records of the past

R EC O R DS O F T H E PA ST
B E IN G E N G L I S H T R A N S L A T I ON S
OF T H E
A NC I EN T M ON U M E N T S O F E GY P T A N D
WES T E R N A S IA
[WE W SE ITE S ’
ED ITED BY A . H . SA YC E
H ON LL D D UB L IN
. . .
; H O N D D E D IN B UR G H
. . .
V O L II .
M ul tan t e rr i c ol i s
E
l u in g ae , c oel es t i b u s u n a
L ON D ON
B A G ST E R A N D S ON S, L I M IT E D
PR E FA C E
TH E p re s e n t v ol u m e o f R ecor ds of t/z e fa s t p os s e s s e s
a m el a n c h ol y i n te re s t . I t co n t a i n s t h e l a s t l i te ra r y
m o n u m e n t o f o n e o f t h e m o s t v al u ed o f m y fel l o w
w o r k e r s M A r t h u r A m i a u d wh o d i e d s u d d e n l y j u s t
,
.
,
a fte r co m p l e ti n g t h e fi n al p a g e s o f h i s t ra n s l a t i on s o f
t h e i n s cri p t io n s o f T el 1 0 h-
. N o o t h e r A s s y ri a n
s c h ol a r h a d s o t h o ro u g h l y m a s t e re d t h e s ecre t s o f t h e
n o n S e m i t ic l a n g u a g e o f a n ci e n t C h a l dx a a n d t h e
-
,
k n o w l ed g e wh i c h h a s p e ri s h e d wi t h h i m i s fo r s ci e n ce
a n i r re p a r abl e l o s s . T h e h a n d t h a t t ra ce d t h e
i n t e r p re t a ti o n o f t h e m y s t e ri o u s reco rd s o f p ri m e va l
S h i n a r wa s n o t p e r m i t t e d t o r e vi s e i t i n p roo f .
I t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t I h a v e b e e n abl e t o r ed ee m
m y p ro m i s e o f e d i t i n g t h e l a t e s t a n d m o s t a u th o ri t a
t i v e t ra n sl a t i o n s o f t h e e a rl y E g y p t i a n t e x t s a n d I
,
a m fo r t u n a t e i n h a v i n g s ec u re d t h e h el p o f P ro fes s o r
M a s p e ro t h e m o s t e m i n e n t o f l i vi n g E g y p t ol o g i s t s
, ,
fo r t h e w o r k I h o p e n e x t y e a r t o b e a bl e t o re d e e m
.
m y o t h e r p ro m i s e o f b ri n g i n g o u t t wo vol u m e s d u ri n g
the s a m e yea r .
I m u s t t a k e t h i s o pp o r t u n i t y o f co r rect in g a
m i s re ad i n g wh i c h I h a ve al l o w e d t o a pp e a r i n t wo
vi PR E PA CE
p a s s a g e s o f t h e l a s t v o l u m e o f t h e R ecor ds The
.
n a m e o f t h e H i t t i t e p ri n c e m e n t i o n ed b y t h e V a n n ic
k in g M e n u a s i s n o t S ad a h a d a s a s i t i s g i v e n o n
-
,
p a g e s 9 7 a n d 1 6 5 b u t S ad a h al i s a s i t i s co r re c tl y
,
-
,
t r a n s cribe d i n t h e t ra n s l i t e r a t i o n a n d t ra n sl a t i o n o f
t h e i n s c ri p ti o n i t s el f ( pp 1 6 5
.
,
I n t h e t ra n s l a ti o n s d o ub t fu l w o rd s a n d e x p re s s io n s
a re foll o w e d b y a n o t e o f i n t e rro g a t i o n t h e p re ce d i n g
,
w o rd b ei n g p u t i n t o i t al i cs wh e re n ece s s a r y The.
n a m e s o f i n d i vi d u al s a re d i s t i n g u i s h ed fro m t h os e o f
d ei ti e s o r l o c a l i ti e s b y b ein g p r i n t e d i n R o m a n t y p e ,
wh e re a s t h e n a m e s o f d e i t i e s a n d l o ca l i ti es a re i n
-
c a p i t al s
.
A . H SAYC E
. .
QU E EN COLL EG E O X F OR D ,
’
S ,
[ My 1 88 9 .
TA B L E OF C ON T E N T S
PA G E
I I N SC R I PT I ON OF UN I( OF T H E S IXT H D YN ASTY)
. .
By Pro f M AS P ER O M ember of the Institute

.
,
II . TH E AD V E N T U R E S OF SIN U H IT ( OF TH E
T WEL F T H D Y N A S T Y) . B y Pro f M A S P ER O
.
III . TH E L E G EN D O F TH E E X P U L S I ON OF TH E
HY K SOS . B y Pro f M AS P ER O
.
. TH E STEL E OF T H OT H M E S IV ( OF TH E
E IG H TEEN TH D Y N A STY ) . By D . M A LL ET
V . TA BLETS OF T EL EL - A M AR N A R E LA T N I G TO
PA LE ST I N E IN THE C EN TU R Y F
BE OR E TH E
E X OD U S . B y the E D I TOR
V I TH E . I N SC R I P T I ON S OF T ELL OH . By A R T H U R
on ti n uedfr om Vol 1 )
AM IAU D .
( C .
V II T H E AS S Y R I A N C H R ON OL OGI C A L C A N ON
. . By
the E D I TOR 1 1 0
V I I I TH E. S T AN D A R D I N SC R I PT I ON OF A SSU R
—
N AT S IR PA L . B y the E D I TOR
C ON TE N TS
PA G E
IX . S P EC I M EN S OF A SS Y R I A N C OR R E S P ON D EN C E .
By T H E O . G PI N C H E S
.
X . A KKA D I A NHY M N T O TH E S ETT I N G S U N . By

