University Of Education Multan Campus

Department Of Computer Science

Assignment
Course Title; Msc IT

Subjec; Data Communication Networking

Submitted To;

Sir Irtaza Shaikh

Submitted By;

M Amir Iqbal

Date of submission;

6 Dec 2020
 Introduction to OSI Model
This model is called ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference
model because it deals with connecting open systems (systems that are
open for communication with other systems)

Summary Of Layers
 A layer should be created where different level of abstraction is
needed.

 Each layer should perform a well defined function.

 The function of each layer should be chosen according to the

internationally standardized protocols.

 The number of layers should be large enough that distinct functions

should not be put in the same layer and small enough that the
architecture does not become very complex.
OSI Model
 The Physical Layer
The physical layer transmits raw bits over a communication channel, this
layer needs to make sure that when one side sends a 1 bit it is received by
the other side as a 1 bit, not as a 0 bit.

Example Protocols that use Physical Layer

• Digital Subscriber Line
• Integrated Services Digital Network
• Infrared Data Association
• Universal Serial Bus
• Bluetooth
• Controller Area Network
• Ethernet
 The Data Link Layer
It is responsible for node-to-node delivery of data.

It receives the data from network layer and creates FRAMES , add
physical address to these frames & pas them to physical layer

It consist of 2 layers:
Logical Link Layer (LLC) :
Defines the methods and provides addressing information for
communication between network devices.

Medium Access Control (MAC):

establishes and maintains links between
communicating devices.

Data Link Layer Example

 Network Layer

It is responsible for the source to destination delivery of a packet across

multiple networks.
If two systems are attached to different networks with devices like routers,
then N/W layer is used.
Thus DLL overseas the delivery of the packet between the two systems on
same network and the network layer ensures that the packet gets its point
of origin to its final destination.
 Transport Layer
It is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the entire
message.
TL looks after the delivery of entire message considering all
its packets & make sure that all packets are in order. On the
other hand n/w layer treated each packet independently.

At the receiver side, TL provides services to application layer

& takes services form n/w layer.

At the source side, TL receives message from upper layer

into packets and reassembles these packets again into
message at the destination.
 SESSION LAYER

The session layer allows users on different machines to establish sessions

between them. Sessions offer various services, including dialog control
(keeping track of whose turn it is to transmit), token management
(preventing two parties from attempting the same critical operation
simultaneously), and synchronisation (checkpointing long transmissions to
allow them to pick up from where they left off in the event of a crash and
subsequent recovery).

Session Layer Protocols

• ADSP, AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol

• ASP, AppleTalk Session Protocol
• H.245, Call Control Protocol for Multimedia Communication
• ISO-SP, OSI session-layer protocol (X.225, ISO 8327)
• iSNS, Internet Storage Name Service
• L2F, Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol
 PRESENTATION LAYER
Unlike the lower layers, which are mostly concerned with moving bits
around, the presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics
of the information transmitted. In order to make it possible for computers
with different internal data representations to communicate, the data
structures to be exchanged can be defined in an abstract way, along with a
standard encoding to be used ‘‘on the wire.’’ The presentation layer
manages these abstract data structures and allows higher-level data
structures (e.g., banking records) to be defined and exchanged.

Services

• Data conversion
• Character code translation
• Compression
• Encryption and Decryption
 THE APPLICATION LAYER
The application layer contains a variety of protocols that are
commonly needed by users. One widely used application protocol is
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), which is the basis for the World
Wide Web. When a browser wants a Web page, it sends the name of
the page it wants to the server hosting the page using HTTP. The
server then sends the page back. Other application protocols are
used for file transfer, electronic mail, and network news.

Atom Publishing Protocol

• BEEP, Block Extensible Exchange Protocol
• Bitcoin
BitTorrent
CFDP, Coherent File Distribution Protocol
CoAP, Constrained Application Protocol
DDS, Data Distribution Service
• DeviceNet