Feng and Yao Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2012, 2012:78

http://www.journalofinequalitiesandapplications.com/content/2012/1/78

RESEARCH Open Access

On (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroups

Yuming Feng1* and Bingxue Yao2

* Correspondence:
yumingfeng25928@163.com
Abstract
1
School of Mathematics and We introduced the notions of (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroups, studied some properties of
Statistics, Chongqing Three Gorges
University, Wanzhou, Chongqing
them and discussed the product of them.
404100, People’s Republic of China Keywords: product, (λ, μ)-fuzzy, subgroup, ideal
Full list of author information is
available at the end of the article

1 Introduction and preliminaries

Fuzzy sets was first introduced by Zadeh [1] and then the fuzzy sets have been used in
the reconsideration of classical mathematics. Yuan et al. [2] introduced the concept of
fuzzy subgroup with thresholds. A fuzzy subgroup with thresholds l and μ is also
called a (l, μ)-fuzzy subgroup. Yao continued to research (l, μ)-fuzzy normal sub-
groups, (l, μ)-fuzzy quotient subgroups and (l, μ)-fuzzy subrings in [3-5].
Shen researched anti-fuzzy subgroups in [6] and Dong [7] studied the product of
anti-fuzzy subgroups.
By a fuzzy subset of a nonempty set X we mean a mapping from X to the unit inter-
val 0[1]. If A is a fuzzy subset of X, then we denote A(a) = {x Î X|A(x) <a} for all a Î
0[1].
Throughout this article, we will always assume that 0 ≤ l <μ ≤ 1.
Let G, G1, and G2 always denote groups in the following. 1, 11, and 12 are identities
of G, G1, and G2, respectively.

2 (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroups

Definition 1. A fuzzy set A of a group G is called a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G if
∀a, b, c Î G.
A (ab) ∧ μ ≤ (A (a) ∨ A (b)) ∨ λ

and
 
A c−1 ∧ μ ≤ A (c) ∨ λ

where c-1 is the inverse element of c.

Proposition 1. If A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of a group G, then A(1) ∧ μ ≤ A(x)
∨ l for all × Î G, where 1 is the identity of G.
Proof. ∀x ÎG and let x−1 be the inverse element of x. Then A(1) ∧ μ = A(xx−1) ∧ μ =
(A(xx−1) ∧ μ) ∧ μ ≤ ((A(x) ∨ A(x−1)) ∨ l) ∧ μ = (A(x) ∧ μ) ∨ (A(x−1) ∧ μ) ∨ (l ∧ μ) ≤ A
(x) ∨ (A(x) ∨ l) ∨ l = A(x) ∨ l.
Theorem 1. Let A be a fuzzy subset of a group G. Then A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy sub-
group of G if and only if A(x-1y) ∧ μ ≤ (A(x) ∨ A(y)) ∨ l, ∀x, y Î G.
© 2012 Feng and Yao; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
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Proof. Let A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G, then

A(x−1 y) ∧ μ = A(x−1 y) ∧ μ ∧ μ
≤ ((A(x−1 ) ∨ A(y)) ∨ λ) ∧ μ
= (A(x−1 ) ∧ μ ∨ A(y)) ∨ (λ ∧ μ)
≤ ((A(x) ∨ λ) ∨ A(y)) ∨ λ
= (A(x) ∨ A(y)) ∨ λ.

Conversely, suppose A(x-1y) ∧ μ ≤ (A(x) ∨ A(y)) ∨ l, ∀x, y Î G, then

A(1) ∧ μ = A(x-1x) ∧ μ ≤ A(x) ∨ A(x) ∨ l = A(x) ∨ l.
So
A(x−1) ∧ μ = A(x−11) ∧ μ = A(x−11) ∧ μ ∧ μ ≤ (A(x) ∨ A(1) ∨ l) ∧ μ = (A(1) ∧ μ) ∨
((A(x) ∨ l) ∧ μ) ≤ (A(x) ∨ l) ∨ ((A(x) ∨ l) ∧ μ) = A(x) ∨ l.
A(xy) ∧ μ = A((x-1)-1 y) ∧ μ = A((x-1)-1y) ∧ μ ∧ μ ≤ (A(x−1) ∨ A(y) ∨ l) ∧ μ = (A(x−1)
∧ μ) ∨ ((A(y) ∨ l) ∧ μ) ≤ (A(x) ∨ l) ∨ (A(y) ∨ l) = (A(x) ∨ A(y)) ∨ l.
So A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G.
Theorem 2. Let A be a fuzzy subset of a group G. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G;

(2) A(a) is a subgroup of G, for any a Î (l, μ], where A(a) ≠ ∅.

