news
article written for language learners.
• Listen to a short English audio recording, such as a podcast or a
video with captions.
• Practice speaking English by repeating words and phrases out loud,
or by having a conversation with a native speaker or a language
exchange partner.
Day 2:
• Focus on learning and practicing basic vocabulary, such as
numbers, colors, and common everyday words and phrases.
• Review the rules for using articles (a, an, the) and practice using
them correctly.
• Read a simple English text and try to identify and define new
vocabulary words.
• Listen to a short English audio recording and try to understand as
much of it as possible.
• Practice speaking English by having a conversation with a native
speaker or a language exchange partner, or by speaking aloud
while reading an English text.
Day 3:
• Practice using the correct verb tense in your speaking and writing.
Review the rules for forming present simple and present
continuous verb tenses.
• Review the rules for using basic prepositions (in, on, at, etc.) and
practice using them correctly.
• Read a simple English text and try to identify and correct
grammatical errors.
• Listen to a short English audio recording and try to repeat words
and phrases to improve your pronunciation.
• Practice speaking English by having a conversation with a native
speaker or a language exchange partner, or by speaking aloud
while reading an English text.

Day 4:
• Review the rules for using basic conjunctions (and, but, or, etc.)
and practice using them correctly.
• Practice using the correct word order in English sentences.
• Read a simple English text and try to identify and understand the
main idea.
• Listen to a short English audio recording and try to summarize the
main points in your own words.
 • Practice speaking English by having a conversation with a native
speaker or a language exchange partner, or by speaking aloud
while reading an English text.
Remember to be consistent in your practice and to seek feedback from
native speakers or a tutor to help you identify areas where you can
improve. It is also helpful to find a study partner or join a study group to
help motivate and support you in your language learning journey.

A 4 MONTHS PLAN TO BETTER ENGLISH

Here is a sample monthly plan for improving your English grammar as an Arab
EFL learner:
Month 1:
• Start by reviewing the basic rules of English grammar, such as subject-verb
agreement and sentence structure.
• Practice identifying and correcting common grammatical errors, such as
subject-verb disagreement and improper verb tense.
• Work on expanding your vocabulary by reading and listening to as much
English as possible.
• Practice speaking and writing in English as much as you can, and seek
feedback from native speakers or a tutor.
Month 2:
• Focus on improving your understanding of verb tenses, including the present
simple, present continuous, past simple, and past continuous.
• Practice using the correct verb tense in your speaking and writing.
• Review the rules for using articles (a, an, the) and practice using them
correctly.
• Continue expanding your vocabulary and practicing speaking and writing in
English.
Month 3:
• Review the rules for using modal verbs (can, could, should, etc.) and
practice using them correctly in your speaking and writing.
• Practice using the correct word order in English sentences.
• Focus on improving your understanding of English punctuation, including
the use of commas, periods, and quotation marks.
• Continue expanding your vocabulary and practicing speaking and writing in
English.
Month 4:
• Review the rules for forming plurals and possessives in English, and practice
using them correctly.
 • Practice using the correct form of English pronouns (I, me, my, etc.)
• Review the rules for forming comparative and superlative adjectives, and
practice using them correctly.
• Continue expanding your vocabulary and practicing speaking and writing in
English.
Remember to be consistent in your practice and to seek feedback from native
speakers or a tutor to help you identify areas where you can improve. It is also
helpful to find a study partner or join a study group to help motivate and support
you in your language learning journey.
A YEARLY PLAN TO LEARN ENGLISH
Here is a sample yearly plan for taking your English from the beginner level to the
advanced level as an Arab EFL learner:
Month 1-3:
• Review the basic rules of English grammar, such as subject-verb agreement
and sentence structure.
• Practice identifying and correcting common grammatical errors, such as
subject-verb disagreement and improper verb tense.
• Work on expanding your vocabulary by reading and listening to as much
English as possible.
• Practice speaking and writing in English as much as you can, and seek
feedback from native speakers or a tutor.
Month 4-6:
• Focus on improving your understanding of verb tenses, including the present
simple, present continuous, past simple, and past continuous.
• Practice using the correct verb tense in your speaking and writing.
• Review the rules for using articles (a, an, the) and practice using them
correctly.
• Continue expanding your vocabulary and practicing speaking and writing in
English.
Month 7-9:
• Review the rules for using modal verbs (can, could, should, etc.) and
practice using them correctly in your speaking and writing.
• Practice using the correct word order in English sentences.
• Focus on improving your understanding of English punctuation, including
the use of commas, periods, and quotation marks.
• Continue expanding your vocabulary and practicing speaking and writing in
English.
Month 10-12:
• Review the rules for forming plurals and possessives in English, and practice
using them correctly.
• Practice using the correct form of English pronouns (I, me, my, etc.)
• Review the rules for forming comparative and superlative adjectives, and
practice using them correctly.
• Continue expanding your vocabulary and practicing speaking and writing in
English.
Throughout the year, be consistent in your practice and seek feedback from native
speakers or a tutor to help you identify areas where you can improve. It is also
helpful to find a study partner or join a study group to help motivate and support
you in your language learning journey. As you progress, you may also want to
consider taking a course or working with a tutor to help you focus on specific areas
of language learning, such as pronunciation, vocabulary building, or advanced
grammar.
 ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﺴﯿﻦ اﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ‬
1. Practice saying the sounds of the English language and use online
pronunciation guides or a language tutor to help you with any sounds that
you find difficult.
2. Spend some time each day practicing your pronunciation by reading aloud
from a book or repeating tongue twisters.
3. Listen carefully to the way native English speakers pronounce words and try
to imitate their pronunciation.
4. Use a mirror to watch your mouth and tongue movements as you say words
and sounds.
5. Record yourself speaking and listen back to identify areas where you need to
improve your pronunciation.
6. Practice tongue twisters and difficult words or sounds to improve your
pronunciation and speaking fluency.
7. Pay attention to the rhythm and stress patterns of English words and
sentences.
8. Try to listen to English-language music, podcasts, or radio programs to
improve your ear for the language.
9. Practice speaking with a language exchange partner or joining an English-
language conversation group.
10. Use online tools such as language learning apps or websites to practice your
speaking skills.
11. Make a conscious effort to slow down and enunciate your words when
speaking.
12. Avoid mumbling or slurring your words, and try to speak clearly and
distinctly.
13. Pay attention to the way your mouth and tongue move when you say
different sounds and practice making the correct movements.
14. Use a dictionary or thesaurus to learn new words and expand your
vocabulary.
15. Listen to recordings of yourself speaking and identify areas where you need
to improve your pronunciation and accent.
16. Practice saying words and sounds slowly and carefully, and then gradually
increase your speed.
17. Try to listen to a wide range of English accents to improve your ability to
understand different speakers.
 18. Use online resources such as videos, articles, or books to learn.

25 TIPS TO IMPROVE ACCENT

Here are 25 tips for improving your English (American, British) accent:
1. Start by listening to native English speakers, especially Americans, as much
as possible. This will help you get a feel for the rhythm, melody, and
intonation of the language.
2. Pay attention to the way that different sounds are pronounced in American
English. For example, the "r" sound is pronounced differently in American
English than it is in other varieties of English.
3. Practice speaking out loud, even if you're just reading a book or a newspaper
aloud. This will help you get a feel for the way the words flow together.
4. Use tongue twisters to practice difficult sounds. For example, you could try
saying "Red lorry, yellow lorry" or "Irish wristwatch, Swiss wristwatch" to
practice the "l" and "r" sounds.
5. Use a mirror to watch your mouth and tongue as you speak. This can help
you see what you're doing right and what you're doing wrong.
6. Practice tongue and jaw exercises to improve your control over your mouth
and tongue.
7. Work on your stress and intonation. In American English, stress is often
placed on the first syllable of a word, and the pitch of the voice tends to rise
at the end of a sentence.
8. Practice speaking slowly and clearly, and enunciate your words carefully.
9. Use a dictionary or transcription service to help you with difficult words and
sounds.
10. Work on your vowel sounds. In American English, the vowel sounds are
generally shorter and more open than in other varieties of English.
11. Practice the "th" sound, which can be difficult for non-native speakers.
12. Practice the "t" and "d" sounds, which can also be difficult for non-native
speakers.
13. Pay attention to word endings, particularly when adding "-ed" to regular
verbs. In American English, the "d" sound is pronounced differently than in
other varieties of English.
14. Practice the "f" and "v" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
15. Practice the "s" and "z" sounds, which are pronounced differently in
American English than in other varieties of English.
 16. Work on your consonant clusters, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers. For example, the word "strengths" has three consonants in a row,
which can be difficult to pronounce.
17. Practice the "sh" and "ch" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
18. Practice the "g" and "j" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
19. Practice the "w" and "wh" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
20. Practice the "y" and "ey" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
21. Practice the "aw" and "ou" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
22. Practice the "er" and "ur" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
23. Practice the "or" and "ar" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
24. Practice the "oi" and "oy" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
25. Practice the "a" and "ai" sounds, which can be difficult for non-native
speakers.
Remember to be patient with yourself.
 IELTS
Here is a sample monthly plan for training an IELTS examiner to achieve a score
of 8.5-9.0 out of 9.0:
Week 1:
• Day 1: Review the IELTS scoring criteria and familiarize yourself with the
types of tasks and questions that will be included in the listening, speaking,
reading, and writing sections of the exam.
• Day 2: Practice listening to authentic English language materials, such as
news broadcasts or podcasts, and take notes on key words and phrases.
• Day 3: Practice speaking in English by participating in mock interviews or
giving presentations. Focus on using a wide range of vocabulary and
expressing your ideas clearly and concisely.
• Day 4: Practice reading authentic English language texts, such as news
articles or academic papers, and take notes on key words and phrases.
• Day 5: Practice writing in English by completing writing tasks such as
essays or letters. Focus on using proper grammar and structure, as well as
incorporating a wide range of vocabulary.
Week 2:
• Day 1: Review the IELTS scoring criteria and familiarize yourself with the
types of tasks and questions that will be included in the listening, speaking,
reading, and writing sections of the exam.
• Day 2: Practice listening to authentic English language materials, such as
news broadcasts or podcasts, and take notes on key words and phrases.
• Day 3: Practice speaking in English by participating in mock interviews or
giving presentations. Focus on using a wide range of vocabulary and
expressing your ideas clearly and concisely.
• Day 4: Practice reading authentic English language texts, such as news
articles or academic papers, and take notes on key words and phrases.
• Day 5: Practice writing in English by completing writing tasks such as
essays or letters. Focus on using proper grammar and structure, as well as
incorporating a wide range of vocabulary.
Week 3:
• Day 1: Review the IELTS scoring criteria and familiarize yourself with the
types of tasks and questions that will be included in the listening, speaking,
reading, and writing sections of the exam.
• Day 2: Practice listening to authentic English language materials, such as
news broadcasts or podcasts, and take notes on key words and phrases.
• Day 3: Practice speaking in English by participating in mock interviews or
giving presentations. Focus on using a wide range of vocabulary and
expressing your ideas clearly and concisely.
 • Day 4: Practice reading authentic English language texts, such as news
articles or academic papers, and take notes on key words and phrases.
• Day 5: Practice writing in English by completing writing tasks such as
essays or letters. Focus on using proper grammar and structure, as well as
incorporating a wide range of vocabulary.
Week 4:
• Day 1: Review the IELTS scoring criteria and familiarize yourself with the
types of tasks and questions that will be included in the listening, speaking,
reading, and writing sections of the exam.
• Day 2: Practice listening to authentic English language materials, such as
news broadcasts or podcasts, and take notes on key words and phrases.
• Day 3: Practice speaking in English by participating in mock interviews or
giving presentations. Focus on using a wide range of vocabulary and
expressing your ideas clearly and concisely.
• Day 4: Practice reading authentic English language texts, such as news
articles or academic papers, and take notes on key words and phrases.
• Day 5: Practice writing in English by completing writing tasks such as
essays or letters. Focus on using proper grammar and structure, as well as
incorporating a wide range of vocabulary.
Throughout the month, be sure to focus on improving your skills in all four areas
of the IELTS exam.
 ENGLISH MOST FREQUENT TENSES
The present simple
The present simple is a verb tense used to describe habits, routines, and
states that exist currently. It is often used to describe things that are
always true or to describe fixed arrangements.

To form the present simple, we use the base form of the verb (also
known as the infinitive) for regular verbs and the base form plus "s" for
third person singular (he, she, it). For irregular verbs, the base form may
change slightly.

Here are some examples of regular verbs in the present simple:

I walk to work every day.

They play soccer on Saturdays.
He speaks Spanish fluently.
She works in an office.
It rains a lot in the winter.
And here are some examples of irregular verbs in the present simple:

I have a dog.
They go to the store every week.

He does his homework every night.

She teaches English.
It becomes very cold in the winter.
It's important to note that the present simple is not used to describe
actions that are happening at the moment of speaking. For this, we use
the present continuous.

Past Simple
The past simple tense is used to describe actions that have been
completed in the past. It is formed using the past tense of the verb, also
known as the second form of the verb.

Examples of the past simple tense using 25 verbs:

1. walk
2. talk
3. eat
4. drink
5. play
6. work
7. study
8. read
9. write
10. drive
11. watch
12. listen
13. sleep
14. sit
15. stand
16. come
17. go
 18. take
19. give
20. find
21. think
22. know
23. want
24. need
25. love
For example:
• I walked to the store. (The action of walking has been completed in
the past.)
• She talked on the phone for an hour. (The action of talking has
been completed in the past.)
• They ate a delicious meal. (The action of eating has been
completed in the past.)
• He drank a glass of water. (The action of drinking has been
completed in the past.)
• We played a game of soccer. (The action of playing has been
completed in the past.)
• She worked late last night. (The action of working has been
completed in the past.)
• I studied for my exam. (The action of studying has been completed
in the past.)
• They read a book together. (The action of reading has been
completed in the past.)
• He wrote a letter to his friend. (The action of writing has been
completed in the past.)
• She drove to work. (The action of driving has been completed in
the past.)
• I watched a movie. (The action of watching has been completed in
the past.)
• They listened to music. (The action of listening has been
completed in the past.)
• He slept for 8 hours. (The action of sleeping has been completed in
the past.)
 • She sat in the park. (The action of sitting has been completed in the
past.)
• I stood up to greet him. (The action of standing has been
completed in the past.)
• They came to visit me. (The action of coming has been completed
in the past.)
• He went to the store. (The action of going has been completed in
the past.)
• She took a photo. (The action of taking has been completed in the
past.)
• I gave him a gift. (The action of giving has been completed in the
past.)
• They found a lost dog. (The action of finding has been completed
in the past.)
• He thought about it for a while. (The action of thinking has been
completed in the past.)
• She knew the answer. (The action of knowing has been completed
in the past.)
• I wanted to go home. (The action of wanting has been completed
in the past.)
• They needed a break. (The action of needing has been completed
in the past.)
• He loved her very much. (The action of loving has been completed
in the past.)

Reading Example
Milad is a math teacher who lives in Zayoona, Baghdad. She has two
daughters and is married to Zaid, who works in Amman, Jordan. In her
daily routine, Milad wakes up early in the morning and gets ready for
work. She brushes her teeth, washes her face, and gets dressed.

After getting dressed, Milad eats breakfast with her daughters. She
usually has toast with butter and honey, or maybe some eggs and bacon.
After breakfast, she packs her bag with everything she needs for work,
including her lesson plans and materials.
Milad then leaves her house and walks to the nearby school, where she
teaches math to students in the morning. She is a dedicated and patient
teacher, who always makes sure to explain concepts clearly and help her
students understand. During her lunch break, Milad eats a quick lunch in
the staff room and talks to her colleagues.

After work, Milad goes home and spends some time with her daughters.
They might do their homework together, or play a game or watch a
movie. In the evening, Milad cooks dinner for her family. She is a good
cook and enjoys trying out new recipes. After dinner, she and her
daughters might read a book or go for a walk before bedtime.

Overall, Milad is a hardworking and loving mother who always puts the
needs of her family first. She is organized, responsible, and caring, and
she is loved and respected by her students, colleagues, and family.

Present Perfect
The present perfect is a verb tense used to describe events or actions that
began in the past and continue up until the present moment, or actions

that were completed at some point in the past. It is formed using the
auxiliary verb "have" or "has" and the past participle of the main verb.

Here are some examples of the present perfect:

I have eaten breakfast. (I ate breakfast at some point in the past and it is
now finished. The exact time is not important.)
She has finished her homework. (She finished her homework at some
point in the past and it is now finished. The exact time is not important.)
They have lived in this city for 10 years. (They started living in this city
10 years ago and they still live here.)
Exercise 1:

Reading Example
Waleed has woken up at 6:00 am every day this week. After waking up,
he has gotten out of bed and has brushed his teeth. He has then made a
cup of coffee and has sat down to check his emails.

After checking his emails, Waleed has started preparing for his classes.
He has gathered his materials, including his lesson plans and his notes.
He has then eaten a bowl of cereal for breakfast.

At 8:00 am, Waleed has left for work. He has driven to the Iraqi
government building, where he has worked as a translator for the past
five years. He has translated documents, held meetings with government
officials, and has answered phone calls.

At 12:00 pm, Waleed has taken a lunch break. He has eaten a sandwich
and has taken a short walk to stretch his legs. After his lunch break, he
has returned to work and has continued translating until 5:00 pm.

After work, Waleed has gone home and has started working on his
creative video projects. He has spent a few hours filming and editing
videos for his YouTube channel. He has also spent some time creating
online lesson plans for his students.

Before going to bed, Waleed has spent some time relaxing and winding
down. He has watched a movie, read a book, or has spent time with his
family. He has then gone to bed around 10:00 pm, ready to start a new
day tomorrow.
AEP 204 Speaking & Listening Syllabus

Information about the Course Information about the Instructor

Course Title: AEP Speaking/Listening Name: Prof. Waleed Khalid
Course Code: AEP 204 S&L Abdulabbas
Classroom Number: Office Location: Baghdad
Class Timing: three hours Office Hours: 9:00- 12:00.
Email :glciraq@gmail.com.
Course Description
For speaking, this course focuses on creating and delivering academic presentations. Students
learn about delivery and presentation skills as well as focus on creating strong content. They
also practice using sources appropriately while giving a presentation. For listening, this course
continues preparing students to comprehend academic discourse. The course reinforces overall
listening skills developed in Level 100, and it also introduces students to the abstract thinking
skills that they need to comprehend and analyze arguments presented in lectures, Ted Talks,
and documentaries.

Course Objectives
By the end of this course, students will be able to:

Argument and Presentation

• Identify suitable topics for an informative speech
• Identify suitable topics for a persuasive speech
• Develop arguments that have thesis statements and that are supported by reasons
and evidence from credible sources
• Produce presentations with hooks, thesis statements, introductions, well-organized
supporting points, transitions and conclusions
• Speak extemporaneously on a prepared topic
• Use credible sources within a presentation
• Appropriately cite sources within a presentation (written and orally)
• Recognize and use appropriate body language and positioning used in formal
speeches
• Use appropriate body language and positioning
• Evaluate presentation performances (i.e. both self and others’ performances)

Verbal Strategies
• Use argumentative transitions and appropriate argumentative tone during a
speech

Pronunciation
• Recognize and use correct intonation based on patterns

Listening
• Explain what has been said in a listening passage with the assistance of notes taken
while listening
• Evaluate the argument presented in a listening passage using notes

1
 • Take a position based on an evaluation of an argument presented in a listening
passage

Major assignments:
• Students will present a number of informative and persuasive speeches that include the
rhetorical structures used in their writing (e.g. cause and effect, counterargument and
rebuttal).
• Students will practice shorter speeches as well.

Grading Scheme
Attendance:
Class Participation:
Homework:
In-class assignments:
Academic Presentation (Informative Speech):
Academic Presentation (Persuasive Speech):
Quizzes:

Grading Scale
A = 90% - 100%
B = 80% - 89%
C = 70% - 79%
F = Below 70% (Fail)
WF = (Withdrawal, Failing)

Policies
Students are expected to adhere to the following:
• Academic honesty: Honesty in examinations is taken very seriously at the ELC. All
attempts at cheating on tests of any kind will result in disciplinary action. All cases of
student plagiarism should be reported to the ELC Director.
• Be punctual in coming to class. A student will marked absent if he/she enters the class
10 minutes late. If a student is marked late more than 2 times, it will result in one
absence. In addition, one point will automatically be deducted from the student’s course-
attendance grade.
• The ELC will allow a total of 2 absences per course per session beginning on the first
day of classes. Exceptional cases will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis at the level
of the ELC Director. (Missed classes have a negative effect on a student’s progress. It is
the responsibility of every student to make wise choices about attending classes, and
being absent only for urgent situations.)
• Use English at the ELC as much as possible.
• Come prepared to class with books, notebooks, and writing implements.
• Keep mobiles switched off in class. No eating or drinking in class (except
water).Complete required assignments on time. Acceptance of late assignments is at the
discretion of the instructor. (The student must submit valid evidence for failing to
complete an assignment on time or risk having the acceptance of late assignment
declined)

2
 • To make up for a missed quiz/exam, the student has to submit a valid excuse. Students
are expected to read the assigned pages and or any other reading material. They will be
expected to participate in the class discussions, class projects and assignments, and
any other activities.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS FOR INSTRUCTIONAL USE:

(Refer to References in Session Plan)

Listening:
Espeseth, M. Academic Listening Encounters (Listening, Note Taking, and
Discussion). Cambridge University Press. 1999.
Frazier, L and Leeming, S. Lecture Ready 3. Oxford University Press. 2013.
Numrich, C. Consider the Issues. Pearson (4th Ed). 2013.
http://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are?lang
uage=em
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt4Dfa4fOEY (How English sounds to non English
speakers) (use for intonation session)
http://www.ted.com/talks/paul_piff_does_money_make_you_mean?language=em

Speaking:
Reinhart, Susan, M. Giving Academic Presentations. University of Michigan
Press. 2002.
(For Informative Presentations):
http://www.chsd1.org/cms/lib04/PA01001446/Centricity/Domain/183/Informaitvespeech.
pdf (guide for writing an informative speech)
http://www.cmich.edu/office_provost/AcademicAffairs/CBTC/Documents/sampleoutlines
.pdf (sample informative speech outline)
(For Persuasive Presentations):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxLtQi7vVsl (logical fallacies)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouOXAiyAyIE&feature=em-share_video_user
(Presenting effectively with Monroe’s Motivated Sequence)
http://hubpages.com/education/persuasion-speech techniques-in-the-college-classroom
https://accounting.broad.msu.edu/files/2011/08-MMS.pdf (Monroe's Motivated
Sequence)
http://phs.princetonk12.org/teachers/jbathke/03091B7D-
000F50D3.27/mspsample.rak.pdf (sample outline for Monroe's Motivated Sequence)
http://www.cmich.edu/office-provost/academicaffairs/cbtc/documents/sampleoutlines.pdf
(sample persuasive speech outline)
http://www.roch.edu/people/Ihalverson/sample_persuasive_speech_outline.htm (sample
persuasive speech outline)
http://www.write-out-loud.com/persuasive-speech-example.html (example using MMS)
http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/17/skills-practice-persuasion (persuading an
audience using Logos, Pathos and Ethos)
http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/fallacies/ (logical fallacies)
http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/a/Top-12-Logical-Fallacies.htm (logical
fallacies)

3
NOTES TO INSTRUCTOR
Listening:
• Students continue to develop their listening skills in order to comprehend content while
simultaneously practicing effective note-taking strategies (introduced in Level 104) while
listening to lectures and Ted Talks outside the classroom.
• Students experiment with note taking strategies in order to use those that are most
comfortable and effective for them as well as text appropriate. They are also
encouraged to try to listen only once but may still need to listen multiple times in order to
comprehend lengthier academic discourse.
• There is a focus on students' ability to evaluate arguments in the listening passages
which corresponds to and reinforces what they are practicing in the level 2 writing
course.
• It's helpful to have students share their notes after listening and receive feedback from
their peers. This helps them to focus on identifying the main points as well as organizing
their key points. With their peer's support they are then able to more effectively
summarize the main points during the speaking component of the class.

Speaking:
• There is a focus on pronunciation particularly addressing intonation patterns. Students
practice producing and identifying patterns dependent on intended meanings.
• There are 2 major assignments: creating and delivering an informative presentation and
creating and delivering a persuasive presentation.
• In addition, there is a focus on recognizing and practicing appropriate body language
while presenting.
• For Informative presentations, students analyze and evaluate sample outlines. They
identify the sequence and practice creating thesis statements and supporting information
as well as using transitional devices in order to create and deliver their own
presentations.
• For persuasive speech preparations, students analyze and evaluate sample persuasive
speech outlines. This includes identifying rhetorical strategies (logos, ethos and pathos)
as well as logical fallacies to avoid in their presentations.
• They practice short presentations incorporating persuasive techniques and are
introduced to Monroe's Motivated Sequence as the format to use for their presentations.
• There is a very good video (see above) that students watch in which a university student
demonstrates how to give a presentation using Monroe's Motivated Sequence while at
the same time presenting on her topic.
• Students practice identifying and then incorporating citations of credible sources into
their persuasive presentations
SAMPLE SESSION PLAN
SUNDAY MONDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY

-First Day -Review of Note Lecture Language Listening

Activities Taking Strategies for Citing Strategy: Lecture
-Review of from Level 1 Information. Language for
Syllabus and Review of Note- Citing Information.
Course taking strategies
Requirements LR3 Chapter 10 HW: watch and
listen to lecture
LR3 Chapter 10 and practice note-
taking strategies
(design/color)
LR3 chapter 10

-Speaking and (Non-Verbal

Listening (Non- Communication/ Listening for
Verbal Body Language) important Speaking (Non-
Communication/ ALE chapter 7 information and Verbal
Body Language) inferring meaning Communication)
from context critical thinking-
ALE chapter 7 (Non-Verbal making
Communication/ connections to
Body Language, topic and texts
Immigrant’s
experiences
ALE chapter 7

Listening to in-
class lecture and Introduction to Informative Creating a Culture
practice note Informative Presentation
taking using Presentation Outline: focus on
mapping strategy components
(Non-verbal
communication/
Body Language

Informative Focus on
Presentation Intonation Informative Informative
Outline due Presentations Presentations
Video “How
Peer Feedback English Sounds to HW watch video

5
 non-native Ted Talk “Your
speakers” Body Language
Shapes who you
are” and take
notes

Speaking: Listening skills: Listening skills

Paraphrasing and main ideas, continued Speaking:
inferring meaning details, inferring discussion/debate
using notes from and interpreting – programs to
watching Ted Talk while listening to improve civil
“Your Body lengthy interview society in Iraq
Language Shapes Consider the HW watch video
who you are” Issues, Chapter 8 Ted Talk ‘does
wealth make you
mean?’ and take
notes

Introduction to Introduction to Persuasive Writing a

Persuasive Persuasive speeches Persuasive
Speech – Speech – following MMS speech outline
Rhetorical Devices Monroe’s following MMS
(Logos, Ethos, Motivated
Pathos) Sequence

Logical Fallacies Peer Feedback Grammar Unreal

on Persuasive Conditionals Final draft
Speech Outline outlines for
Grammar and Persuasive
Beyond Text and Presentations
Workbook Unit 25

Persuasive
Persuasive Presentations
Presentations

FINAL EXAM
AND POST-TEST
THIS WEEK
 Waleed's Daily Routine
‫روﺗﯿﻦ وﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﯿﻮﻣﻲ‬
1 toci{at the pidures. Ask .and •-afisv,ver questions.
When does he ••• 1 What does he. •••. ?· Jillhere does he .•• ? How does he ... ?
.-- ··-; . .
-

D. "'l . [ :J
. o=:>
a

12.30-1.30
 VOCABULARY BUILDING
Name: _______________ Date:_______________

DAILY ACTIVITIES
 Use a dictionary to help you complete the chart below. All of the words must begin
with the letter of the alphabet given. Some letters may have many different answers,
while others may not have an answer.

A N
B O
C P
D Q
E R
F S
G T
H U
I V
J W
K X
L Y
M Z
Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. © www.allthingstopics.com
NAME: ________________________ DATE: ________________________
INTERVIEW a “read-aloud-and-listen” activity
PRESENT SIMPLE: ‘Daily Routine’
 My name is Prof. . o o yo about my daily routine.

rof. a
Khalid
leed A

I’m a teacher of English and I have a big family,

so I have a very busy daily routine! First, I get up
every day at 4:45 a.m., get washed and dressed,
and leave for work by 5:00 a.m. I get to HCED at
eight o’clock. I prepare my lessons and then
teach until noon. The other teachers and I always
eat lunch and talk together in the teachers’ room.
I teach again in the afternoon and then I check my
students’ homework and tests. After I get back
home, I help my kids with their homework. I have
three kids in elementary school. Their names are
Aaron, Nofel and Karam. Then, I do some
exercise, eat dinner with my family and watch
MBC2 before I go to bed at about ten o’clock. We
love to watch travel shows. Finally, I read a book
in bed for a few minutes before I fall asleep. Now I
am reading a book called "Essentialism".

Professor Waleed Khalid, 2022

N A M E : ________________________________ DATE: ____________________

DAILY ACTIVITIES ‫اﻟﻧﺷﺎطﺎت اﻟﯾوﻣﯾﺔ‬

Question: What is your favorite time of the day? Why?

My Daily Routine
Some of my friends think I have a boring daily
routine, but I like it. I usually get up at about
5:00 or 6:30 in the morning, after my alarm
clock wakes me up. First, I brush my teeth,
and shave, and wash my face. Then, I get
dressed and go downstairs to have breakfast
with my family. I always have coffee, cereal,
and lots of fruit. That’s me in the picture. I
take a bus to work because I don’t like to
drive, and I always arrive at my office before
8:00. I’m never late for work. Five
o’clock is my favorite time of the day because I finish work and go back
home and see my wife and children again. I have two boys, Adel, who is
4 years old and , Noor who is eight. We eat dinner together in our dining
room at around 6:00, and after that I hang out with my wife and kids at
home. We really enjoy watching our favorite MBC TV programs together.
We like to watch shows about travel. However, two or three times a week
I do workout in the evening, so I can stay strong and healthy. I think that
this is very important! Finally, at about 9:30, I go to bed, read for a while,
and then fall asleep. Some people think my daily routine is a little boring –
but on weekends and holidays I love to visit Erbil, Najaf, and go to
Mutanabi … for fun! It’s my favorite place. I go to Al-Shabandar ‫اﻟﺷﺎﺑﻧدر‬
Cafe.
Professor Waleed Khalid
N A M E : ________________________________ DATE: ____________________

DAILY ACTVITIES
 WRITING PRACTICE: “Write a paragraph about your daily routine.”

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. © www.allthingstopics.com

NAME: ________________________ DATE: ________________________

Daily Routine
 Your name is Mrs.Merfa and this is my daily routine. Present and Past Tenses

Ansam B

Well, I almost always get up very early, at about 4-

thirty. I get up early because I like to pray and check
my work duties. I walk along the river of Tigris and
watch the sun rise in Kirkuk. Later, after breakfast, I
go to work
with my father Ahmed. I work in our company near
my subdistrict. I drive my Kia Soul to work, I seldom I
take a bike. It only takes about 15 minutes to get to
work. After work, I like to go to my
favorite gym and workout and drink some brewed
coffee later. I get home between five o’clock and
five-thirty. My kids usually need dinner because they
love my cooking. In fact, they don't like restaurants.
My hobby is collecting scarfs, and reading self-
development books. We also have a pet cat called
Bary. In the evenings we take Bary for a walk, and
then get to bed by 2 a.m because we have to get up
so early again the next morning. I work in an NGO.

Prof. aleed halid .

NAME: ________________________ DATE: ________________________

GRAMMAR CROSSWORD
PRESENT SIMPLE
 Read the clues and fill in the missing words.

1 2 3
ACROSS
W A T C H E S 1. She usually ___ TV at 7 o’clock.
4
4. My brother ___ always hungry!
5 5. My friend ___ to music when he drives
to work in the morning.
6 7. Sometimes I ___ lunch at college.
8. We ___ our house every Saturday.
7 8 9. I like to ___ about my childhood.
10. What do you usually ___ after class?
12. Do you ever ___ in class?
13. I don’t like to ___ on the phone.
9 10 14. My sister likes to ___ the plants in our
garden.
11 16. My mother ___ to work by car.
18. Does he ever ___ songs in the shower?
12 13 21. Cats make me ___! Atchoo!
22. We ___ never late for class.
23. When do you ___ home from school?
24. He always ___ coffee in the morning.
14

DOWN
15
1. Does he ever ___ to work?
2. My father always ___ a big breakfast.
16 17 18
3. My little brother always ___ our mother
good-bye before he goes to school.
5. I always ___ when I watch that TV
show. It’s very funny!
19
6. He always brings his key so he can ___
the door when he comes home.
20 21
9. We usually ___ our grandmother on the
weekend.
11. Our class ___ at 8 o’clock.
14. He often ___ his car to keep it clean.
15. I usually agree with my friend, and he
usually ___ with me.
22
17. She always ___ to do her homework.
She never forgets.
23
19. Sometimes I ___ my sister do her
homework.
24
20. I’m very forgetful, so my wife often
has to ___ me to buy milk.

Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. © www.allthingsgrammar.com

 WH QUESTION

SPEAK FOR A MINUTE ABOUT EACH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. What color are your eyes?

2. How many brothers and sisters do you have?
3. Where do you go to college?
4. How are you today?
5. Who is your favorite singer?
6. When do you go to a mall?
7. How often do you go to parties in Baghdad?
8. What is your father’s full name?
9. Do you have any pets (animals such as dogs and cats)?
10. Why do you learn English in this course?
11. Who is your best teacher in at school? Why?
12. How much money do you have in your pocket now?
13. Do you go out on weekends? Where?
14. What’s your favorite season of the year? Why?
15. How many children do you want to have in the future?
16. What countries do you want to visit? Why?
17. Are you from Baghdad? How long have you lived here?
18. What’s your favorite food?
19. Where do you like to go on Fridays and Saturdays?
20. What do you do on Sunday mornings at your office in PMO?
21. What’s your favorite day of the week?
22. Who lives in your home?
23. How often do you use a computer? Why?
24. Is your country (Iraq) big or small? Tell me more details about Iraq.
25. Does your best friend live near you? Where does he live?
26. Where is your home? Do you like the place?
27. Are you hardworking or lazy person? Why?
28. What color is your house? Why did you choose this color?
29. Do you prefer to be a spiderman or superman? Why?
30. What’s the favorite sport in your country? Why?
31. When do you go to work? Describe your daily routine at work.
32. Use 25 verbs in English to talk about your daily routine.

.‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

 Complete Phrasal Verbs List
Phrasal
Meaning Example
Verb
We have to ABIDE BY what the court
Abide by Accept or follow a decision or rule.
says.
They had to ACCOUNT FOR all the
Account for To explain.
money that had gone missing.
My partner's been away for a fortnight- I
Ache for Want something or someone a lot.
am ACHING FOR her.
The police were ACTING ON a tip from
To take action because of something like
Act on an informer and caught the gang red-
information received.
handed.
The medicine only ACTS ON infected
Act on Affect.
tissue.
Perform something with actions and
Act out They ACTED OUT the story on stage.
gestures..
Their anger is ACTED OUT in their
Act out Express an emotion in your behaviour.
antisocial behaviour.
My computer's ACTING UP; I think I
Act up Behave badly or strangely.
might have a virus.
To take action because of something like The police were ACTING UPON a tip-
Act upon
information received. off.
The enzyme ACTS UPON certain
Act upon Affect.
proteins.
You have to ADD the VAT ON to the
Add on Include in a calculation.
price they give.
We ADDED UP the bill to check it was
Add up To make a mathematical total.
correct.
Be a satisfactory explanantion for She explained why the work wasn't ready,
Add up
something. but her story doesn't ADD UP.
Trains delays are getting worse and with
Add up to Have a certain result. the high fares, it all ADDS UP TO misery
for the commuters.
The total costs ADD UP TO several
Add up to Come to a certain amount or figure.
million euros.
Affect- usually used in the negative to
I feel terrible- that food didn't AGREE
Agree with show that something has had a negative
WITH my stomach.
effect, especially is it makes you feel bad.
Aim at To target. The magazine is AIMED AT teenagers.
They're AIMING AT reducing costs by
Aim at Intend to achieve.
ten percent.
You should ALLOW FOR delays when
Allow for Include something in a plan or calculation.
planning a journey.
The rules don't ALLOW OF any
Allow of Make possible, permit.
exceptions.
Try to get something indirectly, by hinting He's been ANGLING FOR an invitation,
Angle for
or suggesting. but I don't want him to come.
Answer To reply rudely to someone in authority. Her mother was shocked when she started
 ANSWERING her BACK and refusing to
back
help.
The government should be made to
Answer for Be held responsible for a problem. ANSWER FOR their failure to sort out
the problem.
Speak on behalf of someone or from I can ANSWER FOR my partner because
Answer for
knowing them. I know her position on this issue.
Beat someone in a debate, discussion or The teacher tried to ARGUE the girl
Argue down
argument. DOWN, but she couldn't.
Persuade someone to drop the price of
Argue down She ARGUED him DOWN ten percent.
something they're selling.
Try to persuade people not to accept a They tried to ARGUE DOWN the
Argue down
proposition, motion, etc. proposal.
If we can't ARGUE our differences OUT,
Argue out Argue about a problem to find a solution.
we'll have to take them to court.
Ask how someone is doing, especially
Ask about He ASKED ABOUT my father.
professionally and in terms of health.
Enquire about someone's health, how life Jenny rang earlier and ASKED AFTER
Ask after
is going. you, so I told her you were fine.
Ask a number of people for information of I have no idea, but I'll ASK AROUND at
Ask around
help. work and see if anyone can help.
Ask around Invite someone. We ASKED them AROUND for dinner.
Ask for To provoke a negative reaction. You're ASKING FOR trouble.
Ask for Request to have or be given. I ASKED FOR the menu.
Ask in To invite somebody into your house. 'Jon's at the door.' 'ASK him IN.'
He wanted to ASK her OUT but was too
Ask out To invite someone for a date.
shy.
They have ASKED us OVER for drinks
Ask over Invite.
on Friday.
Ask round Invite someone. We ASKED John ROUND for diner.
They AUCTIONED OFF their property
Auction off Sell something in an auction.
as they were heavily in debt.
The crowd BACKED AWAY when the
Back away Retreat or go backwards.
man pulled a knife.
Retract or withdraw your position or She refused to BACK DOWN and was
Back down
proposal in an argument. fired.
He prefers to BACK his car INTO the
Back into Enter a parking area in reverse gear.
garage.
The police told the protesters to BACK
Back off Retreat.
OFF.
He BACKED OUT two days before the
Back out Fail to keep an arrangement or promise.
holiday so we gave the ticket to his sister
She BACKED OUT OF the agreement at
Back out of Fail to keep an agreement, arrangement.
the last minute.
She BACKED the Rolls OUT OF its
Back out of Exit a parking area in reverse gear.
parking space.
Back up Make a copy of computer data. You should always BACK UP important
 files and documents so that you won't
lose all your work if something goes
wrong with the hardware.
The rest of the staff BACKED her UP
Back up Support. when she complained about working
conditions.
Tom BACKED UP without looking and
Back up Drive a vehicle backwards.
ran over his laptop.
Don't bag out BAG OUT Australian
Bag out Criticise.
English.
The government had to BAIL OUT the
Bail out Save, rescue. airline because it was losing so much
money.
Remove water from something that is The boat was leaking so they had to
Bail out
flooded. BAIL it OUT.
Jump out of a plane because it is going to The pilot BAILED OUT when he saw
Bail out
crash. that the engines had failed.
I must BAIL my drunken brother OUT
Bail out of Pay a bond to release someone from jail.
OF jail.
Stop supporting someone when they are in Everybody BAILED OUT ON him when
Bail out on
trouble. the scandal broke.
I was late because he BAILED me UP on
Bail up Talk to someone and delay them.
the phone and wouldn't shut up.
He was BAILED UP by a couple of
Bail up Rob someone at gunpoint.
muggers as he came out of the bank.
The new project has BALLED me UP- I
Ball up Confuse or make things complicated.
have no idea what to do.
He BALLED UP his napkin when he had
Ball up Roll or form into a round shape.
finished eating.
Balls up Spoil, ruin. He BALLSED the presentation UP.
Bang about Move in a place making a lot of noise. He's BANGING ABOUT in the kitchen.
Bang I can hear him BANGING ABOUT
Move in a place making a lot of noise.
around upstairs.
He BANGED ON for half an hour but no
Bang on Talk at great length.
one was listening.
Bang on He's always BANGING ON ABOUT
Keep talking about something.
about football.
She BANGED the tune OUT on the
Bang out Play a musical instrument loudly.
piano.
The judge BANGED him UP for eight
Bang up Put someone in prison.
years.
Bang up Damage badly. He BANGED his car UP last night.
I'm BANKING ON your help; I can't do
Bank on Count or rely on.
it alone.
Bargain Persuade someone to drop the price of I BARGAINED her DOWN to half what
down something they're selling. she originally wanted.
Bargain for Expect something to happen (usually I hadn't BARGAINED FOR so many
 negative). people coming.
Expect something to happen (usually
Bargain on I hadn't BARGAINED ON him coming.
negative).
He keeps BARGING IN and asking
Barge in Enter a place and interrupt.
stupid questions when I'm trying to work.
They BARGED INTO my office without
Barge into Enter a place and interrupt people rudely. knocking and started talking even though
I was on the phone.
If you BASH your monitor ABOUT like
Bash about Mistreat physically.
that, it won't last long.
The burglars BASHED the door IN to
Bash in Break, damage or injure by hitting.
enter the house.
Write something quickly without much I BASHED the essay OUT the night
Bash out
preparation. before I had to hand it in.
They BASHED him UP in the fight in the
Bash up Break, damage or hurt by hitting. pub last week and he had to go to
hospital.
She BAWLED me OUT for coming home
Bawl out Scold, shout at someone.
drunk.
She BAWLED Raj OUT for getting there
Bawl out Scold.
late.
He BAWLED OUT our names at the top
Bawl out Sing or shout unpleasantly loudly.
of his voice.
The police ARE AFTER him because of
Be after Try to find or get.
the theft.
The next bus should BE ALONG in the
Be along Arrive.
next quarter of an hour or so.
Be away Be elsewhere; on holiday, etc.. She's AWAY on business for three weeks.
Be cut out She's not CUT OUT FOR this kind of
Be suitable, have the necessary qualities.
for work.
She was very CUT UP about coming
Be cut up Be upset. second as she thought she deserved to
win.
He's BEEN DOWN since his partner left
Be down Be depressed.
him.
The firm's profits ARE DOWN by ten
Be down Be reduced or less.
percent this quarter.
After the argument, James is DOWN ON
Be down on Have negative feelings toward someone.
his boss.
Be down Gul is DOWN WITH some bug and is off
Be ill.
with work today.
Be fed up Be bored, upset or sick of something. I AM FED UP of his complaints.
They ARE never IN; I always get their
Be in Be at home or at work.
answerphone.
The application form must BE IN by 3pm
Be in Be submitted, arrive.
on Friday.
Be in on Be involved in. Susan was the only one who WASN'T IN
 ON the plan.
Be not on Be unacceptable. The way he's behaving IS just NOT ON.
This yoghurt must BE OFF; it smells
Be off Be bad (of food).
foul.
Be off Depart, leave. I'm OFF home; it's five o'clock.
Be on Be functioning (of machines). The computer IS ON.
The show IS ON for the next three
Be on Take place.
months.
Take medication or drugs, especially when He IS ON anti-depressants and has
Be on
they affect the person badly. become very difficult to please.
Be at the top of one’s game, performing He IS really ON right now- three goals in
Be on
very well. five minutes!
I couldn't understand what he WAS ON
Be on about Mean, try to say.
ABOUT- it made no sense.
He's being very careful because he thinks
Be onto Pursue, be aware of someone's true nature.
the police ARE ONTO him.
Be out Be absent from a place. She IS OUT on a visit for the day.
We're OUT OF coffee so I'll have to go
Be out of Have no more left.
and get some.
She IS OUT TO get him sacked because
Be out to Attempt.
she hates him.
Be snowed We're completely SNOWED UNDER at
Have too much work.
under work because it's the end of the tax year.
Be taken I WAS TAKEN ABACK when I saw him
Be shocked or surprised.
aback because he's lost all his hair.
Be taken I WAS very TAKEN WITH the
Like something.
with performance- it was superb.
Be up Be out of bed. She's not UP yet.
The company's profits ARE UP by fifteen
Be up Have increased or risen.
percent.
When the time for something finishes or Time's UP, please finish your drinks and
Be up
expires. leave.
ARE you UP FOR the climb of Mt.
Be up for Be enthusiastic about an upcoming event.
Blanc?
He's not UP TO the job; get someone
Be up to Be good enough.
else.
Be up to Doing something naughty or wrong. What are those kids UP TO?
Bear down She spotted him on the other side of the
Move towards.
on room and BORE DOWN ON him.
The judge's character may well BEAR
Bear on Influence, affect.
ON the final decision.
Statistics BEAR OUT the government's
Bear out Confirm that something is correct.
positions on the issue.
How are you BEARING UP under the
Bear up Resist pressure.
strain?
Bear up He's BEARING UP UNDER the
Cope with something difficult or stressful.
under pressure.
 Please BEAR WITH me a moment while
Bear with Be patient.
I finish this email.
The sun WAS really BEATING DOWN
Beat down Strong sunshine.
and we couldn't stay outdoors.
Get someone to lower the price of I managed to BEAT him DOWN to fifty
Beat down
something. Euros.
The marathon runner barely BEAT OUT
Beat out Narrowly win in competition.
his rival at the tape.
The mugger BEAT him UP and stole his
Beat up Attack violently.
wallet.
Beaver She's BEAVERING AWAY before her
Work hard.
away exams.
Beaver I have to BEAVER AWAY AT it or else I
Work hard doing something.
away at will fail the course.
Sleep somewhere less comfortable than We had to BED DOWN on the floor for
Bed down
normal. the night.
Become established or successful over The new government has found it hard to
Bed down
time. BED DOWN and become accepted.
I BEDDED the plants OUT when the
Bed out Move a plant outside.
weather warmed up.
The company BEEFED UP their case
when they saw that the public wouldn't
Beef up Make something stronger or more solid.
accept their first explanation of the
accident.
Belong to Be a member. He BELONGS TO a secret society.
Be connected to a time, place, belief, Their ideas BELONG TO the nineteenth
Belong to
thing, etc. century and seem old-fashioned now.
Be in the correct or appropriate location Does this disc BELONG WITH those on
Belong with
with other items. the shelf?
They BELTED OUT the national anthems
Belt out Sing something loudly.
before the game.
She told the students to BELT UP because
Belt up Be quiet.
they were making so much noise.
I told the kids to BELT UP before I
Belt up Fasten your seatbelt.
started the car.
Bend down Lower the top half of your body. I BENT DOWN to pick it up off the floor.
Bend over Lower the top part of your body. I BENT OVER to do my shoes up.
Bend over I BENT OVER BACKWARDS for them
Do a lot to try to help or please someone.
backwards and they didn't even thank me.
Big up Exaggerate the importance. He BIGS himself UP all the time.
They work out a lot to BIG themselves
Big up Increase the size of muscles by exercise.
UP.
Bitch up Spoil or ruin something. I BITCHED UP the interview.
He BLACKED OUT and collapsed on the
Black out Fall unconscious.
floor.
Everything BLACKED OUT when the
Black out Lose light.
power supply failed.
 The email addresses were BLANKED
Blank out Censor text so that words cannot be read. OUT in the documents shown to the
court.
I was so nervous in the interview that I
Blank out Have a temporary memory failure. just BLANKED OUT and couldn't
answer their questions properly.
The music was BLARING OUT and I
Blare out A loud sound or music.
couldn't get to sleep.
The space shuttle BLASTED OFF on
Blast off Leave the ground- spaceship or rocket.
schedule yesterday.
The shooters BLAZED AWAY at the
Blaze away Fire a gun repeatedly.
pheasants.
Cause sufficient blood loss to result in
Bleed out They BLED OUT their calves.
death.
Bliss out Be extremely relaxed and happy. I BLISSED OUT on the beach all week.
I couldn't drive here this morning because
Block in Park a car and obstruct another car.
someone had BLOCKED me IN.
He BLOCKED IN the events in his
Block in Shade or fill in.
calendar.
Obstruct an exit to prevent people from The police BLOCKED OFF the road
Block off
leaving. after the murder.
The trees BLOCK the sun OUT most of
Block out Stop light from entering or leaving.
the day.
It was so unpleasant that I try to BLOCK
Try not think about or feel something
Block out it OUT- otherwise, I'd just be angry all
because it is upsetting or painful.
the time.
The pipe's BLOCKED UP and no water
Block up Fill a space so that nothing can pass.
gets through.
He grabbed a gun and BLEW the police
Blow away Kill.
officer AWAY.
Beat rivals or competitors by a large Their new product has BLOWN all the
Blow away
margin. others AWAY.
Blow away Impress greatly. Her first novel BLEW me AWAY.
When the wind moves something from a The flag BLEW AWAY in the storm; we'll
Blow away
place. have to buy a new one.
Blow down When the wind forces something to fall. A tree was BLOWN DOWN in the storm.
Arrive, sometimes suddenly or He BLEW IN from Toronto early this
Blow in
unexpectedly. morning.
We were going to meet last night, but she
Blow off Not keep an appointment.
BLEW me OFF at the last minute.
I BLEW the homework OFF and did
Blow off Ignore, not do something.
badly.
Blow off Expel gas from the anus. He BLEW OFF in front of everybody.
She BLEW the candles OUT on her
Blow out Extinguish candles, matches, etc..
birthday cake.
The Broncos BLEW OUT the Raiders 55-
Blow out Defeat decisively.
0.
 The scandal BLEW OVER within a
Blow over When a scandal gets forgotten. fortnight when the press found someone
else to attack.
The bomb BLEW UP without any
Blow up Explode.
warning.
The pressure was low, so I BLEW the
Blow up Inflate.
tyre UP.
BLOW UP that photo so we can see his
Blow up Enlarge (e.g., photograph)..
face.
A storm BLEW UP while we were out
Blow up The beginning of a storm.
walking.
They BLEW UP when they heard what I
Blow up Lose your temper, become angry.
had done wrong.
Say something quickly without thinking, I was really angry when he BLURTED
Blurt out
especially if you shouldn't. OUT the secret.
Arrange for pets to stay somewhere while We BOARD our dog OUT with friends
Board out
you're away. when we go abroad.
Cover windows or doors with wood, They BOARDED UP all the windows to
Board up
metal, etc.. stop people getting into the empty houses.
Yasini got BOGGED DOWN in his
Bog down Slow make progress. research and didn't finish the project in
time.
We were starving and BOGGED IN when
Bog in Eat enthusiastically.
the food was served.
Bog into Eat something enthusiastically. They BOGGED INTO the lunch.
He lost his temper and told her to BOG
Bog off! Get lost.
OFF.
The report's so long, I BOILED it DOWN
Boil down Simplify, reduce to the essentials.
into a two-page summary.
Boil down It all BOILS DOWN TO money at the
Amount to.
to end of the day.
I left the milk on the cooker and it
Boil over When a hot liquid spills out of a container.
BOILED OVER.
When people lose their tempers and things The tension had been building up and it
Boil over
get nasty. BOILED OVER in the meeting.
The anger BOILED UP in me when I saw
Boil up Feel a negative emotion strongly.
what they had done.
I BOILED UP some water for a cup of
Boil up Cook or heat something to boiling point.
coffee.
We were all scared but she BOLSTERED
Bolster up Give support, reinforce, strengthen.
UP our courage.
I will have to BONE UP to get a good
Bone up Study hard for a reason.
result.
I need to BONE UP ON my French
Bone up on Study hard for a goal or reason.
grammar for the test.
Book in Make a reservation in advance. I'll BOOK us IN at the Intercontinental.
 WE took a taxi from the airport to the
Book in Check in at a hotel.
hotel and BOOKED IN.
I've BOOKED us INTO a hotel in the
Book into Make a reservation in advance.
centre of town for three nights.
We BOOKED INTO the first hotel we
Book into Check in at a hotel.
could find.
I don't like the look of the people
Book out Leave a place in a hurry.
arriving- let's BOOK OUT.
The flight's fully BOOKED UP; I'll have
Book up Reserve.
to go the following day.
He BOOTED UP the computer and
Boot up Start a computer.
started work.
Border on Be located next to a place. Portugal BORDERS ON Spain.
What he did was BORDERING ON
Border on Be very nearly something.
betrayal.
Boss about Use excessive authority to control people. She BOSSES everyone ABOUT.
Boss around Use excessive authority to control people. He BOSSES everyone AROUND.
I BOTCHED UP the whole project and it
Botch up Ruin or spoil something.
had to be cancelled.
Bottle away Store up. He kept his feelings BOTTLED AWAY.
She was going to tell her boss exactly
Bottle out Lack courage to do something. what she thought, but BOTTLED OUT in
the end.
She BOTTLED UP her feelings even
Bottle up Not express your feelings. though she was furious with them and
kept quiet.
The recession BOTTOMED OUT and the
Bottom out Pass the lowest point and start rising.
economy is recovering well.
They have BOUNCED the government
Bounce into Force someone.
INTO calling an early election.
Bounce The economy is BOUNCING BACK
Recover.
back from the recession.
They BOUNCED ideas OFF each other
Bounce off Test ideas.
in a brainstorming session.
Hit someone's wicket in cricket with the
Bowl out He BOWLED the player OUT first ball.
ball.
Bowl over Surprise someone greatly. I was BOWLED OVER by the news.
He was BOWLED OVER by the crowd
Bowl over Knock someone to the ground.
rushing out.
Prevent something from moving, I was BOXED IN by the bus and couldn't
Box in
especially vehicles. change lane.
At the end of term, I BOXED my books
Box up Pack things in boxes to move them.
UP and sent them home.
Feel more confident or optimistic about You should BRACE UP and stop
Brace up
something. worrying.
Move into a different area of business, The supermarkets have BRANCHED
Branch out
etc.. OUT into banking.
 Leave an organisation, usually to form a The SDP BROKE AWAY from the
Break away
new one. Labour Party.
The talks between management and the
Break down End negotiations unsuccessfully.
unions BROKE DOWN acrimoniously.
Break down Start crying. He BROKE DOWN in tears.
My car's BROKEN DOWN, so I came by
Break down Stop working.
taxi.
He had to BREAK DOWN their
Break down Remove a barrier or obstacle.
opposition to his ideas.
The burglars BROKE IN and stole the TV
Break in Go into a building to steal something.
and video.
I'm sorry to BREAK IN on your
Break in Interrupt something.
conversation, but there's a problem.
Break in Train a horse to be ridden. It took ages to BREAK the horse IN.
Carefully use new products until they are I must watch my speed until I BREAK IN
Break in
fully functional.. my new Volvo.
She BROKE OFF a square of chocolate
Break off Break a piece from something.
and gave it to her dog.
She BROKE OFF their engagement when
Break off End a relationship.
she found out that he'd been unfaithful.
They're worried that war will BREAK
Break out Start (war, conflict).
OUT.
Sweat heavily, develop skin sores or The measles caused me to BREAK OUT
Break out in
irritation.. IN a rash.
Three dangerous Category A prisoners
Break out of Escape. BROKE OUT OF Wandsworth Prison
last night.
Break The crowd BROKE THROUGH the
Pass a barrier or obstacle.
through police barriers and attacked the hunters.
The plate BROKE UP when he dropped it
Break up Break into many pieces.
on the floor.
Close an educational institution for the Schools BREAK UP at the end of June
Break up
holidays. for the summer holidays.
They had been going out for a couple of
Break up Finish a relationship.
years before they BROKE UP.
You're BREAKING UP; I'll call you back
Become inaudible over the telephone
Break up in a minute and see if we get a better
because of interference.
connection.
Breeze The film BREEZES ALONG for the first
Move easily and quickly.
along hour, then becomes rather dull and slow.
He BREEZED IN and started shouting at
Breeze in Enter a place quickly.
us.
He BREEZED INTO the room and
Breeze into Enter a place quickly.
switched the TV on.
Breeze
Pass easily, succeed. She BREEZED THROUGH her exams.
through
Brick in Close or fill a space with bricks. We BRICKED IN the side window.
Brick up Close or fill a space with bricks. We BRICKED the back entrance UP.
The day started cloudy but
Brighten up Improve (weather).
BRIGHTENED UP in the afternoon.
He BRIGHTENED UP when he heard the
Brighten up Become happier.
news.
Make something more attractive or We tried to BRIGHTEN the place UP by
Brighten up
pleasant. painting it.
The changes to the law were BROUGHT
Bring about Make something happen. ABOUT by the government because so
many people were ignoring the old one.
Bring someone or something to certain You can BRING your friends ALONG if
Bring along
place. you like.
Her coach has BROUGHT her ALONG a
Bring along Help someone improve.
lot in the last six months.
Bring It took me ages to BRING him AROUND
Persuade or convince someone.
around to my point of view.
Bring He BROUGHT some books AROUND
Bring something with you when you visit.
around when he came last night.
He didn't want to discuss the details, but I
Bring
Get someone talking about something. managed to BRING him AROUND and
around
he told me everything.
Visiting my old school BROUGHT
Bring back Cause someone to remember. BACK memories of when I was a pupil
there.
He took the calculator home yesterday
Bring back Return.
and hasn't BROUGHT it BACK yet.
The vote of no-confidence BROUGHT
Bring down Make a government fall.
the government DOWN.
The improvements in technology have
Bring down Make something cheaper. BROUGHT the prices of computers
DOWN considerably in recent months.
Produce something, make it known or The prosecution BROUGHT FORTH a
Bring forth
visible. lot of evidence against him.
She BROUGHT FORTH a surprising
Bring forth Produce.
result.
The report has BROUGHT FORTH a lot
Bring forth Make something happen.
of criticism of the policy.
Remove something from where it is kept She BROUGHT FORTH the diary and
Bring forth
or hidden. showed it to us.
The meeting has been BROUGHT
Bring Make something happen earlier than FORWARD to this Friday instead of next
forward originally planned. week because some people couldn't make
it then.
The job BRINGS IN two thousand
Bring in Earn.
dollars a month.
No one thought she'd manage to do it, but
Bring off Succeed with something difficult.
she BROUGHT it OFF in the end.
Bring on Cause something to happen or speed up Getting wet in the rain yesterday
 the process. BROUGHT ON my cold.
Bring on Make something appear. BRING ON the dancers!
The band are BRINGING OUT a new
Bring out Release or publish.
CD in the autumn.
Bring out Elicit a response. Suzie BRINGS OUT the best in him.
It was the lobster that BROUGHT me
Bring out in Cause a health problem or reaction.
OUT in this rash all over my body.
Make someone wake up from The doctors BROUGHT him ROUND a
Bring round
unconsciousness or an anaesthetic. few hours after the operation.
They didn't BRING the subject UP at the
Bring up Mention.
meeting.
Bring up Raise a child. My parents BROUGHT me UP strictly.
He was BROUGHT UP on charges of
Bring up Be officially charged with a crime.
public intoxication.
They didn't BRING the subject UP at the
Bring Up Mention.
meeting.
Bring Up Raise a child. My parents BROUGHT me UP strictly.
He was BROUGHT UP on charges of
Bring Up Be officially charged with a crime.
public intoxication.
The minister BRUSHED OFF the
Brush off Ignore, pay little attention.
criticism.
She took a two-week course to BRUSH
Brush up Improve a skill quickly. UP her Spanish before she went travelling
around South and Central America.
She BUBBLED OVER with joy when
Bubble over Become very excited.
she heard her exam results.
Buck up Hurry (either transitive or reflexive). 'BUCK UP - the taxi's waiting.'
You had better BUCK your ideas UP, or
Buck up Smarten up, improve.
you'll fail the course.
Bucket Take an umbrella; it's BUCKETING
Rain heavily.
down DOWN.
Buckle We had to BUCKLE DOWN and study
Start working hard, apply yourself.
down for the exam.
Buckle Accept something under pressure, against They didn't like the ideas, but had to
under your will. BUCKLE UNDER or face the sack.
We were told to BUCKLE UP before
Buckle up Fasten a seatbelt.
take-off.
We had to BUDGE UP to let the fourth
Budge up Move to make space for someone.
person in the back of the car.
The silver candlestick looked lovely after
Buff up Clear, clean or make something shine.
I BUFFED it UP.
After the scandal, the politician tried to
Buff up Improve.
BUFF UP his public image.
I BUFFED UP ON my grammar before
Buff up on Improve your knowledge quickly.
the test.
I told her to bug off because she was
Bug off! Go away.
annoying me.
Bug out Open your eyes wide in surprise. He BUGGED OUT when she turned up.
They BUGGED OUT when the police
Bug out Leave somewhere in a hurry.
arrived.
She BUILT the business UP from nothing
Build up Develop a company.
into a market leader in less than a decade.
Tension has been BUILDING UP ever
Build up Increase. since the government passed the
unpopular law.
I BULKED the essay OUT with a few
Bulk out Make something bigger or thicker. quotes to reach the number of word
required.
He's BULKED UP a lot since he got
Bulk up Gain weight, develop bigger muscles.
those steroids.
I BUMPED INTO Helen on the
Bump into Meet by chance.
underground the other day.
The drug dealer was BUMPED OFF by a
Bump off Kill.
rival gang.
They BUMP UP the prices in the high
Bump up Increase.
season.
Bundle off Send someone somewhere. He BUNDLED the kids OFF to bed.
The barman BUNDLED the drunk OUT
Bundle out Expel. because he was annoying the other
customers.
We BUNDLED UP before going out as it
Bundle up Put on warm clothing.
was snowing.
I BUNDLED UP my newspapers and
Bundle up Wrap or tie things together.
dropped them in the recycling bin.
I used to BUNK OFF school and go into
Bunk off Not go to school when you should.
town.
After so much criticism, the positive
Buoy up Make someone feel more positive.
review BUOYED him UP.
The lifejacket BUOYED me UP till the
Buoy up Keep afloat.
boat arrived.
They had to completely rebuild the
Burn down Burn completely. museum after the old one BURNED
DOWN.
Burn off Remove by burning or similar process. I BURN OFF a lot of calories in the gym.
Jennie BURNT OUT after ten years
Lose enthusiasm and energy to continue in
Burn out working as a futures broker and went to
a demanding job.
live in the country.
All his possessions were BURNED UP in
Burn up Destroy completely by fire.
the fire.
The bank robbers BURNED UP the roads
Burn up Drive at high speed.
but were soon captured.
His undeserved win in the election really
Burn up To be or cause to be highly annoyed.
BURNS me UP.
Burst into Catch fire very quickly. The car BURST INTO flames and the
driver died as he didn't have time to get
 out.
She BURST INTO laughter when she
Burst into Laugh, cry or clap loudly.
heard the joke.
End a relationship, usually angrily or after
Bust up They BUST UP after a row last night.
arguing.
I hope you don't mind me BUTTING IN
Butt in Interrupt. on your conversation, but I couldn't help
hearing what you said...
This is none of your business, so just
Butt out Not be involved in other people's business.
BUTT OUT!
I tried BUTTERING my tutor UP but she
Butter up Praise or flatter someone excessively.
still wouldn\'t let me hand it in late.
Joe Meek's last hit, 'Singin' the Blues',
Force a CD or record into the charts by
Buy in was probably BOUGHT IN at number 40,
buying lots of copies.
but failed to go any higher.
I never BOUGHT INTO the idea of a
Buy into Accept an idea.
federalist Euopean Union.
He BOUGHT the newspaper OFF by
Buy off Pay someone to stop them causing trouble.
placing a lot of adverts.
His business partners BOUGHT him
Buy out Buy somebody's share in a company.
OUT to get rid of him.
We BOUGHT UP all the shop had before
Buy up Buy all of something.
the price went up.
Buzz Reporters were BUZZING AROUND the
Move quickly around a place.
around scene of the accident.
I'm BUZZING OFF now- I have to meet
Buzz off Leave somewhere.
some people.
He told them to BUZZ OFF because they
Buzz off! Go away (imperative).
were annoying him.
She was CALLED Rose AFTER her late
Call after Name someone after somebody else.
grandmother.
Call around Visit. I CALLED AROUND but she wasn't in.
I must CALL her BACK when we get to
Call back Return a phonecall.
the office.
The Opposition party CALLED FOR the
Call for Demand. minister's resignation after the scandal
broke.
The courier CALLED FOR your parcel,
Call for Go to collect something.
but I told him it wasn't ready yet.
Call for Telephone for something. I'll CALL FOR a cab right away.
I'll CALL FOR you at seven, so be ready
Call for Go and collect someone to take them out.
because the film starts at half past.
An emergency like this CALLS FOR
Call for Require.
some pretty drastic action.
The protests CALLED FORTH a strong
Call forth Make something happen.
reaction from the police.
Call in Get someone to come and do a job. We had to CALL IN a plumber because
 the sink was leaking and I had no idea
how to fix it.
I CALLED IN on Jenny on my way home
because she's not very well at the moment
Call in Stop and visit.
and I wanted to see if she needed
anything.
The concert had to be CALLED OFF
Call off Cancel. because the singer went down with a bad
case of flu.
CALL OFF your lawyers; we can work
Call off Order someone to stop attacking.
something out.
The President CALLED ON the wealthy
countries for financial aid after the floods
Call on Ask for help.
destroyed much of the country's
agriculture.
As we were in the area, we CALLED ON
Call on Visit.
my sister-in-law.
He CALLED the speaker ON several
Call on Challenge.
mis-statements of fact.
Ask someone to do something, especially I now CALL ON the other party to give
Call on
to speak in public. (Formal). their account of what happened.
Expose or accuse someone of wrongdoing He CALLED them OUT over awarding
Call out
or incompetence. contracts to family members.
I CALLED ROUND on my way home
Call round Visit.
but no one was in.
The army CALLED UP the reserve
Call up Summon someone for military service.
soldiers when the war broke out.
I CALLED him UP as soon as I got to a
Call up Telephone.
phone to tell him the news.
When I lose my temper, it takes ages for
Calm down Stop being angry or emotionally excited.
me to CALM DOWN again.
Have an opposite effect on something that
The airport taxes CANCELLED OUT the
Cancel out has happened, taking things back to the
savings we had made on the flight tickets.
beginning.
Finish or complete, often with some She CAPPED OFF the meeting with a
Cap off
decisive action. radical proposal.
I don't CARE FOR fizzy drinks; I prefer
Care for Like.
water.
The team got CARRIED AWAY when
Carried
Get so emotional that you lose control. they won the championship and started
away
shouting and throwing things around.
Carry They CARRIED FORWARD their losses
Include a figure in a later calculation.
forward to the next financial year.
Carry They hope the new management will be
Make something progress.
forward able to CARRY the project FORWARD.
She CARRIED OFF the first prize in the
Carry off Win, succeed.
competition.
Carry off Die of a disease. Cancer CARRIED him OFF a couple of
 years ago.
CARRY ON quietly with your work until
Carry on Continue.
the substitute teacher arrives.
The children annoyed me by CARRYING
Carry on Behave badly.
ON all morning.
Carry on He's been CARRYING ON WITH
Have an affair.
with someone at work for years.
The government is CARRYING OUT test
Carry out Perform a task.
on growing genetically modified crops.
Food bought from a restaurant to take I'm too tired to cook- let's get a CARRY-
Carry out
away. OUT.
The meeting CARRIED OVER into the
Carry over Continue past a certain point. afternoon because there was so much to
talk about.
Carry They CARRIED the reforms THROUGH
Complete successfully.
through despite the opposition.
Take someone away, usually under arrest The police CARTED them OFF to
Cart off
or to prison. question them.
Take something away, especially if The thieves CARTED OFF all the ticket
Cart off
stealing or without permission. receipts.
Create or get a area where you can be She's CARVED OUT a career in
Carve out
special or successful. photojournalism.
They CARVED the company UP and sold
Carve up Divide into smaller pieces.
a lot off.
Overtake someone and then pull directly The idiot CARVED us UP and forced me
Carve up
in front of a car. to brake hard.
Convert shares, bonds, casino chips, etc, They CASHED IN their bonds and spent
Cash in
into money. the money on a holiday.
Benefit or make money on something, The opposition party are CASHING IN
Cash in on
especially if done unfairly. ON the government's unpopularity.
A hacker got my credit card details from
Illegally access a bank account or credit
Cash out my computer and CASHED OUT a lot of
card and steal money.
money.
Exchange something for money, collect After winning, she CASHED OUT her
Cash out
winnings. chips.
Count all the money taken in a shop or After the shop closed, they have to CASH
Cash up
business at the end of the day. UP before they can go home.
Cast about They're CASTING ABOUT FOR
Try to find something.
for support.
Cast around She was CASTING AROUND FOR
Try to find something.
for people to help her.
Dispose, get rid of, ignore because you no
Cast aside He CAST her ASIDE.
longer like something or someone.
They CAST OFF any semblance of
Cast off Dispose, get rid of.
politeness and attacked us viciously.
Cast off Untie a boat so it's free to sail. They CAST OFF and headed out to sea.
Cast out Expel, reject. They CAST him OUT because of his
 behaviour.
Cast round He CAST ROUND FOR any sign of his
Try to find something.
for things.
Cast up Be left on the shore by the sea. The rubbish was CAST UP by the tide.
She CAUGHT AT my sleeve as I was
Catch at Take or grab hold of something.
leaving and said she needed to talk to me.
Many critics were shocked when techno
Catch on Become popular.
CAUGHT ON in the clubs.
Everyone else realised what was
Catch on Finally understand what is going on. happening, but it took Henry ages to
CATCH ON.
The exam is designed to CATCH you
Catch out Trick.
OUT.
He CAUGHT me OUT when he checked
Catch out Discover or prove that someone is lying.
my story with my previous employer.
Put someone in an unexpected and
Catch out We were CAUGHT OUT in the storm.
difficult situation (often passive).
I was ill for a fortnight and now I've got
Catch up Get work, etc, up to date..
to CATCH UP on the work I missed.
He started well, but I CAUGHT him UP
Catch up Reach someone who was ahead of you.
on the third lap.
The tourists were CAUGHT UP IN the
Catch up in Become involved, often against one’s will.
violence of the revolution.
Do something that should have been done I'm going home to CATCH UP ON my
Catch up on
earlier. sleep.
I hadn't seen her for years, so we spent
Reminisce with an old friend after not
Catch up on the afternoon CATCHING UP ON old
seeing them for a while.
times.
Catch up Do something that should have been done I'm going home to CATCH UP WITH my
with earlier. sleep.
Catch up Meet someone after a period of time and I CAUGHT UP WITH her at the
with find out what they have been doing. conference.
Catch up When something negative starts to have an His criminal behaviour is starting to
with effect. CATCH UP WITH him.
Catch up Punish someone after they have been The tax authorities CAUGHT UP WITH
with doing something wrong for a long time. me for not submitting my tax returns.
Catch up Learn something new that many people My mother's trying to CATCH UP WITH
with already understand. computers.
The college CATERS FOR students of all
Cater for To provide what is necessary.
ages.
To provide what is needed, often seen The film CATERS TO the audience's
Cater to
negatively. worst instincts.
The roof CAVED IN because of the
Cave in Collapse.
weight of the snow.
The government has refused to CAVE IN
Cave in Stop resisting or refusing.
despite the protests and demonstrations.
Chalk out To cut a line of cocaine. He went into the toilets to CHALK a line
 OUT.
The company has CHALKED UP its
Chalk up To achieve something good.
highest ever profits.
They CHALKED the poor sales UP TO
Chalk up to Explain the reason for a problem. the lower numbers of tourists visiting this
year.
Chance I CHANCED UPON a very rare book in
Find something by accident.
upon car boot sale and bought it for 65p.
Change The Irish CHANGED OVER to using
Change a system.
over kilometres in 2005.
I need to CHARGE my phone UP- the
Charge up Put electricity into a battery.
battery's dead.
She was arrested in customs last night
Charge with Accuse somebody of a crime. and has been CHARGED WITH
smuggling.
The press CHASED us DOWN when the
Chase down Try hard to find or get something.
story broke.
Chase off Force a person to leave or go away. The dog CHASED he postal worker OFF.
Ensure that someone remembers to do The librarian is CHASING me UP about
Chase up
something. my overdue books.
I CHASED her UP as she hadn't paid for
Chase up Try to get someone to pay a bill, debt, etc.
several months.
Try to get more information about the I didn't get a reply so I have been
Chase up
progress of something. CHASING them UP.
Talk to someone you are sexually He spent the whole night CHATTING her
Chat up
interested in to get them interested in you. UP.
Cheat on Be sexually unfaithful. She CHEATED ON me with my friend.
She thought he had always been faithful
Deceive or betray, often in a sexual and/or to her, but he had been CHEATING ON
Cheat on
emotional context. her ever since their wedding day (with
one of the bridesmaids).
Get money from someone under false I hate him- he CHEATED me OUT OF
Cheat out of
pretences. £100.
We CHECKED BY the office to see if the
Check by Visit a place to check something.
stuff was ready.
Register on arriving at a hotel or at the They CHECKED IN at the Ritz
Check in
airport. yesterday.
Register on arriving at a hotel or at the They CHECKED INTO the Ritz
Check into
airport. yesterday.
She CHECKED OFF the candidates'
Check off Mark something on a list as done.
names as they arrived.
She CHECKED OUT and took a cab to
Check out Pay the bill when leaving a hotel.
the airport.
She CHECKED OUT last week; the
Check out Die.
funeral's tomorrow.
Get information about or inspect I CHECKED the new restaurant OUT as
Check out
something to see if it's satisfactory. soon as it opened.
Check out Guests have to CHECK OUT OF the
Settle up and pay before leaving a hotel.
of hotel before midday.
We CHECKED the contract OVER
Check over Check something very carefully.
before signing it.
Their CHEERED their team ON
Cheer on Encourage.
throughout the match.
Come on, CHEER UP; it isn't all bad, you
Cheer up Be less unhappy.
know.
Chew off Remove by biting. The dog CHEWED OFF the man's face.
Thinks about something carefully before I'll CHEW ON it for a day or two and let
Chew on
deciding. you know what I think.
Chew out Criticize someone angrily. They CHEWED him OUT for being late.
He asked for a few days to CHEW the
Chew over Think about an issue. matter OVER before he made a final
decision.
Chew up Cut into small pieces with your teeth. The puppy CHEWED UP the newspaper.
Chew up Damage something inside a machine. The video CHEWED my tape UP.
I CHICKENED OUT of the bungee
Chicken out Be too afraid to do something.
jumping when I saw how high it was.
I'm staying at home and CHILLING OUT
Chill out Relax.
this evening.
If it's OK, I'd like to CHIME IN because I
Chime in Contribute to a discussion.
think it's a good idea.
Chip away Gradually reduce something to make it They have been CHIPPING AWAY AT
at less powerful, effective, etc. his reputation ever since he took office.
Chip in Contribute some money. Everybody CHIPPED IN to pay the bill.
If I could CHIP IN, there are a couple of
Chip in Contribute to a discussion.
issues I'd like to raise.
These guerilla attacks are CHOKING
Choke off Stop or restrict.
OFF our food shipments.
Water hyacinth is CHOKING OUT the
Choke out Clog or overwhelm.
native vegetation in our rivers.
Jeff CHOKED UP during his retirement
Choke up Become tearfully emotional.
speech.
Grip a handle farther from the end for He CHOKED UP on the bat and hit the
Choke up
better control. ball better.
Choose up Form groups or teams. We CHOSE UP to play the game.
They CHOPPED DOWN most of the
Chop down Fell or cut down a tree.
forest and now it looks like a desert.
I CHOPPED UP the vegetables for the
Chop up Cut into small pieces.
soup.
Chow down Eat. Dinner's ready- CHOW DOWN!.
Chow down We're going to CHOW DOWN ON that
Eat something.
on barbecued pork.
Dispose of something you no longer need I CHUCKED AWAY all my old records
Chuck away
or want. years ago when CDs came out.
Chuck in Quit something. I CHUCKED my job IN to go travelling.
 I CHUCKED IN a few points at the end
Chuck in Make a comment.
of the discussion.
Dispose of something you no longer need I CHUCKED OUT some stuff I found in
Chuck out
or want. the fridge that had gone bad.
He got ridiculously drunk and
Chuck up Vomit, be sick. CHUCKED UP in the back of the
minicab on the way home.
She didn't like the course, so she
Chuck up Quit something.
CHUCKED it UP after a few weeks.
Produce, usually quickly or in large The government CHURNS OUT
Churn out
amounts without much regard to quality. educational policies every few months.
His arteries are CLAGGED UP because
Clag up Make something sticky.
he eats so much saturated fat.
Everybody CLAMMED UP when the
Clam up Be quiet, refuse to speak.
Principal entered.
Clamp The government are CLAMPING
Restrict or try to stop something.
down on DOWN ON antisocial behaviour.
The new tax will CLAW BACK what the
Claw back Get money back.
government has given out in grants.
The opposition parties are trying to
Claw back Retake possession with difficulty. CLAW BACK the voters they lost in the
last election.
They are CLAWING BACK their market
Claw back Regain possession with difficulty.
share from their competitors.
Clean off Remove dirt or something dirty. After dinner, I CLEANED OFF the table.
I really must CLEAN the study OUT;
Tidy up thoroughly and throw away
Clean out there's stuff all over the floor and piles of
unwanted things..
paper everywhere.
The holiday CLEANED me OUT- I'm
Clean out Cause someone to spend all their money.
broke till the end of the month.
Clean up Tidy and clean. CLEAN this bedroom UP; it's a disgrace.
At the horse races yesterday we really
Clean up Profit, sometimes suddenly.
CLEANED UP.
We were told to CLEAR AWAY from the
Clear away Leave a place.
scene of the accident.
After dinner, I CLEARED AWAY the
Clear away Remove or tidy.
plates and dishes.
As soon as the trouble started, we
Clear off Leave somewhere quickly.
CLEARED OFF.
I spent the whole weekend CLEARING
Tidy up thoroughly and throw away
Clear out OUT the attic as it was full of papers and
unwanted stuff..
other junk.
I told them to CLEAR OUT because they
Clear out Leave somewhere.
were making so much noise.
I took the antihistamines and the rash
Clear up Cure or recover from an infection.
CLEARED UP right away.
I'd better CLEAR AWAY the mess before
Clear up Tidy up.
leave.
 Could you CLEAR these points UP
Clear up Explain.
before we go any further?
The skies CLEARED UP and the sun
Clear up Improve (weather).
came out.
Only a tiny fraction of users ever bother
Click
Open an advertisement on the Internet. CLICKING THROUGH the banner
through
adverts.
The Prime Minister had to CLIMB
Accept that you are wrong and change DOWN over his tax proposals because
Climb down
your position. there was so much opposition from the
members of his own party.
He told me to CLING ON as the
Cling on Hold tight.
motorbike accelerated.
They CLUNG ON TO power despite the
Cling on to Try to keep something.
protests.
They CLING TO their old way of
Cling to Try to maintain beliefs, hopes, etc..
thinking.
The traffic's so bad the roads get
Clog up Block, slow movement right down.
CLOGGED UP at rush hour.
The banks have CLOSED DOWN a lot of
Close a shop, branch or business
Close down branches in villages over the last few
permanently.
years.
He CLOSED the player DOWN and
Close down Stop an opponent being a challenge.
stopped him being a threat.
The fog CLOSED IN and we couldn't see
Close in Surround, envelop.
two yards in front of us.
The police were CLOSING IN so they
Close in Approach, get near.
decided to try to make a break.
The police were CLOSING IN ON the
Close in on Get near someone.
gang.
Close in The police were CLOSING IN UPON the
Get near someone.
upon gang.
The police CLOSED the road OFF after
Close off Block a place to stop people entering.
the explosion.
She is CLOSING ON the leader of the
Close on Get nearer.
race.
We CLOSED OUT the meeting early and
Close out Bring something to an end.
went home.
She CLOSED OUT the account and
Close out Close or stop using.
changed to another bank.
They always CLOSE me OUT of their
Close out Ignore, exclude.
plans.
They CLOSE UP the building after
Close up Completely close something.
everyone has left.
Close up Join together. The leaves CLOSE UP when it rains.
They CLOSED UP when they saw the
Close up Move closer together.
gang coming towards them.
Cloud over Get very cloudy. The morning started bright and warm, but
 it CLOUDED OVER around midday and
poured with rain.
Clown The students were CLOWNING ABOUT
Behave stupidly or waste time.
about all lesson.
Clown I couldn't concentrate because they were
Behave stupidly or waste time.
around CLOWNING AROUND all afternoon.
Do something without making much effort She's been COASTING ALONG all year
Coast along
or trying to improve. and hasn't made a lot of progress.
Cobble Make, assemble or produce something They COBBLED a few pages
together quickly, without much care. TOGETHER and submitted it.
It was so easy, but he managed to COCK
Cock up Ruin or spoil something.
everything UP.
Colour He COLOURED (COLORED) UP when
Blush.
(Color) up he was caught stealing from the till.
The meeting CAME ABOUT because
Come about Happen, occur.
both sides were sick of fighting.
The yacht CAME ABOUT to a heading
Come about Shift direction (nautical).
of 240 degrees.
Come I CAME ACROSS my old school reports
Find by accident.
across when I was clearing out my desk.
Come I was surprised when she CAME
Agree to have sex with someone.
across ACROSS on the first night.
Come He CAME ACROSS as shy because he
The way other people see you.
across spoke so quietly.
May I COME ALONG on your trip
Come along Accompany.
tomorrow?
COME ALONG, we’ll never get there if
Come along Move faster or keep up.
you don’t keep up with us.
It CAME APART when I tried to lift it off
Come apart Break into pieces. the floor and I had to glue it back
together.
Come It took several hours after the operation
Recover consciousness.
around before he CAME AROUND.
They have started COMING AROUND
Come Agree with or accept something you had
TO our way of thinking and are less
around to previously disapproved of or disliked..
hostile.
I left work and CAME BACK home
Come back Return.
early.
Come Appear in court charged with a crime or He CAME BEFORE the court on charges
before offence. of speeding.
I'll COME BY after work and see if you
Come by Visit.
need any help.
Come by Acquire. How did you COME BY that Rolex?
Just look at the rain COMING DOWN!
Come down Rain.
I'm not going out in that.
When you're next in London, COME
Come down Travel.
DOWN and see us.
Come down The management really CAME DOWN
Criticise heavily.
on ON him for losing the contract.
Come down They will COME DOWN UPON us if we
Criticise, reprimand severely.
upon are late.
Come down
Fall ill. She CAME DOWN WITH a virus.
with
The draft proposal CAME FORTH in
Come forth Appear.
April.
None of the witnesses CAME FORTH
Come forth
Provide information. WITH an accurate description of the
with
gang.
Come from Country or town where you were born. She COMES FROM Somalia.
The plane CAME IN at two-thirty in the
Come in Arrive for flights.
morning.
I did my best but CAME IN last but one
Come in Place or ranking in a competition, etc..
in the race.
Reports are just COMING IN of an
Come in Receive news.
assassination attempt on the President.
Jack\'s COME IN FOR quite a lot of
Come in for Receive (criticism or praise).
criticism of late.
Money doesn't COME INTO it; I simply
Come into Be important or relevant.
will not do it under any circumstances.
She CAME INTO a lot of money when
Come into Inherit.
her grandmother died.
Come into The computerised system CAME INTO
Start being used.
use USE at the end of last year.
I picked it up and the handle CAME OFF
Come off When something breaks off.
in my hand.
I was surprised when the plan CAME
Come off Be successful.
OFF so easily.
I don't believe what you're saying; used as COME OFF IT; tell me the truth for
Come off it
an imperative. goodness' sake.
COME ON; don't give up now when
Come on Encouragement.
you're so close to finishing.
I've got a bit of a headache. I hope it
Come on Start an illness.
doesn't mean I've got flu COMING ON.
The central heating COMES ON
Come on Start functioning (machines, etc). automatically an hour before I have to get
up.
The details of the scandal CAME OUT in
Come out A secret is revealed.
the press and she had to resign.
Be published or otherwise available to the The band's new CD is COMING OUT in
Come out
public. September.
The red wine I spilt just will not COME
Come out Disappear when washed. OUT of the carpet no matter what I try to
clean it with.
Come out Let people know that you are lesbian or She CAME OUT at university and has
gay. been living with her partner, Jane, for the
 last couple of years.
It started cloudy, but then the sun CAME
Come out When the sun appears.
OUT and we all went to the park.
She CAME OUT IN a nasty rash after
Come out in Have a rash or similar skin problem.
touching the poisonous plant by mistake.
After three years, he CAME OUT OF the
Come out of Recover consciousness.
coma.
Come out They have just COME OUT WITH a new
Make something available.
with version.
She CAME OUT WITH the answer when
Come out
Say something publicly and unexpectedly. everyone was expecting it to remain
with
unsolved.
I CAME OVER all faint and weak
Come over Feel strange. because my sugar level was too low.
(British)
Affect mentally in such a way as to change I'm sorry about last night - I don't know
Come over
behaviour (possibly related to 'overcome'). what CAME OVER me.
Come Become conscious, wake up from She CAME ROUND and learned that the
round anaesthetic. operation had been a complete success.
At first she didn't like the idea, but she
Come
Change your opinion. CAME ROUND to our way of thinking
round
in the end.
News is COMING THROUGH of a
Come major accident on the M25, where
Arrive (messages and information).
through freezing fog has been making driving
conditions extremely dangerous.
Come
Communicate an emotion. The anger she felt COMES THROUGH.
through
Come They promised they'd do it, but they
Produce a result.
through haven't COME THROUGH yet.
Come
He didn't COME THROUGH WITH the
through Provide something needed.
money and they went bust.
with
Become conscious, wake up from She CAME TO an hour after the
Come to
anaesthetic. operation.
The two men started arguing but they
Come to Result in. soon CAME TO blows and started
fighting in earnest.
I'll be late home tonight because
Come up Appear. something's COME UP at work has to be
ready for tomorrow morning.
The sun CAME UP just as we reached the
Come up Rise (the sun).
outskirts of the town.
They CAME UP AGAINST a lot of
Come up
Encounter problems or difficulties. opposition to their plans for an out-of-
against
town supermarket development.
Come up Nobody could COME UP WITH a
Think of a solution, excuse, etc..
with satisfactory explanation for the accident.
 I CAME UPON the book in a little
Come upon Find by chance.
second-hand bookshop in Dorset.
Create a picture or memory in someone's It CONJURES UP memories of my
Conjure up
mind. school days.
I had to CONJURE UP a full weekend's
Conjure up Create something without many resources. entertainment for the visitors with no
notice at all.
I was exhausted and CONKED OUT on
Conk out Fall fast asleep.
the sofa.
The printer CONKED OUT so I couldn't
Conk out Suddenly breakdown or stop working.
get a hard copy.
Become involved or committed to Since it started, many companies have
Contract in
something. CONTRACTED IN to lend their support.
Contract Give a contract for a service outside the They have CONTRACTED OUT their
out company you work for. catering services to save money.
Contract I CONTRACTED OUT OF the deal years
Formally leave and agreement.
out of ago.
I left the tea for a minute until it had
Cool down Get cooler.
COOLED DOWN enough to drink.
It took me ages to COOL DOWN after
Cool down Become calm.
the argument.
We’ll talk to Fred once he COOLS OFF
Cool off Become calmer.
and can talk rationally.
They COOPED the dog UP in a tiny
Coop up Confine in a small area.
room.
They really COPPED IT when they got
Cop it Get into trouble.
caught shoplifting.
We COPPED OFF early on Friday
Cop off Leave work or school early.
because there was nothing to do.
She COPPED OFF with Damian at the
Cop off Kiss, pet or have sex with someone.
end-of-term party.
She was going to take a Master's degree
Cop out Choose an easy alternative. but COPPED OUT and chose the
Diploma course instead.
Calculate how expensive some work is The decorators are going to COST UP the
Cost up
going to be. work tomorrow.
It took me ages to COTTON ON to what
Cotton on To work out the truth.
they were planning.
Lose possession of a ball, etc. in a contact He was checked so hard he COUGHED
Cough up
sport. UP the puck in front of his own goal.
Expel something from your lungs or throat He gave up smoking after he COUGHED
Cough up
by coughing. UP some blood.
Could do
Need or want something. I COULD really DO WITH a cup of tea.
with
Count Affect negatively, make less likely to Not having a university degree will
against succeed. COUNT AGAINST her.
Count Include someone or something in a group, I COUNT her AMONG my closest
among category, etc. friends.
 Wait impatiently or excitedly for I'm COUNTING DOWN the days till
Count down
something to happen. they leave.
Be recognised as important, worthwhile or Experience COUNTS FOR a lot in
Count for
valuable. decision making.
If you're going on that skiing holiday, you
Count in Include or involve.
can COUNT me IN; I'd love to go.
They COUNTED the students OFF as
Count off Say numbers aloud in a sequence.
they arrived.
You can COUNT ON them; if they have
Count on Depend, rely.
promised to do something, they'll do it.
I was COUNTING ON the payment
Expect something to happen and base arriving last week and was really angry
Count on
plans on it. when it didn't arrive as I didn't have
enough money to pay for everything.
I don't want to go- you can COUNT me
Count out Exclude.
OUT.
Count out Count a certain amount of money. He COUNTED OUT £250 and paid me.
Count The coursework COUNTS TOWARDS
Be a part needed to complete something.
towards the final grade.
COUNT UP the number of tickets sold,
Count up Add.
please.
Expect something to happen and base I was COUNTING UPON their support
Count upon
plans on it. and lost because they didn't vote my way.
Count upon Depend, rely. I COUNT UPON them to help me.
She asked me to COVER FOR her if
Cover for Provide an excuse or alibi.
anyone asked where she'd gone.
Do someone's work while they are I COVERED FOR her while she was off
Cover for
temporarily absent. sick.
They tried to COVER UP the incident but
Cover up Conceal, try to stop people finding out.
it got into the newspapers.
Cozy up Make yourself comfortable. It was cold and I COZIED UP by the fire.
He's been COZYING UP TO our boss
Cozy up to Make yourself popular with someone.
because he wants a pay rise.
The police always CRACK DOWN ON
Crack down
Use more authority than usual. drink-driving offences over the Christmas
on
period.
We had to CRACK ON to get everything
Crack on Continue doing something with energy.
finished on time.
He CRACKED UP after his son died and
Crack up Have a nervous breakdown.
had to take a couple of months off work.
You'll have to talk louder- you're
Crack up Have bad reception on a mobile phone.
CRACKING UP.
Everybody CRACKED UP when he told
Crack up Burst out laughing.
the joke.
He CRACKED his car UP last night
Crack up Damage a car badly.
when he came off the road.
 My boss keeps CRANKING OUT stupid
Crank out Produce a lot of something fast.
memos.
He's been CRANKING UP heroin for
Crank up Inject non-medical drugs.
years.
Crank up Start a machine, originally with a handle. He CRANKED the saw UP.
I CRANKED the volume UP as high as it
Crank up Increase, make something bigger.
would go.
Sleep at someone's house because you are Dave CRASHED OUT at a friend's flat
Crash out
too tired, drunk, etc. to leave. after the end-of-term party.
I CRASHED OUT in front of the TV last
Crash out Fall asleep.
night.
Separate the best or most talented people
The private schools CREAM OFF many
Cream off so that they can receive special or different
of the best pupils.
treatment.
Take money or divert funds, usually This means smaller banks can CREAM
Cream off
wrongfully or unfairly. OFF excess profits during lending booms.
He tried to stay calm, but you could hear
Creep in Start to be noticeable.
the anger CREEPING IN.
Get included despite attempts to keep it or
Creep in Errors CREPT IN as the text got longer.
them out.
Creep into Become noticeable in something. An angry tone CREPT INTO her voice.
He CREEPS me OUT when he gets
Creep out make someone feel worried or uneasy.
drunk.
Creep out To do the same activity for a very long He's been CREEPING OUT ON that
on time. computer game all day.
Fear CREPT OVER me as I walked
Creep over Start to have a negative feeling.
through the graveyard.
They CREPT UP ON their rivals and
Creep up on Approach without someone realising.
overtook them.
I'm going to be late tonight as something
Crop up Appear unexpectedly.
has just CROPPED UP at work.
She CROSSED him OFF her Christmas
Cross off Delete, remove from a list.
card list after they argued.
Put as line through some writing to show it She CROSSED OUT her mistakes and
Cross out
is wrong. wrote the correct answers above them.
The treasure map was deliberately drawn
Cross up Confuse, deceive.
to CROSS us UP.
Cruise
Pass or succeed easily. He CRUISED THROUGH the exam.
through
Crumb The waiter CRUMBED DOWN before
Clear a table in a restaurant.
down the coffee was served.
I've got to work tonight; can I CRY OFF
Cry off To cancel an arrangement.
going out for dinner?
He CRIED OUT when he dropped the
Cry out Shout because you are in pain.
box on his toes.
Go across a place rather than around it to It'll be quicker if we CUT ACROSS the
Cut across
make the journey quicker. park.
 Affect people of different groups, classes, The issue CUTS ACROSS social
Cut across
etc. backgrounds as it affects us all equally.
The firm CUT BACK production because
Cut back Reduce.
sales were sluggish.
Remove branches from a plant or tree to
Cut back We CUT the tree BACK every winter.
encourage future growth.
The government has decided to CUT
Cut back on Reduce expenditure.
BACK ON spending on the armed forces.
I'm trying to CUT DOWN the amount of
Cut down Consume less.
coffee I drink during the day.
A lot of soldiers were CUT DOWN by
Cut down Shoot.
enemy fire as they stormed the airport.
Reduce a vertical thing to ground level by
Cut down The logger CUT the tree DOWN.
cutting.
After Christmas he didn't carefully detach
Cut down Cut something from a high position. all the decorations, he just CUT them all
DOWN.
Cut down Doctors advised her to CUT DOWN ON
Reduce.
on the amount of saturated fats in her diet.
The fans CUT IN when the engine starts
Cut in Start functioning.
getting too hot.
Drive in front of another vehicle without A car CUT IN and nearly caused an
Cut in
warning. accident.
We were having a conversation when he
Cut in Interrupt.
came up and CUT IN.
Include someone in a deal that makes We had to CUT the police IN on the deal
Cut in
money. to avoid trouble.
Cut in Mix fat and flour until the combine. CUT the butter IN with the flour.
Stop your unfair or unreasonable Will you two idiots CUT IT OUT and
Cut it out
behaviour. keep quiet.
The telephone's been CUT OFF because
Cut off Disconnect.
we didn't pay the bill.
The heavy snow has blocked many roads
Cut off Isolate or make inaccessible.
and CUT OFF a number of villages.
Cut out Exclude. I'm CUTTING OUT salt from my diet.
The car CUT OUT at the traffic lights just
Cut out When an engine or motor stops.
as they went green.