G B ER T I N
.
XI . THE M OA B I TE S TON E . By D r A N E U BA U E R
. .
XI I T A B LE
. OF T H E E G YP T I A N D Y N A ST I E S
XI I I . L I ST OF KI N G S OF ASS Y R I A
X IV . E G YP T I A N C A L E N D A R
EQUI V A LEN TS OF T H E H EB R EW L ETTER S IN TH E T R AN S
I
L TE R AT ONI OF AS S Y R I A N N A M ES M EN T ON E D I IN
T H ES E V OL U M E S .
77!
M B —T hose A ss y riolo g ists

u w h o tran scribe W by s/
z use s for D
T h e A ss yria n e re p rese n ts a di p htho n g as w ell as
I n the Introduction s and N otes W A I denotes Th e . . .
C u n eifor m In scr ipti on s of Wester n A s i a in five volumes

pu b lished b y the Trustees of the B ritish Mu seum .
I N S C R I P T I ON OF U N I ( OF THE S IX T H
D Y N A S T Y)
T R ANSLATED BY PR OF . M AS P ER O
T H IS i n s c ri p t i o n a d o rn e d o n e o f t h e w al l s o f t h e
t o m b wh i c h U n i h a d b u il t fo r h i m s el f a t A b y d o s i n
t h e cen t ra l p a r t o f t h e n e cro p ol i s ( M a ri e t te A bydos ,
vol i i p 4 1 Ca ta l og u e G en er a l p 8 4 N o
’ ’
. . . . .
, ,
I t wa s d is co ve re d t h e re b y M a ri e t t e a n d t ra n s ferred
t o t h e M u s e u m o f B o u l a q ( M a ri e t t e N oti ce a es pr i n
’
céoa ztx M on u men ts 1 8 6 4 pp 2 8 6

,
w h e re i t n o w
.
,
bea rs t h e n u m b e r 8 8 6 ( M a s p e ro G u z a e o u Vzs z teu r

' '
’ ’
’
pp 2 0 9 2 1
.
-
E d e R o u g e co p i e d i t t h e re i n 1 8 6 5
.
a n d m a d e a n a n al y s i s o f i t i n t e r m i n g l e d w i t h t r a n s
,
l a t i o n s wh i c h h e p u bl i s h e d i n h i s R ec/z erc/z es s u r l es
,
M on u men ts ( pp 1 1 7 1 2 8 1 3 5 1 4 9 p l vi i v ii i )
.
-
,
-
,
. .
,
.
H i s wo r k s er ve d a s a s t a rt in g p o in t fo r t h e co m p l e t e
-
“ ”
t ra n sl a t io n s o f B i rc h ( I n s cri p t i o n o f U n a i n t h e ,
R ecor ds ofl leo Pa s t p ri o r s e ri e s i i pp 1

,
a n d th e
,
. .
p a rt i al t ra n s l a t i o n s o f M a s p e ro (H zs toz r e a nc z en n e a es ’
' ' ’
Peupl es de l Or i en t 1 8 7 5 pp 8 8 9 2 ; 1 8 8 6 pp 8 1
’
, ,
.
-
,
.
8 5 ) a n d o f B ru g s c h ( Ges c/z zcnte A egypten s pp 9 5 1

'
-
.
,
T h e t e x t h a s b e e n p u bl i s h e d a s eco n d t i m e b u t s o m e ,
‘
VO L . II B
[ E
R
C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
wh a t i n co r rectl y b y M a ri e t t e ( A bydos v ol l l pp 4 4
, , . . .
4 9) i t h a s a g ai n bee n ed i ted w i t h t h e co rre cti o n s o f

,
B ru gs c h a n d G o l e n i s c h e f f b y E r m a n ( Com men to r z u r
,
[ u s e/z r zjf t a cs Un a i n L e p s i u s s
’ ’
1 8 8 2 pp ,
.
1 t o g e t h e r w i t h a t r a n sl a t i o n a n d a g ra m m a t ic a l
co m m en t a r y s o m e p o i n t s i n w h ic h h a v e b e e n s l i g h t l y
,
m od i fi e d b y E r m a n i n h i s w o r k o n E gy p t (A egj pten /
,
pp 6 8 8 6 9 0 et pa s s z m )
'
.
-
,
B ru g s c h h a s d e vo t e d o n e
.
o f t h e m o s t i n t e re s t i n g o f h i s m e m oi rs t o t h e s t u d y
o f t h e n a m e s o f t h e N u b i a n p o p ul a ti o n s c o n t a i n e d
i n o u r in s cri p t i o n ( D i e N eger s ta m me a er Un a [ u s c/zr zfl ’
-
i n t h e Zez ts c/z r if
'
t 1 8 8 2 pp 3 0
, ,
.
T h e i n s cri p t i o n co n s i s t s o f 5 2 l i n e s o f wh i c h t h e ,
fi rs t a l o n e i s h o r i z on t a l a n d r u n s a l o n g t h e s u m m i t
o f t h e w a l l l i k e a s o r t o f g e n e ra l t i tl e On t h e ri g h t .
s id e i t h a s s u ffe re d a l i t tl e a n d t h e l i n e s a t t h e b e
,
g i n n i n g h av e l o s t al m o s t a l l t h e c h a ra ct e rs a t t h e to p
a n d t h e bo t t o m o f t h e m b u t o n l y t wo o r t h re e o f
t h es e l a cu n w a re i m p o s s i bl e t o fi l l u p a n d i n t e rr u p t ,
the s ense . E v e r y w h e r e el s e t h e e x p re s s i o n i s cl e a r
, ,
e a s y t o co m p re h en d a n d t h e d i f ,
fi cu l t ie s w h i c h i t
o ffe rs t o t h e i n t e r p re t e r re s ul t o nl y fro m o u r p re s e n t
i g n o ra n ce o f t h e e x ac t s i g n i fi ca t io n o f ce r ta i n t e rm s
p ecu l i a r t o a rc h i te ct u r e n a v i g a t i on a n d t h e m il i t a r y
, ,
a rt a t t h e re m o t e e p o c h t o w h i c h t h e i n s c ri p ti o n
bel on g s . T h e p o rt io n s o f t h e t e x t wh i c h h a v e b e e n
re s to r ed a re e n cl o s e d b e t wee n b ra c k e t s .
T h e s t el e wh ic h w a s fo u n d w i t h t h i s i n s cri p t i o n
i s i n t h e M u s e u m o f B o u l a q a t C a i ro a n d h a s t h e ,
fo r m o f a fa l s e d o o r : i t i s e vi d e n tl y t h e s a m e wh i c h
1 zvs GR IP TION OF UN ]
wa g ive n t o U n i b y k i n g M e rir i P e p i a s s t a t e d
s ,
i n t h e i n s cr i p t i on .M a ri e t t e h a s g i ve n a d e
s c ri p t io n o f t h e s t el e i n h i s Ca ta l og u e Gen er a l a es ’
’ ’
M on u m en ts a A oya os ( p 9 0 N o 5 2 9 c f
’
”
.
,
er.
J and . .
E d e R o u g e In s cr ipti on s vol i p l
.
,
. . T h e to m b
.
o f A u u t h e fa t h e r o f U n i h a s be e n d is co ve red a t
, ,
A b y d o s ( E d e R o u g e R ec/zer cnes s u r l es M on u men ts