Proof. “(1) ⇒ (2)”

Let A be a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G. For any a Î (l, μ], such that Aa ≠ ∅, we
need to show that x−1 y Î A(a), for all x,y Î A(a).
Since A(x) <a and A(y) <a, Then A(x−1 y) ∧ μ ≤ A(x) ∨ A(y) ∨ l <a ∨ a ∨ l = a ∨ l
= a. Note that a ≤ μ, we obtain A(x−1 y) <a. So x−1 y Î A(a).
“(2) ⇒ (1)”
Conversely, let A(a) is a subgroup of G. We need to prove that A(x−1 y) ∧ μ ≤ A(x) ∨
A(y) ∨ l, ∀x Î G. If there exist x 0 , y 0 Î G such that
   
A x−1
0 y0 ∧ μ = α > A (x0 ) ∨ A y0 ∨ λ, then A(x0) <a, A(y0) <a and a Î (l, μ]. Thus
 
x0 Î Aa and y0 Î Aa. But A x−1 −1
0 y0 ≥ α, that is x0 y0 ∈
/ A(α) . This is a contradiction
with that A(a) is a subgroup of G. Hence A(x-1 y) ∧ μ ≤ A(x) ∨ A(y) ∨ l holds for any
x, y Î G.
Therefore, A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G.
We set inf ∅ = 1, where ∅ is the empty set.
Theorem 3. Let f: G1 ® G2 be a homomorphism and let A be a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy sub-
group of G1. Then f(A) is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G2, where
   
f (A) y = inf A (x) |f (x) = y , ∀y ∈ G2 .
x∈G1

Proof. If f −1 (y 1 ) = ∅ or f −1 (y 2 ) = ∅ for any y 1 , y 2 Î G 2 , then

       
f (A) y1−1 y2 ∧ μ ≤ 1 = f (A) y1 ∨ f (A) y2 ∨ λ.
Suppose that f−1(y1) ≠ ∅, f−1(y2) = ∅ for any y1, y2 Î G2. Then
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For any y1, y2 Î G2, we have

   
f (A) y1−1 y2 ∧ μ = inf A (t) |f (t) = y1−1 y2 ∧ μ
t∈G1
 
= inf (A (t)) ∧ μ|f (t) = y1−1 y2
t∈G1
  −1  
≤ inf A x1 x2 ∧ μ|f (x1 ) = y2 , f (x2 ) = y2
x1 ,x2 ∈G1
 
≤ inf (A (x1 ) ∨ A (x2 )) ∨ λ|f (x1 ) = y1 , f (x2 ) = y2
x1 ,x2 ∈G1
   
= ( inf A (x1 ) |f (x1 ) = y1 ∨ inf A (x2 ) |f (x2 ) = y2 ) ∨ λ
x1 ∈s1 x2 ∈S1
    
= f (A) y1 ∨ f (A) y2 ∨ λ.

So, f(A) is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G2.

Theorem 4. Let f : G1 ® G2 be a homomorphism and let B be a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy
subgroup of G2. Then f−1(B) is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1, where
 
f −1 (B) (x) = B f (x) , ∀x ∈ G1 .

Proof. For any x1, x2 Î G1,

    −1 
f −1 (B) x−1
1 x2 ∧ μ = B f x1 x2 ∧ μ
 −1 
= B f (x1 ) f (x2 ) ∧ μ
    
≤ B f (x1 ) ∨ B f (x2 ) ∨ λ
 
= f −1 (B) (x1 ) ∨ f −1 (B) (x2 ) ∨ λ.

So, f−1(B) is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1.

Let G1 be a group with the identity 11 and G2 be a group with the identity 12, then
G1 × G2 is a group with the identity (11, 12) if we define (x1, y1) (x2, y2) = (x1x2, y1y2)
for all (x1, y1), (x2, y2) Î G1 × G2. Moreover, the inverse element of any (x, a) Î G1 ×
G2 is (y, b) Î G1 × G2 if and only if y is the inverse element of x in G1 and b is the
inverse element of a in G2.
Theorem 5. Let A, B be two (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroups of groups G1 and G2, respec-
tively. The product of A and B, denoted by A × B, is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of the
group G1 × G2, where
     
(A × B) x, y = A (x) ∨ B y , ∀ x, y ∈ G1 × G2 .

Proof. Let (x−1, a−1 ) be the inverse element of (x, a) in G 1 × G 2. Then x−1 is the
inverse element of x in G1 and a−1 is the inverse element of a in G2. Hence A(x−1) ∧ μ
≤ A(x) ∨ l and B(a−1) ∧ μ ≤ B(a) ∨ l. For all (y, b) Î G1 × G2. We have
       
(A × B) (x, a)−1 y, b ∧ μ = (A × B) x−1 , a−1 y, b ∧ μ
    
= A x−1 y ∨ B a−1 b ∧ μ
       
= A x−1 y ∧ μ ∨ B a−1 b ∧ μ
   
≤ A (x) ∨ A y ∨ λ ∨ (B (a) ∨ B (b) ∨ λ)
   
= (A (x) ∨ B (a)) ∨ A y ∨ B (b) ∨ λ
  
= ((A × B) (x, a)) ∨ (A × B) y, b ∨ λ.

