HUMAN DISEASES, PREVENETION AND

REMEDIES – COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND

NON – COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.

மனித ந ோய் கள் , தடுப் பு முறைகள்

மை் றும் தீர்வுகள் – ததோை் று ந ோய் கள்
மை் றும் ததோை் றும் தன்றமயை் ை
ந ோய் கள்

VIJAYAKUMAR S
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 DISEASE ந ோய் கள்
• The condition of malfunctioning of
the organ system or systems is called
disease.
• Causes of the diseases
1. Pathogens
2. Environmental factors
3. Nutritional factors
4. Genetic factors
5. Metabolic factors, etc.

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Diseases not caused by organisms –
Non communicable diseases

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 ORGANIC DISEASES OR METABOLIC DISORDERS:

• Healthy body - blood sugar •

level 80 - 120 mg / 100 ml of
blood under, fasting conditions.
• after a meal, the excess glucose
•
is converted into insoluble
glycogen and stored in liver and
muscles for future use.

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 Organic diseases or Metabolic disorders:

• All these processes are •

controlled by the hormone
Insulin, secreted by beta cells
of Islets of Langerhans of
Pancreas.
• If Insulin is not produced in •
sufficient quantity, excess of
sugar lost through urine. -
diabetes mellitus •

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 ORGANIC DISEASES OR METABOLIC DISORDERS:

• Similarly,
1. Diabetes Insipidus - deficiency of vasopressin (the pituitary hormone that regulates
the kidneys),
2. Coronary heart diseases,
3. Renal failure,
4. Hypertension,
5. Obesity,
6. Alzheimer’s disease,
7. Stroke (affecting the functions of the brain),
8. Chronic respiratory diseases,
9. Cancer etc, are all caused due to metabolic disorders.
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2. Hereditary diseases or Genetical disorders:

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 2. Hereditary diseases or Genetical disorders:
Are caused due to defective or mutated genes.
I. Albinism - is an inherited disorder of
melanin metabolism, characterized by
the absence of melanin in the skin , hairs
and eyes. symptoms of Albinism are
milky white coloured skin and marked
photophobia (high sensitivity to light).
II. Haemophilia - (uncontrolled bleeding;
usually affects males and is transmitted
from mother to son)
III. Sickle cell anaemia, - abnormality in the
oxygen-carrying
protein haemoglobin (hemoglobin S)
found in red blood
cells. anemia, swelling in the hands and
feet, bacterial infections, and stroke.
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 2. Hereditary diseases or Genetical disorders:

4.Thalassemia - (Thalassemias are inherited blood

disorders that can result in the abnormal
formation of hemoglobin. Symptoms depend on
the type and can vary from none to severe. Often
there is mild to severe anemia (low red blood
cells). Anemia can result in feeling tired and pale
skin. There may also be bone problems,
an enlarged spleen, yellowish skin, dark urine,
and among children slow growth)
5. Down’s syndrome - (It is typically associated
with physical growth delays, characteristic facial
features and mild to moderate intellectual
disability.
6. Bubble boy syndrome - (SCID patients are usually
affected by severe bacterial, viral, or fungal
infections early in life) etc,
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 3. NUTRITIONAL
DEFICIENCY DISEASES:
• Marasmus - the child
loses weight and suffers
severe diarrhoea and it will
appear as though bones are
covered by the skin.
• Kwashiorkor -
the child develops an
enlarged belly with
swelling in the face and
feet.
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• Recommended nutritional
requirements for a child

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• October 21st is declared as Global Iodine
Deficiency Day.
• Goitre: It is a swelling of the region below the
neck due to the enlargement of thyroid gland.
It is caused due to iodine deficiency.

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 Vitaminosis
• Any disease caused by the
presence of excess of
vitamin is called as
Vitaminosis.
• Hyper vitaminosis is a
condition of abnormally
high storage of vitamins
which can lead to toxic
symptoms.
• For Example: An excess of
Vitamin A is called Hyper
Vitaminosis A.

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 Diseases caused by organisms:
• Robert Koch and Louis
Pasteur were the first to
establish the Germ theory of
diseases.