.
,
p 1 4 4 n o te I)
.
,
. U n i d i ed b e fo re M i ri n i ri wh o i s ,
t h e l a s t k in g m e n ti o n e d i n h i s b i o g r a p hy ; i f a s I ,
h a v e con j ec t u red h e wa s b o r n i n th e re i g n o f U n a s
, ,
h i s a g e co u l d n o t h a v e e x ce ed e d s i x t y y e a rs .
THE I N SC R I PTI ON OF U N I
[R OY A L offering to OS I R I S the lord of B U S I R I S] in order

that there m ay b e given to h im a reven ue in b read and
liquors at every festival and each day with an abu ndance
, ,
[of everything a thousand loaves ] a

,
thousand cups of beer , ,
a thousand oxen a thousand geese a thousand ducks a , , ,
thousa n d fo wls a thousan d birds a thousand cloths a

, , ,
thousand [pieces of linen fo r] the prefect o t the country ,
of the south the guardian of N E KH N I the dictator of

, ,
1
N E X H A B IT sole friend feudal vassal of OS I R I S K H ON TA
, ,
M EN T I T
[Uni ,
[He says
[I w a s b orn under the Maj esty of U n as I w a s still a .
youth] wearing the fillet u nder the M aj esty of Teti an d 2

,
em ployed as superintendent of the treasu ry when I wa s ,
promoted 3 to the inspectorship of the irrigated lands o t

Pharaoh When I wa s chief of the secret cham b er under
.
the Maj esty of Pepi his Majesty confers on me the dign ity ,
of Friend ( and ) controlling prophet of h is pyramid ; then

when [I held this office ] h is Maj esty made me sa b u ,
guardian of N E K H N I [for his heart] wa s satisfied with me ,
a b ove any other of h is servants I heard then all that .
happened I alone with a sa w clerk to the Porte in every

, , ,
secret a f fa ir [and I executed all the writings] 4 which had

,
1
N ekh n i are ames applied to Eil ith yi to day EI
a nd N ekh a b i t n a, -
K a b , a ndto the s rrou di g cou try u n n n .
2
The comme ceme t is co jectural ly restored from
n i scri ptio
n n an n n
published by C ham pollio N t i vol ii p 6 97 T h ame of K i g

n o c es , . . . . e n n
U as is i troduced o ly co jecturally
n n n n .
[kh t i ] literally I made i spe ctor

3
I i i Pi
r -
i d 5 [m
n ru -
a . en oa , a n n ,
etc I i is used here i the same ma er as i the phrase i i t i m i t to

. r n nn n r z ,
take a w ife to marry literally to m ke a w ife

,
"
, a .
"
4
I com plete the p as sa g e thus ki i i m i ib m it I execute nu r t n n a s ,
IN S C R IP T1 ON OF UN ] 5
to b e executed i n th e name of the king whether for the

harem of the king or for the residence of the Six so that I ,
satis fied the heart of the king more th an any other of his
peers ( or ) of his m a m el o u k no b les more than any other of
, ,
his servants [An order wa s also issued ] b y the Majesty

.
of my lord that a sarcophagus of white stone should b e

1
b rought to me from R OI U H is Maj esty sent a temple
' '
slave in a boat with the soldiers [the he wers of the stone

and the artisans] with orders to convey this sarcoph a gus
to me from R o w ; and th is sarcophagus comes with a
— 2
tem ple slave in a large pontoon from the royal admi n istra
tion as well as its l id a stele in the form of a gate (to wi t)
, , ,
the frame the t wo m iddle b locks and the threshold ; never

,
3
,
had a n ything like it been made for a n y other servant what

ever but it happened that my wisdom pleased his Maj esty
and that also my z eal pleased his Majesty a n d that also the
heart of his Majesty wa s satisfied with me Also from m y .
bei n g set ” guardian of N E K H N I his Majesty made me

, ,
sole Frie n d su peri n tendent of the irrigated lands of the

,
Pharaoh over the superintendents of the cultivated l a nds

4
wh o a re there and I acted to the satisfaction of his Majesty

, ,
b oth when I h a d to keep guard behind the Ph a raoh and

( w hen I had ) to settle the royal iti n erary or to arrange the ,
peers and I acted i n all this to the satisfaction of his

,
Maj esty a b ove everything When moreover one we n t to the .
royal harem to i n form against the great royal wife Am its i se ,
c re tl
y his Majesty
,
made me alone desce n d into it in order to
listen to b usiness no see” clerk of the Porte b ei n g there

, ,
nor any peer except myself alone b ecause of (my ) wisdom ,
every writi g amo g them n for the royal d w elli g d the d w elli g
n n an n
of the S ix the pro ou i t referri g to the femi i e w ords S t pi t a d

,
"
n n s n n n u en - a n
H it
a -
w hich
sa s fou d at the d of the se te ce
are n en n n .
1
T h quarries of T o
e h o pposite the site of M em phis u ra , .
2
F the exact se se of the E gy ptia w ords s c M aspero
or n D quelques n e ,
e
termes i the P di g M y 8 8 9
,
n r ocee n s, a 1 .
3
T h class of vessel amed
e t is represe ted i L ep sius ii 7 6 w here
n sa u n n , . ,
the t A p h ti of ki g A ssi is see tra sporti g the sarcophagus of th i s

sa u a n n n n
pri ce alo g w ith its lid It is a po too w ithout a mast w hose brid ge
n n . n n ,
is so stre gthe ed as t to yield u der the w ei ght of the blocks of sto e

n n no n n
w ith w hich it is loaded .
[Pi i i literally the t w o great houses or palaces C om pare

