1. Explain in detail how data has evolved over time.

Data Development Over Time: Data has progressed considerably throughout

history, from ancient stone tablets to modern digital systems. At first, information
was primarily stored manually and was often inaccessible or difficult to use; with
computers and the internet came massive advancement in terms of storage and
processing capabilities - databases and spreadsheets enabled structured data
organization while the global nature of internet enabled global exchange of
information.

2. Explain with relevant examples why data scientists need to

understand data and follow data ethics.
Data Ethics and the Role of Data Scientists:

Data scientists must have an in-depth knowledge and respect for data ethics for
several reasons. First, they work with large amounts of sensitive and personal
data which must be handled responsibly to avoid privacy breaches that
compromise individuals. Second, data scientists often create models which impact
key decisions in various domains like healthcare, finance and criminal justice -
biased models may perpetuate discrimination and social injustices.

3. What is data governance framework?

Data Governance Framework: A data governance framework is a structured
approach that defines how an organization manages and protects its data assets.
This approach includes setting policies, procedures, roles and responsibilities
related to managing information within an organization's information technology
systems in an accurate, consistent, secure manner that conforms with
regulations.

4. What are some of the benefits of implementing data governance

framework?
Benefits of Implementing Data Governance Framework:
Establishing a data governance framework offers many advantages for
organizations:

(i) Improved Data Quality: By setting standards and processes defined in this
framework it improves data accuracy and reliability resulting in better decision-
making.

(ii) Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with applicable laws and regulations

ensures data practices comply with laws and regulations, decreasing fines or legal
issues that might arise as a result.

(iii) Strengthened Data Security: The framework provides controls and protection
measures that safeguard sensitive information against unintended access or
breaches.

(iv) Increased Efficiency: With well-defined roles and responsibilities, data

governance streamlines data-related tasks to reduce redundancies while
optimizing resources.

(v) Trust and Credibility: Reliable data and ethical practices help build trust
among customers, stakeholders and partners of an organization and improve its
credibility.

(vi) Improved Decision-Making: Accessing accurate and timely data allows leaders
to make more informed and strategic decisions.

5. What, according to you, should be the ethical principles for

conducting research that involves dealing with other people's data?
Ethical Principles for Conducting Research with Other People's Data:

When engaging in research that involves dealing with data belonging to another,
several ethical principles should guide its conduct to protect individuals' rights,
privacy, and well-being. Some key ethical guidelines include the following.

(i) Data Anonymity and Privacy: Researchers should take great care in protecting
individual identities while anonymizing data to avoid identification of specific
participants. Adequate security measures must also be implemented to protect
against unauthorized access and breaches in security.

(ii) Beneficence: Researchers should prioritize participant welfare and ensure that
potential benefits outweigh risks when it comes to research projects, which
should strive to contribute positively while minimising harm.

(iii) Nonmaleficence: Researchers must take steps to avoid inflicting physical and
emotional harm on participants through research; this includes conducting
studies that reduce distress while protecting participant safety.

(iv) Transparency and Honesty: Researchers should always be open about their
methods, data collection procedures and any potential conflicts of interest that
might exist in their research. Honest reporting and disclosure of findings is crucial
in maintaining research integrity.

(v) Respect for Autonomy: Researchers should uphold participants' autonomy

and rights, including their right to withdraw at any stage from a study or decline
participation altogether.

(vi) Social Responsibilty: Researchers should carefully consider the wider social
ramifications of their research, with an aim of meeting society's challenges
responsibly.

6. Should there be differences in expectations about what is ethical

online versus offline regarding handling of data?
Ethical Considerations in Online and Offline Data Handling:

While fundamental ethical principles remain unchanged, there may be distinct

expectations regarding data handling online versus offline:

(i) Privacy Concerns: Online data collection often involves tracking user behavior
and collecting vast quantities of personal information about them, which may
raise privacy concerns among individuals, necessitating enhanced data protection
measures as well as clear consent mechanisms.
(ii) Data Security: Given the risk of hackers and unauthorized access, strong data
protection in an online environment is of critical importance.

(iii) Anonymity Challenges: Due to the interconnectivity of digital footprints,

anonymzing online data can be more challenging than expected. Researchers
must take great care in protecting user identities.

(iv) Scope and Scale: Online research can reach an expansive and wide-reaching
audience, potentially impacting multiple individuals at once. Researchers should
carefully consider their studies' scale as well as any unforeseen outcomes or
implications that may result from them.

(v) Global Reach: Internet research can reach beyond geographical borders to
attract a more diverse participant pool. Researchers must be mindful of cultural
diversity as well as legal considerations that might differ between jurisdictions.

7. What are the 5C’s of ethics in data science?

• Consent

• Clarity

• Consistency

• Control

• Consequences

8. What are the ethical considerations of data science?

One of the important concepts of ethics in data science is that the individual has
some data ownership. Collecting someone’s personal data without their
agreement is illegal and immoral .As a result, consent is required to acquire
someone’s data.

9. What are the 6 ethical considerations in research?

 Voluntary participation
 Informed consent
  Anonymity
 Confidentiality
 Potential for harm
 Result communication

10. What are the 4 fundamentals of ethics? Or what are the 4 pillars of
ethics?

 Beneficence
 Nonmaleficence
 Autonomy
 Justice

11. What is the principle of data ethics?

Consent is the foundational principle of data ethics. It refers to the idea that
individuals should have the right to provide informed and voluntary consent
before their data is collected, processed or used in any way.