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 Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases:
• Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes •
and visible under Compound
Microscope.
Diseases
I. Tuberculosis,
II. Leprosy,
III. Cholera,
IV. Typhoid,
V. Diphtheria,
VI. Tetanus,
VII. Plague,
VIII. Pneumonia,
IX. Syphilis,
X. Gonorrhea, etc 27
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1. Tuberculosis

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1. Tuberculosis –
Air borne disease affecting the
lungs and also parts of our body
such as bones, joints, lymph glands,
alimentary tract, liver, kidney, etc,.
• causative agent: -
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod
shaped bacterium causes
tuberculosis (TB).
• Symptoms –
I) The affected parts develop
lesions in the form of small nodules
called tubercles from which the
disease gets its name.
ii) Persistent cough
iii) Loss of body weight
• transmission & prevention 33
2. Typhoid .
.

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2. Typhoid
Causative agent:
A short rod shaped
.
bacterium with numerous
flagella – Salmonella
typhus causes typhoid.
Symptoms
i) Continuous fever.
ii) Inflammation and
ulceration of intestine.
iii) Enlargement of spleen
and a characteristic red
spot eruption on the
abdomen.
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Transmission - food and water. Flies are also
important transmitting agents of this disease.

Prevention and control: - Artificial

immunization with typhoid vaccine is advised.
A recovery from typhoid usually confers a
permanent immunity.
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 Viruses and Viral Diseases in Man:
• DNA RNA-

1. Polio
2. Common cold 8. HIV / AIDS
3. Influenza 9. Chickenpox
4. Rabies 10. Rubella
5. Hepatitis 11. Mumps
6. Meningitis 12. measles
13. Smallpox
7. Encephalitis (brain fever)

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Viral diseases are generally grouped into
four types on the basis of the symptoms
produced in the body organs.

i. Pneumotropic diseases (respiratory tract

infected by influenza)
ii. Dermotropic diseases (skin and
subcutaneous tissues affected by chicken
pox and measles)
iii. Viscerotropic diseases (blood and
visceral organs affected by yellow fever
and dengue fever)
iv. Neurotropic diseases (central nervous
system affected by rabies and polio).

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• Nipah virus is a zoonotic
virus (transmitted from
animals to humans) and
also transmitted through
contaminated food.
• In infected people, it causes
a range of illness from
asymptomatic infection to
acute respiratory illness
and fatal encephalitis.

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• Swine flu was first
recognised in the 1919
pandemic and still
circulates as a seasonal
flu virus.
• Swine flu is caused by
the H1N1 virus strain.
Symptoms include fever,
cough, sore throat, chills,
weakness and body
aches. Children,
pregnant women and
the elderly are at risk
from severe infection.
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 Viral diseases
1. Common cold
Children are more susceptible to common cold than adults.
Causative agent : Human rhino virus
Symptoms :
Transmission :
Control and prevention:

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2. Influenza

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2. Influenza
Causative agent : (H1N1) Virus .
Symptoms :
Transmission :
Prevention :

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 HIV AND PREVENTION
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) is a dreadful disease
• Transmitted through sexual contact or through
blood and blood products.
• Robert Gallo at National Institute of Health,
USA and Luc Montaigne at Pasteur Institute,
Paris isolated the virus, Human Immune
Deficiency Virus (HIV) which causes AIDS.
• HIV is a retro virus with glycoprotein
envelope and the genetic material – RNA.
• HIV causes profound Immune suppression in
humans. It is due to the depletion of one type
of WBC, which is involved in the formation
of antibodies called CD4 plus T-helper cells
(lymphocytes). 48
Symptoms: Significant
weight loss, chronic, diarrhea, prolonged fever,
opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis,
candidacies(fungal infection on skin) and recurrent
herpes zoster (viral) infection.
Test for virus:
1. Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay
(ELISA)
2. Western Blot – a confirmatory test.
Prevention:
1. Protected sexual behavior.
2. Safe sex practices.
3. Screening the blood for HIV before blood
transfusion.
4. Usage of disposable syringes in the hospitals.
5. Not sharing the razors / blades in the saloon.
6. Avoid tattooing using common needle. 49
 FUNGI AND FUNGAL DISEASES
• Are non green saprophytic or •
parasitic plants
• Living on dead and decaying •
organic matter or living
organisms.
• Certain species of fungi are
parasitic on man and cause
I. Ringworm - attacking the
keratinized layer of skin,
destroying it in circular
patches.
II. Dandruff
III. Athletes’ foot
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Ringworm
Three different genera of fungi
namely, Epidermophyton,
Microsporum and
Trichophyton cause ringworm.
• Symptoms The above fungi
live on the dead cells of outer
layer of skin in man and cause
superficial infections in skin,
hair, nail, etc; and form
patches and Itching
• Transmission By direct
contact or through fomites
such as towels, combs, etc,.
• Control and prevention: 52
 Protozoan and Protozoan Diseases:
• Are unicellular animalcules, some parasitize man and
cause diseases –
I. Malaria
II. amoebic dysentery
III. sleeping sickness, etc.