4
ru -c a ,
.
the desi g atio of the S ublime —Porte

n n .
6 RE COR D S OF TH E PA S T
and my z eal which pleased his Maj esty b ecause the heart ,
of his Maj esty wa s satis fied with me it wa s I wh o wrote

everything do wn I alone with a s et ” guardian of N E K H N I
,
.
N o w my employment wa s that of superintendent of th e

irrigated lands of the Pharaoh and there never had b een ,
any of this rank wh o had heard the secrets of the royal

harem in former days excepting me when his Majesty
, , ,
made me hear ( them ) b ecause my wisdom pleased h is ,
Maj esty more than any other of h is peers m ore than any ,
other of his m a m el o u ks more than any other of his serva n ts

,
.
When his M aj esty carried wa r to the district of the

nomad H IR U S H AU and when his Majesty formed an army
,
of several m yriads levied throughout the entire S outh

, ,
south ward starting from E LE P H AN T I N E north ward starti n g ,
from the L ETOPOL ITA N n om e l in the country of the north , ,
i n the two confi n es in their entirety in each station bet ween ,
the fortified stations of the desert in A R OTIT a country of ,
the N E G R OE S in Z AM U a country of the N E G R OE S in

, ,
AM AM U a country of the N E G R OES in UA U AI T a country of ,
the N E G R OE S in QAA U a country of the N EG R OE S in T O

, ,
T A M a country of the N E G R OE S
2
his Majesty sent me at
the head Of th is army There were generals in it there .
,
were m a m el o u ks of the king of L OWE R EG YPT in it there ,
were sole Friends of the Pharaoh in i t there were in it ,
dictators and princes of the south and of the land of

3
the north G ol den Friends and superintendents of the
,
prophets of the south and of the la n d of the north ,
prefects of the co n fi nes at the head of the m ilitia of th e

sout h an d of the land of the north cities an d b oroughs ,
1
Aa i t ; the symbol of the leg is badly dra w but perfectly g i n, rec o n s
able in the ori g i al as

n ,
R o u gé sa w from the beg i i g nn n .
2
On these populatio s of ubia see the article of Bru gsch “ D i
n N , e
N egerst a m m e der
U na n I schrift i L epsius s Z i t b ift 8 8 pp 3
,
-
n
’
e sc r , 1 2 , . 0
36 .
3 Th
term
e w hich re der by dictator or podest a is pee
[xi top -
I n n
liar to the g over ors
n feudal lords of the omes of U pper Egypt that
a nd n ,
of or pri ce bei g reserved for the g over ors d feudal

H i ya b a i t
-
n n n a n
lords of o w er gypt
L E titles w hich follo w
T he. Frie ds “
p i n ,
"
su er n
t en de n t s —
of the prophets are usually attached to the precedi g d
"
n , a n
co fer those w ho bear them reli gious authority over the priests of the
n on
n ome w hich they g over n .

IN S C R IPTION OP UN I
which they governed as well as negroes from the regio n s ,
mentioned ( a b ove ) and nevertheless it wa s I wh o laid ,
do wn the l a w for them — although my employment wa s th a t

of superintendent of the irrigated lands of the Pharaoh
1 —
with the title b elo n ging to my office s o that each of them
2
o b eyed like all the rest and each of them took with him ,
what he nee ded as regards b read and sandals for the j our n ey ,
a n d each o f them took b eer from every to wn a n d each of ,
them took every kind of small cat tle from every i n dividual .
I led them to A M IH IT S IB R IN i H OT PU U AR I T of H OR U N IB , ,
3
M AI T ; then b eing i n this local ity [I marshalled them I
' '
regulated ] eve rything and I counted the n um b er of this

army which n o servant had ever counted ( b efore ) This .
army marched prosperously 4

it shattered the country of
5
the H IR U S H AU This army marched prosperously ; it de .
stroyed the country of the H IR US H AU This army marched .
prosperously it conquered their fortresses 6 This army .
marched prospero u sly it cut do wn their fig trees and their -
vines This army marched prosperously it set fire to

.
7
the [houses of ] the inha b itants This army marched pros .
pero u sl y it sle w their soldiers b y m yriads Th is army .
8
marched in peace it led away captive a very great num
b er of th e inhabitants of the country a n d his Maj esty ,
L iterally
1
by the ri g ht ( i m t i ) of my place T h phrase follo w u u . . e
i g is
n t yet so clear as
no could w ish It seems to e umerate w hat o ne . n
U i did to
n make the la w ( i i b/w ) for those w ho w ere above him r so r it
self i ra k d w ho m evertheless he comma ded

a n a n n n .
L iterally
2
to put the of them like all his seco ds o ne n .
3 T hree localities the easter fro tier of the D elta w hose sites are
on n n ,
u k ow
n n n .
4
L iterally i peace ( m a s w eri g to the salutatio of the
n n n n
moder E gyptia fellahi oi l i m t

n n n -
ss a c a .
5 B
i literally si g i fi es to break u p w ith the pick
n .
U i t C o ptic mou d
6 "
on ,
u on , n .
7 I have restored the text from a p assa g e i i scri ptio of U si n a n n n r
tase III w here a alo g ous raids are described ( L epsius : D t m l

n ,
n en a
’
er ,
ii pl 3 6 li es 4
. . 1 , n 1
8
Th ex pressio is m ki t kl literally amo g those w ho had
e n
“ -
so -
on zu , n
bee struck alive

n It refers us to a barbarous mode of w arfare i w hich
. n
n o p riso ers w ere take n exce pt those w ho had bee

n struck by the sto e n n
mace a w eapo w hich serves as a determi ative of the verb é — d

