The Finite Volume Method for Diffusion Problems

An Introduction to CFD: the FVM, Ch. 4

H.K. Versteeg & W. Malalasekera

전산유체역학 강의자료 5
Dec. 2022
N. Hur
Dept. of mechanical engineering, Sogang University
4.1 Introduction
Differential and integral forms of the general transport equations

(  )
+ div( u) = div( grad  ) + S (2.39)
t
Rate of increase Net rate of flow Rate of increase Rate of increase
of  of fluid + of  out of = of  due to + of  due to
element fluid element diffusion sources

(  )
CV t dV + CV div( u)dV = CV div( grad  )dV + CV S dV (2.40)

 div adV =  n  adA

CV A
(2.41)

 
   dV  +  n  ( u ) dA =  n  ( grad  )dA +  S dV (2.42)
t  CV  A A CV
4.1 Introduction
 
   dV  +  n  ( u ) dA =  n  ( grad  )dA +  S dV (2.42)
t  CV  A A CV

Net rate of Rate of increase

Rate of + decrease of  due to = of  due to + Net rate of
increase of  convection across diffusion across creation of 
the boundaries the boundaries

 n  ( u)dA =  n  ( grad  )dA +  S dV

A A CV
(2.43)

 
t t  CV (  )dV  dt + t A n  ( u)dA dt
(2.44)
=   n  ( grad  )dA dt +   S dV dt
t A t CV
4.1 Introduction

Steady state pure diffusion problem

(  )
+ div( u) = div( grad  ) + S (2.39)
t

div(grad ) + S = 0 (4.1)

 div(grad )dV +  S dV =  n (grad )dA +  S dV = 0

CV CV A CV
(4.2)
4.2 FVM for 1-D Steady State Diffusion

d  d 
 +S = 0 (4.3)
dx  dx 

Fig 4.1
4.2 FVM for 1-D Steady State Diffusion

Step 1: Grid generation

Fig 4.2
4.2 FVM for 1-D Steady State Diffusion

Step 2: Discretization
d  d   d   d 

V
 dV +  SdV =  A  −  A  +S V = 0
dx  dx  V  dx e  dx  w
(4.4)

W +  P
w = (4.5a)
2
 + E
e = P (4.5b)
2
 d   E − P 
 A  =  e e
A  (4.6)
 dx e   x PE 

 d   P − W 
 A  =  w w
A  (4.7)
 dx w   xWP 

S V = Su + S pP (4.8) : Source Term Linearization

4.2 FVM for 1-D Steady State Diffusion

 E − P   P − W 
e Ae   −  w Aw   + ( Su + S pP ) = 0 (4.9)
  xPE    xWP 

 e w   w   e 
 Ae + Aw − S p  P =  Aw  W +  Ae  E + Su (4.10)
  xPE  xWP    xWP    xPE 

aPP = aW W + aEE + Su (4.11)

w e
where aW = , aE = ,
 xWP  xPE
aP = aW + aE − S P

Step 3: Solution of Equations

4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
d  dT 
k +S = 0 (4.12)
dx  dx 

Example 4.1 : Source-free heat conduction in an insulated rod

K = 1000 W/m.K
A=10x10-3 m2

Fig 4.3
d  dT 
k =0 (4.13)
dx  dx 

Steady state temperature distribution?

4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Fig 4.3
 ke kw   kw   ke 
 A + Aw P
T =  Aw W
T +  Ae  TE (4.14)
  xPE  xWP    xWP   xPE 
e


Discretized Equation for nodal points 2,3, and 4:

aPTP = aW TW + aETE (4.15)
k k
Where aW = , aE = A , aP = aW + aE
x x
Su = Sp = 0
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Fig 4.3

Discretized Equation for nodal point 1:

 TE − Tp   TP − TA 
kA   − kA  =0 (4.16)
 x   x 2 
 k 2k   k   2k 
 + = + +
 x  P   E 
A A T 0.T A T A  TA (4.17)
x x  x
W


aPTP = aW TW + aETE + Su (4.18)

k 2kA 2kA
where aW = 0 , aE = A , aP = aW + aE − S p , S P = − , Su = TA
x x x
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Fig 4.3

Discretized Equation for nodal point 5:

