power distribution

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION
INTRODUCTION
An electric power system is a network of electrical
components deployed to supply, transfer, and use electric
power. An example of a power system is the electrical
grid that provides power to homes and industries within an
extended area. The electrical grid can be broadly divided
into the generators that supply the power, the transmission
system that carries the power from the generating centers
to the load centers, and the distribution system that feeds
the power to nearby homes and industries.
Smaller power systems are also found in industry,
hospitals, commercial buildings, and homes. A single line
diagram helps to represent this whole system. The
majority of these systems rely upon three-phase AC power
—the standard for large-scale power transmission and
distribution across the modern world. Specialized power
systems that do not always rely upon three-phase AC
power are found in aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean
liners, submarines, and automobiles.
TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 SOLAR ENERGY..
 WIND ENERGY. ...
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY. ...
 HYDROPOWER. ...
 OCEAN ENERGY. ...
 BIOENERGY.
TYPES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

 CRUED OIL.
 GAS.
 COAL.
 DIESEL.
TRANSMISSION LINES
Electrical power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from

a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected
lines that facilitate this movement form a transmission network. This is distinct from the
local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred
to as electric power distribution. The combined transmission and distribution network is
part of electricity delivery, known as the electrical grid.
Efficient long-distance transmission of electric power requires high voltages. This

reduces the losses produced by strong currents. Transmission lines use
either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). The voltage level is changed
with transformers. The voltage is stepped up for transmission, then reduced for local
distribution.
KELECTRIC AND WAPDA STANDARDS
As we know while designing we must consider international standards like

(NEC,IEC, NEMA)
But we also have to consider local standards to fulfil the requirements.
Above mentioned standards are basically elaborate how to size transformers
and when substations are being applied
KELECTRIC
Suppose if we have load below 400 kilowatt then PMT (pole mounted trafo)
is being considered.
Available size = 50 kva, 100 kva, 250 kva , 500 kva are basically size of PMT
LOAD ABOVE 400 KILOWATT
Above 400 kw substation is being applied according to KE

rules and standard in which they will require 15 feet x 15
feet room with 8 feet x 9 feet anti thefting door with 3
feet depth trench for cables.
CABLE TRENCH
SUBSTATION FRONT ELEVATION
GRID STATION FOR 132/220 KV APPLICATION
As per KE and Nepra grid station is being applied after 10 mega watt in
which 2.5 acre land area required for 132 kv double circuit.
But some options also available.
For an example
1- If electrical load is 20 MW so according to Nepra and Standards
Grid station is being applied but if client wants to divide projects
into 3 parts as like. 20/3 = 6.6 MW so grid company will provide
feeders
Make sure 1 feeder has a load capacity of 5 MW
If consumer sanctioned demand is 6.6 MW so one feeder is
enough to cater the requirement along with one bulk supply.
2- If client provide land to Grid Company then Grid Company will

develop and construct grid station. In that case Grid station wont
be dedicated for the customer Electric company will have
authority to provide supply to other customers through the same
grid as well.
3- Option is basically define Consumer must have their own grid
stations to fulfill requirement.
ELECTRICAL FORMULAS WE USE WHILE CALCULATION

P= VI COS
P= (1.732) (V) (I)(COS)
I= KW X 1.8 for three Phase
I= KVA X 1.44 For Three Phase
VD = I X L X VDA/METER /1000
Sc = BASE KVA X 100/1.732 X IMPEDANCE X KV
I= KVA X 1000/1.732 X VOLTAGE
Sc OF MV CABLE = CABLE SIZE X CONSTANT CABLE TEMPERTURE/1/1000
KVA= KW/PF
STANDARDS FOR DESIGNING BREAKER AND CABLE
The basic NEC articles that address these requirements are:
 Article 210.20 for branch circuits

