្រកសួងអប់រ ំ យុវជន និងកីឡា

វិទ្យោស�នបេច�កវិទ្យោកម�ជា
ុ
មហវិទ្យោល័យសំណង់សវ
ី ុ ិល

េដបា៉តឺម៉ង់ េទពេកសល្យេហដ�រចនាសម�័ន�និងដឹកជ��ូ ន

ករគណនាសំណង់ែដក

្របធានបទ

តមរយៈបទដ�ន ASCE
ករគណនាបន�កខ្យល់
ុ 7-10
្រគ�ទទួលបន�ក
ុ : បណ�ិត ដួង ពិសដ
ិ �

និស្ស ិត : ១. លន់ សិរ ីវឌ្ឍនៈ e20200893

២. ជាន សុត e20201800

៣. ជីន ដវីត e20200162

៤. ជឹម សុខដរ e20201497

៥. លង ្រសីមយ
ុ e20200149

៦. ឃុត រ ីវណ� e20201496

៧. ហុក លីេហៀង e20201313

ឆា� ំសិក្សោ : ២០២៣-២០២៤

 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION,
YOUTH AND SPORT
Institute of Technology of Cambodia
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Department of Transport and Infrastructure Engineering

Steel design and construction

TOPIC
Wind load calculation to ASCE 7-10

Lecturer : Dr. DOUNG Piseth

Students : 1. LUN Sereyvathanak e20200893

2. CHEAN Sot e20201800

3. CHIN Davit e20200162

4. CHIM Sokdara e20201497

5. LEANG Sreymuy e20200149

6. KHUT Ryvan e20201496

7. HOK Lyhieng e20201313

Academic Year : 2023-2024

 Table of Contents

I. Main wind force resisting system by using envelope procedure ................... 1

i. Hypothesis ................................................................................................... 1
ii. Solution ........................................................................................................ 2
a) Basic Wind Speed, V ............................................................................. 2
b) Wind Directionality Factor, Kd.............................................................. 3
c) Exposure Category ................................................................................... 3
d) Topographic Factor, Kzt ........................................................................ 3
e) Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi .......................................................... 3
f) Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kz ........................................... 4
g) Velocity Pressure, qz ............................................................................. 4
h) External Pressure Coefficients, GCp ..................................................... 5
i) Design Wind Pressure, p .......................................................................... 7
j) Design Wind Loads .................................................................................. 8
II. Cladding and Component(purlin) by using simplified method ................... 10
i. Hypothesis ................................................................................................. 10
ii. Solution ...................................................................................................... 11
a) Basic Wind Speed, V ........................................................................... 11
b) Exposure Category .............................................................................. 12
c) Topographic Factor, Kzt ......................................................................... 12
d) Define Roof Zones .............................................................................. 12
e) Net Design Wind Pressure, Pnet9m ........................................................... 13
f) Adjustment Factor, λ .............................................................................. 14
g) Design Wind Pressure, pnet .................................................................. 15
I. Main wind force resisting system by using envelope
procedure

i. Hypothesis
z
h' = 11 tan 20° 4m
y
E = eave height 8m

R = ridge height =E+h’ 12m x

Ht = mean roof height = 10m

20º
E+(h’/2)
h' E Ht R

8m
11m
50m
11m

Location Phnom Penh

Terrain Isolated on flat terrain
Occupancy Category IV (Standard Occupancy Table 1.5-1(ASCE 7-16, page 4))

Page | 1
 ii. Solution
a) Basic Wind Speed, V

 Cam Pw 04-102-99: Applicable for bridge with 20-year return period (SLS) and
2000-year return period (ULS). Vs at 20-year return period is suggested.

Region Description Serviceability Ultimate

Limit State Limit State
Vs [m/s] Vu [m/s]
A Coastal Region within 50 35 60
km from the coast
Coastal Region for 50 to 100 35 50
km from the coast
B Coastal Region beyond 100 35 45
km from the coast and Flat
Land Region
C High Land 35 45

Therefore, design wind speed, V = 35m/s

Page | 2
 b) Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Referring to Table 26.6-1 (ASCE 7-16, page 266)

Structure Type Directionality Factor Kd

Buildings
Main Wind Force Resisting System 0.85
Components and Cladding 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures
Square 0.90
Hexagonal 0.95
Round 0.95
Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid 0.85
Freestanding And Attached Signs
Open Signs and Lattice Framework 0.85
Trussed Towers
Triangular, square, rectangular 0.85
All other cross sections 0.95

Therefore, Kd = 0.85

c) Exposure Category

Referring to Section 26.7.3 (ASCE 7-16, page 266). In this case, Exposure
C is applied.