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Malaria

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 1. Malaria
• Causative agent:
A tiny protozoan –
Plasmodium is responsible
for causing malaria.
• Four different species of
Plasmodium namely -
P.vivax, P.malariae,
P.falciparum and P.ovale
occur in India causing
malaria. Of these, the
malignant and fatal
malaria, caused by
Plasmodium falciparum is
the most serious one. 56
• Transmission - Through the Malaria
vector - the female Anopheles
mosquito.
• Symptoms -
i) Malaria is characterized by
chillness and rise in temperature.
This is followed by perspiration
and lowered body temperature.
The person feels normal for some
time but the fever recurs at regular
intervals.
ii) Successive attacks of malaria
result in the distension of spleen
and destruction of liver tissues.
• Prevention and control
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 LIFE CYCLE OF MALARIAL PARASITE – PLASMODIUM:
• The sexual stage of Plasmodium takes place in female Anopheles mosquito whereas
the vegetative stage occurs in man.
• When these mosquitoes bite a person, the sporozoites (the infectious stage) are
introduced into his body; they multiply within the liver cells first and enter the RBC
of man, resulting in the rupture of RBC.
• This results in the release of toxic substance called haemozoin which is responsible
for the chill and high fever, recurring three to four days.

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• Malaria vaccine is used to
prevent malaria. The only
approved vaccine as of 2015
is RTS,S(Mosquirix).
• It requires four injections
and has relatively low
efficacy (26–50%). Due to
this low efficacy, WHO does
not recommend the use of
RTS,S vaccine in babies
between 6 and 12 weeks of
age.
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2. Amoebic dysentry (amoebiasis)

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 2. Amoebic dysentry (amoebiasis)
Causative agent:
Entamoeba histolytica – a
protozoan parasite in the large
intestine of man causes
amoebiasis.
• Symptoms
i) Fever.
ii) Constipation and abdominal
pain and cramps.
iii) Stools with excess mucous and
blood clot.
• Transmission
It is a water and food borne
disease. House flies act as
mechanical carrier 62
• Prevention and
control:
Precaution may be
taken by providing
germ free clean water;
clean food habits.
Good sanitary
facilities will control
the flies.
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 5. Parasitic macro-organisms:
Infestations of the body
with –
I. tapeworm,
II. liver fluke,
III. round worm.
Diseases in man
I. Taeniasis,
II. Ascariasis,
III. Filariasis, etc,.
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Parasitic macro-organisms:

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 Modes of transmission of infectious Germs
1. Direct transmission :
diphtheria, pneumonia, cholera, typhoid, measles, mumps, etc,.
are transmitted.
Through the umbilical cord, the germs are transferred from the
infected mother to the child at the time of childbirth by the direct
contact method.

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2. Indirect transmission through fomites:
Transmission by animals:
Various animals such as ticks, mites, birds, insects and
mammals transmit diseases like cholera, malaria, rabies, etc;

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Human diseases - Prevention
and Remedies
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 Immunization
The infectious organisms that
invade the body and the toxins
produced by them and any
foreign protein entering the body
are called antigens.
The immune system which
includes blood plasma, lymph
and lymphocytes analyze the
chemical nature of the antigens
and produce the suitable
proteinaceous substances called
antibodies to detoxify the
antigens. 69
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Breast Feed is the Best Food
• Antibodies or Immunoglobins are found in breast milk.
• An infant should be breast fed for a minimum of six months.
• Breast milk protects the child, against
Bacteria like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Streptococci, Staphylococci,
Pneumococci and Viruses like Polioviruses and Rotaviruses.