 Article 215.3 for feeder circuits
 Article 430 for motors and motor circuits
The inverse of 0.8 is 1.25. The minimum required breaker rating is

determined by multiplying the full load by 1.25. If the load is 13.7
amps, then the minimum breaker size needs to be 13.7 x 1.25 =
17.125 amps. This is not a standard breaker rating, so per the
NEC you would select the next standard size up, which in this
case is 20 amps. This procedure is explained in “Overcurrent
Devices Rated 800 Amperes or Less,” of Article 240.4(B) in NEC
2014.
How to size cable
NEC Code 430.22 (Size of Cable for Single

Motor)
Size of Cable for Branch circuit which has Single Motor connection is 125% of
Motor Full Load Current Capacity.
Example
What is the minimum rating in amperes for Cables supplying 1 No of 5 hp, 415-
volt, 3-phase motor at 0.8 Power Factor.
 Full-load currents for 5 hp = 7Amp.

 Min Capacity of Cable= (7X125%) =8.75 Amp.
NEC Code 430.6 (A) (Size of Cable for
Group of Motors or Elect.Load)
Cables or Feeder which is supplying more than one motors other
load(s), shall have an ampacity not less than 125 % of the full-
load current rating of the highest rated motor plus the sum of the
full-load current ratings of all the other motors in the group, as
determined by 430.6(A).
For Calculating minimum Ampere Capacity of Main feeder and
Cable is 125% highest of full load current.
Genset Sizing
SUPPOSE TOTAL ELECTICAL LOAD IS 100 KW SO HOW TO SIZE GENERATOR

WE KNOW
KVA=KW/PF , PF MEANS POWER FACTOR , WHICH IS 0.8
KVA = KW/0.8
100/0.8 = 125 KVA – 80% LOADING
125 X 1.25 = 156
AVAILABLE SIZE IS 160 KVA. Generator always work in 80 % load below 80 like
40% generator loss its health and efficiency.
TRANSFORMER SIZING
Similar procedure will be followed.
CABLE CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY

Current carrying capacity of medium voltage cables
Uo / U 6 / 10 kV 12 / 20 kV 18 / 30 kV
cross-
sectio
n copper conductor
mm² rated current in A
25 157 179 – – –
35 187 212 189 213 –
50 220 249 222 250 225
70 268 302 271 303 274
95 320 359 323 360 327
120 363 405 367 407 371
150 405 442 409 445 414
185 456 493 461 498 466
240 526 563 532 568 539
300 591 626 599 633 606
400 662 675 671 685 680
500 744 748 754 760 765

TYPES OF LOW VOLTAGE CABLES
VC cable and XLPE cable are two kinds of common using

electric wire in electric industrial. Some people may confusion
when choosing them, actually, there are some differences
between them, you can choose according to your demands.
Here, we will briefly introduce their concepts, advantages, and
differences.
What is a PVC cable
PVC is the widely used insulation material when producing

electric power cables. It is the electric wire with conductor
and PVC insulation. The full name of PVC is Polyvinyl Chloride,
it has the features of bright color, corrosion resistance, firm
and durable, so it is becoming the common using wire
material.
What is a XLPE cable
XLPE full name is cross-linked polyethylene, it can be regarded

as a kind of ugraded aternatives of PVC. It has the features of
srong mechanical properties, strong aging resistance. The
XLPE power electric wire also includes conductor with XLPE
insulation, structure is the same with PVC wire.
The differences between PVC cable and XLPE cable
 Rated voltage is different. PVC flexible wire is suitable for low

voltage 300/500 or 450/750, but XLPE is suitable for 0.6/1KV.
 Price is different. XLPE electric wire cost is higher than PVC
wire.
 Working temperature is different. PVC copper wire highest
working temperature can reach to 70℃, but XLPE cable
highest working temperature can reach to 90℃. So the XLPE
power cable has a higher heat resistance than PVC wire.
 Here is a detail sheet can describe the differences between
them.
CONSTRUCTION OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLES

EARTHING/GROUNDING
Earthing and grounding are two different concepts .Earthing is the