 T −T   T −T 
kA  B P  − kA  P W  = 0 (4.19)
 x 2   x 
 k 2k   k   2k 
 + = + + (4.20)
 x  P   x  W 
A A T A T 0.T A  TB
x x
E


aPTP = aW TW + aETE + Su (4.21)

k 2kA 2kA
where aW = A, aE = 0 , aP = aW + aE − S p , S P = − , Su = TB
x x x
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
Table 4.1

300T1 = 100T2 + 200TA

200T2 = 100T1 + 100T3
200T3 = 100T2 + 200T4 (4.22)
200T4 = 100T3 + 100T5
300T5 = 100T4 + 200TB
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
 300 −100 0 0 0   T1   200TA 
 −100 200 −100 0 0  T   0 
  2  
 0 −100 200 −100 0  T3  =  0  (4.23)
    
 0 0 −100 200 −100 T
  
4 0 
 0 0 0    
−100 300  T5   200TB 

 T1  140 
T   220 
 2  
T3  =  300  (4.24)
   
T
  
4 380 
T5   460 

Fig 4.5
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
Example 4.2 : 1-D Steady Conduction with heat source
L = 2 cm, q = 1000 kW/m3

d  dT 
k +q = 0 (4.25)
dx  dx 

Fig 4.3

d  dT  Fig 4.6

V
k
dx  dx
 dV +  qdV = 0
 V
(4.26)

 dT   dT  
 kA  −  kA   + qV = 0 (4.27)
 dx e  dx  w 
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Fig 4.3
  TE − TP   TP − TW  
 e   x  w   x   + qA x = 0
k A − k A (4.28)
    
 ke kw   ke   kw 
 A + A  P 
T = A  W 
T + A  TE + qA x (4.29)
  x  x    x    x 

Discretized Equation for nodal points 2,3, and 4:

aPTP = aW TW + aETE + Su (4.30)
kA kA
where aW = , aE = , aP = aW + aE − S p , SP = 0 , Su = qA x
x x
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Discretized Equation for nodal point 1:

 dT   dT  
 kA  −  kA   + qV = 0 (4.31)
 dx e  dx  w 

 T −T   T −T 
ke A  E P  − k A A  P A  + qA x = 0 (4.32)
 x   x 2 

aPTP = aW TW + aETE + Su (4.33)

kA 2kA 2kA
where aW = 0, aE = , aP = aW + aE − S p , S P = − , Su = qA x + TA
x x x
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Discretized Equation for nodal point 5:

 dT   dT  
 kA  −  kA   + qV = 0 (4.34)
 dx e  dx  w 
 T −T   T −T 
kB A  B P  − kw A  P W  + qA x = 0 (4.35)
 x 2   x 

aPTP = aW TW + aETE + Su (4.36)

kA 2kA 2kA
where aW = , aE = 0 , aP = aW + aE − S p , S P = − , Su = qA x + TB
x x x

17
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
Table 4.2

 375 −125 0 0 0   T1   29000   T1  150 

 −125 250 −125 0 0  T   4000  T   218 
  2    2  
 0 −125 250 −125 0  T3  =  4000  T3  =  254 
        
 0 0 −125 250 −125 T4   4000  T 258
 4  
 0 0 0 −125 375  T5  54000  T5   230 
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Comparison with the analytical solution

T − T q 
T = B A + ( L − x)  x + TA (4.39)
 L 2k 
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
Example 4.3: Cooling of a circular fin by means of convective heat
transfer along its length
d  dT 
 kA  − hP (T − T ) = 0 (4.40)
dx  dx 

T − T cosh  n( L − x)
=
TB − T cosh(nL) (4.41)

Fig. 4.9
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
Solution

Fig. 4.10

d  dT  2
  − n (T − T ) = 0 where n 2
= hp / (kA) (4.42)
dx  dx 

d  dT 
 −  (T − T )dV = 0
2 (4.43)
  dV n
V
dx  dx  V

 TE − TP   TP − TW 
−    (TP − T )  x  = 0
−  2
  x n (4.44)
   x 
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
 1 1   1   1 
 + = +
 P   W   E
T T T + n 2
 xT − n 2
 xTP (4.45)
x x  x  x 

Discretized Equation for nodal points 2,3, and 4:

aPTP = aW TW + aETE + Su (4.46)

1 1
where aW = , aE = , aP = aW + aE − S p , S P = −n  x, Su = n  xT
2 2

x x

Discretized Equation for nodal point 1:

 TE − TP   TP − TB 
−   −  n (TP − T )  x  = 0
2 (4.47)
  x
   x/2 
1 2
where aW = 0, aE = a
, P = a + a − S p, S = − n 2
 x − ,
x x
W E P