,
-
n n so u , a n
w hom their w ou d must have left half dead o the fi eld of battle T hey
n n .
w ere called the livi g stricke i oppositio n to those w ho had bee killed
n -
n n n
by the mace .
8 RE C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
pr a ised m e because of this a b ove everything H is Maj esty .
sent me to lead this army five times in order to penetrate 1 ,
into the cou n try of the H I R U S H AU as often as they revolted -
agai n st this army an d I acted to the satisfaction of his ,
Maj esty in this above everything Then as it wa s said .
'
that there were re b els among those bar b arians wh o exten ded
as far as to wards T 1 BA 2 I sailed i n ships with this a rmy , ,
I attacked the coasts of this country to the north of the

country of the H I R U S H AU ; then this army being on the -
march I we n t and overthre w them all and I sle w all the

, ,
rebels among them .
When I wa s at the great House with the right of carry

ing the wand an d the sandals the Pharaoh Mirinr i made ,
m e governor—general of the S ou th south ward starting from ,
E LE P H A N T I N E ( and ) north ward as far as the L ET OPO L ITAN

nome b ecause m y wisdom pleased his Maj esty b ecause my
, ,
z eal pleased his Majesty b ecause the heart of his Majesty ,
wa s satisfied with me when then I wa s invested with the

right of carrying the wa n d and the sandals his Maj esty ,
favoured me therefore (giving me part of) the cattle inten ded

for the palace ; when I wa s in my p l ace I wa s a b ove all his
peers an d all his m a m el o u k s and all his servants and this
, ,
dign ity had never been co n ferred on a n y servant whatever

before I filled to the satisfaction of the king my part of
.
superintendent of the S outh so as to b e allo wed to stand at ,
h is side second ( in rank ) to him accomplishing all the duties ,
of an engineer j udging all causes that there were to judge

,
1
is i t ori g i a autical term literally to strike
Ter n to -
n Is dash
n n , ,
"
ag ai st the grou d borro w ed from the ma euvrei g of vessels o the

n n , no n n
N ile .
O this ame see M aspero N t i L ep sius s Z i t l if

2
883 p
'
n n , t : o es n e sc z r , 1 , .
64 ; d Piehl a nV i i the Z i t l ift 8 8 8 p a r a w ho has t bee

n e sc z r , 1 , . 1 1 1 , no n
able to read the characters com posi g the ame Perhaps w e may ide tify n n . n
it as K rall does ( S t di
,
G / i /t A [t fi gypt
u iii p
en z ur esc z c z e a es
’
en en s , . .
w ith the ame of T b i met w ith i a text at Edfu ( D ti m i h

n e u T m n c en : e
p lie l if t i pl lxxiii l
n sc z r d Di O
en , . l i oy /
. IV t pl xvi
. . 2 , a n e a sen
’
a er sc z en u s e, . .
) w hi ch Bru g sch ( R i p 9 ) does t k o w w here ’

e , l G O e s e n a e i o er r ossen a se , . 2 no n
to locate If the ide ti fi catio i s correct w e

. co clude that T b i
n n , ca n n
-
e u ,
associated as it is w ith A mit d the orth east of E gypt w as a ca to a n n -

, n n
Situated beyo d L ake M l h the expeditio of U i w ould have bee
n en z a e n n n
made the lake t the sea Possibly there may also be a refere ce
on , no on . n
to the arm of the sea w hich exte ded to the B itter L akes n .
lo RE C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
countries of A R OT IT UA U A IT AA M U ( and ) M AZA felled the

, , ,
wood for that purpose and I accomplished it all in only

,
one year the transportation to the water an d the loading

,
of large q uantities of granite for the pyramid K H AN OFIR

of M irin ri - 1
and moreover I cau sed a palace to be con
structed for each of these five docks ( P) because I venerate , ,
because I exalt because I adore a b ove all the gods the

, ,
souls of the k ing M irin ri living for ever because I have

-
, ,
b een ( raised ) a b ove everythi n g according to the order of

which h is dou b le has given unto me even to me wh o am the ,
beloved of his father the lauded of his mother the magnate

, ,
in h is city the delighter of his b rethre n the governor in

, ,
actual command of the S outh the vassal of OS I R I S Uni , ,

.
1
hese blocks of gra ite are probably those w hich still obst uct the
T n r
passag e of the pyramid of M iri i ( M aspero L Py m i a

n r -
Mi i i a ra
'
ea e
’
r n -r
I i the R
n i l vol ix p
ec u e , . . .
THE A DVE N T U R ES O F S IN U H IT ( OF
TH E T WE L F T H D Y N A S T Y)
T R AN S L AT E D BY PR OF . M AS P ER O
T H E B e rl i n P a p y ru s N o I p u rc h a s e d b y L e p s i u s i n
.
,
E gy p t a n d p u b l i s h e d b y h i m i n t h e D en kma l er a ns
'
A egypten u n a E t/z i opi en v i p l 1 0 4 1 0 7 i s i n j u re d

’
-
. .
, ,
a t t h e b e g i n n i n g I n i t s p res e n t co n d i t io n i t con t a i n s
.
3 1 2 lines of tex t . T h e fi r s t 1 7 9 l i n e s a re v e rt ical

t h e n co m e 9 6 l i n e s ( 1 8 0 — 2 7 6 ) w h i c h a re h o ri z o n t a l
bu t fro m l i n e 2 7 7 t o t h e e n d t h e s c ribe h a s r e t u rn e d
t o t h e s y s t e m o f v e rti c a l col u m n s .T h e fi r s t 40
l i n es t h a t a re p re s e rv e d h a v e s u f f e re d m o re o r l e s s
fro m w e a r a n d t e a r ; fi v e o f t h e m ( I 1 3 1 5 3 8 ) ,
-
,
p r es e n t l a c u n ae wh i c h I co u l d n e ve r h a ve s u cceed e d
i n fi l l i n g u p h a d I n o t h a d t h e g o o d fo rt u n e t o
,
d i s co v e r a t T h e b e s a n e w m a n u s cri p t The end is