12345
connection of the non-current carrying part to the earth, and is responsible

for protection from electrical shock . Earthing is a simple way for the
1245
leakage of current and hence protects the devices from electrical

damage .Grounding is the connection of the current-carrying part directly
5
to the ground, and is responsible for load balancing . Grounding gives the
1235
path to an unwanted current and hence protects the electrical equipment

from damage . Grounding is also a safety process that protects the entire
4
power system from malfunctioning and is mainly used to balance the load
when the electric system overloads .
5
EARTHING ACCESSORIES
Earth Pits
COPPER ELECTRODE
CHEMICALS
EARTHING SYSTEMS
Earthing of low voltage networks

The earthing of low voltage networks in the UK is largely determined by
the Low Voltage Supplies. However, if the incoming supplies are at 11kV and
the transformers are in the ownership of the user, the LV supplies may be
earthed in a less conventional way using a high impedance. This arrangement
is not allowed for public supplies.
Erection Procedures of Earthing Arrangements (TNC, TN-S, TNC-S and TT) –

photo credit: Edvard CSANYI
However, it is a useful system when it is more important to maintain supplies
than it is to clear the first earth fault.
EXAMPLE: An emergency lighting scheme for the evacuation of personnel from

a hazardous area could use a high impedance system if it were considered less
dangerous to maintain supplies after a first earth fault than to disconnect the
light completely. The Channel Tunnel could be such a case.
Even in these circumstances the original earth fault should be corrected as
quickly as possible.
The more conventional earthing arrangements are:

 TN-C where the earth and neutral are combined (PEN) and
 TN-S where they are separated (5 wire) or
 TN-C- S.
The latter is very common as it allows the single-phase loads to be supplied by
phase and neutral with a completely separate earth system connecting together
all the exposed conductive parts before connecting them to the PEN
conductor via a main earthing terminal which is also connected to the neutral
terminal.
Earthing concepts
ELECTRICAL SWITCH GEAR
 There are two types of switch gear system

1- Low voltage
2- Medium Voltage
Extra high voltage
 SF-6
LOW VOLTAGE SWITCH

FEATURES OF LV SWITCH
 MCB
 MCCB
 BUSBARS
 CT
Breaker
MCB MCCB
Busbars
MV SWITCH VCB 630 AMPS 25 KA
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 Medium voltage
 Low voltage
LOW VOLTAGE CT
Medium voltage CT
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
TRANSF
ORMER
There are two types of transformer
 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
 POWER TRANSFORMER
Features Of Transformer
 Oil Immerse
 Dry type
Oil immerse
Dry type
FEATURES OF TRANSFORMER
Distribution Transformer
Power Transformer
VECTOR GROUP
DYN-11
This vector group code is widely used in low-voltage distribution
systems. Dyn11. Dyn11 represents a transformer with a delta-
connected HV winding and a star-connected LV winding. It offers
flexibility in terms of voltage transformation and is suitable for
applications requiring higher voltage step-up or step-down.
ELECTRICAL CABLE TRAY

In the electrical wiring of buildings, a cable tray system is used to support

insulated electrical cables used for power distribution, control, and
communication. Cable trays are used as an alternative to open wiring
or electrical conduit systems, and are commonly used for cable
management in commercial and industrial construction. They are especially
useful in situations where changes to a wiring system are anticipated, since
new cables can be installed by laying them in the tray, instead of pulling
them through a pipe.
Types
Several types of tray are used in different applications. A solid-bottom tray provides the
maximum protection to cables, but requires cutting the tray or using fittings to enter or
exit cables. A deep, solid enclosure for cables is called a cable channel or cable trough.
[2]
A ventilated tray has openings in the bottom of the tray, allowing some air circulation
around the cables, water drainage, and allowing some dust to fall through the tray.
Small cables may exit the tray through the ventilation openings, which may be either
slots or holes punched in the bottom. A ladder tray has the cables supported by a
traverse bar, similarly to the rungs of a ladder, at regular intervals on the order of 4 to
12 inches (100 to 300 mm).
Ladder and ventilated trays may have solid covers to protect cables from falling objects,
dust, and water. Tray covers for use outdoors or in dusty locations may have a peaked
shape to shed debris including dust, ice or snow. Lighter cable trays are more
appropriate in situations where a great number of small cables are used, such as for
telephone or computer network cables. These trays may be made of wire mesh, called
"cable basket",[2] or be designed in the form of a single central spine (rail) with ribs to
support the cable on either side.
 Perforated
 Solid
 Ladder
PERFORATED
SOLID
Ladder
ACCESSORIES OF CABLE TRAY