Furthermore, using Table 26.11-1 (ASCE 7-16, page 269) the Terrain
Exposure Constants will be as tabulated below,

Exposure 𝒂𝒂 𝒛𝒛𝒈𝒈 𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 𝒍𝒍(𝒎𝒎) 𝝐𝝐𝝐 𝒛𝒛𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

C 9.5 274.32 1/9.5 1.00 1/6.5 0.65 0.20 152.4 1/5.0 4.57

d) Topographic Factor, Kzt

Referring to Section 26.8.2 (ASCE 7-16, page 268)

For flat terrain, Kzt = 1.0

e) Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi

Internal pressure coefficients, (GCpi) shall be determined from the following

table based on building enclosure classifications determined from Table 26.13-
1(ASCE 7-16 2, page 271).

Page | 3
 Enclosure Classification GCpi
Open Buildings 0
Partially Enclosed Buildings ±0.55
Enclosed Buildings ±0.18

For Enclosed Buildings, GCpi = ±0.18

f) Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients, Kz

Referring to Table 26.10-1 (ASCE 7-16, page 268) as shown below.

Height above Exposure

Ground level, z B C D
ft (m)
0- (0- 0.70 0.85 1.03
15 4.6)
20 (6.1) 0.70 0.90 1.08
25 (7.6) 0.70 0.94 1.12
30 (9.1) 0.70 0.98 1.16
40 (12.2) 0.76 1.04 1.22
50 (15.2) 0.81 1.09 1.27
60 (18) 0.85 1.13 1.31

By interpolation, using z = mean roof height = 10m:

Kz = 0.99

g) Velocity Pressure, qz

Velocity pressure, qz evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the

following equation 26.10-1 (ASCE 7-16, page 268):

𝑞𝑞𝑧𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉2
where:
Kd = wind directionality factor
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient
Kzt = topographic factor defined
V = basic wind speed (m/s)
qz = velocity pressure calculated at mean roof height h

Therefore:

𝑞𝑞𝑧𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉2 = 0.613(0.99)(1.0)(0.85)(35)2 = 631.9𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 0.6319𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Page | 4
 h) External Pressure Coefficients, GCp

The combined gust effect factor and external pressure coefficients for low-
rise buildings, (GCp) are not permitted to be separated. It shall be determined using
the Table and Figure 28.3.1(ASCE 7-16, page 312 & 313).
The building must be designed for all wind directions using the eight loading
patterns shown in Figure 1 and 2. For each of these patterns, both positive and
negative internal pressures must be considered, resulting in a total of 16 separate
loading conditions. However, if the building is symmetrical, the number of separate
loading conditions will be reduced to eight. The load patterns are applied to each
building corner in turn as the reference corner.
The width of end zone surface “a” at windward corner shall be equal to 10
percent of least horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than
either 4% of leas horizontal dimension or 0.9m.

where: h = mean roof height, in meters, except that eave height shall be
used for θ ≤ 10°.

Figure 1. Load Case A (Wind Perpendicular to Ridge)

Page | 5
 Figure 2. Load Case B (Wind Parallel to Ridge)

Roof Angle Q LOAD CASE A

(degrees)
Building Surface

1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
0-5 0.40 -0.69 -0.37 -0.29 0.61 -1.07 -0.53 -0.43
20 0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 0.80 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64
30-45 0.56 0.21 0.43 -0.37 0.69 0.27 -0.53 -0.48
90 0.56 0.56 -0.37 -0.37 0.69 0.69 -0.48 -0.48

Roof Angle Q LOAD CASE B

(degrees) Building Surface
1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E
0-90 -0.45 -0.69 -0.37 -0.45 0.4 -0.29 0.48 -1.07 -0.53 -0.48 0.61 -0.43

Therefore:
Width (a): a = min(0.1L,0.4h) = min(0.1x22, 0.4x8) = min(2.2, 3.3) = 2.2m
Verification: a = 2.2m>max(0.04L, 0.9m) = max(0.04x22, 0.9m) = 0.9m (OK)

 For load Case A, by using θ = 20°

Building Surface
GCp 1 2 3 4 1E 2E 3E 4E
0.53 -0.69 -0.48 -0.43 0.80 -1.07 -0.69 -0.64