Cut a picture or similar from a magazine, I CUT some pictures OUT to use as
Cut out
etc. visual aids.
We’d better CUT OUT, the security men
Cut out Leave quickly.
are on the way.
They CUT OUT three prime bulls from
Cut out Separate livestock from a group.
the herd.
Although he'd promised to help, the star
Cut out on Let down, snub. CUT OUT ON the charity when offered
more money.
 After cutting the tree down, the logger
Cut up Cut into smaller pieces.
CUT it UP into logs.
I was just driving onto the motorway slip-
Drive into a neighbouring lane, directly in road, when a red Mini CUT me UP and I
Cut up
front of another vehicle. had to brake suddenly to avoid an
accident.
Cut up Upset. Her reaction really CUT me UP.
I CUT my hand UP when I broke the
Cut up Have a lot of small injuries.
glass.
They tried to DAMP DOWN the anger
Damp down Calm or reduce feelings, emotions.
over the announcement.
They tried to DAMP DOWN the flames
Damp down Make a fire burn less.
before the fire spread.
When there is too much moisture and a The seedlings DAMP OFF in the spring if
Damp off
plant is affected by fungal parasites. it's very wet.
He DASHED DOWN a memo and sent it
Dash down Write something quickly.
to everybody.
Dash off Leave somewhere quickly. It's late- I'm going to DASH OFF home.
He DASHED OFF the report in a couple
Dash off Do something quickly, especially writing.
of hours.
The truth only DAWNED ON me much
Dawn on Finally realise or understand something.
later.
Trevor spent a long time looking at flats
Decide on Choose, select. before he bought one, but eventually
DECIDED ON one near his work.
Jane spent a long time looking at houses
Decide upon Choose, select. before she bought one, but eventually
DECIDED UPON one near her office.
The last notes DIED AWAY and the
Die away Become quieter or inaudible (of a sound).
audience burst into applause.
When the parts of a plant above ground
Die back The plant DIES BACK in the winter.
die, but the roots remain alive.
It was on the front pages of all the papers
Die down Decrease or become quieter. for a few days, but the interest gradually
DIED DOWN.
I'm DYING FOR the weekend- this
Die for Want something a lot.
week's been so hard.
Most of the elm trees in the UK DIED
Die off Become extinct.
OFF when Dutch elm disease arrived.
Some scientists say that the dinosaurs
Die out Become extinct or disappear. DIED OUT when a comet hit the earth
and caused a nuclear winter.
We were starving so we really DUG IN
Dig in Start eating greedily.
when the food finally did arrive.
Anticipating an artillery barrage, we
Dig in Excavate a protective shelter (military).
quickly DUG IN.
She DUG INTO her handbag and pulled
Dig into Reach inside to get something.
out a bunch of keys.
 Find something you haven't used, seen,
Dig out I DUG OUT my old university essays.
etc, for a long time.
They had to DIG the survivors of the
Dig out Dig to remove something or someone.
earthquake OUT from the ruins.
Find something that is supposed to be The reporters eventually DUG UP the
Dig up
secret. truth about the affair.
Dig up Remove something from the ground. The police DUG UP a body.
Dig up Make a hole in a road, the ground, etc. The council have DUG the road UP.
We DINED OUT because we couldn't be
Dine out Have dinner outside your home.
bothered to cook.
Tell a story repeatedly that is well I've DINED OUT ON the story of his
Dine out on
received. accident.
I DIPPED the brush IN the paint and
Dip in Put something in a liquid for a short time.
began painting the wall.
I've been DIPPING INTO the book, but
Dip into Read parts of a book, but not all.
haven't read it properly.
I've had to DIP INTO my savings account
Dip into Take money out of your savings.
to pay for the works on my house.
Dip out Leave a place without telling anyone. The party was so dull I DIPPED OUT.
Disagree I feel dreadful; the prawns I had for lunch
Make someone feel sick or ill.
with are DISAGREEING WITH me.
Dish out Serve food. I DISHED OUT the dinner.
Give something, usually when you Doctors have been DISHING OUT viagra
Dish out
shouldn't. to anyone who asks for it.
Criticise, when you can't take criticism in He DISHES it OUT, but gets all hurt
Dish out
return. when anyone responds.
He DISHED UP a great dinner when we
Dish up Serve food.
got back.
Start doing something, usually without When we saw what was happening, we
Dive in
planning. all DIVED IN to help.
Dive in Start eating. Dinner's on the table, so DIVE IN.
She DIVED INTO her bag and pulled out
Dive into Reach inside something quickly.
a lighter.
Divide up Share. They divided up the profits.
The waiters and waitresses DIVVY OUT
Divvy out Divide, share.
the tips at the end of the night.
Divvy up Divide, share. We DIVVIED UP the money equally.
Do away The United Kingdom DID AWAY WITH
Abolish, get rid of.
with the death penalty in 1965.
After he reported the gang, he feared they
Do in Kill.
would DO him IN.
Cheat somebody out of something that is They lied on the reference and DID me
Do out of
rightfully theirs. OUT OF any chance of getting the job.
You must DO UP your safety belt in the
Do up Close or fasten clothes, etc..
back of cars and taxis now.
It took them six months to DO UP the
Do up Repair and renovate.
house before they could actually move in.
 Wish for or ask for (usually after can or
Do with I could DO WITH a cold beer about now.
could).
There's no sugar, so you'll have to DO
Do without Manage without something.
WITHOUT.
Report someone to teachers, authorities,
Dob in He DOBBED me IN to the teacher.
etc.
Everyone DOBBED IN some cash to
Dob in Contribute money.
help.
He needed some help, so DOBBED us
Dob in Pressure someone into doing something.
IN.
They were DOLING OUT leaflets in
Dole out Give out, distribute.
front of the station.
Spend time doing very little or being I couldn't get down to my work and
Doss about
unproductive. DOSSED ABOUT all night.
Doss Spend time doing very little or being I spent the afternoon DOSSING
around unproductive. AROUND.
Sleep somewhere temporarily because you I was feeling really tired, so I DOSSED
Doss down
don't go home. DOWN on his sofa for the night.
My study DOUBLES AS a spare
Double as Have a second function or purpose.
bedroom when we have visitors.
Double When he saw the police, he DOUBLED
Go back the way you were coming.
back BACK and went home.
She DOUBLED OVER in pain after
Double over Bend over at the waist.
being hit in the stomach.
He DOUBLED UP in pain after being hit
Double up Bend over at the waist.
in the stomach.
Share accommodation because there are We had to DOUBLE UP because we
Double up
too many people. hadn't booked enough rooms.
Double up The display screen DOUBLES UP AS a
Have a second function or purpose.
as solar panel.
The movie was a bit boring and I
Doze off Fall asleep.
DOZED OFF halfway through.
The meeting DRAGGED ON for two and
Drag on Be unnecessarily long.
a half hours.
Draw back Retreat, move backwards. He DREW BACK when the dog barked.
The administration want to DRAW
Draw down Reduce levels. DOWN troop numbers as soon as they
can.
The college wants to DRAW DOWN
Draw down Get funding.
extra funding for IT provision.
To deplete by consumption or heavy Gas reserves were DRAWN DOWN in
Draw down
spending. the recent cold spell.
The exhausted horse DREW EVEN at the
Draw even Equalize one’s competitive position.
finish line.
The nights are DRAWING IN now it's
Draw in Get dark earlier.
winter.
Draw in Arrive at a station (for trains). The train DREW IN and we got off.
 I didn't want to take sides because I didn't
Draw into Get involved in something unpleasant. want to get DRAWN INTO their
arguments.
As the lesson DREW ON, the students
Draw on Pass slowly (time).
started to get bored.
Draw on Inhale smoke from a cigarette, cigar, etc. He DREW ON his cigarette and coughed.
Make something continue longer than The director DREW the meeting OUT
Draw out
needed. with a lengthy speech.
He was so quiet at first, but the teacher
Draw out Make a shy person more outgoing. managed to DRAW him OUT and get
him to participate.
The contract was DRAWN UP by our
Draw up Prepare a contract.
solicitor.
The police car DREW UP alongside him
Draw up When a vehicle stops. at the red lights and asked him to pull
over.
I wouldn't even DREAM OF telling her
Dream of Not think or consider.
that.
They DREAMED UP the scheme for the
Dream up Invent something, have an idea. improvements and it was accepted by the
board.
The newspapers DREDGED UP the
Dredge up Discover things about someone's past. details of his affair with his research
assistant.
The staff are allowed to DRESS DOWN
Dress down Dress casually.
on Fridays.
She DRESSED me DOWN for being
Dress down Scold.
rude.
It's an informal party so there's no need to
Dress up Dress very smartly.
DRESS UP.
We were great friends at school but
Slowly cease to be close to or friends with
Drift apart DRIFTED APART when we went to
someone.
different universities.
I was DRIFTING OFF when the noise
Drift off Start to fall asleep.
disturbed me.
Search through layers of information on a I really had to DRILL DOWN to get the
Drill down
computer. answers from the database.
Drill down Get to the bottom of something, get They DRILLED DOWN THROUGH the
through detailed data. information to find the truth.
Repeat something many times to make The teacher DRILLED the rules INTO
Drill into
someone learn it. the students.
Drink up Finish a drink. DRINK UP, please; it's closing time.
Force an animal or someone to leave a Their unfriendliness DRIVES customers
Drive away
place. AWAY.
The police DROVE the crowd BACK to
Drive back Repulse, force back.
give the rescue workers more space.
Drive by Do something out of a car. He was killed in a DRIVE-BY shooting.
 She slammed the car door shut and
Drive off Drive away from a place.
DROVE OFF without saying a word.
The soldiers DROVE them OUT of their
Drive out Force someone to leave a place.
homes.
The market uncertainty has DRIVEN
Drive up Make something increase.
prices UP.
They DROVE UP just as we were about
Drive up Arrive in a vehicle.
to leave.
The minister DRONED ON for an hour
Drone on Talk boringly for a long time. and the audience looked increasingly
bored.
Drop Visit someone, often without making an We DROPPED AROUND to collect the
around arrangement. stuff we'd left there last week.
Drop I DROPPED AROUND the things they
Deliver.
around needed.
The numbers of people attending began
Drop away Become smaller- amount, numbers.
the DROP AWAY after a few months.
He stared at the front, but got tired and
Drop back Move towards the back of a group.
DROPPED BACK as the race went on.
He DROPPED BY on his way home from
Drop by Pay a brief visit.
work.
I was in the area so I DROPPED IN at the
Drop in Visit without having made arrangements.
office to see her.
Take something or someone to a place and I DROPPED the kids OFF at school on
Drop off
leave it or them there.. my way to work.
I DROPPED OFF during the play and
Drop off Fall asleep.
woke up when it ended.
Sales have DROPPED OFF in the last
Drop off Decrease in number or amount.
few months.
She DROPPED OUT of college and went
Drop out Quit a course.
straight into a good job.
Drop over Visit for a short time. I'll DROP OVER on my way back.
Visit someone, often without making an We DROPPED ROUND their house on
Drop round
arrangement. our way.
I DROPPED the papers ROUND so she
Drop round Deliver.
could read them before the meeting.
Drop
I really DROPPED him IN IT when I told
someone in Get someone into trouble.
them what he'd done.
it
Drop The big scheme he was talking about
Come to nothing, produce no results.
through seems to have DROPPED THROUGH.
Drown in Cover excessively. They DROWN the food IN sauce.
Be so loud that another sound cannot be The music DROWNED OUT the sound
Drown out
heard. of the phone ringing.
To make someone learn or believe They DRUM all the traps INTO you
Drum into
something by constant repetition. before the test, so you can't go wrong.
Drum out Force someone out of their job or position. They DRUMMED the minister OUT
 when she was caught lying.The minister
was DRUMMED OUT of her post for
lying. (The passive form with OF is more
common)
They are trying to DRUM UP support for
Drum up Increase support or interest.
the referendum.
Dry off Dry something quickly, or dry the surface. I had a shower and DRIED myself OFF.
Stop drinking or taking drugs when He checked into a clinic to DRY OUT
Dry out
addicted. after being arrested for drink-driving.
Dry out Dry something fully. They DRIED the fruit OUT in the sun.
Lose all the water from a river, lake, The lake DRIED UP because of the water
Dry up
source, etc. extraction for cotton farming.
His income DRIED UP when cheaper
Dry up Stop being supplied with something.
options became available.
Dry up Be unable to speak. She DRIED UP in the press conference.
Dry plates, dishes, cutlery, etc, after
Dry up I washed and DRIED UP.
washing them up.
He DUCKED OUT OF helping us last
Duck out of Avoid doing something.
night.
He was DUFFED UP in a night club last
Duff up Beat or hit someone repeatedly.
night.
Reduce the intellectual level of something Television has been DUMBING DOWN
Dumb down
in search of popularity. the news for years.
Her boss DUMPS ON everyone when
Dump on Treat someone badly.
things go wrong.
Dump on Criticize heavily, often unfairly. She DUMPS ON her family a lot.
When he';s depressed, he needs someone
Dump on Tell someone your problems.
to DUMP ON.
The programme DWELLED ON little
Dwell on Spend a lot of time on something.
other than the scandal.
She DWELT UPON the economic
Dwell upon Spend a lot of time on something.
situation in her speech.
She EASED OFF the accelerator to let
Ease off Reduce pressure.
the car slow down.
She asked her teacher to EASE UP
Ease up Relax, calm down.
because she was feeling very stressed.
Eat away Destroy slowly. The disease EATS the liver AWAY.
We didn't feel like going to a restaurant so
Eat in Eat at home.
we ATE IN.
Use something valuable when you don't We've had to EAT INTO our savings
Eat into
want to. since I lost my job.
We couldn't be bothered to cook so we
Eat out Eat in a restaurant.
ATE OUT last night.
If you don't EAT UP your greens, you
Eat up Eat all of something.
won't get any dessert.
Eat up Consume. This car EATS UP petrol.
Eat up Consume something you don't want to be The graphics EAT UP our bandwidth-
 consumed. they're costing us a fortune.
His life was EBBED AWAY as the illness
Ebb away Disappear gradually.
progressed.
Gradually push someone or something out The shareholders EDGED the CEO out
Edge out
of their position. because results were getting worse.
She EDGED UP behind the bus at the red
Edge up Approach slowly.
light.
The other students EGGED him ON
Egg on Encourage.
when he started arguing with the teacher.
Most students have to EKE OUT their
Make something like money last as long
Eke out income because they have so little money
as possible.
to live on.
Piere EMBARKED ON an MBA at
Embark on Start a project or venture.
Insead last autumn.
Embark Fernanda has just EMBARKED UPON a
Start a project or venture.
upon new professional challenge.
I must EMPTY OUT the rubbish before I
Empty out Empty something completely.
leave for work.
Remove some things or everything from a I EMPTIED some of the coffee OUT so I
Empty out
container. could pour more milk in.
End in Finish a certain way. It'll END IN tears.
We couldn't get tickets for Egypt so we
End up Become or do something unplanned.
ENDED UP going to Turkey instead.
He tried hard but ENDED UP WITH a
End up with Get as a result of something.
poor grade.
They ENTERED FOR the national
Enter for Join or enter a competition.
championship but weren't good enough.
They ENTERED INTO an agreement
Enter into Become involved in or accept.
with their rivals.
The guy EYED the other man UP because
Eye up Look carefully at someone.
he was behaving suspiciously.
The company FACED OFF the
Face off Confront.
competition.
Many people find it hard to FACE UP TO
Face up to Accept an unpleasant truth.
the fact that they are getting old.
He told her to stop FAFFING ABOUT
Faff about Behave indecisively.
and make her mind up.
She told him to stop FAFFING AROUND
Faff around Behave indecisively.
and make his mind up.
We FELL ABOUT when we heard what
Fall about Laugh a lot.
she'd done.
The box FELL APART when I picked it
Fall apart Break into pieces.
up.
Become emotionally disturbed and unable
Fall apart He FELL APART when they sacked him.
to behave normally.
The army FELL BACK after losing the
Fall back Retreat.
battle.
 It was good to have some money in the
Fall back on Be able to use in an emergency. bank to FALL BACK ON when I lost my
job.
I was ill for a week and FELL BEHIND
Fall behind Make less progress.
with my work.
Fall down Fall on the ground. I slipped on the ice and FELL DOWN.
The argument FALLS DOWN when you
Fall down Have a weak point.
look at how much it'll cost.
He FELL FOR her the moment their eyes
Fall for Be attracted to somebody, fall in love.
met.
He FELL FOR my story and allowed me
Fall for Believe a lie or a piece of deception. yet another extension for the submission
of my thesis.
The ceiling FELL IN hurting a lot of
Fall in Collapse.
people.
I just FELL INTO my job when an
Fall into Start doing something unplanned.
opportunity came up.
The membership FELL OFF dramatically
Fall off Decrease.
when the chairperson resigned.
They FELL OUT over the decision and
Fall out Argue and be on bad terms with someone.
hardly speak to each other any more.
He's started getting worried about
Fall out Lose hair. baldness because his hair is FALLING
OUT rather quickly.
Fall over Fall on the ground. I slipped on the ice and FELL OVER.
Fall The plans FELL THROUGH when
Be unsuccessful.
through planning permission was refused.
At first he was independent, but then he
Fall under Become controlled.
FELL UNDER their influence.
The company wants to FARM OUT their
Farm out Give or contract work to someone else.
maintenance.
The manager was angry because the staff
Fart about Waste time doing silly things.
were FARTING ABOUT.
We were really bored in the lecture so we
Fart around Waste time doing pointless things.
started FARTING AROUND.
Fasten We FASTENED it DOWN to keep the
Tie something so that it doesn't move.
down wind from blowing it away.
Give attention to something that confirms They have FASTENED ON the speech as
Fasten on
your beliefs. a source of inspiration.
He FASTENED ONTO the minister on
Follow someone closely, normally when
Fasten onto his visit and asked him repeatedly about
they don't want your company.
the scandal.
Give attention to something that confirms They FASTEN ONTO any figures that
Fasten onto
your beliefs. they think can support their case.
Fasten up Close, attach. FASTEN UP your seatbelts.
I couldn't FATHOM OUT what she
Fathom out Understand something.
wanted from me.
 They FATTEN the cows UP before
Fatten up Give an animal a lot to eat to make it fat.
slaughtering them.
Praise someone in an excessive way to get He's always FAWNING ON his boss to
Fawn on
their favour or something from them. try to get promoted.
She FAWNED OVER the inspectors in
Praise someone in an excessive way to get
Fawn over the hope that they would give her a good
their favour or something from them.
grade.
The gecko FEEDS OFF mosquitoes and
Feed off Eat a food as part of an animals diet.
other insects.
He FEEDS OFF people's fear of crime to
Feed off Use something to your advantage.
get them to support his proposals.
The opposition party's FEEDING ON the
Feed on Grow stronger.
government's weaknesses.
Feed on Consume in an animal's diet. The bats FEED ON insects.
Feed on Give someone a particular food. He FEEDS his cat ON dry food.
Give someone a lot of food to restore their She's been ill for a fortnight so we're
Feed up
health, make them bigger, etc. FEEDING her UP.
Someone FELT me UP in the club as I
Feel up Touch sexually, grope.
was trying to get to the bar.
I'm so tired. I don't think I FEEL UP TO
Feel up to Feel capable of doing something.
going out tonight.
Fence in Enclose an area. They FENCED the whole garden IN.
Enclose an area to keep animals or people They FENCED OFF one side of the park
Fence off
out. to keep dogs out.
Take care of yourself or someone with The children had to FEND FOR
Fend for
help from other people. themselves after their parents died.
He managed to FEND OFF the criticism
Fend off Resist something successfully.
in the press.
She FENDED OFF the dog when it
Fend off Push an attacker away.
attacked her.
The investigation finally managed to
Ferret out Search and discover something.
FERRET OUT the truth.
The company FESSED UP after they
Fess up Confess, admit something reluctantly.
were exposed in the newspapers.
Fess up Give. FESS UP your share of the bill.
Fess up to Confess, admit reluctantly to something. They FESSED UP TO the crime.
We spent the whole afternoon
Fiddle Waste time doing silly things, or doing
FIDDLING ABOUT with the computer
about things unsuccessfully.
but couldn't get it to work.
Fiddle Waste time doing silly things, or I FIDDLED AROUND with the phone
around unsuccessful things. but couldn't get any signal.
Fiddle He FIDDLED AROUND for something
Make small movements with your hands.
around in his pockets.
Fiddle away Waste time. He FIDDLED AWAY the afternoon.
The army attacked the town and the
Fight back Defend yourself, resist an attack.
inhabitants FOUGHT BACK fiercely.
Fight back Try to control and emotion and keep it He tried to FIGHT BACK the tears when
 hidden. he heard the news of her death.
Struggle to see who wins, both by arguing Their FIGHTING IT OUT to see who
Fight it out
or fighting. will become the next CEO.
The old lady managed to FIGHT the
Fight off Fight an attacker and force them back. muggers OFF and they didn't get her
purse.
Fight off Resist an illness or emotion. I'm FIGHTING OFF a cold.
What job do you FIGURE ON doing
Figure on Plan, expect.
when you graduate?
The police couldn't FIGURE OUT how
Figure out Find the answer to a problem.
the burglars had got into the warehouse.
Put a document in the correct place for I FILED a copy of the letter AWAY for
File away
storage in a filing system. my records.
Apply for something legally, like divorce They FILED FOR divorce after two years
File for
or bankruptcy. of marriage.
I FILLED IN the application form and
Fill in Complete a form.
posted it off.
She's just had a baby, so we have hired
Fill in Substitute someone at work.
someone to FILL IN for her.
I was away for a few days, so they had to
Fill in for Substitute.
get someone to FILL IN FOR me.
I'm sorry I missed the meeting; could you
Fill in on Give someone information.
FILL me IN ON what happened.
I FILLED OUT the application form and
Fill out Complete a form.
mailed it.
I stopped at the garage and FILLED UP
Fill up Fill something completely.
with petrol.
Move into a lane of traffic without making The slip lane allows traffic to FILTER IN
Filter in
other cars stop. at the junction.
It FILTERS OUT all the impurities and
Filter out Remove something unwanted. chemicals in tap water so that it tastes
better.
I went to the library to FIND OUT all I
Find out Discover. could about the life and work of Joe
Meek.
They FINISHED OFF all the chocolates
Finish off Finish completely. and had to go to the all-night garage to
buy some more.
Kill a person or animal, often when they The animal was badly hurt, so they
Finish off
have already been hurt. FINISHED it OFF to end its suffering.
Finish off Beat, make victory certain in sport. The second goal FINISHED them OFF.
We FINISHED OFF the coffee and had to
Finish off Consume all.
get some more.
Finally get somewhere, usually without We went out for diner and FINISHED UP
Finish up
planning to go there. in a club.
We attended some workshops and
Finish up Have or do something at the end or as the
FINISHED UP WITH the keynote
with last of something.
speaker.
 She FINISHED WITH him a few months
Finish with End a relationship.
ago.
He wanted to leave but I was furious and
Finish with Stop dealing with someone.
hadn't FINISHED WITH him.
Can I read the paper when you've
Finish with Finish using or requiring.
FINISHED WITH it.
Fink on Give away secrets about someone. He FINKED ON her to the authorities.
He said he'd come with us then FINKED
Fink out Fail to keep a promise, arrangement, etc.
OUT at the last minute.
What do you want to know? FIRE AWAY
Fire away Ask questions.
and I'll tell you.
Send quickly, angrily or many (letter, He FIRED OFF an email complaining
Fire off
emails, etc). about the report.
The police FIRED OFF several rounds
Fire off Shoot, fire a gun (usually repeatedly).
and killed the man.
She FIRED UP the computer and printed
Fire up Start a computer.
out a hard copy of the files.
Everyone was FIRED UP and desperate
Fire up Excite, become excited.
to get it finished in time.
Make things clearer in a negotiation or We need to FIRM UP some aspects of the
Firm up
discussion. contract before we sign it.
Exercise to make muscles harder and I go swimming every day to FIRM UP
Firm up
remove fat. my body.
Try to get some information or to get
Fish for He's always FISHING FOR compliments.
someone to say something.
Remove something from a bag, pocket, She reached into her handbag and
Fish out
etc. FISHED some coins OUT.
Remove from water, such as the sea, It's fallen in the pool- I'll have to FISH it
Fish out
rivers, etc. OUT.
I didn't FIT IN with the other people
Fit in Get on in a group of people. working there so I left and found another
job.
I didn't have time to FIT IN another
Fit in Have enough time or space for something.
appointment.
They're not arriving until Thursday,
Fit in with Be convenient or occur conveniently. which FITS IN WITH my schedule for
the week.
His rudeness yesterday FITS IN WITH
Occur or happen in a way that shows that
Fit in with what I have always thought of his
plans or ideas have not changed.
behaviour.
Fit into Become part of. Their ideas didn't FIT INTO our plans.
Fit out Provide with necessary equipment. They FITTED OUT the boat for the race.
Provide someone with necessary They didn't FIT the troops OUT WITH
Fit out with
equipment. the necessary protective gear.
Frame someone- make them look guilty of The police FITTED him UP for dealing
Fit up
something they haven't done. drugs.
Fit up Provide equipment. They FITTED us UP with the latest IT.
 He FIXED UP an appointment for me to
Fix up Make an arrangement.
see a specialist.
The campaign started well, but FIZZLED
Fizzle out End in an unsuccessful way.
OUT when they ran out of money.
The police officer FLAGGED the car
Flag down Signal at a vehicle to get it to stop. DOWN because it didn't have its
headlights on.
We should FLAG UP working conditions
Flag up Raise an issue, or highlight its importance.
at the meeting.
I worked till midnight then FLAKED
Flake out Fall asleep from exhaustion.
OUT.
The company FLAMED OUT in the
Flame out Fail.
recession.
Flame up Burn brightly. The wood FLAMED UP in the fire.
He FLARED OUT when he saw the
Flare out Get angry suddenly.
dreadful report.
The argument FLARED UP when he was
Flare up When trouble suddenly appears.
rude to them.
The recent government report FLESHED
Flesh out Add more details or information.
OUT the draft proposals.
She FLICKED OVER to see if the news
Flick over Change TV channels quickly.
had started.
Flick I FLICKED THROUGH the channels to
Change TV channels repeatedly.
through see if there was anything worth watching.
Flick I FLICKED THROUGH the magazine
Look through something quickly.
through and decided to buy it.
Extend your middle finger as a gesture of When the police were walking away, he
Flip off
contempt. FLIPPED them OFF.
He FLIPPED OUT when he won the
Flip out Become very excited and lose control.
final.
I FLIPPED THROUGH the latest issue of
Flip Look quickly through a magazine, book,
the magazine in the shop and decided to
through etc.
buy it.
The council FLOGGED OFF the land
Flog off Sell something cheaply to get rid of it. cheaply to a developer who had close
links to a few of the councillors.
She FLOORED IT when the police
Floor it Drive a vehicle as fast as possible.
arrived.
Leave a place or walk away from someone He FLOUNCED OFF when they laughed
Flounce off
angrily. at him.
He FLOUNCED OUT when the press
Flounce out Leave a place angrily.
started criticising him.
Shake or pat a cushion so that it fills with
Fluff out She FLUFFED OUT the sofa cushions.
air.
Shake or pat a cushion so that it fills with He FLUFFED UP the pillow before going
Fluff up
air. to bed.
 The rumour has been FLYING ABOUT
Fly about Circulate (rumours, etc). for the past week, but no one has
confirmed it.
There are a lot of stories FLYING
Fly around Circulate (rumours, etc).
AROUND about her past.
The dog FLEW AT the cat when it came
Fly at Attack.
into the garden.
He FLEW AT them for not trying hard
Fly at Criticise or shout angrily.
enough.
Fly by When time appears to move quickly. As I get older, the years just FLY BY.
Fly into Change emotion quickly. He FLEW INTO a rage.
Make or persuade someone to accept
Fob off I FOBBED it OFF Paul.
something.
He FOBBED us OFF with a really stupid
Fob off Lie or deceive someone.
excuse.
Make or persuade someone to accept
Fob off on I FOBBED the work ON the others.
something you don't want.
Make or persuade someone to accept I FOBBED the fake note ONTO a
Fob off onto
something you don't want. shopkeeper.
Make or persuade someone to accept
He FOBBED her OFF WITH some fake
Fob off with something of lower quality than they
gold.
wanted.
The report FOCUSES ON the company's
Focus on Concentrate.
weak points.
Darren FOLDED UP the letter and put it
Fold up Make a sheet of paper smaller.
in an envelope.
Leave to meet someone after they have He left an hour ago and I'll be
Follow on
left the place you're at. FOLLOWING ON soon.
In cricket, if the second team to bat doesn't They were over 200 runs behind and had
Follow on
score enough runs, it has to bat again. to FOLLOW ON.
Follow on The film FOLLOWS ON from the
Be the part of something.
from original.
Follow Do what is necessary to complete The project went wrong when the staff
through something or make it successful. failed to FOLLOW THROUGH.
Follow You need to FOLLOW THROUGH
Continue moving limbs after hitting a ball.
through smoothly when playing golf.
Do something to check or improve an He FOLLOWED UP the meeting with a
Follow up
earlier action. report.
The police didn't FOLLOW UP the
Follow up Find our about a problem and act.
allegations.
They were FOOLING ABOUT and
Fool about Not be serious.
wouldn't settle down.
Their marriage broke down because he
Fool about Be unfaithful.
kept FOOLING ABOUT.
The teacher was angry because the class
Fool around Not be serious.
were FOOLING AROUND.
Fool around Be unfaithful. She suspects her husband is FOOLING
 AROUND with one of her friends.
Fool with Play with something dangerous. Don't FOOL WITH that- it could explode.
We've been FORGING AHEAD with the
Forge ahead Make a lot of progress in a short time. work and should be finished well before
the deadline.
She FORGED AHEAD of the other
Forge ahead Move forwards very quickly.
runners and won.
She FREAKED OUT completely when
Freak out Become very disturbed or angry. she didn't get the grades to get into
university.
Make money or time available by not If we get the work done tonight, it will
Free up
using it elsewhere. FREE UP the weekend to go away.
Do work or a task for someone to make If you proofread this text, it will FREE
Free up
them available for something. me UP to get on with the next part.
Shut out or exclude by unfriendly They tried to FREEZE me OUT of the
Freeze out
treatment. conversation.
Force to retire or withdraw from After Jim was FROZEN OUT of the case,
Freeze out
membership, a job, etc. they hired a new lawyer.
Become covered with ice (lake, river, The winter was very severe and the lake
Freeze over
pond, etc). FROZE OVER.
The pipes all FROZE UP so no water
Freeze up Be blocked with ice.
came through.
Stop working because the parts of a
Freeze up The gears had FROZEN UP.
machine won't move.
The computer FROZE UP; it showed me
Freeze up When a computer stops working. the blue screen of death and I couldn't
reboot.
WE FROZE UP when we heard the
Freeze up Be paralysed with fear.
window break.
I'm going to the bathroom to FRESHEN
Freshen up Wash quickly and improve appearance.
UP before they arrive.
Add more alcohol to a glass before it is
Freshen up Here, let me FRESHEN UP your drink.
empty.
Quickly improve the appearance of The magazine gives you tips on how to
Freshen up
something. FRESHEN UP your home cheaply.
Frighten The noise FRIGHTENED the birds
Scare someone so much that they go away.
away AWAY.
Frighten Scare or worry someone enough to stop The strikes FRIGHTENED many visitors
away them doing something they had planned. AWAY.
The dog FRIGHTENED the burglars
Frighten off Scare someone so much that they go away.
OFF.
Scare or worry someone enough to stop The crash in share prices FRIGHTENED
Frighten off
them doing something they had planned. investors OFF.
Represent someone, especially when The solicitor FRONTS FOR a number of
Front for
covering illegal or wrongful activities. criminal gangs.
The two guys FRONTED each other
Confront someone and let them know you
Front off OFF, but someone managed to calm them
are prepared to fight.
down before it got out of hand.
 My house FRONTS ONTO the main
Front onto Face (of a building).
square.
He accused her of lying, but she
Front out Face up to someone, withstand criticism.
FRONTED him OUT
I hate these occasions, but I'll FRONT UP
Front up Appear somewhere for a short time.
for the first half.
She FRONTED UP the money we
Front up Advance cash for something.
needed.
He FROWNS ON people making
Frown on Disapprove.
personal calls at work.
We stopped to FUEL UP before the car
Fuel up Put petrol or other fuel into a vehicle.
ran out.
I spent the afternoon GADDING ABOUT
Gad about Visit a lot of different places for pleasure.
in the West End.
I spent the afternoon GADDING
Gad around Visit different places for pleasure.
AROUND looking for some books.
Gag for Want something a lot. I'm GAGGING FOR a drink.
Form a group against something or They GANGED UP to try to stop the new
Gang up
someone. system.
Gang up They GANGED UP AGAINST me
Harass, bully (in a group).
against because I wouldn't accept their ideas.
They GANGED UP ON him because of
Gang up on Harass, bully.
the way he spoke.
Organise or arrange something for a
Gear to particular purpose, audience, etc. (Often It's not GEARED TO non-specialists.
passive).
Gear Organise or arrange something for a The project is GEARED TOWARDS
towards particular purpose, audience, etc. older people.
The shops are GEARING UP for the New
Gear up Get ready for a busy period.
Year sales.
Henry always GEEKS OUT at parties and
Geek out Talk at length about computing. bores all the people who don't know
much about computers.
I GET ABOUT a lot with my job- last
Get about Visit many places.
years I visited eleven countries.
It didn't take long for the news to GET
Get about Become known.
ABOUT- everyone's talking about it.
She can't GET ABOUT much, but she is
Get about Walk or visit places.
in her eighties.
Have personal or sexual relationships with She GETS ABOUT a bit; she's always
Get about
many people. with some new guy.
She's been GETTING ABOVE
HERSELF since she got promoted.(This
Behave as if you are better or more
Get above is normally used in progressive forms and
important than others.
followed by a reflexive pronoun, though
'get above your station' is also used.)
I just couldn't GET my message
Get across Communicate successfully.
ACROSS at the meeting.
 It's impossible to GET ACROSS the road
Get across Go from one side to the other.
with all this traffic.
Move something from one side to the How are we going to GET these bags
Get across
other. ACROSS the river?
Get across How can I GET ACROSS TO my
Be convincing or make a good impression.
to audience?
You should GET AFTER them to finish
Get after Nag or exhort someone.
the work.
GET AFTER her and give her the
Get after Chase.
message before she leaves the building.
Nowadays, you need IT skills if you want
Get ahead Progress.
to GET AHEAD.
Get ahead I work at home in the evening to GET
Move in front of.
of AHEAD OF schedule.
Why don't you two GET ALONG? You're
Get along Have a good relationship.
always arguing.
Get along Leave. It's late; we must be GETTING ALONG.
How's the homework GETTING
Get along Progess.
ALONG?
How are you GETTING ALONG IN the
Get along in Progress.
company.
Get along I don't GET ALONG WITH my sister- we
Have a good relationship with someone.
with have nothing in common.
Get along How are you GETTING ALONG WITH
Deal with, handle.
with the training course?
It didn't take long for the news to GET
Get around Become known. AROUND once it got into the
newspapers.
He GETS AROUND a lot- he's always
Get around Visit many different places.
flying somewhere different.
He's finding it hard to GET AROUND
Get around Walk or go to places. since the operation and spends most of
his time at home.
It'll be tricky, but we will find a way to
Get around Avoid a problem.
GET AROUND the regulations.
She didn't want to accept my application
Get around Persuade, convince. because it was late, but I managed to
GET AROUND her.
Have personal or sexual relationships with He GETS AROUND a bit; he's always
Get around
many people. with some new girlfriend.
Get around Finally manage to do something, make the It always takes me ages to GET
to effort to do something. AROUND to replying to letters.
His boss is always GETTING AT him for
Get at Criticise.
arriving late.
What do you think she's GETTING AT?
Get at Mean.
I've no idea what she wants.
Get at Be able to reach, find, access. It's on the top shelf and I can't GET AT it.
 The gangsters GOT AT the jury, who
Use threats, payments, bribes, etc, to affect
Get at found them not guilty of all charges
someone's testimony or decision.
despite the evidence presented in court.
The robbers GOT AWAY in a stolen car,
Get away Escape.
which the police later found abandoned.
We love to GET AWAY from everything
Get away Go on holiday or for a short break.
and relax in the country.
He didn't come because he was stuck at
Get away Move, leave somewhere.
work and couldn't GET AWAY.
Get away Go somewhere different or do something Work's getting on top of me; I need to
from different. GET AWAY FROM it.
I think we're GETTING AWAY FROM
Get away Start to talk about something that is not
the point here- we need to concentrate on
from relevant to the discussion.
the main ideas.
Get away Not get caught, criticised or punished for Thieves GOT AWAY WITH two
with doing something wrong. Picassos, which were never found.
Get away Achieve something, despite not doing it Do you think we could GET AWAY
with correctly or properly. WITH using the cheaper product?
"I passed." "GET AWAY! You couldn't
Get away! An expression of disbelief.
have passed."
The train was held up so we didn't GET
Get back Return.
BACK home until midnight.
Don't lend him any money; you'll never
Get back Return something.
GET it BACK.
He was rude and embarrassed me, but I'll
Get back Revenge.
GET him BACK.
The police told the crowd to GET BACK
Get back Move away.
to allow the ambulance through.
I'll GET BACK AT her for landing me in
Get back at Take revenge.
trouble.
Get back Start doing something after stopping for I am GETTING BACK INTO my Khmer
into some time. lessons after the summer break.
Get back I lost interest for a while, but I'm
Find a new enthusiasm for something.
into GETTING BACK INTO it.
I'll GET BACK TO you as soon as I hear
Get back to Respond to a contact.
any news.
I don't know at the moment, but I will
Get back to Respond when you know the answer. GET BACK TO you as soon as I have the
information.
Start doing something again after an It took me ages to GET BACK TO sleep
Get back to
interruption. after the phone rang.
Get back We split up a few months ago but GOT
Restart a relationship.
together BACK TOGETHER last week.
All the students GOT BEHIND the
Get behind Support.
teacher.
Get behind If you GET BEHIND WITH mortgage
Be late paying instalments for something..
with payments, you might lose your home.
Get by Have just enough money to live on. They're finding it increasingly difficult to
 GET BY since their daughter was born.
I had checked it, but there still were a few
Get by Not be noticed (problems, errors, etc).
mistakes that didn't GET BY the editor.
Get by on Manage on a certain amount of money. It's hard to GET BY ON my salary.
We should be able to GET BY WITH
Get by with Have enough of something to do the job.
three PCs, but four would be better.
Make someone depressed, unhappy, The miserable weather in winter really
Get down
exhausted, etc.. GETS me DOWN.
I couldn't GET DOWN everything he
Get down Write, record.
said.
The medicine tasted horrible and it was
Get down Manage to swallow.
difficult to GET it DOWN.
The trained pulled in and we GOT
Get down Descend, leave a vehicle.
DOWN.
When they had finished dinner, the
Get down Leave the table after eating. children asked if they could GET
DOWN.
The doctor says I my GET my cholesterol
Get down Reduce.
levels DOWN.
Get down Have an affair or sexual relations. They GOT DOWN at the party last week.
Get down My mother used to GET DOWN ON us
Criticise.
on for not doing enough homework.
I find it extremely difficult to GET
Get down to Start working seriously. DOWN TO doing any revision for
examinations.
People were GETTING DOWN TO the
Get down to Enjoy something a lot.
concert.
The air conditioning has broken down;
Arrange for someone to do a job in your
Get in we'll have to GET a technician IN to fix
home, workplace, etc.
it.
Get in Arrive (train, plane, etc.). Her plane GETS IN at 2am our time.
She didn't GET IN till well after twelve
Get in Arrive home. o'clock because she'd been out for a few
drinks with her mates.
Get in Enter a car or taxi. The taxi pulled up and we GOT IN.
We need to GET some coffee IN; we're
Get in Buy or obtain supplies, like food.
completely out.
I GOT IN late today because the train
Get in Arrive at work, school, home.
broke down.
Get in Enter a building or place. I borrowed her pass to GET IN.
The government GOT IN with a very
Get in Be elected.
small majority.
I couldn't GET a word IN throughout the
Get in Manage to say or do.
meeting.
He did badly in the entrance exam and
Get in Be admitted to a university, club, etc.
didn't GET IN.
Get in Bring inside a place. It's raining; I'd better GET the washing
 IN.
We have to GET the forms IN by the end
Get in Submit, apply.
of this week.
Get in Pay for drinks. He GOT the drinks IN.
The company tried to GET IN ON our
Get in on Become involved.
market.
I tried to GET IN WITH them as I
Get in with Become friendly with, ingratiate with.
thought it would help me at work.
She's been GETTING INTO dance music
Get into Become involved or interested.
recently.
Become involved in something bad or He GOT INTO drugs when he was at
Get into
criminal. university.
She did well and GOT INTO Cambridge
Get into Be accepted or admitted.
University.
Get into Become or be accepted as a member. He GOT INTO the first team for football.
It took me ages to GET INTO driving on
Get into Start a habit or way of acting or behaving.
the left.
I couldn't GET INTO the boots; they
Get into Be small enough to wear something.
were too tight.
Get into Criticise. He GOT INTO me for doing it badly.
If you don't stop that right now, you'll
Get it Be punished or scolded.
really GET IT!
Get it off Have sex. They GOT IT OFF at the party.
Get it off She GOT IT OFF WITH her friend's
Have sex with.
with husband.
The talk was dull and nobody GOT IT
Get it on Become interested or excited.
ON.
Get it on Have sex. Did you two GET IT ON?
Get it on
Have sex with. Did you GET IT ON WITH him?
with
Get it Control things in your life to achieve your If I don't GET IT TOGETHER, I will
together aims. never reach my targets.
Get it They only GET IT TOGETHER at the
Begin a relationship.
together very end of the film.
He couldn't GET IT UP and felt very
Get it up Become aroused (of a man).
embarrassed.
He GOT OFF on a technicality and left
Get off Escape punishment.
the court a free man.
We GOT OFF the bus and walked to my
Get off Leave a bus, train, etc..
house.
Get off Finish, leave work. I like to GET OFF early on Fridays.
We need to GET OFF early to avoid the
Get off Start a journey.
rush hour traffic.
I can't GET the kids OFF because of the
Get off Help a baby or child sleep.
noise from next door.
Get off Orgasm, have sex. We GOT OFF last night.
Get off Manage to fire a gun. She GOT OFF a few shots before she was
 arrested.
Let me know when he GETS OFF the
Get off Stop talking on the phone.
phone as I need to make a call.
I GOT three emails OFF before the
Get off Write or send letters, messages, etc.
meeting.
She GOT OFF some jokes at the start of
Get off Say or write something funny.
her presentation.
A way of expressing disbelief, or telling
I knew he was lying so I told him to GET
Get off it someone that they're wrong or have an
OFF IT.
incorrect opinion.
He GETS OFF ON crystal meth every
Get off on Enjoy a drug.
night.
Get off on Become excited by. She GETS OFF ON her power over us.
Get off with Have casual sex with. He GOT OFF WITH her at the party.
If he bothers you, just tell him where to
Get off! Don't touch, leave alone.
GET OFF.
The teacher asked the pupils to GET ON
Get on Continue doing something. with some work quietly as she had to
leave the classroom.
We GOT ON the train at Plymouth and
Get on Enter a bus, train, plane, etc..
went up to London.
Make progress, deal with something with How are you GETTING ON with your
Get on
a reasonable degree of success. Spanish lessons?
Get on Have a good relationship. We have always GOT ON well.
He's GETTING ON now and doesn't
Get on Become old, age.
work so hard.
Get on Be late or near an arranged time. I must get home now; it's GETTING ON.
I have put so much weight on that I
Get on Wear, fit.
couldn't GET my old suits ON.
I must be GETTING ON; I have other
Get on Leave.
things to do this evening.
He's always GETTING ON AT me when
Get on at Criticise unfairly.
I haven't done anything wrong.
Get on for Be near a time. It's GETTING ON FOR midnight.
It took the authorities a long time to GET
Get on to Start to suspect.
ON TO the gang.
Get on with Have a good relationship. Fortunately, I GET ON WITH my boss.
Get on with Continue or start doing something. She told us to GET ON WITH our work.
We didn't GET ONTO the third item on
Get onto Start discussing a topic.
the agenda.
Get onto Be elected, appointed. He didn't GET ONTO the committee.
He GOT ONTO every major channel
Get onto Appear on the radio or TV.
after the accident.
Contact someone because you need or We'd better GET ONTO someone to fix
Get onto
want them to do something. this.
She GOT ONTO the plane just before it
Get onto Enter a plane, train, etc.
took off.
 Leave the house to visit place and She doesn't GET OUT much now she has
Get out
socialise. her baby.
Become known when people want it to The truth GOT OUT despite the
Get out
remain secret. injunction on reporting the case.
The dog GOT OUT because I left the
Get out Leave a place, escape.
door open.
Remove something from where it is stored I GOT the car OUT so that we could load
Get out
to use it. up the suitcases.
I spilled some red wine on my carpet and
Get out Remove dirt or something unwanted.
can't GET the stains OUT.
Publish, make available for the public to We have to GET the report OUT by the
Get out
see or buy. end of the month.
He was so upset he couldn't GET the
Get out Say what you want when it is difficult.
words OUT.
I said I wasn't feeling well and GOT OUT
Get out of Avoid doing something you dislike.
OF the extra work.
We GOT OUT OF the taxi and paid the
Get out of Leave a car, van, etc..
driver.
If you GET OUT OF a routine, it can be
Get out of Stop a regular activity or habit.
hard to start again.
The police couldn't GET any information
Get out of Make someone confess or tell the truth.
OUT OF him.
Did you GET a refund OUT OF the travel
Get out of Make someone give something to you.
agency?
Derive pleasure or benefit from She's GETTING a lot OUT OF her
Get out of
something. university course.
I GOT him OUT OF having to work at
Get out of Help someone avoid doing something.
the weekend.
Get out! Expression of disbelief. 'I got 100% on the test.''Get out!'
It took me ages to GET OVER the bout
Get over Recover from something, feel better.
of flu.
It took us a long time to GET OVER the
Get over Solve, find a solution.
problems with the computer system.
He makes jokes to help GET his message
Get over Communicate, make people understand.
OVER.
Be shocked or surprised that something if I couldn't GET OVER how much weight
Get over
real or true. he had put on.
We couldn't GET OVER the river
Get over Get to the other side.
because of the floods.
He said he needed help and ask me to
Get over Come somewhere.
GET OVER as soon as I could.
Get over Do something unpleasant that has to be I GOT the test OVER WITH rather than
with done rather than delaying it any more. have to worry about it any longer.
I don't want this to GET ROUND, so
Get round Become known.
please keep it to yourself.
Get round Find a solution. We're nearly ready, but there are few little
problems we have to GET ROUND
 before we finish.
It always takes me ages to GET ROUND
Get round
Finally manage to do something. to writing letters. (In American English
(around) to
'around' is used)
She didn't want to let me do it, but I
Get round
Persuade someone. succeeded in GETTING ROUND her. (In
(or around)
American English 'around' is used)
I tried calling her mobile phone, but I
Get through Contact.
couldn't GET THROUGH.
He GETS THROUGH two bottles of
Get through Consume.
wine a day.
I'm going to take some work home
Get through Finish. because I haven't managed to GET
THROUGH it all today.
My car didn't GET THROUGH its
Get through Succeed in an exam or test.
inspection.
Help someone or something succeed or My teacher GOT me THROUGH the
Get through
pass a test or exam. exam.
We will have to be careful with our
Get through Endure or deal with a difficult experience.
money to GET THROUGH the month.
Be accepted or passed (laws, proposals, If the proposal GETS THROUGH, it'll
Get through
etc). make things much better for us.
The water GOT THROUGH the roof and
Get through Manage to pass.
damaged the carpets.
Get through Arrive. The message didn't GET THROUGH.
Get through I explained it carefully, but I just couldn't
Make someone understand.
to GET THROUGH TO him.
Get through I rang but couldn't GET THROUGH TO
Contact, especially by phone.
to her.
Get through If they win, they'll GET THROUGH TO
Reach a stage in a competition.
to the quarter finals.
Don't let her GET TO you; she's just in a
Get to Annoy, irritate.
bad mood.
When I GET TO it, I'll look at the matter
Get to Arrive.
carefully.
We asked him to GET TO the point, but
Get to Start discussing a topic.
he just waffled away.
Get to Have the opportunity to do something. Last June I GOT TO visit Stonehenge.
Get We GOT TOGETHER in the pub for a
Meet socially.
together drink.
I GET UP at seven o'clock on weekdays,
Get up Get out of bed.
but lie in till noon at the weekend.
They GOT UP a list of two hundred
Get up Organise. people who were opposed to the local
council's plans.
The children are always GETTING UP
Get up to Do something wrong or naughty.
TO some trouble or other.
 They GHOSTED him AWAY to a secret
Ghost away Remove someone secretly of discreetly.
location before he could be arrested.
The candidates tried to GIN UP support at
Gin up Boost, increase or exaggerate. the straw poll by transporting their
supporters for free.
They tried to GINGER UP the party to
Ginger up Make more lively.
stop people leaving.
Entrust your daughter to her husband He GAVE his daughter AWAY and told
Give away
through the marriage ceremony. the groom to look after her.
She didn't GIVE anything AWAY about
Give away Tell a secret, often unintentionally. the party so it came as a complete
surprise to me.
In this issue of the magazine, they are
Give away Distribute something for free.
giving away a free DVD.
Give without asking for or expecting He decided to GIVE his new album
Give away
payment. AWAY in a magazine.
Give an advantage to your opponent in a
They GAVE AWAY two goals in the first
Give away sport by making a mistake, playing badly,
half.
etc.
Give an unwanted baby to people to bring She had to GIVE her baby AWAY as she
Give away
up. couldn't afford to bring it up.
Give away Betray, report to authorities. The gang GAVE him AWAY to the police.
Give a weight advantage to an opponent in He is GIVING AWAY thirty pounds to
Give away
boxing. the challenger.
I GAVE the money BACK that she'd lent
Give back Return something you've borrowed.
to me.
Nothing could GIVE me BACK the way I
Give back Return something that someone has lost.
felt before the scandal.
Stop doing something because it's too hard I couldn't finish the crossword puzzle and
Give in
or requires too much energy. had to GIVE IN and look at the answers.
The projects have to be GIVEN IN three
Give in Submit homework, etc.. weeks before we break up for the end of
term.
They GAVE IN when the police
Give in Surrender, accept defeat.
surrounded the building.
They GAVE IN their complaint to the
Give in Offer or submit for judgement, approval.
court.
The government says it will not GIVE IN
Give in to Agree to something you don't like.
TO terrorists.
Eventually, I GAVE IN TO my anger and
Give in to Allow a feeling or desire to control you.
screamed at them.
Criticise harshly or punish someone for They really GAVE IT TO me for
Give it to
something. forgetting to turn up.
Give it up
Applaud. Please GIVE IT UP FOR our next guest.
for
Give it up to Applaud. Please GIVE IT UP TO our next guest.
Contribute without expecting anything in He GIVE OF his free time to help the
Give of
return, usually time or money. club.
 Emit pollution or something else The police stopped the van because it was
Give off
unpleasant. GIVING OFF a lot of black smoke.
Behave in a way that makes people think
Give off She GIVES OFF an air of nobility.
of you in a certain way.
The company is GIVING OFF all over
Give off Expand.
the country.
Follow or take one of 2 or more branches
A particular application of a processing
(instructions, in machine code) in writing
Give off code can be GIVEN OFF while requiring
a computer program (using system
minimal run-time support.
software for a programming language).
The French windows GIVE ONTO the
Give onto Open into a place, for a door or window.
lawn.
Somebody was GIVING leaflets OUT in
Give out Distribute.
front of the underground station.
I'd been having trouble with my laptop
Give out Stop working, through age or overuse.
and it finally GAVE OUT at the weekend.
The water GAVE OUT after a week in the
Give out Have no more of a supply.
desert.
They GAVE the names of the winners
Give out Make public.
OUT last night.
Give out Emit. The factory GIVES OUT a lot of fumes.
The path GIVES OUT halfway around
Give out End or finish somewhere.
the lake.
Give out Make a sound or noise. She GAVE OUT a moan.
Read the wordings of a hymn or psalm
Give out He GAVE OUT the psalm.
aloud for congregational singing.
They were making a lot of noise so I told
Give over Stop doing something bad or annoying.
them to GIVE OVER.
We've GIVEN the premises OVER to the
Give over Entrust, pass on responsibility.
new company.
The police told the rioters to GIVE
Give over Stop an activity.
OVER.
He GAVE himself OVER TO finding his
Give over to Dedicate, devote.
son.
After her death, they GAVE control of the
Give over to Transfer responsibility.
estate OVER TO her niece.
They've doubled your salary- GIVE
Give over! An expression of disbelief.
OVER!
Stop doing something that has been a I GAVE UP taking sugar in tea and coffee
Give up
habit. to lose weight.
She GAVE UP all her school friends
Give up Stop being friendly, end relationships.
when she went to university.
Give up Stop doing something. I have GIVEN UP trying to help them.
Give up Surrender, stop trying. I can't think of the answer; I GIVE UP.
Sacrifice or dedicate time, etc, to I GAVE UP all my free time to the
Give up
something. project.
 Allow someone to sit in your chair, take I GAVE UP my seat to a pregnant
Give up
your place, etc. woman.
Allow or give away a run while pitching He has GIVEN UP 14 earned runs in 14
Give up
(baseball). innings.
I GAVE UP ON them when I heard what
Lose faith in or stop believing in
Give up on they were saying about me behind my
something or someone.
back.
I have GIVEN UP ON them; they never
Give up on Stop feeling hope.
do what they promise.
He GAVE his accomplices UP TO the
Give up to Denounce, report to authorities.
police.
Give way Stop to allow vehicles to pass. You must GIVE WAY at this junction.
The dam GAVE WAY when the floods
Give way Collapse, break.
rose.
Don't GIVE WAY TO your worst fears
Give way to Yield, surrender, retreat.
about this.
Give way to Relinquish position or ascendancy. Night GIVES WAY TO day.
Be replaced by something better, cheaper, Cottage industries GAVE WAY TO the
Give way to
more modern, etc. big companies.
You must GIVE WAY TO oncoming
Give way to Allow a vehicle to pass in front.
traffic.
He GAVE WAY TO his anger and started
Give way to Surrender to strong emotions.
screaming at them.
Give The gang GAVE THEMSELVES UP last
Surrender to the police or authorities.
yourself up night.
Give
yourself up Dedicate time, energy, etc, to something. He GAVE himself UP TO his job.
to
Try to minimise the importance of The Minister tried to GLOSS OVER the
Gloss over
something. report that was critical of her department.
I know it was wrong and guilt has
Gnaw at Trouble, worry or annoy someone.
GNAWED AT me ever since I did it.
The government's dishonesty has
Gnaw at Harm gradually. GNAWED AT people's trust in
politicians.
Gnaw away Their behaviour GNAWED AWAY AT
Harm gradually.
at our trust in them.
How should I GO ABOUT telling her the
Go about Deal with something.
bad news?
A rumour is GOING ABOUT involving
Go about Circulate.
the Attorney General.
Go across Move to another side or place. He WENT ACROSS to the opposition.
The cat WENT AFTER the pigeon, but it
Go after Chase, try to get.
flew away.
If the decision GOES AGAINST me, I'll
Go against Lose a decision or a verdict of a court.
go bankrupt.
Go ahead Proceed. The construction of the bypass WENT
 AHEAD despite the protests from
environmentalists.
Go ahead We now intend to GO AHEAD WITH the
Proceed.
with final stage of the project.
I didn't really agree, but I WENT
Go along
Accept a decision or suggestion. ALONG WITH the decision because I
with
was in the minority.
Go along I plan to GO ALONG WITH them as far
Accompany.
with as Los Angeles.
A rumour is GOING AROUND about the
Go around Circulate.
Attorney General.
There aren't enough jobs to GO
Go around Be or have enough of something. AROUND for the numbers of people
graduating nowadays.
I WENT AROUND for dinner at their
Go around Visit.
house.
She WENT AT her dinner like she hadn't
Go at Attack or approach something with vigour.
eaten for days.
This drug should make the pain GO
Go away Leave a place or disappear.
AWAY.
He and I GO BACK a long way- we were
Go back Have a long history.
at school together.
We WENT BACK to work after the
Go back Return to, start doing something again.
break.
The government have GONE BACK ON
Go back on Break a promise.
their promise not to raise taxes.
We can´t ignore what has GONE
Go before Precede. BEFORE and pretend that everything has
been OK.
The captain told the passengers to GO
Go below Leave the top deck of a ship.
BELOW when the storm started.
Ten years WENT BY before we saw each
Go by The passing of time.
other again.
Don't GO BY my watch; it's usually a bit
Go by Trust or depend on for correct information.
slow.
Nobody was at home when I WENT BY
Go by Pay a short visit, call.
yesterday.
The price of scanners has GONE DOWN
Go down Decrease, get smaller.
recently.
The Titanic WENT DOWN after it hit an
Go down Sink.
iceberg on its maiden voyage.
Go down Sunset. The sun WENT DOWN at seven o'clock.
He WENT DOWN for ten years for
Go down Be sent to to prison.
armed robbery.
It WENT DOWN as the worst day in the
Go down Become recorded as or known as.
history of the company.
Go down Be eaten or swallowed. The medicine WENT DOWN easily.
 The boxer WENT DOWN in the second
Go down Fall to the ground.
round.
The police thought that a big crime was
Go down Happen, take place.
GOING DOWN that night.
The computer system WENT DOWN for
Go down Stop working, especially computers.
an hour last night.
The lights WENT DOWN and the
Go down Become dimmer.
audience stopped talking.
Be received by people, in terms of their
Go down My joke WENT DOWN very badly.
reaction.
Go down on Perform oral sex. He WENT DOWN ON her.
Chelsea WENT DOWN TO Arsenal in a
Go down to Be defeated.
thrilling game.
Go down
Fall ill. She WENT DOWN WITH a virus.
with
Go down Do you think the scheme will GO DOWN
Find acceptance.
with WITH the farmers in the area?
The neighbour's dog WENT FOR the
Go for Attack.
postman and bit him.
Go for Be attracted to. She tends to GO FOR guys like him.
I'll GO FOR the soup of the day, followed
Go for Choose, select.
by the duck.
The player WENT FOR the ball but
Go for Try to get.
missed.
The play didn't have much GOING FOR
Go for Have something favourable.
IT and we left halfway through.
Go for Pass for or serve as. It's a couch that also GOES FOR a bed.
He was not always successful, but
Be assertive and ready to initiate action.
Go for it whatever he tried to do he would always
(Related to the meaning 'attack').
GO FOR IT.
He WENT FORTH and found a wife in
Go forth Leave a place.
another city.
They WENT FORTH to spread the word
Go forth Travel abroad, leave a place.
of the new religion.
The clocks MOVE FORWARD an hour
Go forward Move clocks ahead.
on Sunday.
The top three teams GO FORWARD to
Go forward Progress.
the next round.
He WENT IN for a triple bypass
Go in Go to hospital for treatment, surgery, etc..
operation two days ago.
Go in Fit. The cable GOES IN here.
Go in Disappear, become obscured by a cloud. The sun has GONE IN.
Go in Attack. The troops WENT IN at dawn.
He WENT IN FOR the photography
Go in for Enter a competition or sit an exam.
prize, but didn't win.
I don't GO IN FOR the claims being
Go in for Support, advocate.
made about blogging.
Go in for Like, have an interest in. He GOES IN FOR classical music.
Have you thought about GOING IN FOR
Go in for Make a career choice.
teaching?
They're going to GO IN WITH the Social
Go in with Form a union or alliance.
Democrats.
Ask the other to GO IN WITH them on
Go in with Join, enter.
the plan
They refused to GO INTO exactly what
Go into Discuss in some detail.
was wrong.
She WENT INTO banking after she'd
Go into Enter a profession, hospital, trade, market.
finished university.