.
i n t a c t a n d co n cl u d e s w i t h t h e w el l k n o w n fo r m u l a
-
It i s co m p l e t e d fro m i t s co m m e n ce m e n t t o i t s
”
t e r m i n a t i o n a s h a s b ee n fo u n d i n t h e b o o k The .
w ri ti n g ve r y cl e a r a n d bol d i n t h e ve r t ica l p o rt io n s
, ,
be co m e s cl u m s y a n d co n fu s e d i n t h e h o ri z o n t a l p o r
t io n s ; i t i s fu l l o f l i g a t u re s a n d r a p i d l y w ri t t e n fo rm s
-
w h i c h a t t i m e s re n d e r i t s d e ci p h e r m en t d i f fic u l t .
1 2 RE C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
T h e B erl i n P a p y r u s h a s b e e n a n al y s e d a n d
t r a n s l a t e d b y C h ab a s : L e Pa pyr u s a e B er l i n r ec i ts ’ ’
a il y a qu a tr e m i l /e a n s a n d Pa n t/
’’
ze on li tter a i r e v ol i
’
. .
, ,
i n p a r t o n l y ; b y G oo d wi n i n fu l l i n Fr a z er s
’
M a g a z i n e 1 8 6 5 pp 1 8 5 2 0 2 a n d i n a s e p a ra t e
, , .
-
,
fo r m u n d e r t h e t i tl e o f T/ze S tory of S a n e/t a ( Wil l i a m s

a n d N o rg a t e t h i s t ra n sl a t i o n w a s co r re ct ed
,
b y t h e a u t h o r i n L e p s i u s s Zei ts clz r ift ( 1 8 7 2 pp ’
,
.
1 0 a n d re p ro d u ced i n t h e fo r m e r s e rie s o f
R ecor ds of tne Pa s t v ol vi pp 1 3 1 1 5 0 M a s p e ro
, . . .
-
.
t ra n s c rib e d i t i n h ie ro g l y p h i cs a n d t ra n sl a t ed i t i n
F ren c h : L e Pa pyr u s a e B er l i n N o 1 ( 1 8 7 4 in ’
.
t h e M el o uges d A r eneol og i e egyp t i en n e et a s syr i en n e

’
’ ’ ’
vol i i i pp 6 8 8 2 1 4 0 s oa ; p a rtl y re p rod u ce d w i t h

. . .
-
,
c o r rec ti o n s i n t h e H i s toi r e a nc i en n e a es peupl es a e ’ ’
l Or i en t 4 t h e d i t pp 9 7 9 8 1 0 1 1 0 4 a n d i n ful l i n
’
-
. .
, , , , ,
t h e C o n tes Egypt i en s 2 d e d i t pp 8 7 1 3 0 Dr H ,
.
,
.
-
. . .
D H ai g h h a s e x a m i n e d t h e h i s to ri c a l a n d ge o
.
g ra p h i ca l d a t a co n t a i n ed i h t h e s t o r y i n a n a rt i cl e i n
L e p s i u s s Ze i ts cl zr ift 1 8 7 5 pp 7 8 1 0 7 a n d P ro f
’
-
.
, , , .
E r m a n h a s i n s er t ed a s h o r t a n al y s i s o f i t i n h i s
b o o k A egypten u n a a egypti s c/zes L eé en i m A l ter tu m ’
( 1 885 PP 4 9 4 4 9 7
-
W e p o s s e s s o n a n o s t ra k o n i n t h e Mu seu m B ri ti s h
( N o 5 6 2 9 ) t h e d u p l ica t e o f a p a r t o f t h e t e x t T h i s
. .
o s t ra k o n fi rs t m e n t i on ed b y D r B i rc h i n h i s m e m oi r
, .
o n t h e A bb o t t P a p y r u s h a s b ee n p u bl i s h e d b y h i m , ,
i n fa cs i m il e i n h i s In s cr ipt i on s i n t/ze H i er a t i c a n a
,
’
D em ot i c c/ fr o m f
'
za r a cter , t/z e Co l l ec t i on s o fire B r i t ts /

i
M u s eu m p l x xi i i p
. . . 8 .
TH E A D VE N T UR E S OF S IN UH IT l 3
T h e i d en t i t y o f t h e t e x t o n t h e o s t ra k o n w i t h
t h a t o f t h e l a s t l i n e s o f t h e B e rl i n P a p y r u s w a s
p o i n t e d o u t fo r t h e fi rs t t i m e b y G o od wi n : On
H i er a t i c In s cr ipti on in t/z e B r i t t s /c
'
a u pon a s ton e
M u s eu m ( L e p s i u s s Ze i ts c/z r ift 1 8 7 2 pp 2 0
’
, , .
w h e re t h e t ra n s c ri p t i o n a n d t ra n sl a ti o n o f t h e t ex t
a r e g i ve n a t fu l l l en g t h T h e s cri p t b el o n g s t o t h e
.
a g e o f t h e t w e n t ie t h d y n a s t y a n d t h i s fac t i s ,
i m p o rt a n t a s i t p r o ve s t h a t t h e s t o r y co m p os ed a t
, ,
t h e l a te s t i n t h e e p oc h o f t h e s i x te e n t h o r s e ve n te en t h
d y n as t y re m a i n e d a cl a s s i c fo r l on g a fte r wa rd s
, .
A s t h e ve rs io n g i ve n o n t h e o s t ra k o n d i ffe rs i n
ce r t a i n d e t a il s fro m t h a t o f t h e P a p y r u s i t w i l l b e ,
'
u s e fu l t o i n se r t h e re a c o m pl e t e t ra n s l a t io n o f i t
[I allo wed ] to construct [a pyram id] of stone in

wa s ,
the circle of the pyramids .
The stone cutters cut the tomb and divided its walls ;
-
,
the architects designed them ; the superi n tenden t of the

sculptors sculptured them the superintendent of the works
in the necropolis traversed the country ( for) all the fur n iture
with which I furnished this tom b I allotted peasants to it
.
,
and there were lakes fields (and) gardens i n its domain as

, ,
i n the case of Friends of the highest rank [There wa s] a .
statue of gold with a silver gilt hilt which the sons of the
-
,
king made for me rej oicing to do so for me ; for I wa s i n