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• BCG - Tuberculosis Vaccine
• DPT - Diphtheria (Corynebacterium - causing difficulty in breathing),
Pertussis (whooping cough), Tetanus (An acute and serious infection of
the central nervous system caused by bacterial infection of open
wounds) Vaccine (Triple antigen)
• MMR – Mumps (Viral disease), Measles (viral disease marked by
distinct red spots followed by a rash occurs primarily in children),
Rubella (viral disease that is a milder form of measles lasting three or
four days; can be damaging to a foetus during the first trimester)
• DT - Diphtheria, Tetanus (Dual antigen)
• TT - Tetanus, toxoid (bacterial toxin)

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Treatment and Prevention of the Diseases
Medical management includes:
i) Treatment involving medicine.
ii) Treatment not involving medicine

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Prevention: -
Getting rid of a disease causing germs, is a means of
prevention of the disease.
Prevention can be achieved in two ways:
i. General – preventing the infectious germs by keeping
away from the exposure to the germs. Hygienic life style,
avoiding overcrowding, fresh air, safe drinking water and
good sanitary measures are all ways to prevent a disease
causing germ, coming into contact with us.
ii. Specific – This relates to a peculiar property of the
immune system that usually fights the microbial infections.
e.g. Immunisation programme.
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 Medicinal plants
Drugs obtained from roots :
1. Rawolfia serpentina : Apocyanceae (Tamil :
Sarbakandhi) : useful antidote against snake-bite and
insect stings.
2. Rauwolfia serpentina : Reduces blood pressure and is
used to cure mental illness. It has been recently used in
numerous other diseases like skin disorders, such as
Psoriasis, excessive sweating and itching.
3. Vinca rosea : is also effective remedy for blood cancer
and asthma.
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 . stem
Drugs obtained from under ground

1. Turmeric : Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae : (Tamil : Manjal)

– It is given for jaundice, purification of blood, liver
disorders and urinary infections. A little turmeric paste
applied on a burn helps it to heal quicker.
2. Allium cepa : Liliaceae - Onion (Tamil : Vengayam) –
cough and jaundice.
3. Allium sativum - Liliaceae Garlic (Tamil : Vellaipoondu) -
Garlic is of great medicinal value. It is given in fevers,
cough, disorders of nervous system, bronchitis and it is a
well known blood purifier.
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Drugs obtained from barks :
1. Quinine : Chinchona calisaya ; Rubiaceae (Tamil :
Koyna maram) :
The quinine tree is native to the Andes of South
America. The first Chinchona plantation was
established in Nilgiris, Tamilnadu by the British.
Quinine is used in the treatment of malarial fever and
amoebic dysentry.
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Drugs obtained from stems and wood.
• Santalum album : Sandal wood Santalaceae (Tamil :
Santhana maram)
• The paste of wood has cooling effect and reduces
inflammatory skin diseases.
• It is also effective in patients with headache and fever.
• The oil is used for chronic bronchitis and intermitent
fevers. The oil is applied for skin diseases.
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Drugs obtained from leaves :
• Indian Aloe : Aloe barbedensis Agavaceae (Tamil
: Katrazhai)
• reduce the enlargement of the liver, spleen. It is
also a cure for piles, jaundice.
• The leaf juice is given as a remedy for intestinal
worms in children.
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Flowers :
Eugenia caryophyllata : (Tamil : Ilavangam)
• Clove oil is prepared from the dried flower
buds of Eugenia
• which is used as a pain reliever in toothache.

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Fruits and seeds :
Emblica officinalis: Euphorbiaceae (Tamil : Nelli
maram)
• The common goose berry is used in treating
scurvy. The oil obtained from the seeds is used
as a purgative.
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 Medical Practices
1. Types of Indian Medicine
(i) Siddha
(ii) Naturopathy
(iii) Homeopathy
(iv) Unani system of medicine History
(v) Ayurvedic System of Medicine
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