He WENT INTO a long attack on the
Go into Begin a speech or description.
way press had handled the issue.
A lot of time and effort WENT INTO this
Go into Be dedicated or devoted.
book.
Go into Be contained in a larger number. Five GOES INTO sixty 12 times
Shouting at the boss like that is GOING
Go it Behave in a reckless way.
IT.
After the traffic jam, he really WENT IT
Go it Move or drive very fast.
to make up time.
He prefers to GO IT ALONE rather then
Go it alone Do something without help.
working with the team.
The fire alarm WENT OFF because
Go off Explode (bomb), start ringing (alarm).
someone was smoking in the toilets.
The milk WENT OFF because I forgot to
Go off Go bad.
put it in the fridge.
Go off Start to dislike. I WENT OFF her when she lied to me.
Please don't GO OFF until we have sorted
Go off Leave a place.
this out.
Go off Take place, follow a plan or pattern. The party WENT OFF well.
Stop working (electric/electronic The lights GO OFF automatically when
Go off
equipment). the office is empty.
She WENT OFF WITH her friend's
Go off with Elope, run away with someone.
husband.
Go off with Steal. He WENT OFF WITH my credit cards.
He WENT ON and ON talking and I was
Go on Continue.
so bored.
There are loads of people out in the street;
Go on Happen.
what's GOING ON?
She WENT ON the pill when she met
Go on Start doing or taking something.
him.
The investigators have no clues to GO
Go on Be guided.
ON.
Go on Be nearly a certain period of time. It's GOING ON ten years since we met.
They asked me how the project was
Go on Progress.
GOING ON.
 Most of my salary GOES ON my
Go on Spend money.
mortgage repayments.
Start working (electric/electronic The alarm GOES ON when you close the
Go on
equipment). front door.
He's always GOING ON ABOUT his
Go on about Talk too much.
kids.
Pester, try to make someone do something He WENT ON AT his parents until they
Go on at
by repeatedly asking or suggesting. bought him the game.
We had dinner and WENT ON TO a few
Go on to Proceed.
bars.
Go on with Continue doing. Please GO ON WITH your work.
Go one A way of encouraging someone. GO ON, apply for the job.
The candle WENT OUT and left us in
Go out Stop burning, be extinguished.
darkness.
Go out Leave a place. He WENT OUT last night.
The workers WENT OUT for more
Go out Go on strike.
money.
Go out Become infashionable. That sort of tie WENT OUT last year.
Go out Move backwards, of a tide. The tide GOES OUT in the evening.
England WENT OUT in the second
Go out Be eliminated in a competition.
round.
The item WENT OUT on the news
Go out Be transmitted.
yesterday.
Go out Be sent. The newsletter WENT OUT last night.
Go out Intend. I didn't GO OUT to offend them.
She WENT OUT FOR a place on the
Go out for Become a candidate, apply for something.
team.
Our condolences GO OUT TO all the
Go out to Feel sympathy with someone. families who have lost people in this
tragic accident.
He's been GOING OUT WITH his
Go out with Have a relationship with.
girlfriend for around six months now.
We WENT OVER our notes before the
Go over Look at something, revise.
exam.
I hadn't seen her for a while, so I WENT
Go over Visit.
OVER on Friday night.
Go over Be approved or accepted. My plans WENT OVER well.
Could you GO OVER that point again,
Go over Repeat or explain.
please?
I WENT OVER the living room with the
Go over Clean.
vacuum cleaner before they arrived.
I'm GOING OVER TO Hong Kong next
Go over to Go on a journey.
month.
She WENT OVER TO Islam when she
Go over to Become converted.
was living in the Middle East.
I used to drink beer but I have GONE
Go over to Change to something different.
OVER TO wine.
 She WENT PAST me without saying
Go past Pass without stopping.
hello.
There aren't enough jobs to GO ROUND
Go round Be or have enough of something. for the numbers of people graduating
nowadays.
There's a nasty rumour GOING ROUND
Go round Circulate.
about them.
Go round Visit. I WENT ROUND last night to see them.
You wouldn't believe what I WENT
Go through Experience.
THROUGH when I was ill!
I WENT THROUGH my notes before the
Go through Read again.
exam.
I WENT THROUGH my desk looking
Go through Examine, search.
for the letter.
Do something in a certain way or You must GO THROUGH the proper
Go through
following certain procedures. channels to get the approval.
He WENT THROUGH his ideas twice
Go through Explain.
but I couldn't really understand them.
My divorce WENT THROUGH last
Go through Be approved formally or sanctioned.
week.
They said I could GO THROUGH the
Go through Enter.
exam room.
We WENT THROUGH a fortune on our
Go through Consume or spend.
holiday.
I WENT THROUGH my work in a daze
Go through Perform or carry something out.
after I heard the news.
Go through Do or complete something you've agreed He did promise, but I doubt that he'll GO
with to. THROUGH WITH it.
About half of my income GOES TO pay
Go to Allocate money.
the mortgage.
Drinking and driving don't GO
Go together Harmonize or be compatible.
TOGETHER.
The money WENT TOWARDS my
Go towards Contibute.
university fees.
Many small shops are GOING UNDER
Go under Go bankrupt. because they cannot compete with the
supermarkets.
She WENT UNDER a few minutes after
Go under Lose consciousness.
they administered the anaesthetic.
The ship WENT UNDER in a heavy
Go under Sink.
storm.
The price of petrol has GONE UP sharply
Go up Rise or climb. because of the increase in duty in the
Government's budget.
We WENT UP and asked them for some
Go up Approach.
information about the courses.
Skyscrapers are GOING UP everywhere
Go up Be built.
in the city centre.
 A huge cheer WENT UP when the
Go up Be heard.
president arrived.
The top three teams GO UP at the end of
Go up Be promoted.
the season.
She WENT UP TO him and asked him if
Go up to Approach.
he wanted a drink.
She WENT UP TO Cambridge after she
Go up to Attend a university.
finished secondary school.
The book only GOES UP TO the start of
Go up to Reach.
the Second World War.
Go with Combine nicely. Does this tie GO WITH my shirt?
Go with Accompany. A lot of benefits GO WITH the job.
We're GOING WITH our original plan in
Go with Accept, agree to.
the end.
She's been GOING WITH him since she
Go with Date, have a relationship with.
was at university.
I had to GO WITHOUT lunch today
Go without Not have.
because I didn't have any time.
They're not coming, so we'll have to GO
Go without Cope without having something.
WITHOUT their help.
Goof We spent the weekend GOOFING
Fool around, not be serious.
around AROUND.
We GOOFED OFF for the afternoon to
Goof off Avoid or leave work.
watch the match.
Goof up Mess, spoil. They GOOFED UP our plans.
Grasp at Try to take hold of something quickly. He GRASPED AT the rail when he fell.
They GRASPED AT the chance to speak
Grasp at Take an opportunity without hesitation.
to her.
He GRASSED ON us and got us into a
Grass on Report someone to a person in authority.
lot of trouble.
She didn't to GRASS them UP, even
Grass up Report someone to a person in authority.
though they'd been bullying her badly.
They GREYED OUT the print button to
Disable a function in a computer program,
Grey out stop people using it.(In American
leaving it visible but not working.
English, 'gray' would be used.)
Although I hated it, I GROUND AWAY
Grind away Keep working at something.
until I had finished.
Grind down Reduce or destroy someone's enthusiasm. Their negativity GRINDS me DOWN
Press or twist something hard into She GROUND her cigarette INTO the
Grind into
something else. ashtray.
Grind on Proceed relentlessly. The war GROUND ON for years.
He was still GRINDING ON about
Grind on Talk endlessly.
football when we left.
I find it very hard to GRIND OUT an
Grind out Produce something with great difficulty.
original essay every week.
She GROUND the beans UP and made
Grind up Reduce to small pieces.
some coffee.
 Become distant, stop having a close
We used to be good friends at school but
Grow apart relationship because time, distance,
have since GROWN APART.
interests, etc, have changed.
Grow away I have GROWN AWAY FROM many of
Become less friendly with.
from the people I grew up with.
Nails GROW BACK quickly after you
Grow back Grow again.
cut them.
Grow from Result from a process. A lot GREW FROM the peace talks.
The jacket's a bit big, but she'll GROW
Grow into Grow to fit large clothes.
INTO it.
She's has GROWN INTO a lovely
Grow into Mature or change into.
person.
Develop or change over time to fit It may seem difficult at first, but you will
Grow into
something. GROW INTO the job.
The painting has GROWN ON me; I used
Grow on Like something that you didn't like at first.
to ate it.
Have a greater influence or degree of The plans sounded strange at first, but
Grow on
acceptance. they have GROWN ON me.
A feeling of distrust of them GREW ON
Grow on Become gradually more evident.
me.
Let hair, etc, with dyes, perms grow to get
Grow out I'm letting the perm GROW OUT.
rid of the style.
He GREW OUT OF those shoes in no
Grow out of Grow too large for clothes.
time at all.
Lose interest as you grow older or become He was obsessed with computer games
Grow out of
more mature. but the he GREW OUT OF them.
The idea for the film GREW OUT OF an
Grow out of Result or develop from.
accident that happened to the director.
Grow to Eventually do something. We GREW TO like the neighbourhood.
Grow Gradually become attached, united or We GREW TOGETHER while we were
together close. working on the same project.
Grow up Mature, become adult. He GREW UP in the West Country.
Grow up Arise, emerge. The industry GREW UP very quickly.
Develop in a place or for a reason (city,
Grow up The town GREW UP as a trading post.
town, etc).
Do or have something when you are a
Grow up on We GREW UP ON cartoons.
child.
The book started slowly and was a bit
Grow upon Like something that you didn't like at first.
dull, but it has GROWN UPON me.
Have a greater influence or degree of As we got nearer the date of the meeting,
Grow upon
acceptance. their idea GREW UPON me.
A feeling of distrust of them GREW
Grow upon Become gradually more evident.
UPON me.
Gun for Try to destroy an opponent. He's GUNNING FOR his rivals at work.
Dress smartly or improve the appearance They spent a fortune GUSSYING UP the
Gussy up
of something. house.
Hack Waste time. I've been HACKING AROUND all
 morning because I can't get down to
around
doing any revision.
He HACKED INTO the government
Hack into Break into a computer system.
database and stole a lot of data.
He HACKS me OFF with his endless
Hack off Annoy.
complaining.
Hack up Chop or cut into small pieces. They HACKED the table UP and burnt it.
I HACKED UP a lot of phlegm while I
Hack up Expel by coughing.
was ill.
Perform or act in an excessive way to He HAMMED the part UP to get the
Ham up
attract attention or amuse people. audience to laugh.
Hammer She HAMMERED AWAY AT her PC all
Work relentlessly.
away at night and finished the project.
Hammer Repeat something over a period of time to
He HAMMERED the rules INTO me.
into make someone remember it.
Hammer They HAMMERED OUT their
Negotiate and reach an agreement.
out differences and got the contract signed.
The police officer checked my licence,
Hand back Return.
then HANDED it BACK.
The jewellery has been HANDED
Hand down Pass on to the next generation.
DOWN in my family for generations.
The court HANDED DOWN its ruling
Hand down Give a formal decision.
yesterday.
I HANDED my homework IN late as
Hand in Submit work for appraisal.
usual.
Hand on Give to someone else. I HANDED the job ON to a colleague.
Transmit knowledge to the next The secrets have been HANDED ON
Hand on
generation. from generation to generation.
The teacher HANDED OUT the
Hand out Distribute.
worksheet to the class.
The robbers told the clerk to HAND
Hand over Give.
OVER all the money.
They HANG ABOUT the station most of
Hang about Spend time somewhere not doing much.
the day.
Hang Stop what you're doing and pay attention HANG ABOUT! We're not allowed to do
about! to me. this.
Hang They HANG AROUND the station most
Stay in a place.
around of the day.
Not move forwards to avoid doing When they raced towards the entrance, I
Hang back
something. HUNG BACK till it was less crowded.
Hang back They were HANGING BACK FROM
Delay or avoid doing something.
from making the final decision.
Hang in Were were doing badly, but we HUNG IN
Persevere, not give up.
there THERE till we finished.
I’m getting too old for this- I’m going to
Hang it up Retire, quit.
HANG IT UP starting next month.
Hang on Wait. Could you HANG ON for a moment till
 she's free.
The driver told the passengers to HANG
Hang on Hold tightly.
ON as the bus pulled off.
I HUNG ONTO my old records even
Hang onto Keep.
though I never played them.
He HANGS OUT in the pub The
Hang out Spend time socially.
Monarch; he's there most nights.
Hang out Wait or refuse to do something until you
She's HANGING OUT FOR a big raise.
for get what you want.
I have a lot of financial problem
Hang over Worry or trouble.
HANGING OVER my head.
Hang We have to HANG TOGETHER if we're
Work together when things are difficult.
together going to finish this project.
Hang up End a phone call. I lost my temper and HUNG UP.
A telesales person called, so I said
Hang up on End a phone call with someone.
something rude and HUNG UP ON them.
He has been HANGING WITH them for
Hang with Spend time with.
a few months.
I'm supposed to be on a diet and I can't
Hanker Want something a lot, especially if you
stop HANKERING AFTER some
after shouldn't want it or can't have it.
chocolate.
Want something a lot, especially if you I have always HANKERED FOR a soft-
Hanker for
shouldn't want it or can't have it. top car.
I was late twice last week and my boss
Harp on Talk repeatedly about something.
keeps HARPING ON about it.
Be jealous, abuse or have an active hatred She HATES ON people who disagree
Hate on
of someone. with her ideas.
Have Dislike, disagree or hold a grudge I HAVE nothing AGAINST their
against (Usually negative). proposals.
Have I HAD the neighbours AROUND for
Entertain someone in your home.
around dinner last night.
Have down Think of someone or something in a I HAD her DOWN AS a liberal, but I was
as particular way. very wrong.
Have a supply of something in a particular
Have in Do we HAVE any beer IN?
place.
Have in Get someone to do some work. We HAD the decorators IN last week.
Have in Entertain people in your home. We HAD them IN last night for dinner.
Have it Have sex with someone, especially casual
She HAD IT AWAY with him last Friday.
away sex.
Have it in He has HAD IT IN FOR me since I beat
Hold a grudge.
for him last year.
Have it off Have sex. They HAD IT OFF after the party.
Have it out Discuss or argue an issue to improve a I'd been worried for ages, so I decided to
with situation. HAVE IT OUT WITH them.
I HAD a couple of days OFF last week to
Have off Take time off work.
relax.
Have on Be wearing. What did Jennie HAVE ON at the party?
Have on Have an electronic device switched on. I HAVE my computer ON all the time.
Have on Have an arrangement. I HAVE a lot of meetings ON next week.
They said they'd failed, but they were
Have on Tease, deceive.
HAVING me ON.
I HAVEN'T any money ON me, but I can
Have on Be in possession at a particular time.
get some from the ATM.
Know something about someone that I HAVE a lot ON him because we used to
Have on
could harm them. work together.
Have over Receive a guest. Shall we HAVE them OVER for dinner?
Have round Entertain someone in your home. I HAD a few friends ROUND yesterday.
Have up Make someone appear in court. They HAD him UP for armed robbery.
It's getting late- I'm HEADING FOR
Head for Move or travel towards.
home.
Stop someone or force them to change The sheriff and his men HEADED the
Head off
direction. bandits OFF at the pass.
The company made a better offer to
Head off Prevent something bad happening.
HEAD OFF the moves for a strike.
After work, we all HEADED OFF to the
Head off Leave somewhere to go to another place.
pub.
We're HEADING OUT at seven, so don't
Head out Go out.
be late.
He's HEADING UP the steering
Head up Be in charge.
committee.
Have you HEARD ABOUT the company
Hear about Get to know some information.
takeover?
Receive a phone call, email, letter or other I haven't HEARD FROM them since we
Hear from
communication from someone. left university.
Know of something or someone's I've HEARD OF the band, but don't know
Hear of
existence. their music.
Receive news, updates or information I have HEARD nothing OF them since
Hear of
about someone. they moved house.
In the negative, this can mean that
I said it would be a positive step, but she
Hear of someone refuse to accept, allow or
wouldn't HEAR OF it.
acknowledge something.
I HEARD them OUT before I
Hear out Listen to everything someone has to say.
commented.
He HEATED the soup UP in the
Heat up Make food hot.
microwave.
She really HELPED me OUT when I was
Help out Give assistance.
going through my divorce.
Put something in a place where it won't be They HID the money AWAY in secret
Hide away
found. bank accounts.
Go or stay somewhere where you won't be I'm renting a cottage where I can HIDE
Hide away
found or away from people. AWAY for the summer.
Go or stay somewhere to avoid being The police think he's HIDING OUT in
Hide out
caught or found. the woods.
Hinge on Depend very much or completely. Everything HINGES ON the results of
 the negotiations; if they go badly, we'll be
in real trouble.
Be an essential point for the development The film HINGES ON his not being
Hinge on
of a story. recognised when he's in disguise.
Everything HINGES UPON the results of
Hinge upon Depend very much or completely. the negotiations; if they go badly, we'll be
in real trouble.
The president HIT BACK at her critics in
Hit back Attack or criticise.
a speech last night.
They HIT the sponsors FOR a lot of
Hit for Get someone to pay or donate money.
money.
Have a good relationship from the first We HIT IT OFF immediately and became
Hit it off
time you meet a person. firm friends.
Hit it off Like someone from the first time you meet
I HIT IT OFF WITH her immediately.
with them.
Hit on Have an idea. I suddenly HIT ON the solution
Talk to someone to try to attract them She HIT ON him at the party and they
Hit on
sexually. went back to her house.
A beggar HIT ON me when I left the
Hit on Ask for money.
restaurant.
The government HIT OUT AT the media
Hit out at Respond angrily to criticism.
for their negativity.
Hit up Inject drugs. She's been HITTING UP for years.
He always tries to HIT me UP for money
Hit up Ask someone for some money.
when we meet.
He's been HITTING UP ON heroin for
Hit up on Inject drugs.
years.
Hit upon Have an idea. It took us ages to HIT UPON a solution.
Hit upon Try to attract someone sexually. He tried to HIT UPON her at the pub.
Surprise someone with some information He HIT me WITH the details of their
Hit with
or news. demands.
Separate part of a company or service,
Hive off They HIVED OFF the retail operations.
often by selling it.
Hold Have a grudge against someone, or little He was very rude, but I won't HOLD it
against respect. AGAINST him.
It was really hard to HOLD BACK the
Hold back Not show emotion.
tears.
Prevent something moving forwards or Lack of funding HELD the project
Hold back
progressing. BACK.
The government HELD BACK the
Not disclose information or make it
Hold back findings of the report for fear of
public.
alienating voters.
Hold back I had to HOLD BACK FROM losing my
Not allow yourself to do something.
from temper with them.
He's so unreliable that he can never
Hold down Keep a job. HOLD DOWN a job for more than a
couple of months.
 It took four of us to HOLD him DOWN
Hold down Stop someone or something from moving.
and stop the fight.
State your opinions about something,
The manager HELD FORTH on the topic
Hold forth especially when talking for a long time
for about twenty minutes.
and boringly.
The rain HELD OFF until we'd got back
Hold off When bad weather doesn't appear.
home.
Stop someone from attacking or beating Chelsea couldn't HOLD their opponents
Hold off
you. OFF and lost the game.
Could you HOLD ON for a minute; she'll
Hold on Wait.
be free in a moment.
Hold on To hold tightly. We HELD ON as the bus started to move.
I HELD ON TO my luggage while I was
Hold on to Hold tightly. waiting fr the taxi so that it didn't get
stolen.
It tried to HOLD ONTO my cash during
Hold onto Keep as long as possible. the holiday so I could buy some duty free
stuff on the way back.
The mother HELD ONTO her daughter's
Hold onto Hold tightly.
hand to keep together in the crowd.
When the enemy attacked, they HELD
Hold out Resist.
OUT for six weeks.
I HELD OUT my hand when she walked
Hold out Hold in front of you.
in.
Hold out The staff are HOLDING OUT AGAINST
Try to reject.
against the plans to reduce the workforce.
Wait for something better or refuse
We are HOLDING OUT FOR a much
Hold out for something now for something better in the
better deal than the one offered.
future.
Not pay someone or give them He's been HOLDING OUT ON me for
Hold out on
information. weeks and I really need the money.
The meeting has been HELD OVER till
Hold over Delay.
Friday.
To continue something for longer than It has been so successful that they have
Hold over
planned. HELD it OVER for another fortnight.
Hold The society managed to HOLD
Not break up.
together TOGETHER despite the crisis.
I was HELD UP by the terrible traffic and
Hold up Delay when travelling. arrived half an hour late for my
appointment.
Two armed men HELD UP the bank in
Hold up Rob with violence or threats thereof. High Street this morning and got away
with £75,000.
Hold with Accept (usually negative). I don't HOLD WITH their plans.
Hide to avoid detection or an unpleasant They HOLED UP in a remote cottage
Hole up
situation. while the police were searching for them.
The government is HOMING IN ON
Home in on Target.
benefit fraud.
 The company HONED IN ON its rival
and tried to take it over.(Some consider
Hone in on Target, focus.
this verb to be wrong and that is confused
with 'home in on.)
Persuade someone to do something they She HOOKED them INTO coming after
Hook into
don't want to do. all.
Hook up Meet someone. We HOOKED UP at the conference.
He's HOOKED UP TO a ventilator in the
Hook up to Connect to a machine.
hospital.
Hoon Act in a dangerous or reckless way, He was HOONING AROUND in his new
around especially when driving fast. car last night and the police pulled him.
The class were HORSING AROUND
Horse
Not be serious. when the teacher came in and told them
around
to sit down.
Use a hose to wet, clean or wash
Hose down They HOSED the patio DOWN.
something.
Invest heavily in or throw a lot of money They have HOSED DOWN an obscure
Hose down
at something. start-up up with capital.
Force someone out of a place, job, The press HOUNDED the minister OUT
Hound out
position, etc.. after the scandal broke.
Hover She was HOVERING AROUND to see
Move about a place.
around what we were talking about.
Hunker Settle in a place as comfortably as possible The troops HUNKERED DOWN in the
down to stay there. building.
Hunt down Search for someone to punish or kill them. The police HUNTED the killer DOWN.
It took me ages to HUNT OUT the
Hunt out Search until you find something.
photos.
He HUNTED UP a copy the book in the
Hunt up Search for and manage to find something.
British library.
The company tried to HUSH UP the
Try to keep something bad from becoming
Hush up scandal, but it still got into the
widely known.
newspapers.
The management team IRONED OUT
Iron out Remove small problems or irregularities. the tax problems before they gave the
project the OK.
New initiatives ISSUE FORTH from the
Issue forth Come out of a place.
government on a daily basis.
Jabber They started JABBERING AWAY about
Talk fast or incomprehensibly.
away file systems and lost me completely.
Jack Make trouble for someone, fail to keep Don't listen to him- he always JACKS
around promises. people AROUND.
I JACKED my job IN because my boss
Jack in Quit, give up.
refused to give me a raise.
Raise a car to be able to do mechanical We JACKED the car UP and changed the
Jack up
work. tyre.
They have JACKED UP the price of oil
Jack up Increase sharply.
this month.
 Jack JAMMED ON the brakes when the
Jam on Apply or operate something forcefully.
rabbit ran in front of his car.
That shows that your interest is not in
Talk just for the point of talking rather
Jaw away helping the student, but in JAWING
than having anything to say.
AWAY.
Make something more interesting or The show was getting stale so they
Jazz up
attractive. JAZZED it UP with some new scenes.
Cause someone trouble, treat someone He was JERKING us AROUND and
Jerk around
badly. wouldn't give us the facts.
They were JERKING AROUND during
Jerk around Behave stupidly.
the lecture.
You should get your work done and stop
Jerk off Waste time doing unimportant things.
JERKING OFF.
Joke
Be funny, or try to. He's always JOKING AROUND in class.
around
I JOTTED DOWN her number on a scrap
Jot down Make a quick note.
of paper and I can't find it now.
Make something more exciting or perform I need to buy some memory to JUICE my
Juice up
better. computer UP.
I'd JUMP AT the chance to go and live in
Jump at Accept eagerly.
Japan.
He JUMPED IN and told them exactly
Jump in Enter a conversation.
what he thought.
Jump off Start quickly, often well. The IPO JUMPED OFF on the first day.
Everyone JUMPED ON me when I raised
Jump on Criticize, attack.
the issue.
The boat KEELED OVER in the storm
Keel over Turn upside down.
and the crew drowned.
He was going to confront his boss, but
Keel over Surrender, give in. KEELED OVER and didn't mention the
matter.
The drunk KEELED OVER when trying
Keel over Fall to the ground.
to leave the pub.
Keep I KEEP a dictionary AROUND when I'm
Keep something near you.
around doing my homework.
She found the course hard but she KEPT
Keep at Continue with something difficult.
AT it and completed it successfully.
Medicines should always be KEPT
Keep away Don't allow someone near something.
AWAY from children.
The police told the crowd to KEEP
Keep back Maintain a safe distance.
BACK from the fire.
The food was so horrible that I struggled
Keep down Not vomit.
to KEEP it DOWN.
Keep from Control yourself, refrain. I couldn't KEEP FROM arguing with her.
The teacher KEPT the students IN after
Keep in Not allow someone out.
school because they had misbehaved.
Keep off Not talk about. She KEPT OFF the subject of her
 divorce.
Keep off Not tread on something. KEEP OFF the grass in the park, please.
He KEPT ON trying and succeeded in the
Keep on Continue.
end.
The police KEPT the demonstrators OUT
Keep out Not allow someone to enter.
of the building.
Keep to Stay within limits. Please KEEP TO the path.
My neighbours KEPT me UP till after 4
Keep up Not let someone go to bed.
am with their loud music last night.
First I phoned you and left a message that
you should phone me; then you phoned
and I was out, so you left a message;
Keep up Maintain a continuous action, persist.
then...! How long can we KEEP this UP
without ever speaking to each other
directly?
Learning a language is difficult, but if
Keep up at Continue, not quit. you KEEP UP AT it, you'll succeed in the
end.
Keep up He walks too fast and it's really hard to
Move at the same rate.
with KEEP UP WITH him.
It's hard to KEEP UP WITH all the latest
Keep up
Stay up to date. improvements and breakthroughs in
with
technology nowadays.
Key down Relax, unwind. I need to KEY DOWN before I go to bed.
Enter numbers or information into a It took me ages to KEY IN all the
Key in
computer or electronic system. information into the database.
They KEYED IN ON the person they
Key in on Focus attention on, single out.
believed had done it.
We will KEY ON the opposing team's
Key on Target, focus on (sport).
lack of skills on defense.
Plan things to fit or suit people or Promotions are KEYED TO people's
Key to
situations. abilities.
Key up Make someone excited or nervous. The noise got us KEYED UP.
We KICKED the idea ABOUT at the
Kick about Discuss.
meeting.
Kick
Discuss. We KICKED the idea AROUND.
around
Kick I used to KICK AROUND WITH them,
Spend time with.
around with but haven't seen them for a while.
I had to KICK ten percent BACK to the
Kick back Pay someone illegally as part of the price.
government official to get the contract.
They KICKED BACK when we
Kick back Resist.
suggested downsizing.
Rather than go out tonight, we plan to
Kick back Relax.
KICK BACK and watch television.
Kick down Break something with your feet. The police KICKED the door DOWN.
Kick in When a drug starts to take effect. Her hayfever didn't feel half as bad once
 the antihistamines had KICKED IN.
Kick in Break something with your feet. They KICKED his head IN.
I’ll KICK IN for some of the beer if you
Kick in Contribute money.
will buy the pizza.
The budget cuts are starting to KICK IN
Kick in Start having an effect.
and people are struggling.
Kick off Start a game of football. The match KICKS OFF at three o'clock.
He KICKED OFF last month when he
Kick off Die.
had a massive heart attack.
The fight KICKED OFF when he insulted
Kick off When trouble starts.
the guy's girlfriend.
He started KICKING OFF big time when
Kick off Argue, protest and refuse to co-operate.
the police tried to arrest him.
The family KICKED the au pair OUT
when they found out that she was
Kick out Expel.
planning to move to work for another
household.
Kick up Cause trouble or pain. My back KICKS UP when it gets cold.
There used to be a lot of wolves around
Reduce or exterminate a population by
Kill off here, but most of them have been
hunting, pollution, development, etc..
KILLED OFF.
Sleep away from your home, often without It's too late to get the train, so can I KIP
Kip down
planning to. DOWN here tonight?
Kip down There were so many of us that we had to
Sleep on something other than a bed.
on KIP DOWN ON the floor.
He was bugging us, so we told him to
Kiss off Used to tell someone to go away.
KISS OFF.
Consider something to be unimportant or
Kiss off He KISSED the criticism OFF.
inferior.
He's a creep and is always KISSING UP
Kiss up to Try to get into someone's favour.
TO the director.
Knock He KNOCKED his brother ABOUT after
Beat someone.
about they argued.
Knock We KNOCKED the idea AROUND a bit,
Discuss casually.
around but decided not to bother.
Your holiday must have KNOCKED you
Knock back Cost someone a lot of money.
BACK a bit.
Finish a drink quickly, drink a lot of The pub was closing so we KNOCKED
Knock back
alcohol. our drinks BACK and left.
It really KNOCKED me BACK when I
Knock back Shock.
heard they had been killed.
Knock They KNOCKED DOWN the old church
Demolish.
down and built a block of flats in its place.
Knock The car KNOCKED her DOWN and she
Hit and injure someone.
down broke her arm.
Knock it The were making too much noise, so I
Stop doing something annoying.
off! told them to KNOCK IT OFF.
 We KNOCKED OFF early on Friday to
Knock off Finish work for the day.
avoid the rush hour queues.
They KNOCKED ten pounds OFF when
Knock off Reduce the price of something.
I asked for a discount.
The new road KNOCKS an hour OFF the
Knock off Reduce the time required to do something.
journey.
Knock off Steal. He KNOCKED it OFF and sold it.
Knock off Produce or create something quickly. I KNOCKED the essay OFF in an hour.
The reigning middleweight champion
Knock out Hit and make somebody unconscious. KNOCKED OUT the challenger in the
fourth round of the fight.
They're KNOCKING hundreds OUT a
Knock out Sell, distribute.
day in the sales.
Knock They KNOCKED TOGETHER two
Join houses that had been separate.
together outbuilding and turned them into a home.
She got KNOCKED UP when she was on
Knock up Become or get someone pregnant..
holiday.
The teams KNOCKED UP for a few
Knock up Play a bit before a match to get ready.
minutes before the final.
They KNOCKED a model UP over the
Knock up Produce or create something quickly.
weekend.
I've got my exams next week and I
Knuckle
Make a great effort. haven't done much work, so I'd better
down
KNUCKLE DOWN.
The teacher made the students
Knuckle
Submit to authority. KNUCKLE UNDER and hand their
under
projects in on time.
He LANDED ME IN it when he told
Land in Get someone into trouble.
them what I had done wrong.
Arrive, end a journey in a place, often We set out for Manchester, but LANDED
Land up in
without planning. UP IN Liverpool.
He LANDED ME WITH the job of
Land with Create a problem for someone.
proofreading the whole thing.
Lap up Appreciate something. He LAPPED UP their praise.
Large it up Have a good time when intoxicated. They were LARGING IT UP in the rave.
The children made me angry because they
Lark about Behave in a silly way.
were LARKING ABOUT.
Lark The students wouldn't stop LARKING
Behave in a silly way.
around AROUND.
After they won, they went to a bar to L
Lark it up Enjoy yourself noisily and exuberantly.
ARK IT UP.
The rain was LASHING DOWN all day
Lash down Fall heavily (rain).
and the roads were flooded.
We LASHED the tarpaulin DOWN to
Lash down Secure something with ropes or cords.
stop the wind blowing it away.
He LASHED INTO them for messing
Lash into Criticise someone strongly.
thins up.
 He LASHED OUT and broke the man's
Lash out Suddenly become violent.
nose.
He LASHES OUT when things don't go
Lash out React angrily.
his way.
Lash out Spend a lot of money on luxuries. I LASHED OUT in the sales last week.
Lash out The press has LASHED OUT AGAINST
Criticise something strongly.
against the policy.
Hit someone suddenly, usually without He LASHED OUT AT me when I
Lash out at
warning, or try to hit them. laughed at him.
She LASHED OUT AT her colleagues
Lash out at Criticise someone or shout at them.
when she was sacked.
Lash out on Spend a lot of money buying something. I LASHED OUT a lot ON a new car.
They were lying, but it took her ages to
Latch on Understand, often after a long time.
LATCH ON.
Understand something, often after a long The police didn't LATCH ON TO what
Latch on to
time. the crooks were doing for years.
Latch onto Connect to something. The gecko LATCHED ONTO the ceiling.
Decide or realise that something is good or Oil companies have LATCHED ONTO
Latch onto
profitable. environmental ideas.
Pretend something (an injury, news, etc.) He LAUGHED OFF the sprained finger
Laugh off
isn’t important. but it obviously affected his golf game.
The rules of the sport were LAID DOWN
Lay down Establish rules or procedures.
early in the nineteenth century.
He got LAID DOWN in a turf war about
Lay down Kill, murder.
supplying drugs.
His partner LAID INTO him when he
Lay into Criticise angrily.
arrived two hours late..
The hotel LAID OFF twenty staff
Lay off Make an employee redundant.
because tourist numbers were down.
They LAID ON a buffet lunch at the
Lay on Organise, supply.
conference.
They LAID OUT thousands of pounds on
Lay out Spend money.
their wedding reception.
She LED HIM ON about her desire to get
Lead on Falsely or cruelly raise hopes.
married.
The investigation LED TO the arrest of a
Lead to Result in.
number of suspects.
The company's plans to close the factory
Leak out Become public knowledge. LEAKED OUT and they were very
embarrassed.
The government has denied LEANING
Put pressure on someone to get them to do
Lean on ON the Attorney General to get his
what you want.
approval of the war.
Leap at Take an opportunity enthusiastically. He LEAPED AT the chance to visit.
Show interest in or try to use something to They have LEAPT ON the bandwagon to
Leap on
your advantage. increase sales.
Leap out at Be very noticeable. Her face LEAPT OUT AT me the second
 I saw the photo.
They have LEAPT UPON a couple of
Show interest in or try to use something to
Leap upon errors in the document and want to
your advantage.
invalidate the agreement.
LEAVE the TV ON; I want to hear the
Leave on Not turn off.
football results.
He was LEFT OUT of the side because
Leave out Not include.
he hasn't been playing too well lately.
She failed to turn up and I felt badly LET
Let down Disappoint, fail to keep an arrangement.
DOWN.
He's grown so much, we'll have to LET
Let down Make clothes longer.
his trousers DOWN.
The doorstaff didn't LET him IN the
Let in Allow someone to enter.
nightclub because he was wearing jeans.
The judge LET him OFF with a fine
Let off Not punish. rather than a prison sentence since it was
his first offence.
I didn't mean to LET ON about the party;
Let on Tell a secret.
I just said it without thinking.
The convict was LET OUT of prison after
Let out Allow to leave or go out. serving five years of an eight-year
sentence.
He LET OUT a huge sigh of relief when
Let out Make a sound.
he heard the results.
I've put on so much weight that I'm going
Let out Make clothes bigger.
to have to LET my suits OUT.
The pilot LEVELED OFF at 5,000
Level off Stabilize the altitude of an airplane.
meters.
The pilot LEVELED OUT at 5,000
Level out Stabilize the altitude of an airplane.
meters.
Most days he would usually just LIE
Lie around Act in a lazy or unproductive way.
AROUND the house.
I'm going to LIE DOWN for a few
Lie down Rest.
minutes before we have to go out.
The decision about the contract LIES
Lie with Have the right to make a decision.
WITH the courts.
Lift off Leave the ground- rocket or spaceship. 5-4-3-2-1- we have LIFT-OFF!
When Zeke found out they were coming
Light out Leave suddenly.
for him he LIT OUT for the border.
Asif LIT UP as soon as he got out of the
Light up Light or start smoking a cigarette.
building.
They LIGHT UP the streets at Christmas
Light up Illuminate.
time.
I told them to LIGHTEN UP but they
Lighten up Be less serious.
continued complaining about it.
Do some exercises to warm up before The team LIMBERED UP for a few
Limber up
playing a sport or other physical activity. minutes before the game started.
Limber up Prepare for something that will require a They are LIMBERING UP FOR the end
for great effort. of the financial year.
The police got them to LINE UP against
Line up Arrange in a line.
the wall.
He LINED the bottles UP against the
Line up Arrange something in a line.
wall.
We have LINED UP a lot of meetings for
Line up Arrange events for someone.
them.
Link up Connect, join. The train LINKS UP the cities.
Link up We LINKED UP WITH the firm over the
Connect with someone or contact them.
with web.
Listen out They put their coats on and LISTENED
Listen for a particular noise or sound.
for OUT FOR the minicab.
LISTEN UP, men! Here are your new
Listen up Pay attention (often used as a command).
assignments.
Follow a belief system to guide your
Live by He tries hard to LIVE BY the Bible.
behaviour.
If I fail the test and everyone else passes,
Live down Stop being embarrassed about something.
I'll never be able to LIVE it DOWN.
Live for Believe something is extremely important. He LIVES FOR football.
Live in the place where you work or The university has a residential halls
Live in
study.. where students can LIVE IN.
Have a good time by spending a lot of She's been LIVING IT UP like crazy
Live it up
money. since she won the lottery.
They find it hard to LIVE OFF the money
Live off Use money earned.
they make.
He’s 40 and he still LIVES OFF his
Live off Be financially supported.
parents.
Live on Use money for basic necessities. They have to LIVE ON $200 a week.
He's been dead for many years, but his
Live on Not be forgotten.
name LIVES ON.
She LIVED OUT her final years in a
Live out Stay somewhere until you die.
nursing home.
Many parents try to LIVE OUT their
Live out Fulfill an ambition or fantasy.
dreams through their children.
In my final year at university I LIVED
Not live at the place where you study or
Live out OUT with some friends in a flat we
work.
rented.
Live It was hard to LIVE THROUGH the
Experience different times.
through recession, but we managed it.
Live Have a relationship and live in the same We LIVED TOGETHER for a few years
together place without marrying. before we got married.
The concert didn't LIVE UP TO my
Live up to Meet expectations or standards.
expectations.
It's hard to LIVE WITH the pain of a
Live with Accept something unpleasant.
serious illness.
Live with Have a relationship and live in the same I LIVED WITH her for a couple of years
 place without marrying. before the relationship went sour.
I was LOADED DOWN with all the stuff
Load down Burden.
I had to take there.
Load up Take illegal drugs. He's been LOADING UP for years.
We LOADED the car UP and left for our
Load up Fill a machine or vehicle.
holiday.
Consume a lot of something for a The athletes LOADED UP ON
Load up on
particular purpose. carbohydrates before the race.
Lock away Lock in a safe place. He LOCKED the gun AWAY in a drawer.
Put someone in prison or a mental hospital They LOCKED him AWAY for life after
Lock away
for a very long time. the murders.
If you lock down your computer properly,
Lock down Make very secure.
it is very difficult for people to access it.
They LOCKED him IN the room until he
Lock in Lock a place to stop someone leaving.
had calmed down.
Commit someone in such a way that they They are LOCKED IN now that they
Lock in
cannot leave. have paid their subscription.
The missile LOCKED ONTO the plane
Lock onto Find a target and head for it.
and blew it out of the sky.
The management LOCKED the staff
Close a workplace to stop workers
Lock out OUT because they had turned down the
entering.
pay offer.
Lock out Lock a place to stop someone getting in. I lost my key and LOCKED myself OUT.
She LOCKED UP after everyone had left
Lock up Close all doors, windows, etc..
and went home.
Lock up Lock something in a safe place. I LOCKED my money UP in the safe.
Lock up Put in prison or a mental hospital. They LOCKED him UP for burglary.
Lock
Go somewhere away from people to study I LOCK MYSELF AWAY for a few
yourself
or work. weeks before exams.
away
Enter a restricted area on a computer I had forgotten my password and couldn't
Log in
system. LOG IN.
Enter a restricted area of a computer I LOGGED INTO the staff intranet to
Log into
system. check my email.
When she'd finished working on the
Log off Exit a computer system. spreadsheet, she LOGGED OFF and left
the office.
He entered his password for the college
Log on Enter a computer system.
intranet and LOGGED ON.
Danny closed the programs and
Log out Exit a computer system. LOGGED OUT when it was time to go
home.
Their auntie LOOKED AFTER them
Look after Take care.
while their mother was in hospital.
Old people often LOOK BACK on over
Look back Think about the past.
their lives.
Look down Have a low opinion of. He LOOKS DOWN ON his colleagues
 because he thinks he's better than they
on
are.
I've been LOOKING FOR all their
Look for Try to find. hidden files, but I can't find them
anywhere.
Look I'm LOOKING FORWARD TO meeting
Wait for or anticipate something pleasant.
forward to you.
Look in Make a quick visit. I'll LOOK IN on my way home.
I'm going to LOOK IN ON grannie on the
Look in on Visit briefly to see if everything's all right. way home tonight as she's been a bit
unwell recently.
We'll LOOK INTO the problem and come
Look into Research, investigate. back to you when we have the
information.
Watch something like a crime without The crowd just LOOKED ON as the old
Look on
helping. lady was mugged.
Look on as Consider, regard. I LOOK ON her AS a close friend.
Look out Be careful. LOOK OUT; you're going to drop that!
Look out Take care of someone, make sure someone She LOOKED OUT FOR her sister when
for is cared for. she started school.
Look out We we told to LOOK OUT FOR any
Keep alert and try to see.
for suspicious behaviour.
They came to LOOK the house OVER
Look over Inspect.
with a view to buying it.
We LOOKED ROUND the house and
Look round Inspect a house. decided that we didn't like it enough to
buy it.
Look
Read quickly. I LOOKED THROUGH the article.
through
The company is LOOKING TO increase
Look to Expect, hope.
its sales in Asia.
Consult a reference work (dictionary,
I didn't know the correct spelling so I had
Look up phonebook, etc.) for a specific piece of
to LOOK it UP in the dictionary.
information..
Look up Improve. The economy is LOOKING UP.
I LOOKED him UP when I went back to
Look up Find, trace an old friend.
Cambridge.
Look up to Respect. She's LOOKS UP TO her mother.
Look upon
Consider, regard. I LOOK UPON him AS a close friend.
as
He was very shy at first but has
Loosen up Become more relaxed or comfortable. LOOSENED UP and is more talkative
now.
She loves to LORD IT OVER her
Lord it over Behave in a superior manner.
employees.
Many people LOST OUT when the new
Lose out Be at a disadvantage.
regulations were enforced.
 Because I left the company, I LOST OUT
Lose out on Not gain or have something advantageous.
ON my bonus.
People without IT skills often LOSE
Lose out to Be less successful.
OUT TO those with the skills.
Luck into Get something by chance. We LUCKED INTO getting the answer.
I really LUCKED OUT when I met my
Luck out Be very lucky.
partner.
He secretly LUSTS AFTER his friend’s
Lust after Be attracted sexually.
wife.
Lust after Want something very much. He LUSTS AFTER a Rolex.
He MAGICKED the bill AWAY and paid
Magic away Make something disappear quickly. for us all before I could get my wallet
out.
Make after Chase. The police MADE AFTER the stolen car.
Make away The thieves MADE AWAY WITH the
Steal.
with painting.
Make do Accept something less satisfactory There's no coffee, so we'll have to MAKE
with because there's no alternative. DO WITH tea.
We MADE FOR home when it started
Make for Head in a certain direction.
raining.
The low quality of the service MADE
Make for Produce a result or situation.
FOR a lot of dissatisfaction.
Many churches have been MADE INTO
Make into Change something into something else.
flats in recent years.
I thought you weren't coming, so I was
Make it Arrive or get a result.
really pleased you MADE IT.
Make it up Try to compensate for doing something He tried to MAKE IT UP TO her, but she
to wrong. wouldn't speak to him.
Make of Understand or have an opinion. What do you MAKE OF your new boss?
They MADE OFF when they heard the
Make off Leave somewhere in a hurry.
police siren.
Make off Thieves MADE OFF WITH over a
Steal.
with million dollars in the robbery.
Please MAKE the cheque OUT to RGM
Make out Make a cheque payable to somebody.
Productions Ltd.
He MADE OUT that he was ill so that he
Make out Pretend.
didn't have to go to school.
How are your children MAKING OUT at
Make out Progress.
the new school?
They were MAKING OUT at the party
Make out Kiss and pet.
last night.
I can just MAKE OUT the outline of a
Make out Discern a small detail.
flying saucer in this photo.
Make out Be able to see or hear something. Can you MAKE OUT what she's saying?
Understand someone's nature or
Make out He's strange; I can't MAKE him OUT.
personality.
 The beauty salon gave her a
Make over Change appearance.
MAKEOVER before the party.
Give money or possessions to someone in She MADE OVER her property to her
Make over
a legal way. children.
Make
Head in the direction. We MADE TOWARDS the centre.
towards
They are always arguing, but they MAKE
Make up Stop being angry with someone.
UP again very quickly.
She went to the bathroom to MAKE her
Make up Put on cosmetics.
face UP.
Make up Invent a story. They MADE UP an excuse for being late.
I sent her a present to try to MAKE UP
Make up for Compensate.
FOR my appalling behaviour.
The charity collected £24,517.57, and the
Make up to Increase a sum received to a higher figure. anonymous donor MADE the total UP
TO £25,000'
Make with Give (usually used as an imperative). MAKE WITH the money you owe me.
He MANNED DOWN and didn't come
Man down Behave without courage or conviction.
with us.
She told her anonymous critics to MAN
Man up Behave with courage or conviction.
UP and speak publicly.
Students who gave obviously rehearsed
Give a student a lower grade for a answers were MARKED DOWN, while
Mark down
particular reason. those who spoke naturally were rewarded
accordingly.
I'll buy a lot more if you MARK them
Mark down Reduce the price of something.
DOWN a bit.
Mark down Consider someone or something to be of a I MARKED them DOWN AS
as certain group, type, etc.. conservatives, but they're very liberal.
Tick, cross out or otherwise mark
I MARKED OFF the items on the list as I
Mark off something to show that it has been dealt
finished them.
with.
Mark out Draw lines to enclose an area. They MARKED OUT the pitch.
Mark out His dedication MARKED him OUT FOR
Show promise for the future.
for great things.
Mark out Her speed MARKS her OUT FROM the
Stand out because of certain qualities.
from rest of the group.
They MARK the goods UP by 25%
Mark up Increase the price of something.
before they sell them.
Marry someone of the same ethnicity, Many religions encourage their followers
Marry in
religion, etc. to MARRY IN.
Marry someone of a different ethnicity, Her parents disowned her and refused to
Marry out
religion, etc. speak to her when she MARRIED OUT.
He MASHED UP some bananas for the
Mash up Crush something until it becomes a paste.
dessert.
Mix sources of audio, video or other She MASHED UP the songs into a single
Mash up
computer sources.. track.
 He MASHED UP my MP3 player and
Mash up Break or damage.
lost my files.
Max out Take something to the limit, reach a limit. She MAXED OUT her credit cards.
The work doesn't look good if you
Measure
Evaluate or judge by comparison. MEASURE it AGAINST what our
against
competitors have done.
Measure something and mark the point The tailor MEASURED OFF the material
Measure off
where it ends or will be cut. for my suit.
Measure off Mark a length on something to cut it. He MEASURED OFF a metre of the silk.
Measure He MEASURED OUT the flour for the
Measure or weigh the amount needed.
out bread.
Measure She MEASURED OUT a hundred
Weigh or measure an exact amount.
out grammes of the powder.
The estate agent MEASURED UP all the
Measure up Find the size of something.
rooms.
She didn't MEASURE UP in her
Be good enough, meet the required
Measure up probationary period, so we didn't extend
standard.
her contract.
They made her a director, but she didn't
Measure up Be good enough.
MEASURE UP.
Measure up Find out the size of something. They MEASURED UP the room.
Measure up I hope to MEASURE UP TO the
Be good enough or worthy of something.
to confidence you have in me.
They MET WITH some problems they
Meet with Have something happen to you.
hadn't anticipated.
Heat something solid, especially metal, They MELTED the gold statue DOWN
Melt down
until it becomes liquid. and turned it into gold bars.
Not be serious, not use something The children were MESSING ABOUT
Mess about
properly. with the TV remote control and broke it.
He is always MESSING me ABOUT and
Mess about Treat someone badly.
never does what he promises.
Have a sexual relationship outside He's not faithful- he's been MESSING
Mess about
marriage or a permanent relationship. ABOUT since they were married.
Mess about Have a sexual relationship outside She's been MESSING ABOUT WITH
with marriage or a permanent relationship. another guy she knows from work.
Mess about Try to improve something, usually making The computer was working fine until he
with things worse. started MESSING ABOUT WITH it.
I was MESSING AROUND on the
Mess
Not be serious, play with something. internet because I couldn't be bothered to
around
do any work.
Mess She is always MESSING me AROUND
Treat someone badly.
around and never does what she promises.
Mess Have a sexual relationship outside She's not faithful- she's been MESSING
around marriage or a permanent relationship. ABOUT since they got married.
Mess Have a sexual relationship outside He's been MESSING ABOUT WITH a
around with marriage or a permanent relationship. woman he works with.
Mess Try to improve something, usually making The computer was working fine until they
around with things worse. started MESSING ABOUT WITH it.
They MESSED her OVER when she
Mess over Treat someone badly.
applied for the job.
They MESSED UP the discussions and
Mess up Spoil or ruin.
the contract fell through.
They MESSED UP the room and left
Mess up Make something untidy or dirty.
stuff all over the place.
Cause mental, physical or emotional He took a lot of LSD and it really
Mess up
problems. MESSED him UP.
Become involved in something damaging
Mess with He's been MESSING WITH cocaine.
or dangerous.
Don't MESS WITH me or there will be
Mess with Annoy, bother.
trouble.
He's been MESSING WITH some
Mess with Associate (negative).
dangerous people.
Try to repair or improve, usually She's been MESSING WITH it for hours
Mess with
unsuccessfully. and it still doesn't work.
Give people harsh punishments or They METED OUT savage penalties to
Mete out
treatment. anyone who broke the law.
There were a lot of people MILLING
Mill around Walk around without going anywhere.
AROUND waiting for the bus.
It'll be great; you'll be MISSING OUT if
Miss out Not do something enjoyable or rewarding.
you don't come.
Make sure you don't MISS anyone OUT
Miss out Not include.
when you call their names.
Miss out on Lose a chance, fail to achieve. Trudy MISSED OUT ON the promotion.
I always MIX those two sisters UP
Mix up Confuse.
because they look so like each other.
The DJ MIXED UP the night with some
Mix up Make something lively.
hard techno.
Make a model of something to show or They MOCKED UP an example to show
Mock up
test it. us what they would look like.
Moggy off Leave ('moggie off' is also used.). We MOGGIED OFF early.
The police officer told the drunks to stop
Monkey
Not be serious. MONKEYING AROUND and go home
around
quietly.
I MOOCHED ABOUT the whole
Mooch
Spend time doing little or nothing. afternoon because I didn't feel like
about
working.
Mooch I MOOCHED AROUND the house all
Spend time doing little or nothing.
around day.
He was left to MOP UP the mess after
Mop up Resolve a problem.
they resigned.
Kill or capture the last few enemy soldiers After the battle, it took them a couple of
Mop up
after a victory.. weeks to MOP UP the remaining rebels.
Mop up Eat a sauce with bread to finish it. The sauce was so delicious that I ordered
 some bread to MOP it UP.
I used a cloth to MOP UP the coffee I had
Mop up Remove a liquid that has been spilt.
knocked over.
She didn't get the job and has been
Mope about Move around being miserable.
MOPING ABOUT all afternoon.
Mope He's been MOPING AROUND since his
Move around being miserable.
around girlfriend left him.
My debts MOUNTED UP while I was at
Mount up Increase over time.
university.
I always get angry and start MOUTHING
Mouth off Speak angrily about something.
OFF when the news is on TV.
Make progress, often after a pause or The construction can MOVE AHEAD
Move ahead
delay. now that permisson has been granted.
The police told the people watching to
Move along Tell someone to move from a place.
MOVE ALONG.
Develop or progress in a reasonable or The project's MOVING ALONG and
Move along
satisfactory manner. everything should be ready on time.
Leave the area where you have been I MOVED AWAY when the factory shut
Move away
living. down.
Move away Stop doing or using something to change They're MOVING AWAY FROM
from to something different. Windows and are using Linux.
He was finding the course too difficult so
Move down Move a student to a lower level.
they MOVED him DOWN.
The house was empty for ages, but some
Move in Start living in a place. new tenants MOVED IN a few weeks
ago.
As he watched, the hyenas began to
Move in on Approach, often stealthily.
MOVE IN ON the hapless wildebeest.
They MOVED INTO the house as soon
Move into Start living in a place.
as it was ready.
She MOVED ON to another company
Move on Change the subject or your job.
where the salary was considerably better.
The police MOVED the crowd ON
Move on Make people move from a place.
because they were holding up the traffic.
She's tired of living there and is
Move out Leave a place you live or work in.
MOVING OUT.
The president said they would MOVE the
Move out Remove.
troops OUT next year.
Move out Change lane or position to pass a vehicle. I MOVED OUT to overtake the bus.
Move The government are MOVING
Make preparations for something.
towards TOWARDS free elections.
Could you MOVE UP and let me sit
Move up Move to make space.
down?
They MOVED her UP to senior
Move up Move to a higher level.
management.
Muddle If you're ambitious, you cannot
Continue without a clear aim or plan.
along MUDDLE ALONG.
Muddle Do or achieve something without knowing We didn't know what to expect and just
through what is required or having a plan. MUDDLED THROUGH.
Take things that are ordered or sequenced My cleaner MUDDLED UP my books
Muddle up
and mess them up. and I can't find anything.
Mistake a person or thing for someone or
Muddle up I MUDDLE her and her sister UP.
something else because they look similar.
Mug up Study quickly, revise. I have to MUG UP before the exam.
I need to MUG UP ON my history for the
Mug up on Study something quickly, revise.
test.
She said that she'd had to MULL IT
Mull over Think about an issue or problem.
OVER before deciding what was
Become involved in something when your We tried to exclude him of the committee,
Muscle in
involvement is not wanted. but he MUSCLED IN.
Muscle in Become involved in something despite She MUSCLED IN ON the deal even
on opposition to your involvement. though we wanted to do it without her.
They are MUSCLING INTO our market
Become involved even though there is
Muscle into and there is very little we can do to stop
opposition to your involvement.
them.
They used their contacts in local
Use power, contacts, etc, to force someone
Muscle out government to MUSCLE the competitors
out.
OUT.
He was making a fuss, so I told him to
Naff off Get lost, go away (used as imperative).
NAFF OFF.
My boss is always NAGGING AT me
Nag at Repeatedly criticise someone verbally. about my arriving a few minutes late for
work.
They are having trouble NAILING
Nail down Succeed in getting, achieve.
DOWN the contract.
I can't NAIL DOWN what's wrong with
Nail down Understand fully.
their idea, but I'm sure it won't work.
I can't NAIL them DOWN about when
Nail down Get full information from someone.
they're going to finish the project.
I NAILED the job DOWN in the first
Nail down Succeed or achieve something.
interview.
Give someone a name to remember I was NAMED AFTER my uncle who
Name after
another person. died in the war.
I am not sure which university to apply
Narrow Remove less important options to make it
to, but I have NARROWED my list
down easier to choose.
DOWN to three.
I'm going to NERD OUT and not go on
Nerd out Play safe and avoid taking a risk.
the river trip.
I had to NERD OUT when they asked
Nerd out Discuss something in great detail.
about conditionals and deontic modality.
Nip off Go somewhere quickly. I'm NIPPING OFF to get some milk.
She'll be back in a minute- she's just
Nip out Go somewhere quickly.
NIPPED OUT to the shops.
Nod off Fall asleep. I NODDED OFF during the speech.
Nod Pass a law, regulation, etc, without Parliament NODDED the bill
through considering or debating it seriously. THROUGH.
The police are NOSING ABOUT to see if
Nose about Look for something hidden or secret.
they can find anything against the gang.
Nose The boss keeps NOSING AROUND our
Look around for evidence.
around office when we are out at lunch.
Find out, discover- usually information,
Nose out He NOSED OUT their plans.
secrets, etc.
The other candidate NOSED him OUT by
Nose out Narrowly beat someone.
a few votes.
She NOTED DOWN my fax number so
Write something short like a phone
Note down that she could send me the documents
number for future reference..
when she got to the office.
The management and unions had a
Nut out Find an answer to a problem.
meeting to NUT things OUT.
Didn't it OCCUR TO you to help me
Occur to Enter one's mind. when you saw how much trouble I was
in?
She hates to OPEN UP and discuss her
Open up Start to talk freely about something.
feelings.
Open up Open a shop or business for the day. They OPEN UP at seven in the morning.
Before they joined the WTO, they had to
Open up Allow goods into a market.
OPEN UP their markets.
Operate on Perform surgery. She was OPERATED ON for eight hours.
I OPTED FOR an endowment mortgage
Opt for Choose.
and lost a lot of money.
Choose to be part or a member of If you want them to notify you of
Opt in
something. updates, you have to OPT IN.
Choose to be a member or part of
Opt into I OPTED INTO the scheme.
something.
The UK OPTED OUT of a lot of EU
Opt out Choose not to be part of something. legislation on working hours and
conditions.
She OWES her success TO hard work
Owe to Be the reason for something.
and determination.
Nobody OWNED UP to breaking the
Own up Confess.
window.
I PACKED AWAY the suitcases in the
Pack away Put something where it belongs.
loft after we had emptied them.
Pack in Stop doing something. I'm trying to PACK IN smoking.
Pack in End a relationship. She PACKED her boyfriend IN.
They really PACK them IN at the club- it
Pack in Fill a venue. was so crowded it was impossible to
move.
Pack in Break down, stop working. The photocopier has PACKED IN again.
Stop doing something (used as an The kids were making a fuss, so I told
Pack it in
imperative). them to PACK IT IN.
 His boss PACKED him OFF to a regional
Pack off Send someone away.
office.
Pack out Fill a venue. The stadium was PACKED OUT.
Pack up Stop doing something. You should PACK UP smoking.
We had nothing left to do, so we
Pack up Finish work.
PACKED UP early.
My printer PACKED UP last night- I'll
Pack up Break down, stop working.
have to get a new one.
Collect things and put them where you At the end of the presentation, I PACKED
Pack up
keep them. UP my laptop.
I'm too tired to come home; can I PAD
Pad down Sleep somewhere for the night.
DOWN here tonight?
Make a text longer by including extra I couldn't think of much to write, so I
Pad out content, often content that isn't particularly PADDED the essay OUT with a few
relevant. lengthy quotes.
They PAIRED OFF shortly after starting
Pair off Begin a romantic relationship.
university.
Introduce people, hoping they will start a
Pair off I tried to PAIR him OFF with my sister.
relationship.
The class PAIRED OFF to practise the
Pair off Form pairs.
exam interviews.
Pair off
Form a pair with someone. I PAIRED OFF WITH Trish for the test.
with
Pair up Form a pair. We PAIRED UP for the last activity
We used to PAL ABOUT when we were
Pal about Be friendly and spend time with someone.
at school.
Pal around Be friendly and spend time with someone. We PALLED AROUND at university.
We PALLED UP when I started working
Pal up Become friends.
with her.
Get someone to accept something that isn't He tried to PALM me OFF with a
Palm off
true. pathetic excuse.
Pretend something is better than it is in He tried to PALM his computer OFF as
Palm off
order to sell it. the latest model.
I don't know how things will PAN OUT
Pan out The way a situation develops.
now the company's been taken over.
The government tried to PAPER OVER