Page | 6
  For Load Case B using the Table as is,

Building Surface
GCp 1 2 3 4 5 6 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E
-0.45 -0.69 -0.37 -0.45 0.40 -0.29 -0.48 -1.07 -0.53 -0.48 0.61 -0.43

i) Design Wind Pressure, p

Determine wind pressures in the transverse and longitudinal directions using

the formula:
𝑝𝑝 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ (𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 ± 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)

 𝑝𝑝1 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ (𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 +𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)

 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑞𝑞ℎ (𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝 -𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝)

For Load Case A:

LOAD CASE A (Wind Normal to Ridge)
Pressure (Pa)
Surface GCp GCpi qh p1 p2
(KPa) (GCpi upper (GCpi lower
bound) bound)
1 0.53 ±0.18 0.632 0.449 0.221
2 -0.69 ±0.18 0.632 -0.322 -0.550
3 -0.48 ±0.18 0.632 -0.190 -0.417
4 -0.43 ±0.18 0.632 -0.158 -0.385
1E 0.8 ±0.18 0.632 0.619 0.392
2E -1.07 ±0.18 0.632 -0.562 -0.790
3E -0.69 ±0.18 0.632 -0.322 -0.550
4E -0.64 ±0.18 0.632 -0.291 -0.518

For Load Case B:

LOAD CASE B (Wind Parallel to Ridge)
Pressure (Pa)
Surface GCp GCpi qh p1 p2
(KPa) (GCpi upper (GCpi lower
bound) bound)
1 -0.45 ±0.18 0.632 -0.171 -0.398
2 -0.69 ±0.18 0.632 -0.322 -0.550
3 -0.37 ±0.18 0.632 -0.120 -0.348
4 -0.45 ±0.18 0.632 -0.171 -0.398
5 0.40 ±0.18 0.632 0.367 0.139
6 -0.29 ±0.18 0.632 -0.070 -0.297

Page | 7
 1E -0.48 ±0.18 0.632 -0.190 -0.417
2E -1.07 ±0.18 0.632 -0.562 -0.790
3E -0.53 ±0.18 0.632 -0.221 -0.449
4E -0.48 ±0.18 0.632 -0.190 -0.417
5E 0.61 ±0.18 0.632 0.499 0.272
6E -0.43 ±0.18 0.632 -0.158 -0.385

Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the
surfaces, respectively.

j) Design Wind Loads

For Load Case A:

Because the building is symmetrical, the four loading cases provide all the
required combinations provided the design is accomplished by applying loads for
each of the four corners. We will consider the uppermost left case in Figure 1.

Note: The pressures are assumed to be uniformly distributed over each of the
surfaces shown.

-0.190
-0.158
-0.322
-0.322
-0.291
-0.562
Design pressures for
transverse direc�on
with upper bound GCpi

0.449

0.619
2a = 4.4m
2a

Page | 8
 -0.417
-0.385
-0.550
-0.550
-0.518
-0.790
Design pressures for
transverse direc�on
with lower bound GCpi

0.221

0.392
2a = 4.4m
2a

For Load Case B:

Because the building is symmetrical, the four loading cases provide all the
required combinations provided the design is accomplished by applying
loads for each of the four corners. We will consider the uppermost left case
in Figure 2.

Note: The pressures are assumed to be uniformly distributed over each of the
surfaces shown.

-0.120 -0.070

-0.171 -0.158
-0.322
-0.221
-0.190 -0.562

Design pressures for

transverse direc�on
with lower bound GCpi

-0.171
0.367
-0.190
2a = 4.4m 0.499
2a

Page | 9
 -0.297
-0.348
-0.398 -0.385
-0.550
-0.449
-0.417
-0.790
Design pressures for
transverse direc�on
with lower bound GCpi

-0.398
0.139
-0.417
2a = 4.4m 0.272
2a

I. Cladding and Component(purlin) by using simplified

method

i. Hypothesis

Effective area for truss effective area

3.3m
for purlins

0.5m

Wall
Truss
Purlins
Sag Rod

Page | 10
 ii. Solution

As defined in the ASCE 7-10

COMPONENTS AND CLADDING (C&C): Components receive wind loads directly

or indirectly through cladding and transfer them to the MWFRS. Cladding directly receives
wind loads. Fasteners, purlins, girts, studs, roof decking, and roof trusses are examples of
components.
Therefore, calculations made in envelope method is not applicable because it focuses
on MWFRS. General method or Simplified method will be used. Furthermore, since the mean
roof height (h = 10m) is less than 18m, Simplified method is applicable and design wind
pressures for C&C will be:

𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 =𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛9m
where:
λ = adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Figure 30.5-1(ASCE 7-10)
Kzt = topographic factor as defined in Section 26.8, evaluated at 0.33 mean roof height,
0.33h
Pnet9m = net design wind pressure for Exposure B, at h=30 ft (h=9.1 m), from Fig. 30.5-
1(ASCE 7-10)

a) Basic Wind Speed, V

 Cam Pw 04-102-99: Applicable for bridge with 20-year return period (SLS) and
2000-year return period (ULS). Vs at 20-year return period is suggested.