2
Su = n2 xT + TB
x
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Discretized Equation for nodal point 5:

  TP − TW  
0 −   x   −  n (TP − T )  x  = 0
2
(4.48)
  
1
where aW = , aE = 0 , aP = aW + aE − S p , S P = −n  x, Su = n  xT
2 2

x
Table 4.4

 20 −5 0 0 0   T1  1100   T1   64.22 
 −5 15 −5 0 0  T   100  T   36.91
  2    2  
 
 0 −5 15 −5 0  T3 =  100  T3  =  26.50 
        
 0 0 −5 15 −5 T
  
4 100  T
  
4 22.60 
 0 0 0 −5 10  T5   100  (4.49) T5   21.30  (4.50)
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion

Fig. 4.11
4.3 Worked examples: 1-D steady state diffusion
o 4.3 Worked examples: one-dimensional steady state diffusion
- Solution
Table 4.6

       
  +   + S = 0 (4.51)
x  x  y  y 
4.4 FVM for 2-D diffusion problems

Fig. 4.12

       
V x  x 
 dx.dy + V y   y  dx.dy + V S dV = 0 (4.52)

               
 e Ae   −  w Aw    +  n An   −  s As    + SV = 0 (4.53)
  x e  x  w    y n  y  s 
4.4 FVM for 2-D diffusion problems

Flux across the west face =  w Aw


=  w Aw
(P − W )
(4.54a)
x w  xWP

Flux across the east face =  e Ae

 ( −  )
=  e Ae E P (4.54b)
x e  xPE

Flux across the south face =  s As

 ( −  )
=  s As P S (4.54c)
y s  ySP

Flux across the north face =  n An


=  n An
(  N − P )
(4.54d)
y n  yPN

 e Ae
( E −  P ) −  (P − W ) +  (N − P ) −  (P − S ) + SV = 0
w Aw n An s As (4.55)
 xPE  xWP  yPN  ySP
4.4 FVM for 2-D diffusion problems

  w Aw e Ae  s As  n An    w Aw   e Ae    s As    n An 
 + + + − S 
P P =   +
 W   +
 E   +
 S   N + Su
  xWP  xPE  ySP  yPN    xWP    xPE    ySP    yPN 
(4.56)
Discretized Equation for interior nodal points:

aPP = aW W + aEE + aSS + aNN + Su (4.57)

 w Aw  e Ae  s As  n An
where aW = a
, E = a
, S = , a = ,
 xWP  xPE  ySP N  yPN
aP = aW + aE + aS + aN − S p

Discretized Equation for boundary points should be modified.

4.5 FVM for 3-D diffusion problems

           
  +   +   + S = 0 (4.58)
x  x  y  y  z  z 

Fig. 4.13
4.4 FVM for 2-D diffusion problems
                       

 e e 
A −  w w
A   +   n n
A  −  s s
A   + 
 t t 
A −  b b
A   + S V = 0
  x e  x  w    y n  y  s    z t  z b 
(4.59)
 (E − P ) Ae (P − W ) Aw  +  (N − P ) An −  (P − S ) As 

 e −    n 
  x PE
w
 xWP    x PN
s
 x SP 
(4.60)
 ( − P ) An ( −  ) A 
+ t T − b P B b  + ( Su + S pP ) = 0
  xPT  xBP 

Discretized Equation for interior nodal points:

aPP = aW W + aEE + aSS + aNN + aBB + aT T + Su (4.61)

 w Aw  e Ae  s As  n An  b Ab
where aW = a
, E = a
, S = , a = , a = ,
 xWP  xPE  ySP N  yPN B
 z BP
 t At
aT = , aP = aW + aE + aS + aN + aB + aT − S p
 z PT
4.6 Summary of Discretized Eqn for diffusion problems

aPP =  anbnb + Su (4.62)

aP =  anb − S p (4.63)

Table 4.7
4.6 Summary of Discretized Eqn for diffusion problems

Source terms can be included through linearlised form:

S V = Su + S pP

Boundary conditions are incorporated by cutting the link to the

boundary side and introducing the boundary side flux through
additional source terms Su and Sp.
link cutting : set coefficient aB = 0 (4.64)

2k B AB
source contributions : fixed value B : Su = B ;

(4.65)
2k B AB
Sp = −


fixed value qB : Su + S p p = qB (4.66)