Try to conceal a problem without really
Paper over the problems in the proposal, but the
fixing it.
press were very critical.
They have had to PARE BACK the
If you pare something back, you reduce
Pare back services they offer as their funding was
the size or numbers..
reduced.
They have PARED DOWN the number of
Pare down Reduce, decrease. employees as they haven't been doing
well.
Give something away, especially when I found it very hard to PART WITH my
Part with
you don't want to. old CDs when I digitized my collection.
Pass around Give out to everybody there. The teacher PASSED the handout
 AROUND.
Although not qualified, he managed to
Pass as Be believed to be something.
PASS AS a doctor for years.
Sadly, Georgia's uncle PASSED AWAY
Pass away Die.
yesterday after a short illness.
I felt awful when the teacher started to
Pass back Return.
PASS BACK the exam papers.
I was just PASSING BY when I saw the
Pass by Go past without stopping.
accident.
I was PASSING BY her house the other
Pass by Visit briefly.
day when I heard about it.
The chance for promotion PASSED me
Pass by Miss an opportunity.
BY.
The tales were PASSED DOWN for
Transmit information or give property to
Pass down centuries without changing ay of the
younger generations.
words.
Be accepted as something, usually when You'd be surprised at what PASSES FOR
Pass for
not. good cooking in many restaurants.
Convince something that something is I managed to PASS OFF the fake money
Pass off
real. in the market.
The demonstration PASSED OFF
Pass off Happen in a certain way.
peacefully.
I'll PASS the message ON when she gets
Pass on Give a message to someone.
here.
I think I'll PASS ON dinner tonight- I'm
Pass on Decline an invitation or opportunity.
not hungry.
Pass on Die. Her husband PASSED ON last year.
Let's PASS ON TO the next item on the
Pass on to Change topic or subject.
agenda.
Pass out Faint, lose consciousness. He got so drunk that he PASSED OUT.
The protesters PASSED OUT leaflets to
Pass out Distribute.
the growing crowd.
Ignore someone and give a job, reward, They PASSED him OVER and made his
Pass over
etc, to someone more junior. assistant the new director.
Let's PASS OVER what they said and get
Pass over Ignore, refuse to discuss.
on.
They PASSED ROUND copies of the
Pass round Distribute, give to people present.
handbook.
Pass Visit a place without stopping or only I didn't see much as I was only PASSING
through stopping briefly. THROUGH the town.
Give ownership or responsibility to The shares PASSED TO his daughter
Pass to
someone. when he died.
Become owner of or responsible for The property will PASS TO her when
Pass to
something. they die.
She PASSED UP the opportunity to go to
Pass up Decline a chance. university because she'd been offered a
job.
 The police PATTED them DOWN for
Pat down Search or frisk someone.
weapons but found nothing.
Patch Create or assemble something quickly They PATCHED TOGETHER a coalition
together without much planning. after the election.
I tried to PATCH things UP after the
Patch up Fix or make things better.
argument, but they wouldn't speak to me.
Give an injured person basic medical After the accident, they PATCHED her
Patch up
treatment. UP and sent her to hospital.
I PAID BACK the twenty pounds I'd
Pay back Repay money borrowed.
borrowed.
I'm going to PAY him BACK for that
Pay back Take revenge on.
insult.
The British government can't PAY
Pay down Pay a debt over time.
DOWN the national debt.
Pay for Purchase. I PAID twenty pounds FOR the book.
Pay into Deposit money. I PAID the cash INTO my account.
The mortgage will be PAID OFF in
Pay off Completely repay a debt.
twenty-five years.
Their patience PAID OFF when he finally
Pay off Produce a profitable or successful result.
showed up and signed the contract.
The food wasn't very nice, so I PECKED
Peck at Eat very small amounts.
AT it to look polite.
Leave a group by moving in a different Some of the crowd PEELED AWAY to
Peel away
direction. get out of the crush.
Peel away Leave a group by moving in a different They PEELED AWAY FROM the crowd
from direction. and went down a side road.
When the police blocked the road, a few
Leave a group by moving in a different
Peel off protesters PEELED OFF and left the
direction.
march.
Peel off Leave a group by moving in a different They PEELED OFF FROM the
from direction. demonstration when the police arrived.
Fearing the police, he PEELED OUT in a
Peel out Accelerate rapidly from stationary.
cloud of tire smoke.
I PEGGED AWAY for weeks before my
Peg away Keep working at something.
exams.
We PEGGED the tent DOWN to stop the
Peg down Fasten something to the ground.
wind blowing it about.
After a long illness, she finally PEGGED
Peg it Die.
IT yesterday.
I PEGGED the washing OUT after it
Peg out Put washing outside to dry.
stopped raining.
He PEGGED OUT last night from a heart
Peg out Die.
attack.
I'll PENCIL Thursday night IN, but if
Pencil in Make a provisional appointment.
anything comes up, give me a ring..
Pep up Make something more interesting. You need to PEP your writing UP.
Pep up Make someone more enthusiastic, Her talk PEPPED us UP.
 energetic or interested.
She was ill in bed with flu, but she
Feel better or happier, make someone feel
Perk up PERKED UP a bit when some friends
better or happier.
dropped by.
Everyone was keen at first, but the
Peter out Lose impetus and stop. enthusiasm PETERED OUT when they
saw how long it would take.
They are PHASING IN the reforms over
Phase in Introduce gradually.
the next two years.
They have introduced a compact edition
of the newspaper and are PHASING OUT
Phase out Remove gradually.
the broadsheet edition over the next few
months.
I wasn't very hungry so I just PICKED
Pick at Eat unwillingly.
AT my food.
There were a few problems that could be
Pick at Criticise.
PICKED AT, but it was generally good.
There were many rebels against the
Pick off Target individuals to change a group. policy, but the government PICKED OFF
the leaders.
Bother, annoy, criticize or make fun of My friends always PICK ON me because
Pick on
someone. I don't sing well.
She PICKED OUT the ones she wanted
Pick out Choose.
to take and left the rest.
The victim couldn't PICK OUT her
Pick out Identify from a picture. attacker from the photos the police
showed her.
Pick Search something that is disordered for The police have been PICKING
through something. THROUGH the wreckage for clues.
Sales PICKED UP a bit during the
Pick up Improve.
Christmas period.
Pick up Learn quickly. She PICKED UP Spanish in six months.
While you're in town, can you PICK UP
Pick up Collect.
my trousers from the Dry Cleaner?
When we rent a holiday cottage in
Pick up Receive (a broadcast).
Cornwall, we can't PICK UP Channel 5.
Collect (a person). This differs from the
i) Can you PICK me UP and take me to
'collect a thing' meaning - as that means
The George when you go to the party?ii)
'collect and bring back' whereas this
Pick up Can you PICK UP some friends of mine
means either (i) 'collect and drop off on
on your way to the party? They're going
your way' or (ii) 'collect and bring to the
too.
same destination'..
I always have to PICK UP AFTER him
Pick up
Tidy a mess someone else has made. because he leaves things all over the
after
office.
Correct someone when they say something My teacher PICKS UP ON any mistake I
Pick up on
wrong. make and corrects me.
Pick up on Notice something that most people don't. He's very quick to PICK UP ON new
 trends.
The government has PICKED UP ON the
Pick up on React to something.
reports in the media.
Comment on something said earlier in a I'd like to PICK UP ON the point that Jill
Pick up on
conversation. made.
Pick It took him a long time to PICK
Recover from a fall or problem.
yourself up HIMSELF UP after his wife left him.
Used to tell someone to get lost or leave He told them to PIG OFF and leave him
Pig off
you alone. in peace.
The food was great, so I really PIGGED
Pig out Eat a lot.
OUT.
Enter a place quickly, in a disorganised
Pile in The coach stopped and we all PILED IN.
way.
Enter a place quickly, in a disorganised We PILED INTO the shop when it
Pile into
way. opened.
Work's crazy- they keep PILING ON the
Pile on Add or give more or something.
pressure.
Exaggerate or talk in a way to affect It wasn't very serious, but they PILED
Pile on
someone's feelings. ON the guilt.
Leave a place quickly, in a disorganised The train eventually arrived and we all
Pile out
way. PILED OUT.
Work just keeps on PILING UP and I
Pile up Accumulate.
really can't manage to get it all done.
The ironing's PILING UP as I hate doing
Pile up Accumulate in a pile or heap.
it.
I've asked him to set a date, but he's a
Get a fixed idea, opinion, etc, from
Pin down hard man to PIN DOWN and won't give a
someone..
definite answer.
The government can't PIN DOWN where
Pin down Discover exact details about something.
the leak came from.
The police tried to PIN the crime ON
Pin on Attach the blame to someone.
him.
Fix something to a wall, or other vertical
Pin up I PINNED the notice UP on the board
surface, with a pin.
Suffer physically because of grief, stress, He's been PINING AWAY since his wife
Pine away
worry, etc. died and is a shadow of his former self.
The lecturer asked the students to PIPE
Pipe down Be quiet (often as an imperative).
DOWN and pay attention.
At first, no one answered, then finally
Pipe up To speak, raise your voice.
someone PIPED UP.
The war PITTED neighbour AGAINST
Pit against Compete or force to compete.
neighbour.
Pit out Go into the pits (car racing). He PITTED OUT in the twentieth lap.
Try to persuade someone to give your He PITCHED FOR the job, but they gave
Pitch for
work, business, a job, etc. it to someone else.
Work together to help achieve an We were behind schedule, but the others
Pitch in
objective. PITCHED IN and we got it done in time.
 The shareholders PITCHED INTO the
Pitch into Criticise severely or attack someone. management about their pay rises at the
meeting.
Put a young plant that has been grown in a They need to be PLANTED OUT in the
Plant out
pot or greenhouse into the ground. spring.
Plate up Put food onto a plate to serve. PLATE UP and drizzle with salsa verde.
Pretend to agree or accept something in I disagreed with the idea but I had to
Play along order to keep someone happy or to get PLAY ALONG because everyone else
more information. liked it.
The children were PLAYING AROUND
Play around Be silly.
and being annoying.
Play around Be sexually promiscuous or unfaithful. I PLAYED AROUND a lot at college.
He just PLAYS AT being a lawyer- he
Play at Pretend to be something.
never wins a case.
Be sexually unfaithful when away from He travels abroad a lot and his wife
Play away
home. thinks he PLAYS AWAY.
Listen to or watch something you've We PLAYED the recording BACK to see
Play back
recorded. if it was OK.
The Government has tried to PLAY
Try to make something seem less
Play down DOWN the importance of the minister's
important.
resignation.
As both teams had the same points, they
Play off Play a game to decide who the winner is.
PLAYED OFF to decide the winner.
Make people compete against each other He PLAYED them OFF against each
Play off
so that you benefit. other to get the best deal.
Continue playing a sport though there It looked like a foul, but the referee told
Play on
might be a reason to stop. them to PLAY ON.
Play on Continue playing music. The band PLAYED ON for another hour.
They are just PLAYING ON our fears to
Play on Exploit a weakness.
get us to do what they want.
Play on Pun. The advert PLAYS ON the slogan
Play out Progress, often till it finishes. Let's see how things PLAY OUT.
Pretend that something is real and reduce Computer games allow people to PLAY
Play out
its effect. OUT their violent urges.
Rain stopped them PLAYING the game
Play out Play something to the end.
OUT.
When he hooked the swordfish, his line
Play out Unwind (e.g., fishing line).
rapidly PLAYED OUT.
The children PLAYED UP all evening
Play up Behave badly.
and drove the babysitter mad.
I'm PLAYING UP TO my boss at the
Play up to Flatter someone.
moment because I want the promotion.
He's got a reputation for being trouble
Play up to Behave in a way expected.
and PLAYS UP TO it.
They are PLAYING UPON people's
Play upon Exploit a weakness.
concerns to get their way.
 Touch and move something to occupy
Play with He can't stop PLAYING WITH his beard.
your hands.
I wasn't hungry, so I just PLAYED WITH
Play with Not eat much of a meal.
the food.
We PLAYED WITH the idea, but decided
Play with Consider something, but not seriously.
against it.
Plead guilty to get a reduced sentence or The CEO PLEADED OUT and blamed
Plead out
fine. the CFO for the fraud.
Re-invest money you have made into a We PLOUGHED BACK all the profits to
Plough back
business. grow the company.
The bus skidded and PLOUGHED INTO
Plough into Collide into at speed.
the bus stop.
Continue doing something you don't want It was really boring, but we PLOUGHED
Plough on
to. ON.
Plough We PLOUGHED THROUGH all seven
Eat a big meal.
through courses.
Plough Read something that is difficult or takes a It took me ages to PLOUGH THROUGH
through lot of time. 'Ulysses'.
Plough Move through somewhere where there is The boat had to PLOUGH THROUGH
through little space or there are obstacles. the ice.
The tractor PLOUGHED UP the field so
Plough up Break the surface of soil.
they could sow the seed.
Re-invest money you have made into a We PLOWED BACK all the profits to
Plow back
business. grow the company.
The bus skidded and PLOWED INTO the
Plow into Collide into at speed.
bus stop.
Continue doing something you don't want
Plow on It was really boring, but we PLOWD ON.
to.
Plow We PLOWED THROUGH all eight
Eat a big meal.
through courses.
Plow Read something that is difficult or takes a It takes me ages to PLOW THROUGH
through lot of time. any of Henry James' novels.
Plow Move through somewhere where there is The police car had to PLOW THROUGH
through little space or there are obstacles. the crowd.
The tractor PLOWED UP the field so
Plow up Break the surface of soil.
they could sow the crop
He was PLUCKING AT his cuffs during
Pluck at Pull or fiddle with something nervously.
the interview.
They PLUCKED UP the courage to
Pluck up Muster, acquire, gather.
complain.
He PLUGGED the TV IN and turned it
Plug in Connect machines to the electricity supply.
on full blast.
Plump Put something in a place without taking He PLUMPED his bag DOWN and
down care. kicked his shoes off.
Plump for Choose. I PLUMPED FOR the steak frites.
Make something like a cushion bigger and I PLUMPED UP the pillow and lay
Plump up
softer by shaking it. down.
Plump She PLUMPED HERSELF DOWN next
yourself Sit down heavily. to me and started asking me what had
down happened.
He POINTED OUT that I only had two
Point out Make someone aware of something.
weeks to get the whole thing finished.
Move things around or search in a casual I POKED ABOUT in my CD collection
Poke about
way to try to find something. to see if I could find it.
Poke Move things around or search in a casual I POKED AROUND in my desk to see if
around way to try to find something. the letter was there.
She POLISHES OFF half a bottle of gin
Polish off Finish, consume.
every night.
I need to POLISH UP my French before I
Polish up Improve something quickly.
go to Paris.
I had to PONY fifty dollars UP for the
Pony up Pay for something.
meal.
I was going to write my essay, but I
Poop out Get too tired to do something.
POOPED OUT and went to bed instead.
We were supposed to meet yesterday, but
Poop out on Fail to keep an appointment. she POOPED OUT ON me at the last
minute.
We were POOTLING ALONG at thirty
Pootle along Travel in a leisurely way.
miles an hour.
He POPPED IN for a coffee on his way
Pop in Visit for a short time.
home.
He's always POPPING OFF when things
Pop off Talk loudly, complain.
don't suit him.
He's just POPPED OFF for a break but
Pop off Go out for a short time.
should be back in a few minutes.
I'm just POPPING OUT to the shops. Do
Pop out Go out for a short time.
you need anything while I'm out?
Appear, like windows and boxes opening The dialogue box POPPED UP up when I
Pop up
on a computer screen.. pressed Enter.
I'm going to have to work late tonight
Pop up Appear unexpectedly.
because something has POPPED UP.
She PORED OVER the report looking for
Pore over Read, look at or study carefully.
mistakes.
Potter On Saturday mornings, I POTTER
Spend time doing little things for pleasure.
about ABOUT the garden if the weather's fine.
Potter Spend some time doing little things for I POTTERED AROUND, sorting out my
around pleasure. CDS and a few other things.
It POURED DOWN all day so we had to
Pour down Rain hard.
remain indoors.
Useless statistics POUR FORTH from
Pour forth Emerge from a place in large numbers.
him.
Cut the electricity supply to a computer or I POWERED DOWN my computer and
Power down
electronic device. went for lunch.
Cut the electricity to a computer or device You mustn't POWER it OFF while it is
Power off
to turn it off. updating.
 Turn a computer or electronic device on so I POWERED UP my laptop and started
Power up
that it is ready to use. work.
Geoff just PRATTLED ON instead of
Prattle on Talk too much.
giving a straight answer.
They PRESSED AHEAD with the
Press ahead Continue with something.
elections despite the violence.
Apply pressure to get permission or to The workers are PRESSING FOR better
Press for
obtain something. pay and conditions.
Press
Continue or go ahead with a project, The government are PRESSING
forward
process, plan, etc. FORWARD WITH the new law.
with
When the line was breached, reserve
Press into Bring or force into use.
troops were PRESSED INTO service.
We PRESSED ON to get to our
Press on Continue with something.
destination before night fell.
Pressure someone to accept something The invitations were PRESSED UPON us
Press upon
offered. and it was hard to say no.
Prey on Catch and kill an animal for food. Spiders PREY ON insects.
Prey on Exploit or harm. They PREY ON older people.
Prey upon Catch and kill an animal for food. Cats PREY UPON birds and mice.
They PREY UPON people's fears about
Prey upon Exploit or harm.
immigration.
Include the affects of possible future
Speculators have PRICED IN the risk of
Price in events when assessing the value of
a war breaking out.
something.
In rural areas where they have a
Price up Charge more for something. monopoly, some garages PRICE UP fuel
because there's nowhere else to buy it.
Make a hard copy of a computer He PRINTED OUT the letter and
Print out
document. checked through it carefully.
Support something, both physically and The council have PROPPED UP the
Prop up
financially, politically, etc.. museum for years with grants.
Work out or anticipate someone's We have to try to PSYCH OUT our
Psych out
intentions. rivals.
Boxers try to PSYCH their opponents
Psych out Make someone less confident. OUT before the fight to gain an
advantage.
Psych up Prepare someone mentally. I PSYCHED myself UP for the exam.
Move your lips into position to receive a She PUCKERED UP when he leant
Pucker up
kiss. forwards to kiss her.
The lorry was going slowly but we
Pull ahead Overtake, move in front.
managed to PULL AHEAD.
Pull apart Destroy an argument, theory, etc. My tutor PULLED my essay APART.
A fight broke out in the pub and it was
Pull apart Stop people or animals fighting. hard to PULL the people involved
APART.
Pull apart Make someone unhappy or upset. It PULLED me APART to see them
 arguing so much.
The car PULLED AWAY from the lights
Pull away When a vehicle moves from a place.
at high speed.
They were two-nil down until five
Pull back Score a goal or point when losing. minutes before the end, when they
PULLED BACK a goal.
Move away from a place, especially when They have PULLED the troops BACK
Pull back
talking about soldiers. from the front line.
She PULLED BACK when he tried to
Pull back Move away from someone.
kiss her.
Decide not to do something or not to be
Pull back They PULLED BACK from the deal.
involved with it any longer.
They PULLED the old cinema DOWN to
Pull down Demolish.
build a new shopping mall.
Pull down Make someone depressed. Losing her job PULLED her DOWN.
Pull down Earn. He's PULLING DOWN a fortune.
Who will you be PULLING FOR in the
Pull for Support.
final?
The train PULLED IN and we rushed to
Pull in When a train arrives at a station.
meet her as she got off.
Their last tour PULLED IN millions of
Pull in Attract.
fans.
Pull in Stop a car by the side of the road. I PULLED IN to let the passengers out.
Areest or take someone to a police station The police PULLED them IN after the
Pull in
for questioning. trouble.
No-one thought that she would be able to
Pull off Manage to do something difficult or tricky.
do it, but she PULLED it OFF in the end.
When the lights turned green, the car
Pull off Start moving (vehicles).
PULLED OFF.
I PULLED ON a jumper when the sun
Pull on Put clothes on.
went in.
The train was PULLING OUT when I got
Pull out Start moving (train).
there.
The traffic was so bad that it took me
Pull out Move into traffic.
ages to PULL OUT.
The project was going badly and they
Pull out Withdraw.
decided to PULL OUT
People want the government to PULL the
Pull out Remove soldiers from an area.
troops OUT.
Pull over Stop by the side of the road. The police PULLED the car OVER
The police PULLED the car OVER and
Pull over Make a vehicle stop.
tested the driver for alcohol.
At one stage it looked as if she was going
Pull
Recover from and illness or problem. to die, but she PULLED THROUGH in
through
the end.
Close a door or window that has been left
Pull to Could you PULL the door TO, please?
open.
Pull If we all PULL TOGETHER, we'll have it
Work together as a team.
together finished in no time.
The cab PULLED UP outside my house
Pull up Slow and stop a car.
and I got out.
He PULLED me UP because I had got
Pull up Inform someone that they are wrong.
my facts wrong.
Pull
Become calm or regain control of your He was so angry that he couldn't PULL
yourself
emotions. HIMSELF TOGETHER.
together
She just PUSHED IN the queue in front
Push in Get in a queue without waiting.
of me at the supermarket checkout.
He found it difficult to PUT ACROSS
Put across Communicate, convey a message.
what he wanted to say at the meeting.
He PUT the dictionary BACK on the
Put away Put something back in the correct place.
shelf after he'd finished the crossword.
The judge PUT him AWAY for ten years
Put away Put someone in prison.
for robbery.
The AGM has been PUT BACK until
Put back Rearrange something for a later time.
July the seventeenth.
I try to PUT some money BY every
Put by Save for the future.
month towards our summer holiday.
He had his dog PUT DOWN because it
Put down Kill an animal because it's old, ill, etc..
was in a lot of pain from its tumours.
Stop holding (but withdraw support PUT the gun DOWN slowly and keep
Put down
gently). your hands where I can see them.
Put down
Commit to make a payment. PUT me DOWN FOR 50p per mile.
for
He didn't score many, but we can PUT
Put down to Give as an explanation.
that DOWN TO inexperience
They had to PUT IN a whole new central
Put in Install. heating system because the house was so
cold.
He PUT IN FOR a transfer to the new
Put in for Make a request.
branch.
The concert's been PUT OFF until next
Put off Postpone. month because the singer's got a throat
infection.
I was really PUT OFF by the way he eats
Put off Stop liking something or somebody.
with his mouth open.
He's PUT ON a lot of weight since he
Put on Get fat.
gave up smoking.
Put on Deceive, lie. I am not PUTTING you ON.
Put on Start wearing. I PUT my coat ON before we went out.
Several charities PUT OUT an appeal on
Put out Broadcast. TV for money for the victims of the
flooding in Mozambique.
Would it be PUTTING you OUT greatly
Put out Disturb or trouble someone.
if I asked to change to another day.
 He PUT OUT his cigarette before
Put out Extinguish a cigarette, fire, etc..
entering the building.
They PUT OVER a clever practical joke
Put over Successfully execute (a scam, trick, etc.).
on us.
Could you PUT me THROUGH to
Put through Connect someone by phone.
extension 259 please.
She PUT $250 TOWARDS the cost of the
Put towards Make a financial contribution.
repairs and we had to pay the rest.
She PUT me UP for the night because I'd
Allow someone to stay at your house for a
Put up missed the last bus and there were no
night or a few days..
night buses running.
The government has PUT tuition fees for
Put up Increase prices, taxes, duties, etc..
undergraduate students UP again.
Show skill or determination in a contest,
Put up They PUT UP a great fight but lost.
competition, fight, etc.
Put up to Encourage someone to do something. His friends PUT him UP TO stealing it.
I can't PUT UP WITH my neighbour's
Put up with Tolerate.
noise any longer; it's driving me mad.
Argue with someone about a specific The girl's mother was QUARRELING
Quarrel out
subject. OUT with her daughter about the party.
I am not QUARRELLING WITH their
Quarrel
Dispute or disagree with something. idea, but I think there are other
with
possibilities.
Queer up Mess up, ruin. I QUEERED the exam UP.
The audience QUIETENED DOWN
Quieten when the lights were switched off in the
Fall silent.
down auditorium and the play was ready to
begin.
Stop working, associating or being friends
They QUIT ON me just when things got
Quit on with someone, especially when they need
rough.
support.
My phone has QUIT ON me- can I
Quit on Stop working or functioning.
borrow yours?
They RACED OFF when the police
Race off Hurry away, leave somewhere quickly.
arrived.
Used to tell someone to go away because
Rack off He told her to RACK OFF.
they're annoying you.
Rack out Sleep, take a nap. I'm tired- I'm going to RACK OUT.
He's RACKED UP a number of
Rack up Acquire a lot of something.
convictions for speeding.
They RACKED UP the car in an
Rack up Damage.
accident.
Rain down Bombs RAINED DOWN ON the city all
Fall in large numbers.
on night.
Be postponed or stopped by rain (usually
Rain off The match was RAINED OFF.
passive).
Be postponed or stopped by rain (usually
Rain out The game was RAINED OUT.
passive).
Rake in Earn, make money easily. She's RAKING IN thousands a day.
It's the only shop in the area and they're
Rake it in Make a lot of money.
RAKING IT IN.
Cheat someone by charging them too
Rake off They RAKE tourists OFF all the time.
much.
Talk, think, etc, about something negative They keep RAKING OVER the rows we
Rake over
in the past. had last year.
Bring something back to people's The press have RAKED UP some
Rake up
attention. scandals from her past.
Quit RAMBLING ON- I’m tired of
Ramble on Talk at length without getting to the point.
listening to you.
Increase price, speed or power of The company has RAMPED its prices UP
Ramp up
something. because of higher oil prices.
Rap out Say something firmly and loudly. She RAPPED OUT the command.
She RATTED ON her neighbours to the
Inform authorities about someone's
Rat on police because they were smuggling
wrongdoings.
alcohol from France.
Rat on Fail to keep a promise. He always RATS ON his promises.
Rat out Inform the authorities about someone. He RATTED me OUT to the police.
I RATTED THROUGH the papers on my
Rat through Look for something hurriedly.
desk but couldn't find the letter.
The media are trying to RATCHET UP
Ratchet up Increase.
the pressure on the president.
She RATTLED OFF loads of statistics
Rattle off Quote figures rapidly.
which nobody could understand.
Reach out Stretch your arm to get something. I REACHED OUT and caught the ball.
Reach out They are REACHING OUT FOR major
Try to achieve something difficult.
for economic reforms.
Reach out I REACHED OUT TO you when I was in
Ask for help.
to trouble and you were a great help.
Reach out Charities are REACHING OUT TO those
Offer help.
to who lost their homes in the floods.
Reach out Try to communicate and establish good The candidates are REACHING OUT TO
to relations with people. the poor to get their votes.
Read a list aloud for someone to write I READ OFF the figures and she wrote
Read off
down. them down in her notebook.
The teacher READ OUT the names of the
Read out Read aloud rather than silently.
students who'd passed.
I've been READING UP ON Japan as I'm
Read up on Research.
going to live there next year.
Come to a conclusion or solution after He REASONED OUT the answer to the
Reason out
some thought. math problem.
Jeff says we can RECKON ON there
Reckon on The minimum expected.
being at least fifty people there tonight.
Catch a fish on a line and pull the line to
Reel in He REELED IN a ten-pound salmon.
land.
Reel in Attract people, especially customers, to They hope the discounts will REEL
 get them to do what you want them to. people IN.
The minister REELED OFF a load of
Reel off Quote statistics or facts rapidly.
figures to support her position.
Score a lot of points or win a lot of games They REELED OFF five victories and
Reel off
one after the other. became the champions.
I REELED OUT the hose and watered the
Reel out Unwind.
lawn.
Control someone or something to stop They had to REIN the minister IN after
Rein in
them causing more trouble. her dreadful performance on TV.
Let, grant a service or allow usage for a They RENTED their house OUT while
Rent out
fee. the were abroad.
She got on her motorbike and RODE
Ride off Go away on a bike, horse, etc.
OFF.
His reputation is RIDING ON this deal
Ride on Depend on.
working out.
They managed to RIDE OUT the
Ride out Survive a difficult time.
recession.
Ride up Move higher on the body (of clothes). Her skirt RODE UP when she sat down.
I phoned and left a message this morning
Ring back Return a phonecall.
but she still hasn't RUNG me BACK.
Telephone to inform or confirm I RANG IN and told them I would be
Ring in
something. late.
Dave RANG OFF guiltily when he saw
Ring off Finish a phone conversation.
his boss coming.
Two shots RANG OUT and then we
Ring out Make a sudden loud sound.
heard a scream.
Telephone a number of people, usually to I RANG ROUND to see if anyone knew
Ring round
try to get some information. where she'd gone.
Ring up Telephone. Helen RANG me UP earlier.
Ring up Achieve an amount or number. They RANG UP several victories.
Ring up Enter figures into a till or cash register. They RANG UP the bill for the groceries.
Ring with When a place is full of a loud sound. The room RANG WITH their laughter.
Charge excessively or obtain money Tourists get RIPPED OFF a lot when they
Rip off
unfairly. don't speak the language.
The army ROLLED BACK when they
Roll back Retreat.
came under attack.
The government want to ROLL BACK
Roll back Reduce or remove.
the freedom of the press.
Roll by Pass (time). The years ROLLED BY.
They ROLLED IN very drunk at three
Roll in Arrive somewhere, especially if late.
o'clock in the morning.
Arrive in large numbers, for military The tanks ROLLED IN and took control
Roll in
vehicles. of the capital city.
The competition ROLLED ON despite
Roll on When something continues to happen.
the administrative problems.
Said when you can't wait for something
Roll on! Roll on Friday! It's been a dreadful week.
nice in the future.
 Launch or introduce a new product, The company ROLLED OUT its takeover
Roll out
initiative, etc.. plans last week.
Thousands ROLLED UP to see the stars
Roll up To appear in large numbers for an event.
at the film premiere.
An imperative used to attract people to a
Roll up! Roll up! Come and see the circus tonight.
public event.
In the first race, the favourite ROMPED
Romp in Win easily.
IN.
Romp We ROMPED THROUGH the tasks
Do something easily or quickly.
through because they were so simple.
Nowadays, most hospitals have a policy
To keep a mother and baby together after
Room in of ROOMING IN mothers and their
the birth.
babies.
He ROOTED ABOUT in his briefcase,
Root about Look in a place to try to find something.
trying to find a pen.
Root I ROOTED AROUND my flat trying to
Look in a place to try to find something.
around find the letter.
Everyone was ROOTING FOR Arsenal
Root for Support.
to win the Champions League.
Root out Look for and find. The police ROOTED OUT the informer.
Find the source of a problem and remove They are trying to ROOT OUT the
Root out
it. troublemakers.
He ROOTED UP the plants and replanted
Root up Dig a plant out of the ground.
them.
The teacher ROPED her students IN to
Rope in Get somebody to help. carry her stuff when she had to change
classroom.
Get someone to help or become involved, I got ROPED INTO helping them set the
Rope into
usually when they don't want to. stall up.
Extend ropes or barriers across or around The celebrity entrance was ROPED OFF
Rope off
an area. from the general public.
The mugger ROUGHED him UP when
Rough up Assault.
he refused to hand his wallet over.
Winning the FA Cup ROUNDED OFF a
Round off Finish something in a satisfactory manner.
wonderful season for Arsenal.
The prime minister refused to ROW
Row back Retreat from a position.
BACK and lost the vote.
They're not friends, but we RUB
Rub along Have a reasonably good relationship.
ALONG.
She RUBBED the horse DOWN with a
Rub down Dry or clean something with a cloth.
towel after riding it.
Massage or rub someone to help them The trainer RUBBED her DOWN after
Rub down
relax. the race.
Apply a substance like cream or ointment He applied the steroid cream and
Rub in
and rub it until it is absorbed. RUBBED it IN.
Even though the minister had resigned,
Emphasise how bad a situation is to make
Rub it in the press RUBBED IT IN by publishing
someone feel worse.
more details of the scandal.
 His enthusiasm RUBS OFF ON everyone
Rub off on Pass a quality or characteristic to people.
around him.
He RUBBED OUT the figure and wrote
Rub out Delete ink or pencil with an eraser.
the correct one in.
The gangsters RUBBED him OUT for
Rub out Kill.
stealing from them.
Rub up The cat RUBBED UP AGAINST my leg
Touch someone in a sensual or sexual way.
against purring.
I need to RUB UP ON my Portuguese
Rub up on Revise.
before I go to Brazil.
The police have RULED OUT suicide
Rule out Exclude a possibility.
and are treating it as a case of murder.
I RAN ACROSS an old friend in the
Run across Meet or find accidentally.
library.
The police RAN AFTER the guy who'd
Run after Chase, pursue.
stolen it, but he was too fast for them.
Try to become romantically involved with He was RUNNING AFTER her for ages
Run after
someone. never managed to get a date.
Opinion is RUNNING AGAINST his
Run against Oppose, make difficulties.
policies and he has very little support.
They kept disturbing him, so he told them
Run along Go away, leave (often as an imperative).
to RUN ALONG and leave him in peace.
I'm exhausted- I've been RUNNING
Run around Be very busy doing many things.
AROUND all day.
Run away Escape from people chasing you. He RAN AWAY from his attackers.
Leave home because of problems with She RAN AWAY to avoid a forced
Run away
other family members or to elope. marriage.
The minicab RAN him DOWN on the
Run down Hit a pedestrian with a vehicle.
zebra crossing.
You should only recharge the battery
Run down Lose energy or power.
when it has fully RUN DOWN.
They're always RUNNING me DOWN
Run down Criticise, disparage.
and I am sick and tired of it.
The police RAN DOWN all the leads
Run down Find the source or origin of something.
they had and caught them.
She's thinking about RUNNING FOR the
Run for Campaign for a position.
presidency.
Arrest, take to police station for
Run in They RAN him IN last night.
questioning.
Drive a new car carefully in order not to
Run in She RAN the car IN for a thousand miles.
damage the engine.
Run in Pay a casual visit. We RAN IN and chatted for an hour.
Run in Insert. He RAN a graph IN next to the text.
The project has RUN INTO millions of
Run into Cost. dollars without any prospect of a return
on this investment.
 I RAN INTO James in a bar in the City
Run into Meet by accident.
on Friday.
Could you RUN OFF two hundred copies
Run off Make photocopies.
of this report, please.
Run on Be powered by. The van RUNS ON diesel.
We've RUN OUT OF sugar; I'm going to
Run out of Have none left.
the shops for some.
Could you RUN OVER that point again;
Run over Explain quickly.
I'm afraid I didn't quite understand it.
The driver couldn't stop in time and RAN
Run over Hit with a vehicle. the fox OVER when it ran in front of his
car.
The meeting RAN OVER by twenty
Run over Exceed a time limit.
minutes.
Run Practise a dramatic work like a play The cast RAN THROUGH the play the
through quickly. day before it opened to the public.
Run Stab or wound deeply with a knife, sword, The musketeer RAN his enemy
through etc.. THROUGH with a sword and killed him.
Whenever he gets into debt, he RUNS TO
Run to Go to someone for help.
his parents for help.
His musical tastes RUN TO the
Run to Include in things you like.
Residents, who are hated by most people.
Have enough money to buy something, Things are a bit tight and won't RUN TO
Run to
often negative. going abroad for a holiday.
He RAN UP next to me and started
Run up Move quickly to where someone is.
shouting.
Run up Hoist, raise a flag. They RAN UP the Union Jack.
He RAN UP a few examples for them to
Run up Do or make something very quickly.
look at.
Run up Spend a lot of money on credit. He RAN UP a lot of bills at the hotel.
Run up They RAN UP AGAINST a lot of
Encounter problems, often unexpected.
against opposition to the construction.
Robert was sitting in his car and a guy
Run up on Approach someone without their knowing. RAN UP ON him and shot through the
car but missed.
She RUNS WITH some dodgy
Run with Keep company, normally bad.
characters.
They RUSHED AWAY when the police
Rush away Leave a place in a hurry.
arrived.
They don't want to be RUSHED INTO
Rush into Do something too quickly. giving an answer and have asked for
more time.
Zac RUSHED OFF to get to his medical
Rush off Depart in a hurry.
appointment.
They RUSHED the single OUT after it
Rush out Release or put something on sale quickly.
started getting airplay.
Rustle up Make something quickly without much We RUSTLED UP dinner from what was
 preparation. in the fridge.
Put a saddle on and prepare an animal to She SADDLED UP the horse and rode
Saddle up
ride. off.
Give someone a task or responsibility that They SADDLED me WITH preparing the
Saddle with
is difficult or hard work. visit.
Not go to school or work, or leave early I was bored so I SAGGED OFF work
Sag off
when you shouldn't. early and went home.
He SAILED INTO me for turning up an
Sail into Criticise angrily.
hour late.
Sail through Pass easily, succeed. He SAILED THROUGH the final test.
The townspeople SALLIED FORTH to
Sally forth Leave somewhere safe or comfortable.
fight the invading army.
Though it was pouring with rain, we
Sally out Leave somewhere safe or comfortable.
SALLIED OUT to meet her.
She's making a lot of money, but SALTS
Salt away Save money.
it AWAY rather than spending it.
Save on Reduce or avoid consumption to cut costs. I use Skype to SAVE ON my phone bills.
Save up For money for a particular purpose. He's SAVING UP to buy a car.
I'm SAVING UP the receipts to claim on
Save up Collect or store something for future use.
them all at once.
To remove something by cutting it with a
Saw off He SAWED OFF the legs of the chair.
saw.
We SAWED the plank UP to make the
Saw up Cut into pieces with a saw.
shelves.
Make something smaller than originally They had to SCALE BACK the project
Scale back
planned. because of the costs.
Make something smaller than originally They have had to SCALE DOWN the
Scale down
planned. project because of the costs.
They are SCALING UP the programme
Scale up Increase, make bigger.
because it has been so successful.
Frighten someone some much that they go
Scare away The cat SCARED the birds AWAY.
away.
Make someone so frightened that he or she The vicious Doberman guard-dog
Scare off
away. SCARED the burglars AWAY.
The company is SCOUTING ABOUT for
Scout about Look in different places for something.
new staff.
Scout We SCOUTED AROUND to find the best
Look in different places for something.
around price.
The researcher spent months SCOUTING
Scout out Search for something.
OUT the answer.
Scout round Look in different places for something. I SCOUTED ROUND for a bargain.
Try to find someone for a task or We'd better SCOUT UP a replacement for
Scout up
requirement. her.
Scrape I've been SCRAPING ALONG on
Manage with little money.
along temporary work since I lost my job.
I thought I was going to fail, but
Scrape by Just manage to pass something.
SCRAPED BY with 51%.
 Just get enough to succeed, pass or be The government SCRAPED IN with 51%
Scrape in
accepted. of the votes cast.
She got mediocre grades and just
Scrape into Be accepted somewhere, but only just.
SCRAPED INTO university.
Scrape I did no revision and only just SCRAPED
Pass a test but only just.
through THROUGH the final exams.
Scrape Manage to collect enough of something I had to search my flat for money to
together you need, usually money. SCRAPE TOGETHER what I needed.
Manage to collect enough of something It took me ages to SCRAPE UP the
Scrape up
you need, usually money. money for the tickets.
We SCREENED OFF the area where we
Separate a part of a room with something
Screen off had the discussion from the rest of the
like a curtain, screen, etc..
meeting.
Applicants without the right
Screen out Exclude.
qualifications were SCREENED OUT.
Screen out Block light. The sun cream SCREENS OUT UV light.
There are so many notices and signs that I
Screen out Stop noticing something.
have started SCREENING them OUT.
Screw He spent the afternoon SCREWING
Waste time.
around AROUD and got nothing done.
Screw He SCREWED AROUND a lot at
Be sexually promiscuous.
around university.
Screw over Treat harshly or cheat. The IRS really SCREWED him OVER.
David SCREWED UP his oral exam but
Screw up Do badly or fail.
still managed to scrape a pass.
I'll SEE ABOUT whether we can manage
See about Arrange, consider.
it.
See into Accompany someone into an office. Her secretary SAW me INTO her office.
A cat came into the back garden but the
See off Chase somebody or something away.
dog soon SAW it OFF.
Go to the airport, station, etc., to say
See off I went to the station to SEE them OFF.
goodbye to someone.
Accompany a guest to your front door Are you sure you're going? I'll get your
See out
when they are leaving your house. coats and SEE you OUT.
They had a lot of difficulties in
See through Continue with something to the end. implementing the project, but the team
SAW it THROUGH successfully.
Realise someone is lying or being The police quickly SAW THROUGH her
See through
deceitful. disguise and arrested her.
He SAW TO the arrangements and
See to Deal with something.
everything ran smoothly and efficiently.
They SOLD OFF their research
Sell off Sell a business or part of it.
subsidiary.
Sell something cheaply because you need She SOLD OFF her furniture before she
Sell off
the money or don't need it. emigrated.
We managed to SELL him ON the
Sell on Convince someone.
expansion plans.
 Buy something then sell it to someone We buy them wholesale and SELL them
Sell on
else. ON to the public.
The tickets for the Primal Scream concert
Have no more of something left because it
Sell out at the Brixton Academy SOLD OUT in a
has been bought.
couple of hours.
Most bands SELL OUT when they sign to
Lose all artistic integrity in return for
Sell out a major record label, and forget all their
commercial success.
principles when pursuing chart success.
Sell a house or business to move We want to SELL UP and move to the
Sell up
somewhere or do something different. country.
I SENT my food BACK because it was
Send back Return something.
overcooked.
I had to SEND FOR a plumber because
Send for Ask someone to come and help.
the radiator was leaking.
The police were SENT IN to quell the riot
Order people into a place to handle a
Send in as the protesters had started burning cars
problem.
and wrecking shops.
If you want to enter the competition, you
Send in Write to get information.
have to SEND IN for an entry form.
The football striker was SENT OFF for
Send off Expel a sports player from a match.
arguing with the referee's decision.
I must SEND this letter OFF today
Send off Post a letter.
otherwise it won't get there in time.
I SENT OFF FOR some jeans that I liked
Send off for Order something by post.
in the catalogue.
They SENT OUT a mailshot to all their
Send out Send something to a lot of people.
existing customers.
We couldn't be bothered to cook, so we
Send out for Order takeaway food by phone.
SENT OUT FOR a pizza.
The mischievous schoolboy was standing
at the front of the class, SENDING the
Send up Imitate/impersonate for comic effect.
teacher UP, when the teacher opened the
door behind him.
We SET ABOUT the cleaning and got it
Set about Start doing something.
done before lunchtime.
The gang SET ABOUT her as she left the
Set about Attack.
bank.
Distinguish, be better than or different The quality of their work SETS them
Set apart
from others. APART from their rivals.
The Appeal Court SET ASIDE the guilty
Set aside Overturn a court verdict or decision. verdict because the evidence was
unsatisfactory and declared her not guilty.
The car repairs SET me BACK eight
Set back Cost.
hundred pounds.
The accident SET the project BACK
Set back Delay.
several months.
He SET FORTH his ideas in his
Set forth State or outline an opinion.
autobiography.
 We SET FORTH at daybreak for the
Set forth Start a journey.
summit of the mountain.
Set in Change season noticeably. Winter has SET IN; it's started snowing.
Terrorists SET OFF a car bomb in the city
Set off Explode a bomb. centre last night. Fortunately, no-one was
hurt or killed.
Set off Ring an alarm. The smoke SET the fire alarm OFF.
Set off Start a journey. We SET OFF for work at seven-thirty.
The company SET OFF its overseas debts
Set off Counterbalance a debt.
against it profits at home.
The dark frame SETS the pale drawing
Set off Provide a visual contrast that looks good.
OFF well.
The pay freeze SET OFF a wave of
Set off Cause, trigger events.
strikes.
Set on Attack. He was SET ON when he left the bar.
The figures are SET OUT in the council's
Set out Display, show.
annual report.
The explorers SET OUT for the South
Set out Start a journey.
Pole yesterday morning.
The contract SETS OUT all the details of
Set out Arrange, organise.
the agreement.
If we all SET TO, we should be able to
Set to Work hard or enthusiastically.
finish this in a few hours.
The technician SET UP the computer
Set up Prepare equipment, software, etc., for use.
network perfectly.
They SET UP a dot com company, floated
Set up Start a company. it a couple of years later on the Stock
Exchange and made an absolute fortune.
Provide someone with the money needed
Set up Winning the lottery SET them UP for life.
to live.
Set up Trick, deceive. The police SET them UP.
They SET UPON her when she was in the
Set upon Attack.
car park.
After years of partying and drinking, she
Settle down Start living a fixed and routine life. finally got married and SETTLED
DOWN.
We were upset not to win and had to
Settle for Accept whatever is available.
SETTLE FOR the second prize.
It took him a while to SETTLE IN when
Settle in Get used to.
he moved to Japan.
They couldn't agree at first on a name for
Settle on Agree. their daughter, but finally SETTLED ON
Alice.
Let's SETTLE UP for the dinner the other
Settle up Pay a debt.
night.
Sex up Change information to make it more The government denied that they had
attractive to the reader or listener. SEXED UP the report to make the front
 page.
Live with someone when you are in a They SHACKED UP a few months after
Shack up
relationship.. they started going out.
We had to SHACK UP with friends while
Shack up Live somewhere temporarily.
our house was being decorated.
Shade in Make a part of a picture darker. She SHADED IN the area under the tree.
The police SHOOK the house DOWN
Shake down Search.
looking for drugs.
He SHOOK the guy DOWN with some
Shake down Extort or cheat money from someone. story about needing the money for an
operation.
It took me ages to SHAKE OFF the
Shake off Get rid of an illness.
cough.
Shake clothes, cloths, etc to remove dirt or He took the tablecloth outside and
Shake out
creases. SHOOK it OUT after dinner.
The news of her death really SHOOK me
Shake up Upset or shock.
UP.
Make major changes to improve or save a The management are SHAKING things
Shake up
company, organisation, etc. UP and getting rid of a lot of workers.
Pour the ingredients into a container and
Shake up Mix things in a container by shaking hard.
SHAKE them UP.
Things are SHAPING UP at work-
Shape up Develop in a positive way.
everything's going well again.
If they don't start SHAPING UP, they're
Shape up Improve to reach an acceptable standard.
going to lose their jobs.
He has SHAVED OFF his moustache and
Shave off Shave completely.
looks much younger.
He SHAVED a few thousand OFF the
Shave off Reduce by a small amount.
budget for the year.
Spend money on something, especially I had to SHELL OUT a hundred pounds
Shell out
when you think it's too expensive. on the dinner.
Send someone away, often because of a He was causing a lot of trouble, so they
Ship off
problem. SHIPPED him OFF to another branch
We SHIPPED the order OUT two days
Ship out Send goods to a place.
ago.
If you've finished your work, I'm ready to
Ship out Leave a place.
SHIP OUT.
He SHOT AWAY as soon as the bell rang
Shoot away Leave somewhere quickly.
for the end of the lesson.
I'm SHOOTING BACK home to pick up
Shoot back Return quickly.
some things I forgot to bring with me.
I’m SHOOTING FOR nothing less than
Shoot for Have as a goal.
the presidency.
I'll have to SHOOT OFF as soon as the
Shoot off Leave promptly and quickly. lesson finishes, otherwise I'll miss my
train.
Shoot out Go out for a short time. I'm SHOOTING OUT to the shops for a
 paper.
The share prices of internet companies
Shoot up Increase quickly.
have been SHOOTING UP lately.
The heroin-user would SHOOT UP in
Shoot up Take illicit drugs intravenously..
shop doorways.
Shoot up Damage with gun-shots. The gangsters SHOT UP the pub.
Johnny has SHOT UP since I last saw
Shoot up Increase quickly, grow.
him
Shop Look around for the best price, quality, If you SHOP AROUND, you can find
around etc.. some real bargains for air tickets.
The battery SHORTED OUT when it got
Short out Short circuit.
wet.
Make so much noise to stop someone His efforts to raise the issue were
Shout down
being heard. SHOUTED DOWN.
Say something loudly, often to attract
Shout out She SHOUTED OUT my name.
someone's attention.
Show Take someone to a place to show them The estate agent SHOWED us AROUND
around certain parts. the house but we didn't like it much.
Take someone into an office or other The secretary SHOWED me IN to speak
Show in
room. to the manager.
The children were SHOWING OFF and
Show off Behave in a way so as to attract attention.
irritated me.
He wanted to SHOW OFF his new sound
Show off Display something you are proud of.
system.
Make the qualities of another thing more The shirt really SHOWED OFF his new
Show off
apparent. tie.
Take someone to out of a room or Her secretary SHOWED me OUT after
Show out
building. the interview.
He SHOWED us OVER the scene of the
Show over Take someone around a site.
accident
Take someone to a place to show them The guide SHOWED them ROUND the
Show round
certain parts. historic part of the city.
Show When a feeling can be seen despite His anger SHOWED THROUGH despite
through attempts to conceal it. his smile.
Show up Attend something or arrive somewhere. Very few SHOWED UP at the meeting.
The downturn in sales SHOWED UP in
Show up Become clear or apparent.
the company's accounts.
Make someone feel embarrassed or He SHOWED us UP when he arrived
Show up
ashamed. drunk and started arguing.
Disregard something, not consider it He SHRUGGED OFF the criticism and
Shrug off
important or harmful. carried on the same way.
Many people have been SHUT AWAY in
Shut away Imprison or remove someone's freedom. psychiatric hospitals for disagreeing with
the government.
The shop SHUT DOWN when the out-of-
Shut down Close a business, shop, etc..
town supermarket opened.
Shut down Turn a computer off. You should close all programs before you
 SHUT a computer DOWN.
I SHUT the cat IN until it was time to go
Shut in Prevent someone from leaving.
to the vet.
They SHUT the water OFF while they
Shut off Close, prevent access.
did the repairs.
You have to SHUT your feelings OUT to
Shut out Exclude.
deal with it.
Shut out Not allow a player or team to score. The Dodgers SHUT OUT the Giants 3-0.
He's been SHUT OUT OF the
Shut out of Exclude someone from an activity, etc.
discussions.
He told us to SHUT UP and start
Shut up Stop talking or making noise.
working.
They SHUT the shop UP for a fortnight
Shut up Close for a period of time.
while they were on holiday.
Shut
She's SHUT herself AWAY to revise for
yourself Withdraw from company.
her exams.
away
Shy away Avoid doing something because you lack Many learners SHY AWAY FROM using
from confidence. phrasal verbs.
The lecturer SIDED WITH her students
Side with Support someone.
and got sacked for her pains.
He SIDLED UP TO me and whispered
Sidle up to Approach someone discreetly.
his name.
We had to SIFT THROUGH thousands of
Sift through Examine a lot of things carefully. files before we found what we were
looking for.
He SIGNED AWAY his rights to
Sign away Give away legal or property rights. compensation when he signed the
contract.
My boss was out for the day, so I
Sign for Write a signature on behalf on someone.
SIGNED her letters FOR her.
Sign in Register in a hotel. We SIGNED IN and went straight to bed.
Open a computer program that requires a
Sign in I SIGNED IN and started chatting online.
name and password.
You have to SIGN IN before you can
Sign in Write your name when entering a place.
enter the club.
Open a particular computer program that I SIGN INTO MSN Messenger
Sign into
requires a name and password. automatically when I boot up.
I'll SIGN OFF now, but will write again
Sign off End a message.
next week.
Sign off Close a claim for unemployment benefit. I SIGNED OFF when I got my new job.
I'm SIGNING OFF now and going home-
Sign off Stop doing something to leave.
I'm shattered.
Give someone a letter to be away from My doctor SIGNED me OFF for a month
Sign off
work. with back problems.
The director SIGNED OFF ON the plans
Sign off on Give official approval.
to increase sales.
Sign on Open a claim for unemployment benefit. I had to SIGN ON when I lost my job.
I've SIGNED ON to help at the village
Sign on Agree to participate.
fete.
Sign on Start broadcasting. He SIGNS ON the same way every show.
Sign on Employ. We've SIGNED ON two new teachers.
Sign a document joining or agreeing to He's SIGNED ON WITH Manchester
Sign on with
something. United for the next three years.
Close a computer program that requires a I SIGNED OUT and then shut the
Sign out
name and password. computer down.
Sign something to show you have Could you SIGN those books OUT,
Sign out
borrowed something. please?
Close a particular computer program that I SIGNED OUT OF MSN Messenger and
Sign out of
requires a name and password. shut the computer down.
Sign up Give your name to do something. I've SIGNED UP as a volunteer.
Sign up Subscribe. I SIGNED UP for their newsletter.
She's SIGNED WITH EMI for the next
Sign with Make a contract with.
few years.
He told them to SIMMER DOWN
Simmer
Become calmer, make less noise. because they were disturbing the class
down
next door.
To sing when a piece of music is being I SANG ALONG when they played it on
Sing along
played or performed by someone else.. the radio.
Sing out Reply loudly. When you hear your name, SING OUT!
Sing out Sing loudly. Everyone SANG OUT during the chorus.
Sing up Sing louder. We can't hear you- SING UP.
Many people applied for the job but we
Single out Select or choose one from a group.
will SINGLE OUT the best one.
The truth finally SANK IN about her
Sink in Slowly come to be understood.
death when it was broadcast on TV.
We spent the afternoon SITTING
Sit and do nothing, especially when you
Sit about ABOUT chatting instead of doing any
should be working.
work.
They just SAT AROUND while the others
Sit around Sit idly, doing nothing.
did all the work.
Wait for something to happen without We SAT BACK and waited for them to
Sit back
making any effort. make the first mistake.
Sit back Relax in a chair. I SAT BACK and enjoyed the show.
I can't SIT BY while they are punished
Sit by Not try to stop something.
wrongly.
Sit down Help someone to sit. The nurse SAT me DOWN in a chair.
The Queen SAT FOR another official
Sit for Pose for an artist or photographer.
portrait.
Look after children while their parents are She SITS FOR her neighbors when they
Sit for
out. go out.
Occupy a building to protest about The students SAT IN the Library as a
Sit in
something. protest against the increase in tuition fees.
Sit in for Take on someone's responsibilities while Her deputy's SITTING IN FOR her while
 they are absent. she's away.
She SAT IN ON the meeting and took
Sit in on Attend as an observer.
notes but said nothing.
She's SAT ON the finance committee
Sit on Be on a committee.
from the beginning.
To handle somebody firmly who behaves If his girlfriend finds out, she'll get mad
Sit on
impertinently, conceitedly. and SIT ON him.
The government have been SITTING ON
Sit on Hold information back or keep it secret.
the report because it was so critical.
I had to SIT the game OUT because I was
Sit out Not take part.
ill.
WE SAT OVER dinner discussing the
Sit over Eat or drink slowly.
plans.
I was bored and wanted to leave halfway
Sit through Stay till the end of something dull. through, but we SAT THROUGH the
film.
It's hard to see how their new plan SITS
Sit with Reconcile different positions.
WITH the promises they made.
The doorstaff SIZED UP everyone
Size up Assess a situation or person carefully..
entering the club.
Make something bigger or produce bigger Soft drinks manufacturers have SIZED
Size up
products. UP their products in recent years.
Skin up Make a cannabis joint. She SKINNED UP a fat spliff.
Skin up Make a cannabis joint. Who's going to SKIN UP?
I pretended I was ill and SKIVED OFF
Skive off Avoid doing work or other duty.
on Monday.
Students usually begin the term well, then
Reduce one's effort, perform with less
Slack off SLACK OFF near the end of the
enthusiasm and energy.
semester.
Work SLACKENS OFF during the
Slacken off Become less busy or intense.
holiday period.
The concert was terrible and all the
Slag off Criticise heavily.
papers SLAGGED the band OFF.
Slant That travel magazine is totally
Favour one viewpoint, bias.
toward SLANTED TOWARD the ultra-rich.
Let’s SLEEP IN tomorrow morning- we
Sleep in Sleep longer than usual.
won’t have another chance for weeks.
Sleep in order to recover from excess She went to bed TO SLEEP OFF the
Sleep off
alcohol, drugs, etc.. effects of the tequila.
My boss said she'd have to SLEEP ON it
Sleep on Think about something.
when I asked her for a raise.
The au pair made tea for the friends who
Sleep over Spend the night at someone else's house.
were SLEEPING OVER.
I SLEPT THROUGH the storm even
Sleep
Not wake up. though the wind blew some slates off the
through
roof.
Slice off Cut, remove an amount or part of They CUT 10% OFF the original price.
 something.
I SLICED the cake UP and handed it
Slice up Cut completely into pieces or slices.
round to the people there.
Lose an opportunity or the chance of Their hopes of getting back into the game
Slip away
winning, succeeding, etc. SLIPPED AWAY after the second goal.
The year has SLIPPED AWAY and it is
Slip away Pass quickly (time).
hard to believe it's over.
Slip by Pass quickly (time). The years SLIP BY as you get older.
Lose an opportunity or the chance of He didn't follow the offer up and let it
Slip by
winning, succeeding, etc. SLIP BY.
The cold beer SLIPPED DOWN a treat
Slip down Be enjoyable to drink or eat.
after the walk.
Try to include something discreetly when He SLIPPED IN a mention of his exam
Slip in
speaking. results to remind us how well he did.
I got out of my suit and SLIPPED INTO
Slip into Put clothes on quickly.
my pyjamas.
Acquire bad habits or fall into a bad or The economy SLIPPED INTO recession
Slip into
negative state or condition. and shows no signs of recovery.
It was very boring so we SLIPPED OFF
Slip off Leave a place discreetly.
before it finished.
I SLIPPED my shoes OFF when I
Slip off Remove clothes.
entered.
Slip off to Go somewhere discreetly. We SLIPPED OFF TO the pub.
I SLIPPED my coat ON and rushed
Slip on Put clothes on quickly.
outside.
The party was really dull so we SLIPPED
Slip out Leave discreetly.
OUT and went to the pub instead.
The waitress SLIPPED UP and didn't
Slip up Make an error.
bring us what we had ordered.
I SLOBBED ABOUT all day as I couldn't
Slob about Be lazy, do nothing.
be bothered to do any work.
I spent the day SLOBBING AROUND at
Slob around Be lazy, do nothing.
home.
Leave somewhere without letting others The lecture sounded really boring, so I
Slope off
know. SLOPED OFF and went to the pub.
The government is increasing its powers
Slough off Get rid of, dispose. but is SLOUGHING OFF responsibility
for its failures.
Slough off Lose or shed outer layers of skin. Snakes SLOUGH OFF their old skin.
He SLOUGHED OFF the pain and
Slough off Ignore or trivialize an injury or insult.
continued running.
The car SLOWED DOWN when they
Slow down Reduce speed.
saw the police.
It is important to slow down, rest, and eat
Slow down Become less active.
sensibly.
The negotiations were SLOWED UP by
Slow up Slow the progress of something.
the arguments.
 They SLUGGED IT OUT for hours but
Slug it out Fight or argue.
never came to an agreement.
The government's decision SMACKS OF
Smack of Appear to have a negative quality.
hypocrisy.
Smash The police SMASHED the door DOWN
Demolish or break something down.
down to get into the house.
Smash in Break something by hitting it repeatedly. He SMASHED the windscreen IN.
The burglars SMASHED UP the office as
Smash up Destroy, break into many pieces.
there was no money to steal.
Force someone out of a place they're The police SMOKED the gang OUT and
Smoke out
hiding in. arrested them.
Consume, take, buy something other They SNAFFLED UP all the food before
Snaffle up
people may want. we got there.
He SNAPPED OFF a bit of chocolate
Snap off Break a piece off something.
from the bar and gave it to me..
I was feeling depressed and knew I had to
Snap out of Control negative emotions.
SNAP OUT OF it.
He had taken ages so I told him to SNAP
Snap to it! Do something quickly.
TO IT and get it finished.
Collectors SNAPPED UP every copy the
Snap up Get, acquire or buy something quickly.
day it was released.
My line was all SNARLED UP after I
Snarl up Entangle.
caught that last fish.
Although the thieves tried to SNEAK
Sneak out Depart furtively.
OUT after dark, we were ready for them.