,
favour with the king until the day arrived when one attains
the other b ank .
It is ended prosperously in peace .
T h e p o r ti o n wa n t i n g a t t h e co m m e n ce m e n t h a s
be e n fo u n d a t T h eb es o n a n o s t ra k o n p ic k e d u p o n ,
t h e 6 th o f F eb ru a r y 1 8 8 6 i n t h e t o m b o f S o n n o z m u .
I t is a fra g m e n t o f l i m es to n e b ro k e n i n h al f m o re
, ,
t h a n t h re e fe e t i n l en g t h a n d a b o u t s ev en i n c h es i n
b re ad t h c o ve re d wi t h h ie ra t i c c h a ra ct e rs o f s o m e wh a t
,
l a r g e s i z e p u n c t u a t e d w i t h red i n k a n d d i vi d ed i n t o
,
p a r a g ra p h s l i k e m o s t o f t h e M S S o f t h e e p o c h o f .
t h e R a m e s s id s On t h e b a c k t wo l i n e s u n fo rt u n a t el y
.
, ,
al m os t il l e g ibl e g i ve u s t h e n a m e o f a s cri b e w h i c h
,
I ca n n o t d eci p h e r p rob abl y t h e n a m e o f t h e p e rs o n

,
wh o w ro t e t h e t e x t T h e fra ct u re i s n o t rece n t
. .
T h e l i m e s t o n e h a s b ee n b ro k e n a t t h e v e r y m o m e n t
o f i t s i n t ro d u c t io n i n t o t h e t o m b a n d t h e a c t h a s
,
n o t b e e n a cco m p l i s h e d w i t h o u t i n j u r y t o t h e i n s c ri p
t i o n ; s o m e s p l i n t e rs o f t h e s to n e h a v e d is a pp e a re d
a n d h a ve c a rri e d p o rt i o n s o f w o rd s a w a y w i t h t h e m .
M o s t o f t h e s e l a cu n ae c a n b e fi l l e d u p wi t h o u t
d if fi c u l ty . T h e t e x t i s v e r y i n co rre c t l i k e t h a t o f ,
a l l w o r k s i n te n d e d fo r t h e u s e o f t h e d e a d Many .
o f t h e v a ri a n t s p res e n t e d b y i t re s u l t fro m fa u l t y
rea d i n g s o f t h e o ri g i n a l m a n u s c ri p t ; t h e s c ribe co ul d
n o t re a d w i t h a ccu ra c y t h e a rc h ai c s t y l e o f w ri t i n g .
T h e o s t ra k o n h a s b e e n p u bl i s h e d b y M a s p e ro : L es
pr e m i er es l ign es a es M em oi res a e S i n ou ni t , r es t i t u ees
’ ’ ’ ’
d a pr es l Os tr a c on 2 a u m u s ee a e B ou l a q w i t h
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
,
t wo p l a t es i n fa cs i m i l e i n t h e M emoi r es a e l In s t i tu t
' ’ ’
e y t i en i i pp
gp ,
1 23
. .
-
.
T h e d i s co ve r y o f t h i s n ew d ocu m e n t al l o w s u s t o
re co n s t r u c t t h e ro u t e fol l o w e d b y S i n u h i t i n h i s
fl i gh t
. H e l e ft t h e c a m p o n t h e L ib y a n fr o n t i e r i n
t h e l a n d o f t h e T i m i h u t h u s s t a rt i n g fro m t h e w e s t
,
“
a n d t u rn i n g h i s b a c k o n t h e Can ton of the
S y co m o re
”
A cco rd i n g t o B ru g s c h ( D i c ti on n a i r e
.
TH E A D VE N T UR E S OF S IN UH IT 1 5
“
/ i p 5 N u h it th e C a n t o n o f th e
’
g g p g
eo r a z u e, .
,
S y co m o re i s t h e Fa n a h o o f t h e C o p t s t h e A t h ribi s
”
, ,
o f t h e G ree k s t h e m o d e rn B e n h a e l A s s al
,
This -
.
id e n t i fi c a t i o n h o w e ve r fal l s o f i ts el f s i n ce N u h it i s
, , ,
m e n ti o n e d a t t h e ve r y b e g i n n i n g o f t h e j o u rn e y an d ,
co n s e q u en tl y m u s t h a ve b ee n o n t h e wes t e rn b a n k
o f t h e N i l e w h ere a s B e n h a i s o n t h e e as t e rn
, I h ad .
“
a t fi rs t co n s id e re d t h e C a n t o n o f t h e S y co m o re a s
a m od e o f d es i g n a t i n g t h e wh ol e o f E gy p t B u t we .
h a v e l o n g be e n a c q u a i n t e d w i t h a N u h i t o r Pa n ib -
n u h i t wh ic h a pp e a rs t o h a v e b e e n i n t h e fi rs t i n s t a n ce
,
o nl y a q u a rt e r o f M e m p h i s a n d s u bs e q u en tl y t o h av e
,
d e n o t ed t h e w h ol e o f M e m p h i s ( B r u g s c h D i ct i on Geog
’
.
, ,
.
“
pp 3 3 0
. T h e C a n to n o f t h e S y co m o re i s ”
p rob abl y t h i s Q u a r t e r o f t h e S y co m o re an d ,
”
S i n u h i t t h e s o n o f t h e S y co m o r e t h e M e m p h i te i n
, , ,
d ecl a rin g t h a t h e t u rn s h i s ba c k o n N u h it s i m p l y ,
m e a n s t o t el l u s t h a t h e d e p a r t s fro m M e m p h i s h i s ,
n a t i ve p l a ce t o g o t o S h i S n o fru i
,
-
T h e W ad y o f
“
.
S nof ru i i s n o t o t h er w i s e k n o w n B r u g s c h h o we ve r
.
, ,
i d e n t i fi e s i t w i t h t h e M yek ph o ri t e n o m e o f H ero do to s
( i i.i t h a n k s t o a p ro n u n ci a t io n M u i h i k
S nof ru ,
b o rn e a cc ord i n g t o h i m b y t h e c h a ra c te rs
wh i c h co m p o s e t h e n a m e ( D i ct i on Geog p The ’
. .
,
p o s i t i o n O cc u p i ed b y t h i s t o w n i n t h e i t i n e ra r y l e ad s
m e t o l o o k fo r i t b e t wee n t h e L ib y a n d e s e r t ,
M e m p h i s a n d t h e ci t y o f K h ri A h u o r t h e E g y p t i a n
,
-
’
B a b y l on a bo u t a d a y s j o u rn e y fro m t h i s l a t t e r a n d
,
p e r h a p s i n t h e v ici n i t y o f t h e p y r a m id s o f G i z e h a n d
Abu R oash
-
Wh e n t h e e ve n i n g a rri ved S i n u h i t
.
,
x6 RE COR D S OF THE PA S T
a pp ro a c h e d K h ri A h u c ro s s e d t h e N i l e a n d res u m ed
-
, ,
h i s j o u rn e y p a s s i n g e a s t w a rd o f t h e co u n t r y o f
,
Ia u k u . T h is co u n t r y wa s h i t h e r t o u n k n o w n ; i t i s ,
I b el i e ve t h e d i s t ri c t o f t h e s to n e cu t t er s a l l t h e
,
-
,
re g i o n o f q u a rri es wh i c h e x t e n d s fr o m T o u ra h t o t h e
d es e r t al on g t h e G eb e l A h h m a r o r R ed M o u n t a in .
”
T h e n c e S i n u h i t m a rc h e d o n fo o t a s fa r a s o n e o f t h e
fo rt i fi e d p o s t s wh i c h p ro t ect ed E g y p t o n t h i s s id e ,
b e t w e e n A b u Zab e l a n d B el be i s
-
Bey o n d th i s h e .
,
m e n ti o n s o n l y P u t e n i a n d Qi m o i ri B ru g s c h .
i d e n t i fi e s P u ten i w i t h a co u n t r y o f P a t wh i c h h e h a s
m e t w i t h o n a m on u m e n t o f t h e S a i t ic p e ri od a n d ,
o f w h i c h t h e m od e rn ci t y o f B el be i s w o u l d re p res e n t
t h e ce n t re ( D i cti on Geog pp T h e g rea t
’
.
. .
,
P to l e m a i c s t el e d i s c o v e re d b y M r N a v i l l e a t T e l .
e l M a s kh u t a
-
fu rn i s h e s s o m e d a t a fo r d e te r m i n in g
p re t t y e x a ctl y t h e p o s i t io n o f Qi m o i ri I t co n t a i n s .
a n a m e Qi m o i r w h i c h M r N a v ill e h a s i d e n t i fi ed
,
.
,
w i t h g o o d re a s on w i t h t h e Q i m o i ri o f t h e s to r y o f
,
S in u h i t ( Tl i e S tor e ci ty -
o f P i t/t om a nd t/z e r o u te oft/ze
E xodu s , pp 2 1 .
,
P t ol e m y P h i l ad el p h u s b u i l t
h e re t h e ci t y wh i c h h e c all e d A rs i n o e a fte r h i s s i s t e r ,
w h i c h b e ca m e o n e o f t h e e m p o ri a o f E g y p t i a n t ra d e
w i t h t h e R e d S ea M r N a v i l l e p l a ce s A rs i n o e a n d
. .
,
c o n s e q u e n tl y Qi m o i ri n e a r t h e m od e rn e l M a gh fa r
,
-
i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e a n ci e n t G u l f o f S u e z This site .
w o u l d s u i t o u r n a rra ti v e a d m i rabl y ; a ft e r h a vi n g
q u i t ted P u t e n i S i n
, u h i t w o u l d h a ve p l u n g e d i n t o t h e
d e s er t t o w a rd s t h e n o r t h e a s t a n d w o u l d h a v e l o s t
,
-
,
h i m s el f i n t h e s a n d s i n h i s e n d e a vo u r t o re a c h Qi m o i ri .
T H E A D V EN TU R E S OF S IN U H IT
( TW EL FTH D Y N AST Y )
T HE heredit a ry prince the man of the king in his quality ,
of sole Friend 1 the j ackal wh o makes the round of the