Hence A × B is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1 × G2.

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Theorem 6. Let A and B be two fuzzy subsets of groups G1 and G2, respectively. If A
× B is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1 × G2, then at least one of the following state-
ments must hold.
A (11 ) ∧ μ ≤ B (a) ∨ λ, ∀a ∈ G2

and
B (12 ) ∧ μ ≤ A (x) ∨ λ, ∀x ∈ G1 .

Proof. Let A × B be a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of the group G1 × G2.

By contraposition, suppose that none of the statements hold. Then we can find x Î
G1 and a Î G2 such that A(x) ∨ l <B(12) ∧ μ and B(a) ∨ l <A(11) ∧ μ. Now
(A×B) (x, a) ∨ l = (A(x)∨B(a))∨l = (A(x)∨l)∨(B(a)∨l) < (A(1 1)∧μ) ∨ (B(12)∧μ) =
(A×B) (11,12) ∧ μ.
Thus A × B is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of the group G1 × G2 satisfying (A × B)(x,
a) ∨ l < (A × B) (11, 12) ∧ μ. This is a contradict with that (11, 12) iss the identity of
G1 × G2 .
Theorem 7. Let A and B be fuzzy subsets of groups G1 and G2, respectively, such that
B(12) ∧μ ≤ A(x) ∨l for all × Î G1. If A × B is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1 × G2,
then A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1.
Proof. From B(12) ∧ μ ≤ A(x) ∨ l we obtain that μ ≤ A(x) ∨ l or B(12) ≤ A(x) ∨ l, for
all x Î G1.

Let x, y Î G1, then (x, 12), (y, 12) Î G1 × G2.

Two cases are possible:
(1) If μ ≤ A(x) ∨ l for all x Î G1. Then
A(xy) ∧ μ ≤ μ ≤ A(x) ∨ l ≤ (A(x) ∨ A(y)) ∨ l
and A(11) ∧ μ ≤ μ ≤ A(x) ∨ l.
(2) If B(12) ≤ A(x) ∨ l for all x Î G1. Then
     
A xy ∧ μ ≤ A xy ∨ B (12 12 ) ∧ μ
  
= (A × B) xy, 12 12 ∧ μ
   
= (A × B) (x, 12 ) y, 12 ∧ μ
  
≤ (A × B) (x, 12 ) ∨ (A × B) y, 12 ∨ λ
 
= A (x) ∨ B (12 ) ∨ A y ∨ B (12 ) ∨ λ
  
= A (x) ∨ A y ∨ λ.

and
A (11 ) ∧ μ ≤ (A (11 ) ∨ B (12 )) ∧ μ
= ((A × B) (11 , 12 )) ∧ μ
≤ (A × B) (x, 12 ) ∨ λ
= A (x) ∨ B (12 ) ∨ λ
= A (x) ∨ λ.
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Hence A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1.

Analogously, we have

Theorem 8. Let A and B be fuzzy subsets of groups G1 and G2, respectively, such that
A(11) ∧ μ ≤ B(a) ∨ l for all a Î G2. If A × B is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1 × G2,
then B is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G2.
From the previous theorems, we have the following corollary
Corollary 1. Let A and B be fuzzy subsets of groups G1 and G2, respectively. If A × B
is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G1 × G2, then either A is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup
of G1 or B is a (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroup of G2.

Acknowledgements
YF wished to thank Prof. Michela for her help with the language.

Author details
1
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404100, People’s
Republic of China 2School of Mathematics Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, People’s
Republic of China

Authors’ contributions
YF had posed ideals and typed this article with a computer. BY had given some good advice. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Received: 19 December 2011 Accepted: 3 April 2012 Published: 3 April 2012

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3. Yao, B: (λ, μ)-fuzzy normal subgroups and (λ, μ)-fuzzy quotient subgroups. J Fuzzy Math. 13(3):695–705 (2005)
4. Yao, B: (λ, μ)-fuzzy subrings and (λ, μ)-fuzzy ideals. J Fuzzy Math. 15(4):981–987 (2007)
5. Yao, B: Fuzzy Theory on Group and Ring. Science and Technology Press, Beijing (2008) in Chinese
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doi:10.1186/1029-242X-2012-78
Cite this article as: Feng and Yao: On (l, μ)-anti-fuzzy subgroups. Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2012
2012:78.

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