ELECTRICAL CONDUITS
PVC stands for Polyvinylchloride which is a tenacious chemically
resistant synthetic resin. It has been a widely used plastic material to
protect power in houses, telecommunications and utilities since 1932.
A PVC electrical conduit is commonly known as a white rigid PVC
tube for threading and protecting wires from corrosion and electrical
leakage.
The most basic of the home improving is the installation of wire

layout. In order to protect the wire when designing the system, we will
use PVC electrical conduit. Since the wire thickness is different, PVC
electrical conduit is also divided into different size specifications to
adapt to the arrangement.
PVC electrical conduit stops burning and electrical leak, resists

corrosion, moisture and sunlight, so it is especially suitable for outdoor
projects where it is used to protect wires and workers.
PARTS
ELECTRICAL LEGENDS/SLD(SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM)

SLD
A single-line diagram (also known as an SLD or one-line
diagram) is a simplified representation of an electrical
system. Symbols and lines are used to represent the
nodes and connections in the system, and electrical
characteristics may be included as well.
GENERATOR
 Gas engine
 Diesel Engine

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ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

TYPES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

Electrical power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from

Efficient long-distance transmission of electric power requires high voltages. This

KELECTRIC AND WAPDA STANDARDS

As we know while designing we must consider international standards like

LOAD ABOVE 400 KILOWATT

Above 400 kw substation is being applied according to KE

SUBSTATION FRONT ELEVATION

GRID STATION FOR 132/220 KV APPLICATION

2- If client provide land to Grid Company then Grid Company will

ELECTRICAL FORMULAS WE USE WHILE CALCULATION

The basic NEC articles that address these requirements are:

 Article 210.20 for branch circuits

The inverse of 0.8 is 1.25. The minimum required breaker rating is

How to size cable

NEC Code 430.22 (Size of Cable for Single

 Full-load currents for 5 hp = 7Amp.

SUPPOSE TOTAL ELECTICAL LOAD IS 100 KW SO HOW TO SIZE GENERATOR

Similar procedure will be followed.

CABLE CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY

35 187 212 189 213 –

50 220 249 222 250 225

70 268 302 271 303 274

95 320 359 323 360 327

120 363 405 367 407 371

150 405 442 409 445 414

185 456 493 461 498 466

240 526 563 532 568 539

300 591 626 599 633 606

400 662 675 671 685 680

500 744 748 754 760 765

TYPES OF LOW VOLTAGE CABLES

VC cable and XLPE cable are two kinds of common using

What is a PVC cable

PVC is the widely used insulation material when producing

What is a XLPE cable

XLPE full name is cross-linked polyethylene, it can be regarded

The differences between PVC cable and XLPE cable

 Rated voltage is different. PVC flexible wire is suitable for low

CONSTRUCTION OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLES

Earthing and grounding are two different concepts .Earthing is the

connection of the non-current carrying part to the earth, and is responsible

leakage of current and hence protects the devices from electrical

path to an unwanted current and hence protects the electrical equipment

Earthing of low voltage networks

Erection Procedures of Earthing Arrangements (TNC, TN-S, TNC-S and TT) –

EXAMPLE: An emergency lighting scheme for the evacuation of personnel from

The more conventional earthing arrangements are:

 There are two types of switch gear system

LOW VOLTAGE SWITCH

ELECTRICAL CABLE TRAY

In the electrical wiring of buildings, a cable tray system is used to support

ACCESSORIES OF CABLE TRAY

The most basic of the home improving is the installation of wire

PVC electrical conduit stops burning and electrical leak, resists

ELECTRICAL LEGENDS/SLD(SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM)

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