Dave tried to SNEAK UP ON the guard,
Sneak up on Approach someone furtively.
but was seen anyway.
Sniff Look around to see how good something I SNIFFED AROUND to see if I could
around is or to try to find something better. find a better deal.
A job opportunity like that is not to be
Sniff at Disapprove or be scornful.
SNIFFED AT.
Find something by smell (usually for Customs use dogs to SNIFF OUT illegal
Sniff out
dogs). drugs being smuggled in.
Find out information, especially when Our rivals are trying to SNIFF OUT our
Sniff out
people don't want anyone to know. plans for expansion.
Divulge secrets, inform authorities about Reggie was caught after someone
Snitch on
someone. SNITCHED ON him to the teacher.
I SNUFFED OUT the candles before I
Snuff out Extinguish a small flame by covering it.
went to bed.
Snuff out Kill. He got SNUFFED OUT in a gang war.
I messed up the first question, which
Snuff out End something suddenly. SNUFFED OUT my chances of getting a
good grade.
Stop showing the effects of alcohol or Keith SOBERED UP a bit when we left
Sober up
drugs. the pub and walked home.
 The bombardment SOFTENED UP their
Soften up Weaken. defenses; I think we can move in
tomorrow.
Do things to please someone in the hope I paid for everything to SOFTEN them
Soften up
that they will do what you want. UP before they made the decision.
Life got hard for my dog when he went
Soldier on Continue even when things get difficult. blind, but he just SOLDIERED ON and
never complained.
Has the firm SORTED OUT its tax
Sort out Resolve a problem.
problems yet?
He SOUNDED OFF about the quality of
Sound off To express your opinions forcefully.
the food.
You should SOUND her OUT to get her
Check what someone thinks about an
Sound out opinion before you go ahead with the
issue, idea, etc..
plan.
The council is SPAFFING AWAY our
Spaff away Waste (money, time, resources, etc).
taxes on bonuses and consultants.
Cause something, usually unpleasant, to The riot was SPARKED OFF by the
Spark off
happen. police raid on the club.
They SPARKED UP in a no smoking
Spark up Light a cigarette or joint.
area.
People are afraid to SPEAK OUT in
Speak out Talk openly and freely.
oppressive political regimes.
They couldn't hear the speaker and asked
Speak up Talk more loudly.
him to SPEAK UP a bit.
He won't understand you unless you
Spell out Explain something in great detail.
SPELL everything OUT for him.
Write or say the individual letters that I had to SPELL my surname OUT to him
Spell out
make up a word. as he didn't know how to spell it.
The volcano is SPEWING OUT lava and
Spew out Expel, throw out.
hot gases.
Spew up Vomit. He SPEWED UP when he was drunk.
When large numbers of people leave a The crowd SPILLED OUT onto the
Spill out
place at the same time. streets after the match had ended.
The container was cracked and the
Spill out Come or flow out of a box, container, etc.
chemicals SPILLED OUT.
Spill out Express or display emotions openly. I let my frustration SPILL OUT.
The protests and demonstrations have
When something bad has a wider impact
Spill over SPILLED OVER into neighbouring
on other people or situations.
states.
I forgot to turn the tap off and the water
Spill over Flow over the edge or top of a container.
SPILLED OVER.
The research SPUN OFF a number of
Spin off Produce an unexpected additional benefit. new products as well as solving the
problem.
Form a separate company from part of an They SPUN OFF the retail division last
Spin off
existing one. year.
Spin off Create a TV show using characters from a They SPUN it OFF from the main show,
 popular show. but it didn't really attract many viewers.
Spin out Lose control (vehicle). The car hit the water and SPUN OUT.
I SPUN the work OUT to make as much
Spin out Make something last as long as possible.
money from the job as I could.
They SPIRITED her AWAY before the
Spirit away Remove someone secretly from a place.
police arrived.
They SPIRITED him OFF before any
Spirit off Remove someone secretly from a place.
trouble started.
An informal way of telling someone to say Hurry up, SPIT IT OUT! I can't wait all
Spit it out
something they are unwilling to say. day for the truth.
He SPAT her name OUT when he saw her
Spit out Say something angrily.
arrive.
Splash Apollo 13 SPLASHED DOWN after a
Land in the sea (space capsules).
down harrowing flight.
Spend a lot of money on something that is We went to an expensive restaurant and
Splash out
not essential. SPLASHED OUT to celebrate
Splash out
Spend a lot of money on something. I SPLASHED OUT ON a new camera.
on
The teacher SPLIT the class UP into
Split up Divide into groups.
groups of four.
They are always SPLITTING UP and
Split up Finish a relationship.
then getting back together again.
He's been SPOILING FOR an argument
Spoil for Really want something.
all day.
Sponge I'll SPONGE it DOWN before putting it
Clean something with a sponge.
down away.
Accept free food and support without any Let’s go to New York, we can always
Sponge off
shame or qualms. SPONGE OFF my brother there.
A lot of people are SPONGING ON the
Accept or get money without doing any
Sponge on state by claiming benefits they're not
work.
entitled to.
Return to original position after being The lock SPRINGS BACK when the key
Spring back
bent, forced or when pressure is removed. is turned.
She is going to SPRING FOR all their
Spring for Pay for, often generously.
medical bills.
He SPRANG FROM the bushes when I
Spring from Appear suddenly and unexpectedly.
walked past.
His anger SPRINGS FROM his feelings
Spring from Be the cause of something.
of insecurity.
They SPRUNG a birthday party ON me
Spring on Surprise someone.
at work.
Charity shops are SPRINGING UP in the
Spring up Appear suddenly.
recession.
We SPRUCED the flat UP before we put
Spruce up To smarten, make something neat and tidy.
it on the market.
The thought of the bonus SPURRED her
Spur on Encourage someone to continue.
ON to complete the work on time.
Square There are few things I have to SQUARE
Finish or sort something out.
away AWAY before I can leave.
The two drunks SQUARED OFF and the
Confront someone or prepare to fight
Square off barman had to intervene before a fight
them.
broke out.
Square off Confront someone or prepare to fight They SQUARED OFF AGAINST the
against them. police when they arrived.
Can I SQUARE UP with you for last
Square up Pay back a debt.
night?
Confront someone or prepare to fight The companies are SQUARING UP for a
Square up
them. fight.
Square up They need to SQUARE UP TO what they
Accept responsibility or guilt.
to did wrong if we are to make any progress.
What he said doesn't SQUARE WITH
Square with Match, conform to.
what the others said.
Check with someone that something is I'll have to CHECK that WITH my boss
Square with
OK. before I can confirm it.
Get more people into a space than normal Four of us had to SQUEEZE UP in the
Squeeze up
or comfortable. back of the car.
Stack up Put things in a pile. I STACKED UP the boxes.
Work STACKED UP while I was away
Stack up Accumulate.
on holiday.
I've been STACKING UP a lot of air
Stack up Increase, accumulate something.
miles.
Stack up Be logical, make sense. The budget figures don't STACK UP.
Build up the number of planes waiting to Planes were STACKING UP while the
Stack up
land at an airport. airport was closed after the bomb threat.
Stack up The new model doesn't STACK UP
Be as good as something.
against AGAINST the old one.
They haven't STAFFED the project UP
Staff up Employ someone for something specific.
yet.
The government has started a campaign
Stamp out Get rid of something.
to STAMP OUT drugs in schools.
Spend time in a place waiting or doing We STOOD ABOUT drinking coffee
Stand about
nothing or very little. before the lecture.
Stand Spend time in a place waiting or doing We STOOD AROUND for an hour
around nothing or very little. waiting for them to turn up.
The prime minister should STAND
Leave a position so that someone else can
Stand aside ASIDE and let a new leader head the
take it.
party.
We STOOD BACK while he lit the
Stand back Keep a distance from something.
firework.
Try to understand something by taking a We need to STAND BACK and look at
Stand back
different perspective. the problem differently.
He STOOD BY her throughout the trial
Stand by Support someone.
as he believed her to be innocent.
Stand by Be ready and waiting for something to The emergency services were
 STANDING BY waiting for the plane to
happen.
land.
Leave a job or position so that someone The minister announced her intention to
Stand down
else can take it. STAND DOWN at the next election.
The judge told the witness to STAND
Stand down Finish being asked questions in a court.
DOWN after the questioning.
I'm not going to STAND FOR their
Stand for Accept or tolerate behaviour.
rudeness any longer.
'WHAT do the letters BBC STAND FOR?
Stand for The words represented by certain initials.
' 'British Broadcasting Corporation.'
She had to STAND IN FOR the editor
Stand in for Substitute someone temporarily.
while he was on holiday.
She STOOD OUT from the crowd in
Stand out Be extraordinary and different.
selection and was offered the job.
Move from a sitting or lying down to a Everybody STOOD UP when the judge
Stand up
vertical position. entered the court.
He agreed to meet me last night, but he
Stand up Fail to keep an appointment.
STOOD me UP.
Stand up He's the kind of manager who will always
Defend, support.
for STAND UP FOR his staff.
Keep your principles when challenged by She STOOD UP TO the police when they
Stand up to
an authority. tried to corrupt her.
This coat will STAND UP TO the
Stand up to Resist damage.
roughest weather conditions.
Look at someone until they cannot look at He was angry but I STARED him DOWN
Stare down
you. and he left without saying much.
They STARTED OFF the meeting with
Start off Make something start.
an attack on our performance.
She STARTED OFF as a receptionist and
Start off Begin life, a career or existence.
ended up as the CEO.
We STARTED OFF early because we
Start off Begin a journey.
knew the journey would take all day.
I was trying to be serious, but their
Start off Make someone laugh.
comment STARTED me OFF.
Help someone to start a piece or work or I STARTED her OFF ON the project then
Start off on
activity. left her to finish it.
It's time to START ON that bottle of
Start on Begin to use or consume.
wine.
The manager was furious and STARTED
Start on Criticise angrily.
ON her staff for not trying hard enough.
Start on at Criticise or nag. He STARTED ON AT me for being late.
Start out Begin a journey. We STARTED OUT early in the morning.
What had STARTED OUT AS a protest
Start out as Begin life, existence or a career.
quickly turned into a full-blown rebellion.
I didn't START OUT TO become the
Start out to Intend, plan.
boss- it just happened.
Start over Begin something again. It's a mess- I think we should just START
 OVER.
The firm STARTED UP on a shoestring
Start up Open a business.
budget.
There was a pause, then the noise
Start up Begin, especially sounds.
STARTED UP again.
Start up When an engine starts working. The car STARTED UP first time.
Start up Make an engine work. I STARTED the car UP.
Sit or stand upright because someone has He STARTED UP when I entered the
Start up
surprised you. room and tried to hide what he was doing.
I STASHED some money AWAY behind
Stash away Store or hide something in a safe place.
some books.
The police STOVE the front door IN and
Stave in Push or break something inwards.
arrested them.
The medicine STAVED OFF the worst of
Stave off Delay, prevent something from happening.
the disease.
He said he didn't like them coming and
Stay away Not come.
wanted them to STAY AWAY.
Stay away He told them to STAY AWAY FROM
Avoid, not come.
from him.
I'm going to STAY IN and chill tonight; I
Stay in Not go out.
can't be bothered to go out.
She STAYED ON after she graduated to
Stay on Remain longer than anticipated.
do a Master's degree.
Stay out Not go home. We STAYED OUT all night.
I STAYED OVER at a friend's house last
Stay over Stay overnight.
night because of the train strike.
The children STAYED UP until way past
Stay up Not go to bed.
their bedtime.
We didn't want to wake them, so we
Steal away Leave a place quietly or secretly.
STOLE AWAY in the middle of the night.
Not wanting to attract attention, she
Steal out Leave in a stealthy or quiet manner.
STOLE OUT early.
Be gradually overcome by an emotion or A feeling of pride STOLE OVER me as I
Steal over
feeling. watched.
The lights were off and everything was
Steal up Approach quietly or secretly. quiet so we STOLE UP as quietly as we
could.
Approach a place or someone quietly or We STOLE UP ON them so that they
Steal up on
secretly. couldn't sound the alarm.
He's trying to STEER CLEAR OF his
Steer clear
Avoid. lecturer because he hasn't finished his
of
assignment yet.
The trouble STEMS FROM their refusal
Stem from Originate, be caused by.
to discuss the matter.
Everyone thinks that the prime minister
Leave a job or position so that someone
Step aside should STEP ASIDE so that someone
else can take over.
new can lead the party into the election.
 Look at something from a different We should STEP BACK and try to see
Step back
perspective. how our customers will view the scheme.
Leave a job or position so that someone The CEO STEPPED DOWN after the
Step down
can take over. share price dropped.
Production is being STEPPED DOWN
Step down Reduce.
because demand has dropped.
Step When I had the accident, a lot of people
Offer help.
forward STEPPED FORWARD to help me.
I had to STEP IN when they started
Step in Get involved by interrupting something.
fighting.
An imperative used to tell someone to go I told the taxi driver to STEP ON IT as I
Step on it
faster, especially when driving. was late for the meeting.
Step out Leave a place for a very short time. They've STEPPED OUT for a cigarette.
Don't STEP TO those guys; they'll kill
Step to Confront.
you.
Step to Chat, talk to. He tried to STEP TO her in the bar.
The police have STEPPED UP the
Step up Increase. pressure on beggars working the
Underground.
Stick He's late, but I'll STICK AROUND for
Stay in a place for some time.
around another few minutes before I leave.
Continue doing something despite She found the course very tough but she
Stick at
difficulties. STUCK AT it and did well in the end.
Support someone when they are having No one STUCK BY him when the
Stick by
difficulties. scandal became public.
Stick by Support a plan, opinion or decision. They are STICKING BY their claims.
I couldn't answer the test so I just
Write something quickly or without
Stick down STUCK anything DOWN that I could
thinking about it.
remember.
Stick down Join surfaces with glue. I STUCK the label DOWN.
She STUCK IT TO me for turning up half
Stick it to Criticise someone.
an hour late.
My boss always STICKS IT TO me when
Stick it to Treat someone badly or unfairly.
she's in a bad mood.
He's so much better than the others that
Stick out Be easily noticed.
he STICKS OUT.
Stick out Extend part of your body. He STUCK his tongue OUT at me.
Continue doing something difficult or I STUCK it OUT even though I hated
Stick out
unpleasant. every minute of it.
We're STICKING OUT FOR a 5%
Stick out for Demand a salary raise.
increase.
The Prime Minister decided to STICK
Stick to Not change. TO the original plan despite the criticism
in the media.
I STUCK TO the path and didn't take the
Stick to Restrict or limit and not change.
shortcut.
 If we don't STICK TOGETHER, things
Stick
Support each other. will be much worse for all of us- we need
together
some unity.
The static electricity made my hair
Stick up Stand on end.
STICK UP.
They STUCK the bank UP and stole tens
Stick up Rob using weapons.
of thousands.
You have to STICK UP FOR yourself
Stick up for Support or defend.
here, because no one will back you.
We'd better STICK WITH our original
Stick with Not change something.
idea.
He told the children to STICK WITH him
Stick with Stay near someone.
in the station.
The details have STUCK WITH me ever
Stick with Not be forgotten.
since.
Continue with something difficult or I STUCK WITH the job though I found it
Stick with
unpleasant. very stressful.
Stiffen up Become rigid. My back STIFFENS UP in cold weather.
They used starch to STIFFEN the collars
Stiffen up Make something rigid.
UP.
He STIRRED things UP by complaining
Stir up Make trouble for someone else. to senior management about his line
manager.
Stitch up Sew something so that it is closed. I STITCHED UP the hole in my sleeve.
We get the contract STITCHED UP this
Stitch up Finalise a deal.
week.
The police STITCHED them UP because
Cheat someone or make them look guilty
Stitch up they couldn't find any evidence against
when they aren't.
them.
He lost his temper and STOMPED OFF
Stomp off Leave somewhere angrily.
home.
Stomp on Treat badly or defeat. They STOMP ON their competitors.
Why don't you STOP AROUND my
Stop around Visit someone for a short time..
place on your way back?
I'll STOP BACK this afternoon when
Stop back Return somewhere.
you're free.
I STOPPED BEHIND at the end of the
Stop behind Stay somewhere when other people leave.
lecture to ask a couple of questions.
I must STOP BY the supermarket and
Stop by Visit somewhere briefly or quickly.
pick up some things for dinner.
I was feeling tired so I STOPPED IN last
Stop in Stay at home.
night.
Stop in Visit briefly. I STOPPED IN at my aunt's after work.
We STOPPED OFF for lunch about
Stop off Break a journey.
halfway there, then carried on driving.
Be out late, especially when you are Her parents were annoyed because she
Stop out
expected home. STOPPED OUT all night.
 I STOPPED OVER in Bangkok for a
Stop over Stay somewhere when on a journey. couple of days on my way back from
Tokyo.
I STOPPED UP last night watching the
Stop up Stay up late.
film.
Stop up Fill or block something. I STOPPED UP the bottle with a cork.
Storm off Leave a place angrily. They had a row and he STORMED OFF.
He lost his temper and STORMED OUT
Storm out Leave a place angrily. OF the bar. (If you don't mention the
place, you can just say 'He stormed out')
Hide in a vehicle to travel without people She STOWED AWAY on the plane but
Stow away
knowing. was caught when it landed.
We STOWED it AWAY in the garage to
Stow away Store something in a safe place.
keep it dry.
I'm always having to STRAIGHTEN
Straighten
Make something straight. OUT the wires connected to my
out
computer.
Straighten I had to STRAIGHTEN OUT things after
Deal with a problem.
out the mess they had made.
Straighten There are a few issues I'd like to
Make clear and resolve.
out STRAIGHTEN OUT first.
Straighten Starting work has STRAIGHTENED him
Improve someone's behaviour.
out OUT and calmed him down.
Straighten She STRAIGHTENED UP when her boss
Stand straight.
up walked in.
Straighten I STRAIGHTENED UP the room before
Tidy.
up they arrived.
Attack, take action against someone who At first, he ignored them, but when things
Strike back
has hurt you. got very serious, he STRUCK BACK.
A hitman STRUCK him DOWN as he
entered the building.(This verb is often
Strike down Kill.
used in the passive- He was struck down
as he entered the building.)
I was STRUCK DOWN with food
Strike down Make someone ill. poisoning.(This verb is mostly used in the
passive.)
The Appeal Court STRUCK DOWN the
Strike down Disallow a law, decision, etc.
lower court's ruling.
Remove someone's professional licence to The Medical Council STRUCK him OFF
Strike off
practise. for malpractice.
I STRUCK ON the solution when I was
Strike on Have a good idea.
out with my dog.
After doing the same job for five years, I
Strike out Start doing something new and different. decided to STRIKE OUT and change
careers.
Strike out Try to hit someone. When he pushed me, I STRUCK OUT.
We got up early and STRUCK OUT for
Strike out Start going towards a place.
our final destination.
 As they arrived, I STRUCK their names
Strike out Cross writing out.
OUT on the list I had.
I tried to get the government to support us
Strike out Fail.
but I STRUCK OUT.
He STRUCK UP a conversation with me
Strike up Start (conversation, relationship).
in the bar.
The band STRUCK UP and everyone
Strike up Start performing music.
turned to listen.
It took us a long time to STRIKE UPON
Strike upon Have a good idea.
a solution.
They kept saying they were interested,
String along Deceive someone for a long time. but they were just STRINGING me
ALONG
Accompany someone because you haven't Is it alright if I STRING ALONG with
String along
got anything better to do. you tonight?
There was half an hour to go, so I
String out Make something last as long as possible. STRUNG the questions OUT as long as I
could.
I was so nervous in the interview that I
String
Put words together into a coherent text. could hardly STRING a sentence
together
TOGETHER.
The rebels STRUNG the soldiers UP after
String up Hang somebody.
they captured them.
He STUBBED his cigarette OUT in a
Stub out Extinguish a cigarette. saucer because he couldn't find an
ashtray.
Stuff up Make a mistake, do badly, spoil. I STUFFED the exam UP.
Stumble You'll never guess what I STUMBLED
Find something accidentally.
across ACROSS when I was packing my stuff.
Stumble I STUMBLED UPON these photos when
Find something accidentally.
upon I was clearing my room up.
He didn't want to pay me back, but I got
Stump up Pay for something.
him to STUMP UP in the end.
Become involved in something Everyone around her was taking drugs
Suck in
unpleasant. and she got SUCKED IN.
Become involved in something
Suck into The country got SUCKED INTO the war.
unpleasant.
He is always SUCKING UP to try to get
Suck up Try to ingratiate yourself.
the boss's approval.
Suck up to Ingratiate yourself with someone. He's always SUCKING UP TO our boss.
Get dressed or put on a uniform for an They SUITED UP and went to the
Suit up
activity or task. interview
At the end of the lecture, she SUMMED
Sum up Summarise.
UP the main points again.
Get the energy or courage to do Andrea couldn't SUMMON UP the
Summon up
something. enthusiasm to apply for the position.
It took her ages to SUSS OUT what was
Suss out Come to understand.
going on.
Swan about Move in a dramatic or affected manner. He SWANNED ABOUT at the party.
Swan She SWANNED AROUND trying to
Move in a dramatic or affected manner.
around impress people.
Enter in a dramatic or attention-seeking He SWANNED IN surrounded by
Swan in
manner. photographers.
Leave somewhere in a defiant or pompous He didn't like the way the spoke to him so
Swan off
manner. he SWANNED OFF angrily.
I SWEAR BY their products- they're the
Swear by Have great confidence in.
best on the market.
He SWORE DOWN that he hadn't done
Swear down Promise that something is true.
it.
Sweep
Pass easily, succeed. She SWEPT THROUGH the exams.
through
Sweep The disease SWEPT THROUGH the
Move quickly through.
through population.
Swing They SWUNG AROUND to our idea
Change your opinion quickly.
around after reading the press reports.
Swing He SWUNG ROUND to see what had
Turn around quickly.
around made the noise.
Swing at Try to hit. He SWUNG AT me but missed.
Visit a person or place on your way I will SWING BY this afternoon and pick
Swing by
somewhere. you up.
Swing They were against it at first then SWUNG
Change your opinion quickly.
round ROUND and supported it.
Swing
Turn around quickly. She SWUNG ROUND and greeted them.
round
Take business, support or votes from The candidate SYPHONED OFF a lot of
Syphon off
someone. votes because of his anti-war stance.
The minister had been SYPHONING
Syphon off Divert money illegally.
OFF funds from his department for years.
They TACKED ON a new ending to the
Tack on Add something that wasn't planned. film when they found that test audiences
didn't like the original.
Add or attach something that wasn't I TACKED a quick message ONTO the
Tack onto
planned to something. end of the letter after I'd printed it.
Accompany someone, especially if they You're off to the cinema; can we TAG
Tag along
haven't specifically invited you. ALONG?
Add an additional point to something He TAGGED ON a few comments after
Tag on
written or spoken. reading my report.
Add an additional point to something He TAGGED his ideas ONTO the end of
Tag onto
written or spoken. my report.
Add a keyword link or bookmark to a blog
Tag with The post was TAGGED WITH keywords.
entry or webpage.
His voice TAILED AWAY when he was
Tail away Become silent or inaudible.
speaking about what he'd done wrong.
The traffic TAILED BACK for several
Tail back Form a traffic jam.
miles after the accident.
 The voices TAILED OFF when she
Tail off Become silent or inaudible.
entered.
Profits TAILED OFF sharply in the last
Tail off Decrease. quarter of the year as a result of the
increase in the price of oil.
Take after Look like, resemble. He TAKES AFTER his mother.
She TOOK the photocopier APART to see
Take apart Take something to pieces.
what had got stuck in it.
The teacher TOOK her ASIDE and said
Take aside Get someone alone to talk to them.
that she'd failed the exam.
Take away Remove. The police TOOK the protestors AWAY.
That song always TAKES me BACK to
Take back Make someone nostalgic.
when I was at university.
I had to TAKE BACK everything bad I'd
Retract a statement, admit that something
Take back said about them when I learned how
was wrong.
they'd helped out.
The police TOOK DOWN his answers to
Take down Make notes or write down in full.
their questions.
People TAKE DOWN their Christmas
Take down Remove.
decorations twelve days after Christmas.
The lecture was rather boring and I didn't
Take in Absorb information.
TAKE IN much of what the lecturer said.
She TOOK me IN with her story until
Take in Deceive.
someone told me the truth.
The jacket was far too big around the
Take in Make clothes smaller. shoulders, so I had it TAKEN IN so that I
could wear it.
The family TOOK IN the three homeless
Take in Assume care or support.
kittens.
He's good at criticising others, but can't
Take it Accept criticism.
TAKE IT himself.
Whenever things go wrong, he always
Take it out
Abuse someone because you're angry. shouts and TAKES IT OUT ON me, even
on
if I had nothing to do with the problem.
Take it
Take responsibility, often without I TOOK IT UPON MYSELF to make
upon
consulting other people. sure he got up on time.
yourself
The software house really TOOK OFF
Take off Make great progress. when they produced the latest version of
their DTP package.
They've TAKEN ten percent OFF
Take off Reduce the price of an item.
designer frames for glasses.
When a plane departs or leaves the The flight for Dublin TOOK OFF on
Take off
ground. time.
Take off Remove. It was hot, so I TOOK my jacket OFF.
The plane stopped at Zurich to TAKE ON
Take on Allow passengers on a ship or plane.
some passengers.
Take on Assume a responsibility. She TOOK ON the task of indexing the
 book.
The council has had to TAKE ON twenty
Take on Employ. extra employees to handle their increased
workload.
I TOOK OUT all the books I needed for
Take out Borrow a library book.
my essay from the library.
Borrow money from a bank or other Jackie and Anil TOOK OUT a mortgage
Take out
official lender. to buy a bigger flat.
The dentist TOOK OUT all of my
Take out Extract or remove. wisdom teeth before they started causing
any problems.
Go out socially with someone, especially a He TOOK her OUT to a restaurant last
Take out
date. Friday night.
I TOOK OUT some health insurance
Take out Obtain insurance. before I went backpacking around Latin
America.
The gang TOOK him OUT after he spoke
Take out Kill, murder.
to the police.
The bank was TAKEN OVER by a Hong
Assume control of a company or
Take over Kong bank that needed to buy a bank to
organisation.
get into the British market.
Start a job or position that someone had She TOOK OVER responsibility for the
Take over
occupied before you. project last month.
Take He TOOK me THROUGH the procedures
Explain something to someone.
through before we started.
He's TAKEN TO wearing a baseball cap
Take to Make a habit of something. since his hair started thinning more
noticeably.
An awful lot of my time at work is
Take up Fill or occupy time or space. TAKEN UP with pointless bureaucracy
nowadays.
The trousers were too long so I TOOK
Take up Make clothes shorter.
them UP to make them fit.
He TOOK UP squash as he felt he had to
Take up Start a new hobby, pastime, etc..
lose some weight.
He TALKED them AROUND to
Talk around Persuade.
accepting his point of view.
Talk about a problem or issue without They TALKED AROUND the issue
Talk around
really dealing with it. without reaching a conclusion.
There's no point trying to convince them-
Talk to someone and not give them a
Talk at they'll just TALK AT you until you give
chance to reply or listen to them.
up.
The teacher was cross because the pupil
Talk back Respond rudely to a person in authority.
TALKED BACK to her.
Try to make something sound less The company CEO TALKED DOWN the
Talk down
important. recent fall in shares.
Talk down Persuade someone not to jump off a high A man was threatening to jump off the
place to kill themselves. building but the police TALKED him
 DOWN.
She's a dreadful teacher and TALKS
Talk down Talk in a way to show your superiority not
DOWN TO her students instead of
to communicate.
teaching them.
She didn't want to let me go, but I finally
Talk into Persuade someone to do something.
managed to TALK her INTO it.
Discuss a problem or issue to find a They had a meeting to TALK OUT how
Talk out
solution. people felt.
He was going to drive home after
Talk out of Persuade someone not to do something. drinking half a bottle of wine, but his
friends TALKED him OUT OF it.
We TALKED OVER the problems in our
Talk over Discuss.
relationship, but couldn't sort things out.
She TALKED them AROUND to
Talk round Persuade.
accepting her point of view.
Talk about a problem or issue without WE TALKED ROUND the issue but
Talk round
really dealing with it. didn't reach a conclusion.
Talk The teacher TALKED me THROUGH
Guide someone through an issue.
through the test so I knew what to expect.
Make something appear more important or The government are trying to TALK UP
Talk up
significant than it really is. the effect of their policies.
Talk He TALKED himself OUT after a couple
Talk until you have nothing left to say.
yourself out of hours and calmed down.
Tap for Get money off someone. I TAPPED him FOR a loan.
Use or exploit a plentiful resource for your The company is hoping to TAP INTO the
Tap into
benefit. Chinese market.
He TAPPED OFF WITH someone at the
Tap off with Have sex with.
party on Saturday.
He TAPPED OUT the tune with his
Tap out Play a rhythm quietly.
pencil while he was thinking.
How can we buy a new house without
Tap out Use all the money available.
TAPPING OUT our savings account.
Approach a footballer illegally to get them Chelsea were accused of TAPPING him
Tap up
to change teams. UP even though he was under contract.
Work with someone or a group to achieve
Team up They TEAMED UP to publicise the issue.
something.
People were TORN APART when news
Tear apart Disturb or upset greatly.
of the train crash came through.
Tear at Pull or try to pull something to pieces. The fighters TORE AT each other.
Stop someone doing something I had to TEAR him AWAY from the
Tear away
unwillingly. office for dinner.
The roof was TORN AWAY in the
Tear away Remove a surface violently.
hurricane.
The estate was TORN DOWN so that
Tear down Demolish. they could develop the land into luxury
flats.
Tear into Criticise strongly or angrily. She TORE INTO me for losing it.
 Remove part of a form or letter using your She TORE the slip OFF the bottom of the
Tear off
hands, not scissors. form and sent it with her cheque.
The police TORE OFF in their car after
Tear off Leave at high speed.
arresting her.
Tear off Remove with force. The storm TORE the roof OFF.
The sheriff TORE OUT after the escaping
Tear out Depart rapidly.
criminals.
He TORE the fax UP and threw the bits
Tear up Rip into pieces.
of paper in the bin.
They are TEARING UP the old part of
Tear up Destroy.
town to build a new shopping centre.
After hearing the tragic news he
Tear up Have eyes fill with tears.
TEARED UP and could hardly speak.
The new project will TEE OFF next
Tee off Start or launch an event.
month.
Place a golf ball on a short plastic or
Tee off wooden stick before hitting it at the start He TEED OFF at the first hole.
of a hole..
Tee off Annoy someone. It TEES me OFF when they turn up late.
She TEED OFF ON me about the work I
Tee off on Criticise.
gave her.
Place a golf ball on a short plastic or
She TEED UP two strokes ahead at the
Tee up wooden stick before hitting it at the start
last hole.
of a hole..
Make preparations before starting or They are TEEING UP for the conference
Tee up
launching something. tomorrow.
They're identical twins so I cannot TELL
Tell apart See a difference between two things.
them APART.
Chide; talk angrily to someone about His fiancée TOLD him OFF for arriving
Tell off
something they've done wrong.. nearly an hour late.
The pupil TOLD ON the others for
Tell on Report someone to an authority.
cheating and the teacher failed them.
Cancel an appointment by sending a text I was feeling too tired to go and TEXTED
Text out
message. OUT.
I've THOUGHT it OVER and have made
Think over Consider something carefully. up my mind; I'm going to take the job in
Leeds.
Think Consider all the possibilities and outcomes The plan fell through because they hadn't
through of a situation. THOUGHT it THROUGH properly.
Create or invent something, especially I'd better THINK UP a good reason for
Think up
when lying. handing the work in late.
Throw Discard something when no longer I THREW the alarm clock AWAY
away needed. because it had stopped working.
May I THROW IN with you? My
Throw in Join, accompany.
companions left me behind.
They THREW IN a printer so I bought it
Throw in Add something to a deal.
from them.
 I THREW OFF my shoes and flopped on
Throw off Remove item of clothing quickly.
the settee.
Throw off Get rid of. It took me ages to THROW OFF the cold.
Throw off Produce light or heat. The lamp THROWS OFF a lot of heat.
I THREW ON a jacket and rushed
Throw on Put clothes on quickly.
outside.
I THREW OUT all my old clothes to
Throw out Get rid of.
make some space in my wardrobe.
Edward slipped on the ice and THREW
Throw out Dislocate.
OUT his shoulder.
The committee THREW the proposal
Throw out Reject.
OUT.
Throw out Produce heat, fumes. The car THROWS OUT a lot of smoke.
The school THREW him OUT for
Throw out Expel.
smoking.
Throw over End a relationship with someone. She THREW me OVER last year.
Throw over Reject, refuse to accept. They THREW OVER the agreement.
Throw I THREW a quick dinner TOGETHER
Make or arrange quickly.
together before we left.
The prawns she ate at lunch made her
Throw up Vomit. THROW UP and she had to go home
early.
The talks THREW UP some interesting
Throw up Produce problems, results, ideas, etc.
possibilities.
Throw up Leave a job or position suddenly. She THREW UP her job to go travelling.
The road was bumpy and the car in front
Create clouds of dust or splash water into was THROWING UP so much dust that
Throw up
the air. we could hardly see where we were
going.
Throw Make it clear you are sexually attracted to He THREW HIMSELF AT her but she
yourself at someone. wasn't interested.
Throw
Do something enthusiastically or
yourself She THREW herself INTO the project.
energetically.
into
Make reasonable progress without any Things are TICKING ALONG at work
Tick along
serious problems. while the director's away.
The last few seconds TICKED AWAY
Tick away Pass (of time).
and the team couldn't come back.
The seconds TICKED BY and the team
Tick by Pass (of time).
failed to score.
She really TICKS me OFF when she
Tick off Annoy.
doesn't reply to my emails.
Tick off Scold. He TICKED me OFF for arriving late.
Put a mark on an item in a list when it has She TICKED OFF our names when we
Tick off
been dealt with. arrived.
The company TICKED OVER while she
Tick over Continue working, but without improving.
was away on holiday.
 The mechanic left the engine TICKING
Tick over Operate but without moving (engines). OVER for a while to see if he could see
what was causing the problem.
Use something carefully so as not to finish This £50 will have to TIDE me OVER
Tide over
it. until I get paid.
I TIDIED UP my bedroom because it was
Tidy up Put things in the correct place in a room.
a complete mess.
She TIED her hair BACK before playing
Tie back Fasten or secure so that it doesn't obstruct.
tennis.
They TIED him DOWN to stop him
Tie down Secure something to prevent it moving.
escaping.
Tie down Remove or restrict freedom. Marriage TIES you DOWN.
Stop people (often police or military) The army were TIED DOWN with the
Tie down
going where they are needed. rebellion and couldn't help.
The theory TIES IN with what the police
Tie in Agree, be connected or support.
have been saying.
He is TIED IN somehow with the crime
Tie in Associate with.
syndicate.
The publication TIES IN WITH the
Tie in with Occur at the same time.
twentieth anniversary of the incident.
They TIED UP the hostages so that they
Tie up Tie or fasten something securely.
couldn't escape.
Tie up Stop someone doing something. Work has TIED me UP all week.
Tie up Fasten. I TIED UP my shoelaces.
The convoy TIED UP the road for an
Tie up Block a road, etc.
hour.
Make something more secure or function They're TIGHTENING UP security for
Tighten up
better. the president's visit.
The program TIMED OUT before I could
Time out End or close because of a time limit.
reply.
End or close something because of a time The program TIMED me OUT after
Time out
limit. twenty minutes.
The police arrested the drug dealer after
Tip off Secretly inform the police or authorities.
someone TIPPED them OFF.
I TIPPED my coffee OVER and ruined
Tip over Spill, make something fall on its side.
my keyboard.
She soon TIRED OF the course and
Tire of Get bored of something.
dropped out.
Tire out Make someone exhausted. Working so much TIRES me OUT.
It's geting late, so I'm going to TODDLE
Toddle off Leave, go home.
OFF home.
The Minister tried to TONE DOWN what
Tone down Make something sound more moderate. she had said when the press started
attacking her.
The company spent a lot on TOOLING
Tool up Provide equipment.
the factory UP.
 The gangsters got TOOLED UP before
Tool up Arm yourself or somebody.
they went into the club.
It's getting late, so we're going to
Tootle off Leave, depart.
TOOTLE OFF home.
He complained for an hour and to TOP it
Top off Finish something in a special way.
OFF started shouting his head off.
The temperature TOPPED OUT at forty
Top out Stop increasing, reach the highest point.
degrees yesterday.
Shall I TOP UP your drink while I'm
Top up Refill something that isn't empty yet.
pouring myself one?
Discuss something freely and openly, but WE TOSSED ideas ABOUT before the
Toss about
not very seriously. negotiations.
Discuss something freely and openly, but We TOSSED their plan AROUND a bit
Toss around
not very seriously. and then rejected it.
Toss back Drink quickly. I TOSSED BACK my beer and left.
I TOSSED a couple of drinks DOWN
Toss down Drink quickly.
before they arrived.
Make a decision by throwing a coin and
Toss for We TOSSED FOR who would start.
seeing which side lands face up.
I TOSSED OFF the essay the night before
Toss off Write something quickly and carelessly.
I had to hand it in.
Decide something by throwing a coin and We TOSSED UP to see who would kick
Toss up
seeing which side lands face up.. off.
The plane TOUCHED DOWN at Narita
Touch down Land (planes).
airport an hour late.
I TOUCHED him FOR some cash as I'd
Touch for Borrow money.
forgotten my cards.
The government's decision TOUCHED
Touch off Cause a problem to occur.
OFF riots in the capital.
The talk TOUCHED ON the issue, but
Touch on Mention.
didn't give any new information.
I couldn't be bothered to redecorate, so I
Touch up Improve the appearance of something. just TOUCHED UP the bits that needed
painting the most.
She got angry when he tried to TOUCH
Touch up Touch someone in a sexual way.
her UP in the elevator.
They didn't TOUCH UPON the subject
Touch upon Mention.
because of the controversy.
Remove a vehicle, especially if parked I parked in a no-parking zone and they
Tow away
illegally. TOWED my car AWAY.
Pretend to think about or think about in a She TOYED AT getting them to help her
Toy at
casual way. but then did it alone.
I TOYED OVER the idea for a while, but
Toy over Think about something.
decided not to go ahead with it.
It was horrible, so I just TOYED WITH
Toy with Not eat much of a meal.
the food.
Toy with Consider something, but not very We TOYED WITH the idea of moving to
 seriously. the country, but it isn't really practical.
Move or play with something to occupy
Toy with He TOYED WITH his cup.
your hands.
He thought she loved him but she was
Toy with Treat insincerely.
just TOYING WITH him.
It took me ages to TRACK them DOWN
Track down Find after a long search.
in the crowd at the football game.
Their house it too large now that their
Sell something and replace it with
Trade down children have left home, so they're going
something cheaper.
to TRADE DOWN to something smaller.
Exchange something old as part of the She TRADED IN her old car for the new
Trade in
price of something new. model.
Leave your wife or husband to marry He TRADED IN his wife when he
Trade in
someone younger. became the chairman.
A longer working week was TRADED
Trade off Bargain, make a deal or compromise.
OFF for a pay rise.
Accept something you don't really want to We had to TRADE OFF space for the
Trade off
get something you do want. location when buying the apartment.
He TRADES ON their insecurity to get
Trade on Exploit, use something to your advantage.
his way.
British wine drinkers have TRADED UP
Trade up Buy larger or more expensive items. over the last few years from cheap plonk
to expensive wines.
She supported him for years while he was
Leave your wife or husband and marry
Trade up struggling, but when he hit the big time
someone better looking, richer, etc.
he left her and TRADED UP.
They TRADE UPON their reputation to
Trade upon Exploit, use to your advantage.
scare rivals.
Teach someone the specific skills they will I have been TRAINING my new assistant
Train up
need to carry out a job or task. UP.
Trickle Pass benefits from economic expansion Despite the economic boom, few benefits
down through the economy to the less fortunate. have TRICKLED DOWN to the poor.
Be under the influence of psychoactive After taking the LSD he TRIPPED OUT
Trip out
drugs. for hours.
Trip over Fall. I TRIPPED OVER and hurt my knee.
I TRIPPED OVER the kerb and broke my
Trip over Fall because you hit an obstacle.
nose.
I TRIPPED UP in the interview when
Trip up Make a mistake. they asked me about what I could offer
the company.
The meeting was over so I TROTTED
Trot off Leave.
OFF.
Trot off to Go somewhere. I TROTTED OFF TO see the dentist.
The spokeswoman TROTTED OUT the
Trot out Make a statement (meant negatively).
same old unconvincing excuses.
The police TRUMPED UP the charges
Trump up Charge or accuse someone falsely. against him and he ended up in prison
though he hadn't done it.
 I called but they weren't in, so I'll TRY
Try back Phone back.
BACK later.
Try for Make an attempt to get something. I'm going to TRY FOR the job.
Provoke someone by being annoying or The children were TRYING IT ON all
Try it on
behaving badly. night until I lost my temper.
Attempt to get something, usually by He knew I wasn't got to let him do it- he
Try it on
deceit, without great hopes of success. was just TRYING IT ON.
Try on Put clothes on to see if they fit. I TRIED the jacket ON before I bought it.
Scientists are TRYING OUT a new drug
Try out Test.
in the fight against the disease.
Test something to see if you like it or want I TRIED OUT the program before I
Try out
to buy it. bought it.
Try out for Be tested for a sports team. He TRIED OUT FOR the baseball team.
I TUCKED the money AWAY in my
Tuck away Put something in a safe place.
drawer.
We TUCKED AWAY a huge dinner
Tuck away Eat a lot.
before we went out.
Tidy the ends of items of clothing by
Tuck in I forgot to TUCK my shirt IN.
placing them inside something.
The dinner smelled so good I couldn't
Tuck in Start eating enthusiastically.
wait to TUCK IN.
Arrange the sheets, duvet or blankets to
Tuck in make someone, usually a child, He TUCKED her IN and read her a story.
comfortable in bed.
I was starving and TUCKED INTO the
Tuck into Start eating something.
food.
Arrange the sheets, duvet or blankets to
She TUCKED her children UP in bed and
Tuck up make someone, usually a child,
switched the lights off.
comfortable in bed.
Be sure to TUNE IN next week for the
Tune in Watch or listen to a TV or radio show.
next episode.
Watch or listen to a TV or radio Make sure you TUNE IN TO next week's
Tune in to
programme. show.
I TUNED him OUT because he was
Tune out Ignore, not pay attention.
talking such rubbish.
Improve the performance of a machine or
Tune up He's TUNED his car UP for the race.
engine.
The orchestra TUNED UP their
Tune up Tune a musical instrument before playing.
instruments before the concert.
The public TURNED AGAINST the
Turn
Stop liking and start disliking. government when they became arrogant
against
and ceased to listen.
The doorman TURNED him AWAY from
Turn away Not allow someone to enter a place. the nightclub because he was wearing
trainers.
The room was too hot, so she TURNED
Turn down Reduce volume, temperature, etc..
the heating DOWN.
 They offered her the job, but she
Turn down Reject an offer, invitation, etc..
TURNED it DOWN.
The hotel staff TURNED DOWN the bed
Fold the top covers of a bed down to make
Turn down and scattered flower petals on it while we
it ready for someone to go to sleep.
was having dinner.
I TURNED IN at half past eleven because
Turn in Go to bed.
I had an early start the next morning.
Turn in Hand in, submit. She TURNED IN her paper.
Turn into Become. Tadpoles TURN INTO frogs.
Turn off Stop a machine. I TURNED the TV OFF and went to bed.
Cause someone to feel attraction or
Turn on He really TURNS me ON.
pleasure.
I TURNED the radio ON to get the
Turn on Start a machine.
weather forecast.
The neighbour's dog TURNED ON me
Turn on Attack.
when I tried to stroke it.
The factory TURNS OUT three thousand
Turn out Produce.
units a day.
It looked as if we were going to fail, but it
Turn out Produce an unexpected result.
TURNED OUT well in the end.
She TURNED OUT the lights and went
Turn out Stop a light.
to bed.
Thousand TURNED OUT for the
Turn out Attend.
demonstration.
The court ordered the company to TURN
Turn over Give to the authorities.
OVER their financial records.
She had nobody to TURN TO when her
Turn to Try to get help.
husband died.
He TURNED TO drink after he lost his
Turn to Take up a habit.
job.
Turn up Appear. She didn't TURN UP for class today.
Turn up Increase volume, temperature, etc.. I TURNED the music UP full blast.
Type in Enter computer data or text. He TYPED the text IN and printed it off.
Write a full or finished version of a text on She TYPED her essay OUT and handed it
Type out
a computer. in a the last minute.
She TYPED UP her lecture notes and
Type up Type a finished version.
printed them out.
Urge on Encourage. The crowd URGED the players ON.
Urge on Persuade or pressure to accept something. They URGED the deal ON the company.
Urge upon Persuade or pressure to accept something. They URGED the contract UPON us.
Use up Finish or consume all of something. We USED UP all the olive oil.
Be at, mark or celebrate an important point We always give a party USHER IN the
Usher in
in time. NEW YEAR.
Her appointment as CEO USHERED IN
Usher in Make important changes happen. a whole new phase in the company's
growth.
Vacuum up Consume. He VACUUMED UP all of the food.
 Make something more exciting, attractive, The place is dull and you need to VAMP
Vamp up
etc. it UP.
I had to VAMP UP a reason for being so
Vamp up Invent, maker up, improvise.
late.
I'm going to VEG OUT in front of the TV
Veg out Relax, do nothing.
tonight.
Venture If the storm has finished, we could
Leave somewhere safe or comfortable.
forth VENTURE FORTH.
Start something or get involved, often He just WADED IN without listening to
Wade in
without thinking or to forcefully. what anyone had to say.
The hooligans WADED IN when they
Wade in Attack.
saw fans from the other team.
Become embroiled or involved in a
They WADED INTO the negotiations and
Wade into situation, without thinking or planning
the deal collapsed.
usually.
Wade Get to the end of something with It took me ages to WADE THROUGH the
through difficulty. book.
I WAITED ABOUT for an hour, but they
Wait about Wait somewhere doing nothing.
didn't come.
Wait They were just WAITING AROUND to
Wait somewhere doing nothing.
around see if anything was going to happen.
Stay somewhere after other people have I WAITED BEHIND to ask the lecturer a
Wait behind
left. question.
Stay at home because someone is going to
Wait in I WAITED IN for the guy to fix the TV.
visit.
They have two people WAITING ON
Wait on Serve people in a restaurant.
each table.
He WAITS ON customers in an
Wait on Sell goods in a shop.
electronics store.
Provide someone with everything they
Wait on He has a butler who WAITS ON him.
need or want.
Wait for a result before being able to make They're WAITING ON the results of the
Wait on
a decision. vote before taking a final decision.
Wait till something has finished, usually
Wait out We'll have to WAIT OUT this uncertainty.
something unpleasant.
I was worried and WAITED UP until they
Wait up Not go to bed because you are waiting.
got home safe and sound.
Wait up! Stop (imperative). Wait up! I need to talk to you.
They used to have servants WAITING
Wait upon Provide someone with what they require.
UPON them.
They must WAIT UPON the outcome of
Wait for a result before being able to make
Wait upon the match before they know who they'll
a decision.
be playing.
Wake up Stop sleeping. I WOKE UP at half past six this morning.
Walk away You can't just WALK AWAY FROM your
Leave something you don't like.
from problems.
Walk away Win easily. She WALKED AWAY WITH the first
with prize.
Walk back They declined to WALK BACK FROM
Retract a statement.
from their comments despite the controversy.
Enter somewhere unexpectedly and see He WALKED IN ON them planning to
Walk in on
something. sack him.
He WALKED INTO a great job straight
Walk into Get work without effort.
after university.
You WALKED INTO that one [You
Be unaware of the presence of something
became victim to a trap I set]orI
Walk into and either enter it (a trap) or bump into it
WALKED INTO a door and broke my
(an obstruction).
nose.
Go for a walk to reduce the effects of an
Walk off I tried to WALK OFF my hangover.
illness or bad feeling.
Walk off
Win easily. He WALKED OFF WITH the award.
with
Walk off Take something without permission or Someone WALKED OFF WITH my
with steal. umbrella so I got soaked.
I saw the accident but just WALKED ON
Walk on Continue walking. as I didn't want to have to give a
statement.
The workers WALKED OUT because the
Leave work because of a dispute with the
Walk out felt that safety wasn't being handled
management.
correctly.
Leave a place angrily or because you are The film was a bore so I WALKED OUT
Walk out
not satisfied. halfway through.
Walk out on Leave somebody angrily. He WALKED OUT ON his wife last year.
Walk Explain or demonstrate something He WALKED me THROUGH the
through carefully to someone. procedures.
A man WALKED UP and asked me the
Walk up Go to someone.
time.
Waltz She WALTZED THROUGH the tests and
Pass or succeed easily.
through got the highest score.
Leave a place, usually without telling She WANDERED OFF and got lost in the
Wander off
other people. crowd.
The lecture was boring and my mind
Wander off Stop paying attention.
WANDERED OFF after ten minutes.
Want to leave a relationship or Jackie wasn't happy with her marriage
Want out
arrangement. and WANTED OUT.
The team WARMED UP half an hour
Warm up Do exercises before a sport.
before the volleyball match.
When floods or waves completely remove The ice cream stall on the beach was
Wash away
a structure, building, etc.. WASHED AWAY in the storm last night.
I WASHED the antibiotics DOWN with a
Wash down Drink in order to swallow something solid.
glass of water.
Rain so heavily that an event has to be The rain WASHED OUT the
Wash out
cancelled. championship final.
He felt numb as grief WASHED OVER
Wash over Suddenly experience a strong emotion.
him.
 Clean everything used to prepare food and
Wash up The children WASHED UP after lunch.
eat it.
When something in the sea or river is left After the crash, several bodies WASHED
Wash up
on the shore or bank. UP on the beach.
Be sure you and the kids WASH UP
Wash up Wash face and hands.
before dinner.
Become very thin and weak, usually due He WASTED AWAY as the cancer got
Waste away
to illness. worse.
Watch out Be careful (imperative). Watch out- there's ice on the road.
Watch out WATCH OUT FOR bats in the caves;
Be careful of something.
for many have rabies.
Keep an eye on something or someone to The lecturer WATCHED OVER the
Watch over
check that there's no trouble. students as they did the experiment.
The Freedom of Information Act was
Make something weaker and less WATERED DOWN by the Government
Water down
effective. and didn't give ordinary people much
access to official data files
Ignore or refuse to consider what someone They WAVED ASIDE our objections and
Wave aside
says. carried on with the plan.
They WAVED the van DOWN and got a
Wave down Make a hand signal to stop a vehicle.
lift after the accident.
Go to a place where someone is leaving to
Wave off We WAVED her OFF at the station.
wave goodbye.
Make a hand signal to tell someone to The accident was bad, but the police
Wave on
keep moving. WAVED us ON.
We will have to WEAN him OFF his
Wean off Slowly stop a dependency on something.
obsession.
The lawn has been WORN AWAY by
Wear away Erode, remove gradually. people walking across it and it's just bare
soil now with hardly a blade of grass.
The stress of my job is WEARING me
Wear down Make something weaker.
DOWN.
The anaesthetic WORE OFF and my
Wear off Stop having an effect.
tooth started hurting.
She played the video so many times that
Wear out Use something until it stops working.
she WORE the tape OUT.
The company WEEDED OUT the
Weed out Remove, get rid of.
unsuccessful sales reps.
Weigh down The requirements of her new job
Burden with responsibilities, duties, etc.
on WEIGHED DOWN ON her.
Have a certain weight (in sports like The champion WEIGHED IN at 120
Weigh in
boxing). kilos.
He disliked the plan and WEIGHED IN
Weigh in Enter an argument forcefully.
with some heavy criticism.
Enter an argument or discussion to express She WEIGHED IN ON their immigration
Weigh in on
a strongly felt idea. policies.
The issues raised WEIGHED ON her
Weigh on Make someone consider carefully.
mind.
 Measure a certain amount of something by Could you WEIGH OUT 200 grammes of
Weigh out
weight. that for me?
They WEIGHED the pros and cons UP
Weigh up Assess.
carefully before deciding.
The way he spoke was WEIRDING me
Weird out Disturb, cause concern or worry.
OUT.
I felt tears WELLING UP when I heard
Well up Feel tears starting.
the news.
Anger WELLED UP inside us when we
Well up Feel an emotion strongly.
saw what they had done.
Experience an emotion or feeling, start to Tears WELLED UP when I heard they
Well up
cry. had died.
When he heard the whistle, he
Wheel Turn quickly and face in the opposite
WHEELED AROUND to see what was
around direction.
happening.
Use something like an explanation that has
They WHEELED OUT the same old
Wheel out been used many times before and has lost
excuses last time this happened.
its impact.
Wheel Turn quickly and face in the opposite She WHEELED ROUND when he told
round direction. her to stop.
Spend time doing something because you We WHILED a couple of hours AWAY
While away
have nothing better to do. playing computer games.
Ben WHIPPED INTO the convenience
Whip into Enter rapidly (as for a brief errand).
store for a bag of crisps.
The police officer WHIPPED OUT her
Whip out Remove quickly.
radio and called for back-up.
Lola WHIPPED OUT OF a side street
Whip out of Exit rapidly. without looking and broadsided a police
car.
Whip
Do something quickly. She WHIPPED THROUGH the task.
through
We got back late and WHIPPED UP
Whip up Make food quickly.
dinner.
Mix liquid food quickly to make it thick
Whip up I WHIPPED UP the egg whites.
and creamy.
Make people feel more strongly about The boss tried to WHIP UP some support
Whip up
something. for her new policies.
The police WHISKED the minister
Whisk away Take to another place quickly.
AWAY when the trouble started.
Use correction fluid to cover a mistake in Could you pass the Tippex? I need to
White out
a written text. WHITE this mistake OUT.
He WIGGED OUT when he heard that he
Wig out Become excited and lose control.
had failed.
He was supposed to be in charge but tried
Wiggle out Avoid doing.
to WIGGLE OUT.
Wiggle out I WIGGLED OUT OF having to work
Avoid doing something.
of late.
 I was going to have the hottest curry on
Wimp out Not be brave enough to do something. the menu, but I WIMPED OUT and had a
mild lamb Korma instead.
I'm going to WIND DOWN in the
Wind down Relax.
country this weekend and do nothing.
They WOUND the committee DOWN
Wind down Slowly close a business or organisation.
after the inquiry.
He WOUND the video ON to show us the
Wind on Forward a film or tape to a certain point.
scene.
The company was WOUND UP when the
Wind up Close a company because it's unprofitable.
creditors demanded payment.
Tighten the spring in a watch or clock to I forgot to WIND UP my alarm clock and
Wind up
make it work. overslept.
Irritate someone or increase their stress
Wind up The children are really WINDING me UP
level, especially if done deliberately.
Find or get something that takes a great It took me a while to WINKLE the truth
Winkle out
deal of effort. OUT of him.
Revising for the exam last night WIPED
Wipe out Make someone very tired.
me OUT.
A meteor crashing into the planet WIPED
Wipe out Kill all of a population, make extinct.
the dinosaurs OUT.
She WIRED her new stereo system UP as
Wire up Make electrical connections.
soon as she got home.
His supervisor told him to WISE UP and
Wise up Stop being stupid. start following the rules or else he'd lose
his job.
The solicitor WORDED her UP client
Word up Give someone information, advice. before the police interview, so they go
very little out of him.
Word up! A phrase that was used a greeting. 'Word up! You OK?'
She goes to the gym to WORK OFF her
Work off Exercise to remove stress or weight.
anger.
Scientists are WORKING ON genetically
Work on Improve or develop.
modified crops and foods.
Things were going wrong for them but
Work out End nicely. fortunately it all WORKED OUT in the
end.
I couldn't WORK OUT all the answers to
Work out Find the answer or solution.
the crossword puzzle.
They WORKED him OVER and robbed
Work over Assault, beat up.
him.
They WORKED it OVER until they had
Work over Repeat, do again.
got it right.
They WORKED OVER the market
Work over Examine carefully.
looking for bargains.
It took him a long time to WORK
Work Deal with, resolve a problem, often
THROUGH his anger after he lost his
through emotional.
job.
Wrap Cover with clothing, usually to keep She WRAPPED a scarf AROUND her
around warm. head because it was so cold.
Wrap
Cover or encircle with part of your body. He WRAPPED his arms AROUND her.
around
Cover with clothing, usually to keep He WRAPPED the cloth ROUND his
Wrap round
warm. fingers to keep warm.
Wrap round Cover or encircle with part of your body. She WRAPPED her arms ROUND him.
They WRAPPED UP the presents then
Wrap up Cover in paper.
put a ribbon around them.
WRAP UP carefully or you'll catch your
Wrap up Dress warmly.
death of cold outside in that rain.
That WRAPS things UP, so we'll end this
Wrap up Finish.
meeting.
Wriggle out Avoid doing something in a way other He always manages to WRIGGLE OUT
of people don't like. OF any extra work we get.
I WROTE her mobile number DOWN on
Write down Make notes.
a scrap of paper and I've lost it.
They asked viewers to WRITE IN with
Write in Send a letter to a TV station, etc..
their opinions and suggestions.
He WROTE the car OFF in an accident
Write off Destroy a car in an accident.
on the motorway.
I WROTE OUT my notes in full to help
Write out Write something completely.
me remember them.
Write up Make complete written version. I WROTE UP the report and submitted it.
Talk continuously, especially if it is an
Yack on He YACKED ON for an hour.
annoying way.
Talk continuously, especially if it is an
Yammer on She YAMMERED ON for ages.
annoying way.
I tried hard to resist, but in the end I
Yield to Surrender.
YIELDED TO temptation and ate it all.
The police have ZEROED IN ON the
Zero in on Direct or focus attention on. man they believe to be responsible for the
murder.
The hurricane is ZEROING IN ON
Zero in on Head for, move towards.
Florida.
The debt was ZEROED OUT by the
Zero out Cut off funding for a project.
department.
The entry was ZEROED OUT of the
Zero out Reduce to zero, cancel, remove.
database.
We ZIPPED AROUND the supermarket
Zip around Move quickly.
to get the shopping done.
The motorbike ZIPPED BY the cars stuck
Zip by Pass quickly.
in the traffic jam.
Zip it Keep quiet, say nothing. He told me to ZIP IT, so I said nothing.
He was being stupid in the meeting, so
Zip up Keep quiet.
we told him to ZIP UP.
Zone in Pay attention after not doing so. I was bored at first but then ZONED IN
 when things started getting more
interesting.
I ZONED IN ON what they were saying
Zone in on Pay attention after not doing so.
when they started gossiping.
She ZONED OUT during the lecture
Zone out Not pay attention.
because it was so boring.
I put some ambient music on and
Zone out Dissociate yourself from a situation.
ZONED OUT.
I ZONKED OUT during the film and
Zonk out Fall asleep.
missed most of it.
The camera ZOOMED IN to show
Zoom in Focus more closely.
people's faces.
Zoom in on Focus more closely. The camera ZOOMED IN ON his face.
He rushed out of the building and
Zoom off Go somewhere quickly.
ZOOMED OFF in his car.
The camera ZOOMED OUT to show all
Zoom out Focus less closely.
the crowd.
Diplomacy
Mr.Hameed is a member of the United States Congress, and you have been asked
to vote on a resolution that would authorize the use of military force in Iraq. The
resolution cites intelligence indicating that Iraq is developing weapons of mass
destruction and poses a threat to the United States and its allies. However, you are
aware that the ٢٠٠٣ invasion of Iraq was based on faulty intelligence about weapons
of mass destruction, and the conflict has resulted in significant loss of life and
destabilization in the region.

