GCSE (9–1) Mathematics

Geometrical Reasoning
Circle
Lines Triangles Theorems
a The angle at x
d a x
the centre of a
c b
a=b circle is twice
c=d the angle at the 2x
circumference
Vertically opposite angles are equal b c
y y
a + b + c = 180

a + b =180 Angles in a triangle add Base angles of an isosceles Angles in the

b up to 180 triangle are equal same segment
a
are equal
Angles on a straight line add
up to 180 2 opposite
interior angles
60˚
a

The angle in
a+b=d
a semicircle
b
a c d is a right
b
c 60˚ 60˚ angle (or 90˚)
a + b + c = 360
An exterior angle (of a triangle)
Angles in an equilateral is equal to the sum of the
Angles at a point add up to 360 triangle are equal interior opposite angles
a Opposite angles
in a cyclic
quadrilateral
d add to 180

Quadrilaterals Polygons b
a + c = 180
c
b + d = 180
a

f b
b c

e c Alternate
a d
a + b = 180 segment
d
a b theorem
a + b + c + d = 360
a + b + c + d + e + f = 360

Angles in a quadrilateral add Exterior angles of a polygon The interior and exterior angle
up to 360 add up to 360 of any polygon add up to 180 A

Parallel lines
B CA = CB

Tangents to a circle from an external

point are equal in length
a

b
A tangent
a + b = 180 to a circle is
perpendicular
(or 90˚) to the
Alternate angles Corresponding angles are equal Allied (or co-interior) angles radius.
are equal add up to 180

Photography: Shutterstock / Willyam Bradberry, Original origami artwork: Mark Bolitho

Origami photography: Pearson Education Ltd / Naki Kouyioumtzis
PEUK C0103b • Version 2.0 • February 2022