Chemical Bonding

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

 Ionic Bonds: Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting
in oppositely charged ions that attract each other. Typically occurs between metals and
non-metals.

 Covalent Bonds: Formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Typically occurs between non-metals.

Lewis Structures

 Lewis Structures: Diagrams that show the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of
electrons in a molecule. Helps predict the arrangement of atoms and the distribution of
electrons.

VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry

 VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion): A model used to predict the
geometry of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs around the central
atom.

 Molecular Geometry: The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Common geometries include linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, and
octahedral.

Intermolecular Forces: Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole-Dipole, London Dispersion

 Hydrogen Bonding: Strong intermolecular force occurring when hydrogen is bonded to

a highly electronegative atom (N, O, F) and is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on
another molecule.

 Dipole-Dipole: Attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the
negative end of another polar molecule.
  London Dispersion: Weak intermolecular forces resulting from temporary fluctuations
in electron distribution, present in all molecules, especially non-polar ones.

5. Stoichiometry

Balancing Chemical Equations

 Balancing Equations: Ensuring that the number of atoms for each element is the same
on both sides of the chemical equation to satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass.

Mole Concept and Avogadro's Number

 Mole Concept: A mole is a unit that represents 6.022 × 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules,
ions, etc.). It is used to count entities at the atomic scale.

 Avogadro's Number: 6.022 × 10²³, the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a
substance.

Calculations Involving Mass, Moles, and Volume

 Mass-Mole Calculations: Converting between mass and moles using the molar mass of
a substance.

 Volume-Mole Calculations: For gases at standard temperature and pressure (STP), one
mole occupies 22.4 liters. Calculations involve converting between volume and moles
using this relationship.