On the one hand, you believe in the importance of protecting national security and
defending the country against potential threats. On the other hand, you are hesitant
to support military action in Iraq again, given the negative consequences of the
previous conflict. You are also concerned about the potential impact on civilian lives
and the financial cost of military intervention.

As a member of Congress, you must decide whether or not to support the resolution
authorizing the use of military force in Iraq. How do you weigh the potential risks
and benefits of military action, and how do you make a decision that is in the best
interests of the United States and its citizens?

Provide three risks and three benefits for the military action.

Morality
There is a runaway trolley going
down the railway tracks. Ahead, on
the tracks, there are five people. The
trolley is headed straight for them.
You are standing some distance off
in the train yard, next to a lever. If
you pull this lever, the trolley will
switch to a different set of tracks.
Unfortunately, you notice that there
is one person on the side track. You
have two options: (١) Do nothing,
and the trolley kills the five people on the main track. (٢) Pull the lever, diverting
the trolley onto the side track where it will kill one person.
 SPEAKING TOPICS

CONVERSATION TOPICS – INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

1. What would you like to learn?

If you had a free day every week and could use your day to learn something new,
what would it be and why?
Give students a few ideas such as:
- Cooking
- Home repair/decoration
- Languages
- Sport
- Music
- Computer skills

2. 100 days left

You have ony 100 days left to live. How would you spend your time?
Suggested themes:
- Travel
- Family
- Community

3. Your best decision

What is the best decision you ever made?
Why are you confident that you made the right choice?
For example:
- Studies
- Family
- Travel
- Health
- Place where you live

4. You're the President

If you became president of your country, what would be your top three priorities?
Suggested areas:
- Education
- Medical care
- Free food for the poor/ food vouchers, etc.
- Higher minimum wage
- Equal salaries for men and women
- Environment/climate change

5. How to Spend $1000 Frivolously

Supposing you received $1000 that you must spend frivolously. How would you
use the money?
(The money can’t be used for investing, paying bills, etc. – nothing “serious”).
Some ideas:
- Go on a trip
 SPEAKING TOPICS

- Go on a shopping spree: clothes/shoes etc.

- Invite your wife/husband to an expensive restaurant
- A treat for the family
- A gift for yourself that you’ve always wanted

6. Coronavirus
- What do you know about the coronavirus?
- How can we stop the virus spreading?
(wearing masks, washing hands, tests, vaccines …)
- Do you think everyone should be vaccinated against the virus?
- Are rich countries better protected than poorer countries?
- Do you think our lives will be different in the future as a result of the virus?

7. Electric cars
- Have you ever used an electric car?
- What are the advantages?
- Are electric cars expensive? Why?
- Where can you charge an electric car?
- Can electric cars travel as far as petrol or hybrid cars?
- Are electric cars better for the environment?
- Do you think there will be more electric cars in the future?

8. What is for you the most enjoyable type of holiday?

(camping, hotel, club, rented accommodation, touring, sports activities, etc.)
List 5 things not to forget when you go on holiday.

9. Describe your favourite pastime/hobby.

- Why is it so enjoyable?
- When did you take it up?
- How often do you do it? etc...

10. Annoying habits

- Can you think of some things that annoy you?
- What annoys you on public transport?
- Do some drivers have annoying habits?
- Does snoring annoy you?
- Do children or young people do things that annoy adults?

11. What are the 5 most important decisions in a person's life?

After making suggestions, the group decides on the order of importance.

12. Who is the greatest? (Ask students to add to the list.)

- Who is/was the greatest leader in the world?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

- Who is/was the greatest athlete of all time?

- What is/was the greatest movie you ever saw?
- Who is/was the greatest inventor of all time?

13. Your experiences in life

- What is the best idea you hav ever had?
- What is your biggest stroke of luck?
- What if the best / the worst piece of advice you ever received?
- What achievement are you most proud of?
- What initiative would you never take again?
14. Environment
- What are some of the most serious environmental problems?
- What are the causes of pollution?
- What are the causes of climate change?
- Suggest ten things people can do to help the environment.
- Suggest five things governments could do to help the environment.

15. Natural disasters

- What is a natural disaster? (fires, flooding, earthquakes ...)
- Can you give an example of a natural disaster?
- Have you ever been in a fire?
- If you had to leave your home quickly, what would you take with you?
- What would you do if you lost everything?

16. Television
- How often do you watch television?
- What do you think of the quality of television programmes today?
- What television programs are popular in your country?
- Is watching television good for children? Why? Why not?
- What would be your ideal TV show?

17. Fake news

- Have you ever heard of fake news (fabricated news)?
- Where do we most often find fake news?
(newspapers, social media, show business ...)
- What examples of fake news can you think of?

18. Are people becoming telephone addicts?

- Could you live without a telephone?
- What would happen if our telephones no longer worked?

19. Why are social networks so popular nowadays?

- What are the positive/negative effects?
- Are social networks sometimes used for bad purposes?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

- What bad purposes can you think of? (harassment, fake news ...)
- What advice would you give to people about social networks?

20. Do you think actors, singers, sportsmen, etc. earn too much money?
- Why/why not?

21. Manners and politeness

- What do you think are some good/bad manners?
- Can good manners in one country be bad manners in another country?
- What are some good manners for using a mobile/cell phone?
- Why are manners important?
- Do people have better manners now than before?

22. Under what circumstances would you :

- walk out of a restaurant?
- refuse a taxi?
- call the manager of a hotel?
- sleep in a train/bus station?
- wear casual clothes to work?

23. If you won a lot of money, what would you do?

Would you :
- keep it a secret?
- stop working?
- go shopping?
- buy a new house?
- travel around the world?
- give money to your family/friends?
- give money to charity?

24. What is a good job? (Ask students to add to the list.)

- an interesting job?
- a well-paid job?
- a secure job?
- good working conditions?

25. If you had to move to another country because of your job (or your
partner's job),
- what country would you prefer if you had a choice?
- what would you miss most?
- what would be the most important for you?

26. What have been the most important new stories in the last year?
- Are certain events given too much/too little coverage?
- Do you trust everything you read, hear or see on the news?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

27. Travel
- What country would you most like to visit?
- Is there a place you would never visit again?
- If you were only allowed to take five things to an unknown destination, what
would you take?

28. Food
- What country has the best cuisine?
- What is your favourite food?
- What is the worst thing you’ve ever tasted?
- Do you worry about the safety of the food you eat?
- Do you buy organic food?

29. Equality men/women

- Are men and women always treated equally?
- Is it the same in all countries?
- Do women often face discrimination at work?

30. If .......... , what would you do?

- If your house caught fire, what three things would you save before running
outside?
- If you could be another person for one day, who would you choose to be?
- If you could be invisible for one day, what would like to do?
- If you could live without sleeping, how would you spend your nights?
- If you could change ONE thing in the world, what would it be?

CONVERSATION TOPICS – ADVANCED LEVEL

1. 100 days left

You discover that you have only 100 days left to live.
How would you spend your time?
Suggested themes:
o Travel
o Family & friends
o Community
o Ongoing projects
o Sell your house and spend all your money

Alternatively, ask students to think of five things they would like to accomplish
during that time.

2. You're the President

If you became president of your country, what would be your top three priorities?
Suggested a few areas such as:
o Education
 SPEAKING TOPICS

o Medical care
o Free food for the poor/ food vouchers, etc.
o Higher minimum wage
o Equal salaries for men and women
o Environment/climate change
o Violence and terrorism
o Find ways to guarantee international peace.

3. Guilty pleasures
A ‘guilty pleasure’ is enjoying something which is considered taboo or is
generally frowned upon, and feeling a bit guilty about it.
What is your guilty pleasure? Do you have anything to confess?
For example:
o eating junk food/ chocolate ...
o watching trashy TV shows
o spending too much time on social networks
o reading gossip magazines
o playing games on your computer (especially at work!)
o taking selfies
o falling asleep at the cinema
o buying flowers for yourself

4. Coronavirus
o What images come to mind when you hear the word ‘virus’?
o What do you know about the coronavirus?
o What does the word ‘outbreak’ make you think of?
o What is the difference between ‘outbreak’ and ‘pandemic’?
o What can governments do to stop a pandemic?
o Could or should governments have reacted differently at the beginning of
the outbreak?
o Do you think the whole world can or should be vaccinated against the
coronavirus?
o Do you think scientists will find a cure for the coronavirus?
o What questions would you like to ask a virologist?
o Do you agree with the Japanese authorities’ decision not to allow
spectators at the Tokyo Olympic games?
o Did that decision prevent or limit the spread of the virus?
o Are rich countries better protected than under-developed countries?
o What are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccine passports?
o Imagine life in the future. In what way will we live differently?
- Work
- Education
- Everyday life (shopping, sports, travel, etc.)

5. Electric cars
o What do know about electric cars?
o Have you ever driven an electric car?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

o Are electric cars better for the environment?

o In what way are they better than petrol cars?
o What are the advantages and disadvantages of electric cars?
o Are they more expensive to buy/to run? Why?
o How long does it take to charge an electric car?
o Where can you charge an electric car?
o Can electric cars travel as far as petrol cars?
o What country is trying the hardest to encourage people to use electric
cars?
o Are electric cars popular in your country?
o What needs to be improved to make them more popular?
o Do you think the number of electric cars will increase in the future?
o Are car manufacturers really interested in preserving the environment?

6. Rich world, poor world

o What kind of aid should the governments of rich countries give to poor
countries? (money - food - medicine - machinery/equipent - hospitals -
schools - training ...)
o Do you think all citizens should be encouraged to do voluntary service
overseas so as to understand the problems of poorer countries?
o Are poor people poor because they lack opportunities or because they are
lazy? What reasons can you think of?
o Is it right for rich countries to have strict immigration controls?

7. Fake news
Fake news (fabricated news) is the deliberate spread of misinformation.
Sensationalist, dishonest or outright fabricated headlines are often used to
increase readership.
o Do you agree with the above definition?
o Where do we most often find fake news? (newspapers, social media ...)
o What sort of fake news can you think of? (politics, show business...)
o How can we tell if a news story is ‘fake’ or not? (checking sources, dates,
photos…)
o What is the purpose of the misinformation?
o Is fake news used in election campaigns?
o Have any countries recently been accused of spreading fake news?
o Can you think of ways to prevent the circulation of fake news?

8. Violence in the world today

o When you hear the word "violence", what do you think of?
o Is the world more violent today?
o Are there different sorts of violence? (physical / mental
/psychological/domestic …)
o What forms of violence have you noticed?
o Do people tend to be more violent when they group together? (gangs /
mobs / crowds…)
 SPEAKING TOPICS

o In what areas is there an increase in the level of violence? (football,

politics, religion, environment …)
o What are the causes of violence? (jealousy, frustration, unemployment,
poverty, conspiracy theories, fake news …)
o What violent conflicts are going on around the world?
o Does the repetition of violent images in TV news reports have a positive or
negative effect?
o Does violence ever achieve anything?
o Is the increase in violence a worldwide phenomenon?
o What could be done to reduce violence?

9. What would you do if ...?

o If you were given the opportunity to be born again, what would you change
in your life?
o If you could have dinner with someone, dead or alive, who would you
choose and why?
o If you always had to tell the truth, what kind of problems would you
encounter?
o If you could live without sleeping, how would you spend your nights?
o If you were given a choice beween great wisdom or great wealth, which
would you choose?
o If you could live forever on earth, as it is now, would you? Why or why
not?

10. Natural disasters

o What is a natural disaster? (fires, flooding, landslides, earthquakes ...)
o Has there ever been a natural disaster where you live?
o Have you ever been in a fire or witnessed one?
o If you had to leave your home quickly, what would you take with you?
o What are the worst consequences of a natural disaster?
o What can people do to stay safe during and after those disasters?
o What would you do if you lost all your possessions?
o Can a person rebuild his/her life after losing everything?
o Can you think of any country that doesn’t have natural disasters?

11. Annoying things

o Do people have habits that annoy you?
o Do you annoy people with some of your habits?
o What does 'pet peeve' mean?
o Do you have a pet peeve?
o What annoys you when you are driving a car?
o What are some things that car drivers do that annoy you?
o Does it annoy you if someone cuts in front of you when you are waiting in
line?
o Does smoking bother you?
o Does something that your parents or friends do annoy you?
o Do some people in your office/company do annoying things?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

o Can you think of any celebrities that are annoying? Why?

o What do people do on public transport or on the street that annoys you?

12. Success-Failure
o How would you define success?
o Do you have the same idea of success as your parents?
o To what extent will your encourage your children to become successful?
o Do you think failures can contribute to a person's success?
o Can you think of any famous people who encountered failure before
success?

13. Social Networking

o What is social networking?
o Can social networking sites be dangerous?
o What precautions would you advise people to take?
o Should the use of social networking sites be banned at work?
o Are social networking sites changing our daily behaviour?
o Is it possible to become a social networking addict?

14. Diseases
o What dangerous diseases are people scared of nowadays?
o Should we be better-informed about the dangers of these diseases?
o What is the best way to stop diseases from spreading?
o Do diseases have an effect on travel?
o Which disease is it urgent to find a cure for?

15. Manners
o Are good manners important?
o Do people have better manners today than before?
o Can you give examples of what you think are good manners?
o What do you think are bad manners?
o Can good manners in one country be bad manners in another country?
o What about table manners? Can you give examples of some good table
manners?
o How about bad table manners?
o Can manners affect your success in life? How?
o What's the best way to teach manners to children?
o What advice about manners would you give a foreigner visiting your
country?

16. News coverage in the media today.

o Do you think news coverage today correctly describes what is going on in
the world?
o Do you trust everything you hear or see on the news?
o What improvements would you make?
o What is the most important current news story?
o Do certain types of events get too much/too little coverage?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

o Do you trust the media? Are you sure the information given is always
true?
o Is it important to keep up with current events?

17. Job interviews

o Is it necessary to prepare for a job interview?
o How can a person make a good first impression?
o Is there a recommended dress code for an interview?
o Can you think of any difficult questions one should be prepared for?
o Is there anything a candidate should avoid mentioning?
o Is it ok to make negative comments about your present employer?
o Is it ok for interviewers to ask questions about age, marital status, etc.?
o What information should a candidate have about the company?

18. Environment
o What are some of the most serious environmental problems today?
o Can you find ten things that each of us can do to help preserve our
planet?
o What is your opinion on climate change?
o In what way will our children be affected by climate change?
o How can we make our homes more environmentally friendly?
o What can companies do to help preserve the environment?
o Which countries cause the most pollution?
o Will the climate keep changing or go back to normal?
o What will happen if we keep polluting the environment?
o If we run out of oil, where will we get our energy from?

19. Shopping on the internet

o Do you often do your shopping online?
o What do you buy online? :
- food
- clothes
- furniture
- services : airline tickets, theatre reservations, flowers, greeting cards ...
- other
o Are the prices the same as in the shops/agencies or less expensive?
o Have you ever had any disappointments or bad surprises?
o What are the advantages of shopping online?
o What are the dangers?
o What advice would you give future online shoppers?

20. Risk
o What is your definition of risk?
o Do you know any risk takers?
o In your opinion why do people take risks? (pleasure, work, challenge ...)
o What risks do you come across in your work/life?
o Are some people obliged to take risks in their jobs?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

o When is a risk stupid or unnecessary?

21. Politicians' personal lives.

o Does a politician's personal life have an effect on their ability to do their
job?
o Do you think the media pays too much attention to politicians' personal
lives?
o Why do certain types of media give excessive coverage to minor
offences?
o Information concerning personal lives circulates quickly on social
networks.
Is this good or bad?

22. History for future generations.

o You are asked to select a number of objects to represent life at the
beginning of the 21st century.
The idea is to help future generations better understand how we lived and
what major events affected us.
What objects would your choose and why?

23. Technology
o What technology would it be difficult to live without today?
o Has technology changed our everyday lifestyle?
o What technology, if any, has made our homes more comfortable?
o What technology has made the world worse?
o Has technology changed education methods?
o Will online education one day replace the classroom?
o Has technology changed the way we do business?
o What will be the next biggest technological advance?

24. Travelling has become easier and cheaper. What has it changed in
people's lives:
o speed, comfort, health, family relationships, etc.
o work/employment
o holiday habits
o way of life/standard of living in certain countries.

25. Describe the best or worst trip you ever took:

o Where did you go?
o Did you travel alone or with a group?
o Was it a package tour or did you prepare your own trip?
o What are some of the benefits of traveling alone?
o What are some of the benefits of traveling with a group?
o What did you do / what had you intended to do?
o What made it your best (or worst) trip?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

o Where is the most amazing place you visited?

o What popular travel destination would you advise people to avoid?
o What advice would you give someone planning the same sort of trip?

26. Work
o Do human beings need to work to be happy?
o What motivates people to work long hours?
o Can perks (or fringe benefits) compensate for a boring job?
o What are the advantages/disadvantages of working from home?
o How do people find a balance between work and personal life?
o What would make you leave your job?
o In your opinion, which jobs are most prestigious? Why?
o In your opinion, what is the worst job in the world?
o Is it true that 'no job is perfect'?
o If you could start your own business, what would it be?

27. Is life today better than in the past? Think about the following:
o Education - employment - job satisfaction
o Health : prevention, treatment, new discoveries, social security, etc.
o Comfort : standard of living (housing/transport/leisure)
o Violence
o Social issues : single mothers, unmarried couples, homosexuality ...

28. Inventions
o What invention has had the greatest impact on our lives?
o Are there some things that never should have been invented?
o Do some countries encourage inventors more than others?

29. What are the 5 most important decisions in a person's life?

After making suggestions and defending their ideas, the group retains five of
them and decides on the order of importance.

30. It is impossible to have a successful career and a happy family life.

You have to choose one or the other. Do you agree?

31. Careers today: how to advise young people

o How important is it to have a good (well-paid/secure) job?
o What advice would you give a young person today?
o Would you encourage your children to accept a job in another country?
o Would you be disappointed if your children
§ left school early?
§ chose a manual job?

32. The internet is an essential communication tool in today's world.

o The first and most popular use is the email. What others can you think of?
o Has fraud increased since the arrival of the internet? How?
o Is the internet sometimes used for other dishonest purposes?
 SPEAKING TOPICS

o What steps would you advise to protect data and privacy?

o What do you think the internet will be used for in the future?

33. Recent physical achievements (crossing the Atlantic, mountain climbing, etc.).
o How many can you think of?
o Which achievement was the most impressive?
o Are the world's best athletes present at the Olympic Games?
o What do you think of 'extreme' sports (bungee jumping, tightrope
walking...)?

34. The effects of medical and scientific progress:

o health (prevention, treatment, organ transplants, rare diseases, etc.)
o beauty (plastic surgery, dental care, etc.)
o comfort in the home
o transport

35. Honesty - Truthfulness

o Is there a difference between honesty and truthfulness?
o Can you think of occasions when people are sometimes dishonest?
o What professions are sometimes accused of giving misleading information
or half-truths?
o Is dishonesty ever justifiable?
o Are there times when it might be better to give partial truth to someone

36. Politics
o What do you think is the most important political issue right now?
o Why do you think there are not more women in politics?
o What type of information - if any - should a government keep from its
citizens?
�‫وﻟﯿﺪ �ﺎ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب ا�ﻠﻐﺔ د‬

‫اﻟﻌﻧﺎﻗﯾد اﻟﺻوﺗﯾﺔ‬

br
brace breathe broad
bracelet bred broccoli
bracket breed broil
brad breeze broken
brag brew bronco
braid briar bronze
brain bribe brooch
brake brick brood
bramble bride brook
bran bridge broom
branch brief broth
brand brig brother
brass bright brought
brat brilliant brow
brave brim brown
brawny brine browse
bray bring bruise
breach brink brunette
bread brisk brush
break bristle brutal
breath brittle

‫در اﻟ ﺔ د وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬

 r-blends word list

cr
crab crawl crone crewcut
crack craysh crook crib
cracker crayon crooked cricket
crackle craze crop cries
crackpot crazy croquet crime
cradle creak cross criminal
crafts cream crosswalk crimp
crag crease crossword cringe
cram create crouch crinkle
cramp creature crow crippling
cranberry credence crowd crisis
crane credit crown crisp
craney creed cruel crisscross
cranium creek cruise criteria
cranky creep crumb critical
cranny creepy crumpet criticize
crash crepe crunch critter
crass crescent crust croak
crate cress crutch crochet
crater crest crux crocodile
crave crew cry crocus
crawsh
 r-blends word list

dr
drab dreadful driven
draft dreadlocks driver
drag dreadnought driveway
dragon dream drizzle
dragony dreary drole
dragoon dredge dromedary
drain dregs drone
drake dreidel drool
dram drench, drool
drama dress droop
dramatic dresser drop
drank drew drought
drape dribble drove
drapery drier droves
drastic drift drown
draw driftwood drowsy
drawbridge drill drudgery
drawer drink drug
drawl drip druggist,
drawn drive drum
dread drivel drunk
r-blends word list

fr
fraction frill
fragile fringe
fragment frisk
fragrant frock
frail frog
frame frolic
frank from
frantic frond
fraud front
fray frontier
free frost
freeze froth
freezer frothy
freight frown
French horn frozen
frenzy frugal
frequent fruit
fresh frumpy
fret frustrate
friction fry
friend frighten
r-blends word list

gr
grab granular great
grace grapefruit grebe
graceful grapes greedy
gracious graph Greek
grad grasp green
gradual grass greet
graduate grasshopper greeting
grafti grassland grew
graft grate grey
graham grateful greyhound
grain grater grid
gram gratitude griddle
grammar grave gridiron
grand gravel gridlock
grandchild graveyard grief
grandfather gravity grieving
grandmother gravy grill
grandparent gray grim
granite graze grimace
grant grease grime

‫در اﻟ ﺔ د وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬

 r-blends word list

pr
prairie prim pro
prance primary probably
pray prime probe
precious prince problem
precipitation princess proceed
precise principal prod
precocious principle project
predict print prom
preposition prior prong
present prism pronoun
president prison pronoun
press privacy prop
pretzel private propeller
prey privilege proper
price prize proton
pride prize protractor
proverb proud prune
prow prove

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

r-blends word list

tr
trace treble trample
trachea tree trance
track trek tranquil
tract triangle transfer
traction trim transform
tractor trinket transit
trade trip translate
tradition triplets transmit
trafc trod transparent
tragedy troll transport
tragic trolley trap
trail trombone trapeze
trailer trot trash
train trout travel
trait truck tray
traitor trumpet tread
tram trunk treasure
tramp treat

‫در اﻟ ﺔ د وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬

s-blends word list

sc
scab scare scintillate
scabbard scarecrow scissors
scads scarf scoff
scaffold scarlet scofaw
scald scary scold
scale scathing sconce
scalene scatter scoop
scallop scavenger scoot
scalp scenario scope
scalpel scene scorch
scaly scenery score
scam scenic scorn
scamper scent scorpion
scan scepter scot
scandal sceptic scotch
scanner science scour
scant scientic scout
scapegoat scientist scowl
scar scimitar scuba
scarab scintilla scuff

c Copyright Montessori Series. All Rights Reserved.

s-blends word list

s
skate
skateboard
skatepark
skedaddle
skeet
skein
skeletal
skeleton
skeptic
sketch
sketchbook
skew
skewer
s-blends word list

s
smack smith
small smitten
smallpox smock
smarmy smog
smart smoke
smash smokescreen
smattering smolder
smear smooch
smell smooth
smelt smoothie
smidgem smorgasbord
smile smother
smilodon smudge
smirk smug
smite smuggle
s-blends word list

s
smack smith
small smitten
smallpox smock
smarmy smog
smart smoke
smash smokescreen
smattering smolder
smear smooch
smell smooth
smelt smoothie
smidgem smorgasbord
smile smother
smilodon smudge
smirk smug
smite smuggle
s-blends word list

sn
snack snit
snag snivel
snail snob
snake snood
snap snooker
snapdragon snoop
snapper snooty
snapshot snooze
snare snore
snarl snorkel
snatch snort
snazzy snot
sneak snout
sneaker snow
sneer snowball
sneeze snowboard
snicker snowcap
snide snowake
sniff snowmobile
snife snowplow
snip snowshoe
snipe snub
sniper snuck
snippers snuff
snippy snug
 s-blends word list

sp
space spice spatial
spacecraft spider spatter
spacious spiffy spatula
spackle spigot spawn
spade spike speak
spaghetti spill spear
pain spin special
spam spinach species
span spinal specic
spandex spine specify
spank spiral specimen
spar spire speckle
spare spirit spectacle
spareribs spit spectacular
spark spite spectator
sparkle spoil speculate
sparkler spoke sped
sparrow sponge speech
sparse sponsor speed
spartan spoof spell
spasm spooky spend
spat spool spew
spoon

‫ﻭﻟﻴﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺩ‬

s-blends word list

st
stab steam
stable steep
stack stem
stadium step
staff stick
stag sticker
stage sting
stagger stomach
stair stone
stake stool
stalactite stoop
stalagmite stop
stale store
stalk storm
stall story
stallion stove
stamp stub
stand stud
stapler student
star stump
static stun
steak

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

s-blends word list

s
swab swept
swaddle swerve
swagger swift
swallow swim
swallowtail swimsuit
swam swindle
swami swine
swamp swing
swan swingset
swanky swipe
swansong swirl
swap swish
swarm wiss
swashbuckler switch
swat swivel
sway swizzle
swear swollen
sweat swoon
sweater swoop
sweatshirt swoosh
sweep sword
sweepstake swordsh
sweet sworn
swell swum
sweltering swung

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

s-blends word list

scr
scram scribe
scramble scrimmage
scrap scrimp
scrapbook scrimshaw
scrape scrip
scrappy script
scratch scripture
scrawl scroll
scrawny scrooge
scream scrounge
screech scrub
screen scruffy
screenwriter scrunch
screw scruples
screwball scrutinize
screwdriver scrutiny
scribble

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

s-blends word list

s
squab squeamish
squabble squeegee
squad squeeze
squadron squelch
squalid squib
squall squid
squalor squiggle
squander squint
square squire
squash squirm
squat squirrel
squawk squirt
squeak squish
squeal

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

s-blends word list

str
straight, stretch
strain, strict
strait, stride
strand, string
strange, stripe
strap, strobe
straw stroke
strawberry stroll
stray strong
streak struck
stream strum
street strung
strength
stress
stress
stretch

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

s-blends word list
spr
sprain, sprinkle
sprang, sprinkler
sprawl, sprint
spray, sprite
spread, spritz
spreadsheet, spritzer
spree, sprocket
sprig, sprout
spring, spruce
springboard, sprung
springbok, spry
springtime,

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

s-blends word list

spl
splash
splashdown
splat
splatter
splay
spleen
splendid
splendor
splice
splint
splinter
split
splotchy
splurge
splurt
splutter

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

l-blends word list

bl
blab bled
black bleed
blackberry bleep
blackbird blemish
blackmail blend
blacksmith blender
bladder bless
blade blew
blah blight
blame blimp
blanche blind
bland blindfold
blandish blini
blank blink
blanket blinkers
blaring blintz
blarney blip
blast bliss
blatant blister
blaze blithe
bleach blitz
bleachers blizzard
bleak bloat
bleary blob
bleat block

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

l-blends word list

cl
clad classroom
claim clause
clairvoyant claustrophobia
clam clavichord
clambake claw
clamber clay
clammy clean
clamor cleanse
clamp clear
clamshell clearance
clan cleat
clandestine cleaver
clap clef
clapper cleft
clarify clench
clarinet clergy
clarity clerical
clash clerk
clasp clever
class click
classic client
classical cliff

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

l-blends word list

ab ip
abbergasted ipbook
ag ipper
agship it
ail oat
air ock
ake oe
amboyant og
ame ood
amingo oodlight
an oor
ank op
annel Florida
ap orist
apjacks oss
are otilla
ash ounder
ashcard our
ask ourish
at ow
atter ower
aunt own

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

l-blends word list

gl
glacier glisten
glad glitch
glade glitter
gladiator glitz
gladiolus gloat
glamor glob
glamorous global
glance globalization
gland globe
glare globetrotter
glass globular
glasses glom
glaze gloomy
gleam glorify
glean glory
glee glossary
glen glossy
glib glove
glid glow
glide glower
glider glucose
glimmer glue
l-blends word list

pl
place platitude
placid platter
plagiarize platypus
plague play
plaid playground
plain plaza
plan plea
plane plead
planet pleasant
plank please
plankton pleasure
plant pleat
plantain pled
plantation pledge
planter plenty
plaque pliant
plasma pliers
plaster plight
plastic plod
plate plop
plateau plot
platform plover