Page | 11
 Region Description Serviceability Ultimate
Limit State Limit State
Vs [m/s] Vu [m/s]
A Coastal Region within 50 35 60
km from the coast
Coastal Region for 50 to 100 35 50
km from the coast
B Coastal Region beyond 100 35 45
km from the coast and Flat
Land Region
C High Land 35 45

Therefore, design wind speed, V = 35m/s

b) Exposure Category
Referring to Section 26.7.3 (ASCE 7-16, page 266). In this case, Exposure
C is applied.
Furthermore, using Table 26.11-1 (ASCE 7-16, page 269) the Terrain
Exposure Constants will be as tabulated below,

Exposure 𝒂𝒂 𝒛𝒛𝒈𝒈 𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄 𝒍𝒍(𝒎𝒎) 𝝐𝝐𝝐 𝒛𝒛𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

C 9.5 274.32 1/9.5 1.00 1/6.5 0.65 0.20 152.4 1/5.0 4.57

c) Topographic Factor, Kzt

Referring to Section 26.8.2 (ASCE 7-16, page 268)

For flat terrain, Kzt = 1.0

d) Define Roof Zones

Using Figure 207E.5-1 (page 2-169), the roof angle θ = 10º will fall under Gable Roof
(7º < θ ≤ 45º) having three different zones (interior, end, and corner zones).

Page | 12
 Additionally, the width of end zone surface “a” shall be equal to 10 percent of least
horizontal dimension or 0.4h, whichever is smaller, but not less than either 4% of leas
horizontal dimension or 0.9m.
where: h = mean roof height, in meters, except that eave height shall be used for θ ≤
10°.
Therefore:
Width (a): a = min(0.1L,0.4h) = min(0.1x22, 0.4x8) = min(2.2, 3.3) = 2.2m
Verification: a = 2.2m>max(0.04L, 0.9m) = max(0.04x22, 0.9m) = 0.9m (OK)

e) Net Design Wind Pressure, Pnet9m

 Note: Using Fig. 30.5-1(ASCE 7-10), the basic wind speed, V = 35m/s is
undefined. In this we will assume that V = 49 m/s as the basic wind speed.

Effective wind area of purlins = 0.5m (3.3m) = 1.65m2

Page | 13
 By Interpolation:

Zone Pnet9m Pnet9m

(pressure)[Pa] (suction)[Pa]
1 557.96 -934.41
2 557.96 -1557.25
3 557.96 -2329.80

f) Adjustment Factor, λ

From Figure 30.5-1(ASCE 7-10)

Mean roof height (ft) Mean roof height (m) Exposure

A B C
15 4.6 1.00 1.21 1.47
20 6.1 1.00 1.29 1.55
25 7.6 1.00 1.35 1.61
30 9.1 1.00 1.40 1.66
35 10.7 1.05 1.45 1.70
40 12.2 1.09 1.49 1.74
45 13.7 1.12 1.53 1.78
50 15.2 1.16 1.56 1.81
55 16.8 1.19 1.59 1.84
60 18.3 1.22 1.62 1.87

By Interpolation: mean roof height 10m equivalent to λ = 1.68.

Page | 14
 g) Design Wind Pressure, pnet

𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = λ𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝑝𝑝𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛9𝑚𝑚

Zone Pressure (Pa) Suction (Pa)

1 1.68(1)(557.96) = 937.37 1.68(1)(-934.41) = -1569
2 1.68(1)(557.96) = 937.37 1.68(1)(-1557.25) = - 2616.18
3 1.68(1)(557.96) = 937.37 1.68(1)(-2329.80) = - 3914.064

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3 a
a
a = 2.2m

a a

Zone 1 : 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = (50 − 2𝑎𝑎)(√42 + 112 − 2𝑎𝑎) = 300 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 𝑚𝑚

Zone 2 : 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = (50 − 2𝑎𝑎)(𝑎𝑎) = 100.32 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 𝑚𝑚
Zone 3 : 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = (𝑎𝑎)(𝑎𝑎) = 4.84 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. 𝑚𝑚

Page | 15