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

l-blends word list

sl
slab, slice
slack, slick
slain, slid
slam slide
slant slim
slap slime
slash slip
slat slippers
slave slit
slaw slob
slay slop
sled slot
sleek sloth
sleep slough
sleeping bag slow
sleet slug
sleeve slum
sleigh slump
slender

‫وﻟﯾد ﺧﺎﻟد‬.‫ﻣدرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

 570 MOST COMMON ACADEMIC
VOCABULARY

‫الـ ــقامـ ــوس‬

‫يـجب ان تـعرف ان كـل كـلمة فـي الـلغة لـها اصـل عـائـلي تـنتمي لـه وهـذه ثـغرة‬
‫ل‬G‫ل عــلى مــعنى كــلمة مــعينة مــن خــ‬L‫ســتد‬L‫لــها ا‬G‫أخــرى تســتطيع مــن خــ‬
.‫استنتاج الشبيه لها من العائلة‬
List of Verbs, Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs
1 Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs
2 enable ability able ably
3 accept acceptance acceptable acceptably
4 accuse accusation accusing accusingly
5 achieve achievement achievable
act, action,
6 act active actively
activity
7 add addition additional additionally
8 admire admiration admirable admirably
9 advise advice advisable advisably
10 agree agreement agreeable agreeably
11 anger anger angry angrily
appreciable,
12 appreciate appreciation appreciatively
appreciative
13 approve approval approving approvingly
14 approximate approximation approximate approximately
 arguable,
15 argue argument arguably
argumentative
16 attend attention attentive attentively
17 attract attraction attractive attractively
18 base base, basis basic basically
19 beautify beauty beautiful beautifully
20 believe belief believable believably
21 bore bore, boredom bored, boring boringly
22 breathe breath breathless breathlessly
23 calm calm, calmness calm calmly
carefully,
24 care care careful, caring
carelessly
centre, central,
25 centralize centrally
centralization centralized
26 characterize character characteristic characteristically
27 circulate circulation circular
28 clean cleanliness clean cleanly
29 clear clarity, clearance clear clearly
30 collect collection collective collectively
31 colour colour coloured colourfully
32 comfort comfort comfortable comfortably
comparable,
33 compare comparison comparatively
comparative
 competitive,
34 compete competition competitively
uncompetitive
35 complete completion complete completely
36 conclude conclusion conclusive conclusively
37 condition condition conditional conditionally
confident, confidently,
38 confide confidence
confidential confidentially
confused,
39 confuse confusion confusingly
confusing
considerable,
40 consider consideration considerably
considerate
continuation, continual, continually,
41 continue
continuity continuous continuously
42 cool cool, coolness cool coolly
correction, correct,
43 correct correctly
correctness corrective
44 create creation, creativity creative creatively
45 criticize critic critical critically
46 accustom custom customary customarily
47 dare dare daring daringly
dark, darkened,
48 darken dark, darkness darkly
darkening
dead, deadly,
49 deaden death deadly, deathly
deathly
deceitful,
50 deceive deceit, deception deceptively
deceptive
 decidedly,
51 decide decision decided, decisive
decisively
52 decorate decoration decorative decoratively
53 deepen deep, depth deep, deepening deeply
54 defend defence defensive defensively
55 define definition definite definitely
demonstrable,
56 demonstrate demonstration demonstrably
demonstrative
dependent,
57 depend dependence
dependable dependably

58 describe description describable descriptively

59 destroy destruction destructive destructively
60 determine determination determined determinedly
differ,
61 difference different differently
differentiate
62 direct direction direct directly
63 disagree disagreement disagreeable disagreeably

.64 disappointed,
disappoint disappointment disappointingly
. disappointing
65 distance distance distant distantly
disturbed,
66 disturb disturbance disturbingly
disturbing
67 doubt doubt doubtful doubtfully
dreamless,
68 dream dream dreamily
dreamy
69 dress dress dressed, dressy dressily
drink,
70 drink drunk, drunken drunkenly
drunkenness
71 ease ease, easiness easy easily
educated,
72 educate education educationally
educational
effect,
73 effect effective effectively
effectiveness
electric,
74 electrify electricity electrically
electrical
embarrassed,
75 embarrass embarrassment embarrassingly
embarrassing
76 emphasize emphasis emphatic emphatically
encouraged,
77 encourage encouragement encouragingly
encouraging
unending,
78 end end endlessly
endless
80 energize energy energetic energetically
81 enjoy enjoyment enjoyable enjoyably
82 entertain entertainment entertaining entertainingly
83 enthuse enthusiasm enthusiastic enthusiastically
84 equalize equality equal equally
85 excel excellence excellent excellently
excitable, excitedly,
86 excite excitement
excited, exciting excitingly
 87 excuse excuse excusable excusably
88 expect expectation expectant ,expectantly
expenditure,
89 expend expensive expensively
expense
90 experiment experiment experimental experimentally
explanatory,
91 explain explanation inexplicably
explicable
92 explode explosion explosive explosively
93 express expression expressive expressively
94 familiarize familiarity familiar familiarly
95 fashion fashion fashionable fashionably
fearful, fearless, fearfully,
96 fear fear
fearsome fearlessly
97 finalize final final finally
98 fish fish, fishing fishy fishily
99 fit fit fitted fittingly
forcefully,
100 force force forceful, forcible
forcibly
101 forget forgetfulness forgetful forgetfully
102 formalize formality formal formally
103 frequent frequency frequent frequently
104 freshen freshness fresh freshly
frightened,
frighteningly,
105 frighten fright frightening,
frightfully
frightful
106 harden hardship hard hard, hardly
harm, harmful, harmfully,
107 harm
harmfulness harmless harmlessly
108 heat, overheat heat heated heatedly
helpfully,
109 help help helpful, helpless
helplessly
hopefully,
110 hope hope hopeful, hopeless
hopelessly
111 hurry hurry hurried hurriedly
112 hurt hurt hurtful hurtfully
113 ice ice icy icily
imaginable, unimaginably,
114 imagine imagination
imaginative imaginatively
115 impress impression impressive impressively
116 increase increase increased increasingly
117 infect infection infectious infectiously
118 insist insistence insistent insistently
119 instruct instruction instructive instructively
intended,
120 intend intent, intention intentionally
,intentional
interested,
disinterested,
121 interest interest interestingly
uninterested,
interesting
122 invent invention inventive inventively
123 invite invitation, invite inviting invitingly
knowledgeable, knowingly,
124 know knowledge
known knowledgeably
125 enlarge enlargement large largely
126 laugh laugh laughable laughably
127 outlaw law lawful lawfully
128 legalize legality legal legally
129 lengthen length lengthy lengthily
130 light, lighten light light lightly
131 ,locate location local locally
132 love love lovable, lovely lovingly
133 lower low low, lower low
mannishly,
134 man man, mankind manly
manfully
135 mark mark marked markedly
136 match match matchless matchlessly
,material immaterial,
137 materialize materially
materialism materialistic
,meaning meaningful, ,meaningfully
138 mean
meaningfulness meaningless meaninglessly
139 measure measurement measurable immeasurably
140 memorize memory memorable memorably
mind,
141 mind mindless, mindful mindlessly
mindlessness
142 minimize minimum minimal minimally
143 mistake mistake mistaken mistakenly
144 moralize moral, morality moral, moralistic morally
mother,
145 mother motherly
motherhood
146 move move, movement movable, moving movingly
147 murder murder murderous murderously
named,
148 name, rename name unnamed, namely
nameless
nation,
national,
149 nationalize nationalization, nationally
nationalistic
nationality
nature,
,natural
150 naturalize naturalist, naturally
naturalistic
,naturalization
151 necessitate necessity necessary necessarily
152 need need needy needlessly
nerve, nervously,
153 unnerve ,nervous, nervy
nervousness nervelessly
154 renew news, newness new, renewable newly, anew
155 normalize normality normal normally
156 notice notice noticeable noticeably
157 obey obedience obedient obediently
158 offend offence offensive offensively
159 officiate office official officially
160 open openness open openly
operate, ,operational
161 operation operationally
cooperate operative
162 opt option optional optionally
163 originate origin original originally
painfully,
164 pain pain painful, painless
painlessly
165 part, impart part, partition partial, impartial partially, partly
166 pacify peace peaceful peacefully
167 perfect perfection perfect perfectly
personalize, person, personal,
168 personally
personify personality personalized
persuasion,
169 persuade persuasive persuasively
persuasiveness
170 play, outplay play, playfulness playful, playable playfully
pleasant, pleasantly,
171 please pleasure
pleasurable unpleasantly
point, pointlessly,
172 point pointed, pointless
pointlessness pointedly
political,
173 politicize politics politically
politicized
174 popularize popularity popular popularly
power, powerful,
175 power powerfully
empower powerless
 preferable,
176 prefer preference preferably
preferred
presence, present,
177 present presently
,presentation presentable
privacy,
178 privatize private privately
privatization
profit,
179 profit profitable profitably
profitability
progress,
180 progress progressive progressively
progression
181 provide provision provisional provisionally
182 publicize public, publicity public publicly
punishable,
183 punish punishment punishingly
punishing
purification,
184 purify pure purely
purity
185 question question questionable questionably
186 quieten quiet quiet quietly
187 race race racial racially
really,
188 realize realism, reality real, realistic
realistically
189 reason reason reasonable reasonably
receipt, receptive,
190 receive reciprocally
,reception reciprocal
191 recognize recognition recognizable recognizably
192 reflect reflection reflective reflectively
 regrettable, regrettably,
193 regret regret
regretful regretfully
regular,
194 regulate regular regularly
regularity
relation,
195 relate related, relative relatively
relationship
196 rely reliability reliable reliably
197 remark remark remarkable remarkably
198 repair repair irreparable irreparably
repeated, repeatedly,
199 repeat repeat, repetition
repetitive repetitively
200 report report reported reportedly
respectable, respectably,
201 respect respect respectful, respectfully,
respective respectively
response,
202 respond responsive responsively
responsiveness
restless, rested,
203 rest rest restlessly
restful
204 enrich riches, richness rich richly
righteous, right, rightly,
205 right ,right, rightness
rightful rightfully
romance, romantic,
206 romanticize romantically
romanticism romanticized
rough,
207 roughen rough roughly
roughness
208 round round round, rounded roundly
209 sadden sadness sad, saddened sadly
210 satisfy satisfaction ,satisfactory satisfactorily
school, pre-
211 school scholastic scholastically
school
search,
212 search, research searchable searchingly
research
sense,
sensible,
sense, sensibility, sensibly,
213 sensitive,
sensitize sensitivity, sensitively
sensory
sensitiveness
separable,
214 separate separation separately
separate
215 shake shake, shakiness shaky shakily
216 shape shape shapely, shaped shapelessly
217 sharpen sharpness sharp sharply, sharpish
shocking,
218 shock shock shockingly
shockable
219 shorten short, shortness short, shortish shortly
220 shy shyness shy shyly
221 sicken sick, sickness sick, sickly sickeningly
222 signify significance significant significantly
223 silence silence silent silently
simplicity,
224 simplify simplistic simply
simplification
225 single single singular singly
226 sleep sleep, sleepiness asleep, sleepy sleepily
227 socialize ,society sociable, social socially
228 soften softness soft softly
229 solidify solid, solidity solid solidly
special,
230 specialize specialty specially
specialized
speed,
231 speed speedy speedily
speediness
232 spot spot spotted, spotty spotlessly
stand, standing,
233 stand, standstill outstandingly
withstand outstanding
234 steepen steepness steep steeply
235 stiffen stiffness stiff stiffly
236 strengthen strength strong strongly
237 strike strike striking strikingly
structure,
238 structure structural structurally
structuralism
239 study student, study studious studiously
stylishly,
240 style style, stylishness stylish, stylistic
stylistically
substantial,
241 substantiate substance substantially
substantive
success, successful,
242 succeed successfully
succession successive
 suggestive,
243 suggest suggestion suggestively
suggestible
support, supportive,
244 support supportively
supportiveness supporting
suppose,
245 supposition supposed supposedly
presuppose
surprised,
246 surprise surprise surprisingly
surprising
suspect, suspected,
247 suspect suspiciously
suspicion suspicious
sweet,
248 sweeten sweet sweetly
sweetness
symbol,
249 symbolize symbolic symbolically
symbolism
250 sympathize sympathy sympathetic sympathetically
system,
251 systematize systematic systematically
systematization
252 talk talk, talks talkative talkatively
253 taste taste tasteful, tasty tastefully
thanks,
254 thank thankful thankfully
thankfulness
255 theorize theory, theorem theoretical theoretically
256 thicken thick, thickness thick thickly
257 thin thinness thin thinly
thought,
258 think thoughtful thoughtfully
,thoughtfulness
259 threaten threat threatening threateningly
260 tighten tightness tight tight, tightly
,tired, tiresome tiredly,
261 tire tiredness
tiring tiresomely
touched, touchingly,
262 touch touch
touching, touchy touchily
troublesome,
263 trouble trouble troublingly
troubling
trusting,
264 trust, entrust trust, trusteeship trustfully
trustworthy
265 typify type typical typically
266 understand understanding understandable understandably
267 use usage, use used, useful usefully
variant, variety, variable, varied, invariably,
268 vary
variation various variously
269 violate violence violent violently
wrongly,
270 wrong wrong wrongful
wrongfully
271 warm warmth warm warmly
272 waste wastage, waste waste, wasteful wastefully
watch,
273 watch watchful watchfully
watchfulness
274 weaken weakness weak weakly
weigh, weighty,
275 weight weightlessly
outweigh weightless
276 widen width wide widely
277 wonder wonder wonderful wonderfully
worried,
278 worry worry worrying, worryingly
worrisome
279 write, rewrite writing written

570 MOST FREQUENT ACADEMIC WORDS

‫نجـ ـ ــليزيـ ـ ــة تـ ـ ـ ــتعلمها م ــن‬L‫ ك ـ ــلمة ف ــي الـ ـ ــلغة ا‬1000 ‫اهـ ــم‬
‫ل الـ ـ ــقصص الـ ــسابـ ــقة‬G‫خ ـ ــ‬
35. She 70. When
1. The 36. My 71. Which
2. Be 37. Can 72. Now
3. And 38. As 73. Like
4. A 39. Know 74. Other
5. Of 40. If 75. Could
6. To 41. Me 76. Our
7. In 42. Your 77. Into
8. I 43. All 78. Here
9. You 44. Who 79. Then
10. It 45. About 80. Than
11. Have 46. Their 81. Look
12. To 47. Will 82. Way
13. That 48. So 83. More
14. For 49. Would 84. These
15. Do 50. Make 85. No
16. He 51. Just 86. Thing
17. With 52. Up 87. Well
18. On 53. Think 88. Because
19. This 54. Time 89. Also
20. N’t 55. There 90. Two
21. We 56. See 91. Use
22. That 57. Her 92. Tell
23. Not 58. As 93. Good
24. But 59. Out 94. First
25. They 60. One 95. Man
26. Say 61. Come 96. Day
27. At 62. People 97. Find
28. What 63. Take 98. Give
29. His 64. Year 99. More
30. From 65. Him 100. New
31. Go 66. Them 101. One
32. Or 67. Some 102. Us
33. By 68. Want 103. Any
34. Get 69. How 104. Those
105. Very 143. Ask 181. Seem
106. Her 144. When 182. Might
107. Need 145. As 183. Part
108. Back 146. School 184. Hear
109. There 147. State 185. Its
110. Should 148. Much 186. Place
111. Even 149. Talk 187. Problem
112. Only 150. Out 188. Where
113. Many 151. Keep 189. Believe
114. Really 152. Leave 190. Country
115. Work 153. Put 191. Always
116. Life 154. Like 192. Week
117. Why 155. Help 193. Point
118. Right 156. Big 194. Hand
119. Down 157. Where 195. Off
120. On 158. Same 196. Play
121. Try 159. All 197. Turn
122. Let 160. Own 198. Few
123. Something 161. While 199. Group
124. Too 162. Start 200. Such
125. Call 163. Three 201. Against
126. Woman 164. High 202. Run
127. May 165. Every 203. Guy
128. Still 166. Another 204. About
129. Through 167. Become 205. Case
130. Mean 168. Most 206. Question
131. After 169. Between 207. Work
132. Never 170. Happen 208. Night
133. No 171. Family 209. Live
134. World 172. Over 210. Game
135. In 173. President 211. Number
136. Feel 174. Old 212. Write
137. Yeah 175. Yes 213. Bring
138. Great 176. House 214. Without
139. Last 177. Show 215. Money
140. Child 178. Again 216. Lot
141. Oh 179. Student 217. Most
142. Over 180. So 218. Book
219. System 257. Stop 295. Service
220. Government 258. Pay 296. Area
221. Next 259. Study 297. Important
222. City 260. Since 298. Person
223. Company 261. Issue 299. Hey
224. Story 262. Name 300. Thank
225. Today 263. Idea 301. Much
226. Job 264. Room 302. Someone
227. Move 265. Percent 303. End
228. Must 266. Far 304. Change
229. Bad 267. Away 305. However
230. Friend 268. Law 306. Only
231. During 269. Actually 307. Around
232. Begin 270. Large 308. Hour
233. Love 271. Though 309. Everything
234. Each 272. Provide 310. National
235. Hold 273. Lose 311. Four
236. Different 274. Power 312. Line
237. American 275. Kid 313. Girl
238. Little 276. War 314. Around
239. Before 277. Understand 315. Watch
240. Ever 278. Head 316. Until
241. Word 279. Mother 317. Father
242. Fact 280. Real 318. Sit
243. Right 281. Best 319. Create
244. Read 282. Team 320. Information
245. Anything 283. Eye 321. Car
246. Nothing 284. Long 322. Learn
247. Sure 285. Long 323. Least
248. Small 286. Side 324. Already
249. Month 287. Water 325. Kill
250. Program 288. Young 326. Minute
251. Maybe 289. Wait 327. Party
252. Right 290. Okay 328. Include
253. Under 291. Both 329. Stand
254. Business 292. Yet 330. Together
255. Home 293. After 331. Back
256. Kind 294. Meet 332. Follow
333. Health 371. Die 409. Care
334. Remember 372. Food 410. Low
335. Often 373. Else 411. Human
336. Reason 374. History 412. Please
337. Speak 375. Buy 413. Hope
338. Ago 376. Result 414. True
339. Set 377. Morning 415. Process
340. Black 378. Off 416. Teacher
341. Member 379. Parent 417. Data
342. Community 380. Office 418. Offer
343. Once 381. Course 419. Death
344. Social 382. Send 420. Whole
345. News 383. Research 421. Experience
346. Allow 384. Walk 422. Plan
347. Win 385. Door 423. Easy
348. Body 386. White 424. Education
349. Lead 387. Several 425. Build
350. Continue 388. Court 426. Expect
351. Whether 389. Home 427. Fall
352. Enough 390. Grow 428. Himself
353. Spend 391. Better 429. Age
354. Level 392. Open 430. Hard
355. Able 393. Moment 431. Sense
356. Political 394. Including 432. Across
357. Almost 395. Consider 433. Show
358. Boy 396. Both 434. Early
359. University 397. Such 435. College
360. Before 398. Little 436. Music
361. Stay 399. Within 437. Appear
362. Add 400. Second 438. Mind
363. Later 401. Late 439. Class
364. Change 402. Street 440. Police
365. Five 403. Free 441. Use
366. Probably 404. Better 442. Effect
367. Center 405. Everyone 443. Season
368. Among 406. Policy 444. Tax
369. Face 407. Table 445. Heart
370. Public 408. Sorry 446. Son
447. Art 485. Action 522.
448. Possible 486. Support Development
449. Serve 487. Wife 523. Federal
450. Break 488. Decision 524. Former
451. Although 489. Receive 525. Role
452. End 490. Value 526. Pretty
453. Market 491. Base 527. Myself
454. Even 492. Pick 528. View
455. Air 493. Phone 529. Price
456. Force 494. Thanks 530. Effort
457. Require 495. Event 531. Nice
458. Foot 496. Drive 532. Quite
459. Up 497. Strong 533. Along
460. Listen 498. Reach 534. Voice
461. Agree 499. Remain 535. Finally
462. According 500. Explain 536. Department
463. Anyone 501. Site 537. Either
464. Baby 502. Hit 538. Toward
465. Wrong 503. Pull 539. Leader
466. Love 504. Church 540. Because
467. Cut 505. Model 541. Photo
468. Decide 506. Perhaps 542. Wear
469. Republican 507. Relationship 543. Space
470. Full 508. Six 544. Project
471. Behind 509. Fine 545. Return
472. Pass 510. Movie 546. Position
473. Interest 511. Field 547. Special
474. Sometimes 512. Raise 548. Million
475. Security 513. Less 549. Film
476. Eat 514. Player 550. Need
477. Report 515. Couple 551. Major
478. Control 516. Million 552. Type
479. Rate 517. Themselves 553. Town
480. Local 518. Record 554. Article
481. Suggest 519. Especially 555. Road
482. Report 520. Difference 556. Form
483. Nation 521. Light 557. Chance
484. Sell 558. Drug
559. Economic 597. Evidence 635. Throw
560. Situation 598. Product 636. Third
561. Choose 599. Realize 637. Care
562. Practice 600. Save 638. Rest
563. Cause 601. Arm 639. Recent
564. Happy 602. Technology 640. Available
565. Science 603. Catch 641. Step
566. Join 604. Comment 642. Ready
567. Teach 605. Look 643. Opportunity
568. Early 606. Term 644. Official
569. Develop 607. Color 645. Oil
570. Share 608. Cover 646. Call
571. Yourself 609. Describe 647. Organization
572. Carry 610. Guess 648. Character
573. Clear 611. Choice 649. Single
574. Brother 612. Source 650. Current
575. Matter 613. Mom 651. Likely
576. Dead 614. Soon 652. County
577. Image 615. Director 653. Future
578. Star 616. International 654. Dad
579. Cost 617. Rule 655. Whose
580. Simply 618. Campaign 656. Less
581. Post 619. Ground 657. Shoot
582. Society 620. Election 658. Industry
583. Picture 621. Face 659. Second
584. Piece 622. Uh 660. List
585. Paper 623. Check 661. General
586. Energy 624. Page 662. Stuff
587. Personal 625. Fight 663. Figure
588. Building 626. Itself 664. Attention
589. Military 627. Test 665. Forget
590. Open 628. Patient 666. Risk
591. Doctor 629. Produce 667. No
592. Activity 630. Certain 668. Focus
593. Exactly 631. Whatever 669. Short
594. American 632. Half 670. Fire
595. Media 633. Video 671. Dog
596. Miss 634. Support 672. Red
673. Hair 711. Difficult 748. Message
674. Point 712. Close 749. Song
675. Condition 713. Language 750. Enjoy
676. Wall 714. Window 751. Similar
677. Daughter 715. Response 752. Congress
678. Before 716. Population 753. Attack
679. Deal 717. Lie 754. Past
680. Author 718. Tree 755. Hot
681. Truth 719. Park 756. Seek
682. Upon 720. Worker 757. Amount
683. Husband 721. Draw 758. Analysis
684. Period 722. Plan 759. Store
685. Series 723. Drop 760. Defense
686. Order 724. Push 761. Bill
687. Officer 725. Earth 762. Like
688. Close 726. Cause 763. Cell
689. Land 727. Per 764. Away
690. Note 728. Private 765.
691. Computer 729. Tonight Performance
692. Thought 730. Race 766. Hospital
693. Economy 731. Than 767. Bed
694. Goal 732. Letter 768. Board
695. Bank 733. Other 769. Protect
696. Behavior 734. Gun 770. Century
697. Sound 735. Simple 771. Summer
698. Deal 736. Course 772. Material
699. Certainly 737. Wonder 773. Individual
700. Nearly 738. Involve 774. Recently
701. Increase 739. Hell 775. Example
702. Act 740. Poor 776. Represent
703. North 741. Each 777. Fill
704. Well 742. Answer 778. State
705. Blood 743. Nature 779. Place
706. Culture 744. 780. Animal
707. Medical Administration 781. Fail
708. Ok 745. Common 782. Factor
709. Everybody 746. No 783. Natural
710. Top 747. Hard 784. Sir
785. Agency 823. Scene 861. Vote
786. Usually 824. Section 862. Near
787. Significant 825. Treatment 863. King
788. Help 826. Wish 864. Box
789. Ability 827. Benefit 865. Present
790. Mile 828. Interesting 866. Figure
791. Statement 829. West 867. Seven
792. Entire 830. Candidate 868. Foreign
793. Democrat 831. Approach 869. Laugh
794. Floor 832. Determine 870. Disease
795. Serious 833. Resource 871. Lady
796. Career 834. Claim 872. Beyond
797. Dollar 835. Answer 873. Discuss
798. Vote 836. Prove 874. Finish
799. Sex 837. Sort 875. Design
800. Compare 838. Enough 876. Concern
801. South 839. Size 877. Ball
802. Forward 840. Somebody 878. East
803. Subject 841. Knowledge 879. Recognize
804. Financial 842. Rather 880. Apply
805. Identify 843. Hang 881. Prepare
806. Beautiful 844. Sport 882. Network
807. Decade 845. Tv 883. Huge
808. Bit 846. Loss 884. Success
809. Reduce 847. Argue 885. District
810. Sister 848. Left 886. Cup
811. Quality 849. Note 887. Name
812. Quickly 850. Meeting 888. Physical
813. Act 851. Skill 889. Growth
814. Press 852. Card 890. Rise
815. Worry 853. Feeling 891. Hi
816. Accept 854. Despite 892. Standard
817. Enter 855. Degree 893. Force
818. Mention 856. Crime 894. Sign
819. Sound 857. That 895. Fan
820. Thus 858. Sign 896. Theory
821. Plant 859. Occur 897. Staff
822. Movement 860. Imagine 898. Hurt
899. Legal 937. Pressure 975. Nobody
900. September 938. Purpose 976. Weapon
901. Set 939. Stage 977. Best
902. Outside 940. Blue 978. Station
903. Et 941. Herself 979. Island
904. Strategy 942. Sun 980. Absolutely
905. Clearly 943. Pain 981. Instead
906. Property 944. Artist 982. Discussion
907. Lay 945. Employee 983. Instead
908. Final 946. Avoid 984. Affect
909. Authority 947. Account 985. Design
910. Perfect 948. Release 986. Little
911. Method 949. Fund 987. Anyway
912. Region 950. Environment 988. Respond
913. Since 951. Treat 989. Control
914. Impact 952. Specific 990. Trouble
915. Indicate 953. Version 991. Conversation
916. Safe 954. Shot 992. Manage
917. Committee 955. Hate 993. Close
918. Supposed 956. Reality 994. Date
919. Dream 957. Visit 995. Public
920. Training 958. Club 996. Army
921. Shit 959. Justice 997. Top
922. Central 960. River 998. Post
923. Option 961. Brain 999. Charge
924. Eight 962. Memory 1000. Seat
925. Particularly 963. Rock
926. Completely 964. Talk
927. Opinion 965. Camera
928. Main 966. Global
929. Ten 967. Various
930. Interview 968. Arrive
931. Exist 969. Notice
932. Remove 970. Bit
933. Dark 971. Detail
934. Play 972. Challenge
935. Union 973. Argument
936. Professor 974. Lot
‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬٪۸٦ ‫ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬۳۰۰۰ ‫ھﺬه اھﻢ‬
‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬
about his said world
after home same would
again house saw write
air how say year
all I see you
along if she your
also in should was
an into show able
and is small above
another it so across
any its some add
are just something against
around know sound ago
as large still almost
at last such among
away left take animal
back like tell answer
be line than became
because little that become
been long the began
before look them behind
below made then being
between make there better
both man these black
but many they best
by may thing body
came me think book
can men this boy
come might those brought
could more thought call
day most three cannot
did Mr. through car
different must time certain
do my to change
does name together children
don't never too city
down new two close
each next under cold
end no up country
even not us course
every now use cut
few number very didn't
find of want dog
first off water done
for old way door
found on we draw
from one well during
get only went early
give or were earth
go other what eat
good our when enough
great out where ever
had over which example
has own while eye
have part who face
he people why family
help place will far
her put with father
here read word feel
him right work feet

‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

fire red build leave
fish remember building let's
five rest built list
food room can't longer
form run care low
four school carefully main
front sea carried map
gave second carry matter
given seen center mind
got sentence check Miss
green several class moon
ground short coming mountain
group shown common moving
grow since complete music
half six dark needed
hand slide deep notice
hard sometime distance outside
heard soon doing past
high space dry pattern
himself States easy person
however story either piece
I'll sun else plant
I'm sure everyone poor
idea table everything possible
important though fact power
inside today fall probably
John told fast problem
keep took felt question
kind top field quickly
knew toward finally quite
known tree fine rain
land try floor ran
later turn follow real
learn United foot river
let until friend road
letter upon full rock
life using game round
light usually getting sat
live white girl scientist
living whole glass shall
making wind goes ship
mean without gold simple
means yes gone size
money yet happened sky
morning young having slowly
mother alone heart snow
move already heavy someone
Mrs. although held special
near am hold stand
night America horse start
nothing anything hot state
once area hour stay
open ball hundred stood
order beautiful ice stop
page beginning Indian stopped
paper Bill instead strong
parts birds itself suddenly
perhaps blue job summer
picture boat kept surface
play bottom language system
point box lay taken
ready bring least talk

‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

tall fun single broken
ten George skin brother
that's government sleep brown
themselves grass smaller busy
third grew soft capital
tiny hair soil cat
town happy south cattle
tried he's speak cause
voice heat speed century
walk history spring chance
warm human square clean
watch I've star clothes
weather inch step coast
whether information store control
wide iron straight cool
wild Jim strange corn
winter Joe street corner
within King subject cover
writing larger suppose cross
written late teacher Dan
age leg thousand dead
ask length thus deal
baby listen Tom death
base lost travel decide
beside lot trip difficult
bright lower trouble doesn't
business machine unit drive
buy mark village engine
case maybe wall evening
catch measure war farmer
caught meet wasn't faster
child middle week fight
choose milk whose fill
circle minute window finger
clear modern wish force
color moment women forward
copy month won't France
correct mouth wood fresh
couldn't natural wrote garden
difference nearly yellow general
direction necessary you're glad
dried New York yourself greater
easily north greatest
edge object action guess
egg ocean addition happen
eight oil afraid Henry
energy pay afternoon higher
England per ahead hit
especially plan amount hole
Europe plane ancient hope
exactly present anyone huge
except product arm interest
explain rather bad island
famous reach bear isn't
farm reason beyond jack
fell record bit lady
figure running blood largest
flat seems board lead
fly sent Bob led
forest seven born level
free shape break love
French sides British Mary

‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

material Washington hat student
meant wave hill studied
meat we'll hurt sugar
method weight I'd television
missing west imagine term
needs wife include throughout
nor wouldn't indeed tired
nose wrong Johnny total
note you'll joined touch
opposite according key trade
pair act kitchen truck
party actually knowledge twice
pass Africa law type
period alike lie uncle
please apart major unless
position ate met useful
pound attention metal value
practice bank movement verb
pretty basic nation visit
produce beat nature wear
pull blow nine what's
quiet bone none wheel
race bread office William
radio careful older wing
region chair onto wire
result chief original won
return Christmas paragraph wonder
rich church parent worker
ride cloth particular yard
ring cloud path alive
rule column Paul angry
sand compare Peter army
science contain pick average
section continued president bag
seed cost pressure band
send cotton process Billy
sense count public branch
sets dance quick breakfast
sharp describe report breath
sight desert rope broke
sign dinner rose bus
silver doctor row cabin
similar dollar safe California
sit drop salt camp
son dropped Sam captain
song ear scale cell
spent east sell cent
spread electric separate certainly
stick element sheep changing
stone enjoy shoe closer
tail equal shore coal
team exercise simply coat
teeth experiment sing community
temperature familiar sister company
test farther sitting completely
there's fear sold compound
therefore forth soldier condition
thick gas solve consider
thin giving speech correctly
train gray spend crop
various grown steel crowd
wait hardly string current

‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

danger proper beneath model
dear proud bigger mud
degree provide bottle muscle
develop purpose bowl nearby
die putting broad nearest
directly quietly chapter nest
discover raise chart newspaper
divide range Chinese nobody
double rate clearly observe
Dr. regular climate Pacific
dress related clock peace
drink replied closely plate
drove represent clothing plenty
dust rise coffee popular
easier scientific cow powerful
effect season cry push
electricity seat Dad railroad
empty share dangerous rapidly
entire shot deer root
everybody shoulder desk rubber
exciting slow detail sad
expect smile development sail
experience solid drew save
express solution driver score
fair sort event seeing
feed southern everywhere serious
final stage fat service
finish statement favorite sheet
flew station fence shop
fruit steam fifty silent
further stream flight smell
future strength flow smoke
Greek supply flower smooth
guide surprise forget source
gun symbol fourth spell
herself till friendly storm
hungry tomorrow generally structure
instrument tube German supper
Jane twelve Germany support
join twenty giant sweet
jump usual golden swim
laid valley grain telephone
liquid variety handle Texas
loud vowel height threw
market we're hung throw
member wet hurry tone
Mexico wooden immediately tool
Mike worth industry track
mine airplane instance trail
motion angle Italy understanding
myself Ann James upper
neck apple knife view
news art lake wagon
nice Atlantic Latin western
noise atmosphere leader whatever
noun bar leaving wheat
oxygen barn likely whenever
paid baseball lunch whom
phrase beauty mass win
plain believed master wonderful
poem bell mile wore
population belong mix ability

‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

agree Japanese sunlight gradually
ants kill swimming hadn't
Asia laugh taste harder
asleep library taught hide
attack lift thank hurried
balance lion they're identity
bat local tip importance
battle lose title impossible
Ben lovely tongue India
block lying valuable invented
bow magic vast Italian
brain Mama vegetable jar
brave manner wash journey
bridge Mark weak joy
cave May you've lesson
charge mostly activity Lincoln
chemical national Alaska lips
China neighbor appearance log
clay ordinary aren't London
climb parallel article loose
composition park Aunt massage
congress particularly automobile minerals
copper pencil avoid outer
crew perfect basket paint
cup planet birthday Papa
daughter planned cage Paris
design pleasant cake particles
determine pocket Canada personal
direct police central physical
discuss political character pie
division post Charles pipe
drawn potatoes chicken pole
earlier price chosen pond
eaten printed club progress
education program cook quarter
enemy property court rays
enter prove cream recent
equipment remain cutting recognize
escape riding daily replace
European roll darkness rhythm
excited Roman diagram Richard
expression roof Dick Robert
extra rough disappear rod
factory scene doubt ruler
feathers search dozen safety
fellow secret dream Sally
fighting series driving sang
fought serve effort setting
Frank settlers establish shells
freedom shinning exact sick
funny shut excitement situation
fur signal fifteen slightly
growth Sir flag Spain
hall skill flies spirit
he'd smallest football steady
health social foreign stepped
highest softly frame strike
hunt St. frequently successful
including struck frighten sudden
increase studying function sum
indicate success gate terrible
individual suit gently tie

‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

traffic grandfather spoken evidence
unusual greatly standard examine
volume haven't straw excellent
whale helpful strip failed
wise hidden substance fallen
yesterday honor suggest fastened
account husband Sunday feature
allow involved teach fed
anywhere Japan tears gain
attached jet thirty graph
audience Jimmy Thomas hearing
available layers thread highway
balloon leaf throat improve
bare leather tight influence
bark load tin July
begun lonely triangle June
bent Louis truth lack
biggest March union lamp
bill meal warn locate
blank medicine whispered luck
blew merely wool mail
breathing mice you'd married
butter molecular aid mighty
cap musical aloud mirror
carbon native Andy Mississippi
card Negro anyway motor
chain noon arrow mouse
cheese occur aside needle
chest orange atomic nodded
Chicago ought author numeral
choice pack basis offer
circus partly bean oldest
citizen pet becoming operation
classroom pine Betsy orbit
college pink bicycle organized
consist pitch blanket outline
continent pool brush pain
conversation prepare buffalo pan
courage press burn pen
cowboy prevent burst piano
creature pure bush pictured
date queen Carlos pig
depend rabbit collect pile
differ ranch colony planning
discovery realize combination pony
disease receive combine principal
duck recently comfortable production
due rice complex refer
Dutch rising composed religious
entirely rocket concerned repeat
environment Saturday connected research
exclaimed saved construction respect
factor shade couple review
fog shadow create route
forgot shirt curious silk
forgotten shoot dig slept
frozen shorter dirt spite
fuel silence distant stretch
furniture slipped dot stronger
gather Smith Edward stuck
gentle snake elephant swing
globe somewhere etc. task

‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

tax gift stranger former
tea grade struggle forty
tent halfway surrounded fox
thee hang swam Fred
theory he'll syllable frog
thrown headed tank fully
tonight herd tape goose
topic hollow thou gravity
tower income tightly Greece
transportation industrial Tim guard
trick introduced trace gulf
underline Johnson tribe handsome
unknown Jones trunk harbor
upward judge TV hay
Virginia loss universe hello
waste lucky visitor horn
we've machinery vote hospital
wherever mad weigh ill
willing magnet Wilson interior
worry Mars younger Jeff
worse military zero jungle
youth mistake aboard labor
accept mood accurate limited
accident nails actual location
active naturally adventure mainly
additional negative apartment managed
adjective obtain applied Maria
affect origin appropriate mental
Alice owner arrive mixture
alphabet passage atom movie
announced percent Bay nearer
anybody perfectly behavior nervous
April pilot bend noted
arrange pleasure bet October
Australia plural birth officer
aware plus brass Ohio
badly poet breathe opinion
bee porch brief opportunity
belt pot buried organization
bite powder camera package
blind previous captured pale
bound primitive chamber plastic
castle principle command Pole
characteristic prize crack port
Columbus purple Daniel pour
compass raw David private
consonant reader dawn properly
curve remove declared protection
definition salmon diameter pupil
dish screen difficulty rear
Don seldom dirty refused
driven select dull roar
dug society duty Rome
earn somebody eager Russia
Eddy specific eleven Russian
eventually spider engineer saddle
explore sport equally settle
fairly stairs equator shelf
fewer stared fierce shelter
fifth steep firm shine
Florida stomach fix sink
gasoline stove flame slabs

‫وﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺪرب اﻟﻠﻐﺔ د‬

slave folks shout
somehow fort silly
split garage simplest
stems grabbed slight
stock grandmother slip
swept habit slope
thy happily soap
tide Harry solar
torn heading species
troops hunter spin
tropical Illinois stiff
typical image swung
unhappy independent tales
vertical instant thumb
victory January tobacco
voyage kids toy
welcome label trap
weren't Lee treated
whistle lungs tune
widely manufacturing University
worried Martin vapor
wrapped mathematics vessels
writer melted wealth
acres memory wolf
adult mill zoo
advice mission
arrangement monkey
attempt Mount
August mysterious
Autumn neighborhood
border Norway
breeze nuts
brick occasionally
calm official
canal ourselves
Casey palace
cast Pennsylvania
chose Philadelphia
claws plates
coach poetry
constantly policeman
contrast positive
cookies possibly
customs practical
damage pride
Danny promised
deeply recall
depth relationship
discussion remarkable
doll require
donkey rhyme
Egypt rocky
Ellen rubbed
essential rush
exchange sale
exist satellites
explanation satisfied
facing scared
film selection
finest shake
fireplace shaking
floating shallow
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identity. In J. Phinney & M. Rotheram (Eds.), Children ethnic
socialization (pp. 180–200). Newbury Park, Ca: Sage
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. Pride & J.
Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: Selected readings.
Harmondsworth: Penguin Book.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Beyond methods: Macrostrategies for
language teaching. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia, PA:
University of Pennsylvania
Press.
Lantolf, J. P. (2005). Sociocultural and second language learning
research: An exegesis. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of
research in second language teaching and learning (pp.
335– 374). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (1997). Chaos/complexity science and second
language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 18(2), 141–
165.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2003). Teaching language: From grammar to
grammaring. Boston, MA: Heinle, Cengage Learning.
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Anderson, M. (2011). Techniques and
principles in language teaching (3rd ed.). Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press.
Long, M. (1991). Focus on form: A design feature in language
teaching methodology. In K. DeBot, R. Ginsberge, & C.
Kramsch (Eds.), Foreign language research in cross-
cultural perspective (pp. 39–52). Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Long, M. (1996). The role of the linguistic environment in second
language acquisition In W. C.
Ritchie, and T. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of second
language acquisition (pp.487-535).
Malden, MA: Blackwell.
MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clement, R. & Donovan, L. A.
(2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to
communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2
motivation among junior high school French immersion
students. Language Learning, 52(2), 537–64.
Masgoret, A. M. & Gardner, R. C. (2003). Attitude, motivation,
and second language learning: A meta analysis of studies
conducted by Gardner and associates. Language
Learning, 53(1), 123–163.
McCombs, B. (1994). Strategies for assessing and enhancing
motivation: Keys to promoting self-regulated learning and
performance. In H. O’Neil & M. Drillings (Eds.), Motivation:
Theory and research (p. 49–69). New York, NY: Routledge.
Mitchell, R. & Myles, F. (2004). Second language learning
theories (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Hodder Arnold.
Nassaji H., & Fotos, S. (2011). Teaching grammar in second
language classrooms: Integrating form-focused instruction in
communicative context. New York, NY: Routledge.
Norton Peirce, B. (1995). Social identity, investment, and language
learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29(9), 31.
Petyt, K. (1980). The Study of Dialect: An introduction to
dialectology. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A
comprehensive grammar of the
 English language. London, England: Longman.
Ridley, B. K. (1995). Time, space, and things (3rd ed.). Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010). Longman dictionary of
language teaching and applied linguistics (4th ed.). Harlow,
England: Pearson Education ESL.
Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic
motivations: Classic definitions and new directions.
Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67.
Saurrure, Fredinand de. (1959). A course in general linguistics. C.
Ballay & A. Sechehaye (Ed.). New York, NY. Philosophical
Library.
Schumman, J. H. (1976). Social distance as a factor in second
language acquisition. Language Learning, 26, 135–143.
Searle, J. R. (1970). Speech Acts: an Essay in the philosophy of
language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swain, M. (2001). Integrating language and content teaching
through collaborative tasks. Canadian Modern Language Review,
58(1), 44–63.
Ur, P. (1999). A course in language teaching: Trainee book.
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Ushioda, E. (2009). A person-in-context relational view of
emergent motivation, self and identity. In Z. Dörnyei & E.
Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp.
215–228). Tonawanda, NY: Multilingual Matters.
van Lier, L. (2004). The ecology and semiotics of language
learning: A sociocultural perspective. Boston, MA:
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
VanPatten, B., & Benati, A. G. (2010). Key terms in second
language acquisition. London, England: Continuum.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher
psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA:
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Linguistics (1st ed.). Oxford, England.
Oxford University Press.
Yule, G. (2010). The study of language (4th ed.). Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Zakahi, W. R., & McCroskey, J. C. (1989). Willingness to
communicate: A potential confounding variable in
communication research. Communication Reports, 2, 96–104.
Zuengler, J., & Miller, E. R. (2006). Cognitive and sociocultural
perspectives: Two parallel SLA
worlds? TESOL Quarterly, 40, 35–58.
About the Author

Prof. Waleed is a highly experienced and respected professor of

English as a foreign language. He spent most of his life teaching
English in Iraq, and has dedicated his career to the field of TESOL
(Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages).

Waleed began his teaching career in Iraq, where he taught English

at the secondary and tertiary level. He quickly recognized the need
for highly qualified and dedicated EFL teachers in his country, and
he became determined to improve the level of English instruction
in Iraq.

To further his knowledge and skills, Waleed decided to pursue a

master's degree in TESOL from Middlebury Institute of
International Studies. He was particularly interested in the latest
teaching methodologies and the use of technology in language
instruction. He graduated with a Master of Arts in TESOL in the
year 2013.

Waleed's passion for language teaching and education led him to

pursue a PhD in Linguistics and Education from University of
Babylon. His doctoral research focused on the impact of
communicative language teaching on EFL learners in Iraq. He
successfully earned his PhD in 2013.

After completing his degrees, Waleed returned to Iraq and worked

as a translator for more than 15 years. He was an English translator
for the National Security Council in Baghdad, worked as a
freelance translator for different international organizations and
companies, and shared his expertise as a translator in various
workshops and training programs.

With his diverse experiences, Waleed became a well-known figure

in the field of TESOL in Iraq. He was invited as a keynote speaker
in many national and international conferences and symposiums,
and was also a consultant for several educational organizations and
schools. He also organized and participated in many workshops
and training programs for EFL teachers throughout the country.

In addition to his work as an EFL teacher and translator, Waleed

was also committed to making a positive impact on the education
system in Iraq. He worked closely with government officials,
educational institutions and organizations to improve the quality of
EFL teaching and learning in the country.

Waleed's dedication, expertise and passion for teaching English as

a foreign language have made him an inspiration to many teachers
and learners in Iraq. His contributions to the field of TESOL have
greatly improved the level of English instruction in Iraq and his
work continues to inspire many future educators to follow his
steps.
References
Canale, M. (1983). From communicative competence to
communicative language pedagogy. In J. Richards & R.
Schmidt (Eds.), Language communication (pp. 2–27).
New York, NY: Longman.
Chambers, J., & Trudgill, P. (1998). Dialectology (2nd ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The grammar
book: An ESL/EFL teacher’s course (2nd ed.). Boston,
MA: Heinle.
Cohen, A. D. (2003). The learner’s side of foreign language
learning: Where do styles, strategies, and tasks meet?
International Review of Applied Linguistics, 41(4), 279–
291.
Cowan, R. (2007). The teacher’s grammar of English with
answers: A course book and reference guide. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
de Jong, N. (2005). Learning second language grammar by
listening. Utrecht, The Netherlands: LOT.
DeKeyser, R. (2001). Automaticity and automatization. In P.
Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language instructions
(pp. 125–151). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, R. (2008). The study of second language acquisition (2nd
ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Grice, P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan
(Eds.), Syntax and
Semantics 3: Speech Acts (41–58). New York, NY:
Academic Press.
Heller, M. (1987). The role of language in the formation of ethnic
identity. In J. Phinney & M. Rotheram (Eds.), Children ethnic
socialization (pp. 180–200). Newbury Park, Ca: Sage
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. Pride & J.
Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics: Selected readings.
Harmondsworth: Penguin Book.
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Beyond methods: Macrostrategies for
language teaching. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia, PA:
University of Pennsylvania
Press.
Lantolf, J. P. (2005). Sociocultural and second language learning
research: An exegesis. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of
research in second language teaching and learning (pp.
335– 374). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (1997). Chaos/complexity science and second
language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 18(2), 141–
165.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2003). Teaching language: From grammar to
grammaring. Boston, MA: Heinle, Cengage Learning.
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Anderson, M. (2011). Techniques and
principles in language teaching (3rd ed.). Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press.
Long, M. (1991). Focus on form: A design feature in language
teaching methodology. In K. DeBot, R. Ginsberge, & C.
Kramsch (Eds.), Foreign language research in cross-
cultural perspective (pp. 39–52). Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Long, M. (1996). The role of the linguistic environment in second
language acquisition In W. C.
Ritchie, and T. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of second
language acquisition (pp.487-535).
Malden, MA: Blackwell.
MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clement, R. & Donovan, L. A.
(2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to
communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2
motivation among junior high school French immersion
students. Language Learning, 52(2), 537–64.
Masgoret, A. M. & Gardner, R. C. (2003). Attitude, motivation,
and second language learning: A meta analysis of studies
conducted by Gardner and associates. Language
Learning, 53(1), 123–163.
McCombs, B. (1994). Strategies for assessing and enhancing
motivation: Keys to promoting self-regulated learning and
performance. In H. O’Neil & M. Drillings (Eds.), Motivation:
Theory and research (p. 49–69). New York, NY: Routledge.
Mitchell, R. & Myles, F. (2004). Second language learning
theories (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Hodder Arnold.
Nassaji H., & Fotos, S. (2011). Teaching grammar in second
language classrooms: Integrating form-focused instruction in
communicative context. New York, NY: Routledge.
Norton Peirce, B. (1995). Social identity, investment, and language
learning. TESOL Quarterly, 29(9), 31.
Petyt, K. (1980). The Study of Dialect: An introduction to
dialectology. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A
comprehensive grammar of the
 English language. London, England: Longman.
Ridley, B. K. (1995). Time, space, and things (3rd ed.). Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C., & Schmidt, R. (2010). Longman dictionary of
language teaching and applied linguistics (4th ed.). Harlow,
England: Pearson Education ESL.
Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic
motivations: Classic definitions and new directions.
Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54–67.
Saurrure, Fredinand de. (1959). A course in general linguistics. C.
Ballay & A. Sechehaye (Ed.). New York, NY. Philosophical
Library.
Schumman, J. H. (1976). Social distance as a factor in second
language acquisition. Language Learning, 26, 135–143.
Searle, J. R. (1970). Speech Acts: an Essay in the philosophy of
language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swain, M. (2001). Integrating language and content teaching
through collaborative tasks. Canadian Modern Language Review,
58(1), 44–63.
Ur, P. (1999). A course in language teaching: Trainee book.
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Ushioda, E. (2009). A person-in-context relational view of
emergent motivation, self and identity. In Z. Dörnyei & E.
Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp.
215–228). Tonawanda, NY: Multilingual Matters.
van Lier, L. (2004). The ecology and semiotics of language
learning: A sociocultural perspective. Boston, MA:
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
VanPatten, B., & Benati, A. G. (2010). Key terms in second
language acquisition. London, England: Continuum.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher
psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA:
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Linguistics (1st ed.). Oxford, England.
Oxford University Press.
Yule, G. (2010). The study of language (4th ed.). Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press.
Zakahi, W. R., & McCroskey, J. C. (1989). Willingness to
communicate: A potential confounding variable in
communication research. Communication Reports, 2, 96–104.
Zuengler, J., & Miller, E. R. (2006). Cognitive and sociocultural
perspectives: Two parallel SLA
worlds? TESOL Quarterly, 40, 35–58.
About the Author

Prof. Waleed is a highly experienced and respected professor of

English as a foreign language. He spent most of his life teaching
English in Iraq, and has dedicated his career to the field of TESOL
(Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages).

Waleed began his teaching career in Iraq, where he taught English

at the secondary and tertiary level. He quickly recognized the need
for highly qualified and dedicated EFL teachers in his country, and
he became determined to improve the level of English instruction
in Iraq.

To further his knowledge and skills, Waleed decided to pursue a

master's degree in TESOL from Middlebury Institute of
International Studies. He was particularly interested in the latest
teaching methodologies and the use of technology in language
instruction. He graduated with a Master of Arts in TESOL in the
year 2013.

Waleed's passion for language teaching and education led him to

pursue a PhD in Linguistics and Education from University of
Babylon. His doctoral research focused on the impact of
communicative language teaching on EFL learners in Iraq. He
successfully earned his PhD in 2013.

After completing his degrees, Waleed returned to Iraq and worked

as a translator for more than 15 years. He was an English translator
for the National Security Council in Baghdad, worked as a
freelance translator for different international organizations and
companies, and shared his expertise as a translator in various
workshops and training programs.

With his diverse experiences, Waleed became a well-known figure

in the field of TESOL in Iraq. He was invited as a keynote speaker
in many national and international conferences and symposiums,
and was also a consultant for several educational organizations and
schools. He also organized and participated in many workshops
and training programs for EFL teachers throughout the country.

In addition to his work as an EFL teacher and translator, Waleed

was also committed to making a positive impact on the education
system in Iraq. He worked closely with government officials,
educational institutions and organizations to improve the quality of
EFL teaching and learning in the country.

Waleed's dedication, expertise and passion for teaching English as

a foreign language have made him an inspiration to many teachers
and learners in Iraq. His contributions to the field of TESOL have
greatly improved the level of English instruction in Iraq and his
work continues to inspire many future educators to follow his
steps.