,
frontiers to guard the country the sovereign of the country ,
of the S ITT IU the verita b le cousin of the king wh o loves

,
2
h is lord the servant S i n u h it says
,
As for me I am the serva n t of his master the slave of

, ,
the ki n g the superintendent of the palace the hereditary

, ,
prince hon oured with the favour of the queen U sirta se n one ,
3
of the i n timates of the royal son A m en em h ai t in h is ,
residence In the year XXX the 2 d m onth of Shai t the

.
, ,
7 th ( day ) the god entered h is dou b le hori z on the king

, ,
4
S h o tph i tri ascended to heave n and when he had u nited ,
h imself with the solar disk the gods rej oiced at the event .
Within th e palace t here wa s nothing but distressed an d

mourning people the great gates were sealed the courtiers
1
Th e Frie ds occupied the hi ghest posts i the court of the Pharaoh
n n
i the Pa pyrus H ood of the B ritish M seum they are placed i the seve th
n u n n
grade after the ki g T hey w ere d i vided i to s veral groups the “ sole
n . n e :
Frie ds n the Frie ds of the Sera glio th “ g olde Frie ds

,
n d the , e n n , an
you g w hose exact po sitio ca ot b e determi ed T h title

n , n nn n . e co n
ti ed to be used i the court of the Ptolemies d spread throu ghout the

nn n , an
M acedo ia w orld ( see M as pero Et d egypt i ii pp ’

n n , u es en n es , . . 20,
2
T his i troductio i cludes amo g the ordi a ry E gy p tia
n n n titles that of n n n
soverei g of the cou try of the S ITTIU or omad archers of the

n n ,
"
n
S i aitic Pe i s la
n d the adjoi i g desert
n n u anSi h i t had bee chief of a
n n . nu n
tribe amo g them d eve after his retur to Egypt co ti ued to bear
n , an n n , n n
the title at the court of the Pharaoh T h fact a ew w hich . e 15 n one,
deserves to be oted by E gyptolo gists n .
3
L iterally he w ho is amo g those w ho j oi the d welli g house w ith n n n -
the royal that is to say

so n , of those w ho have the ri ght of livi g i
, on e n n
the same house as the royal son .
1
T hat is to say died
‘
, .
TH E A D VE N T UR E S OF S IN UH IT 9
sat crouch ing in sign of mourning the men were overcome ,
b y dolour an d silence N o w his maj esty h ad despatched a n .
army to the country of the T IM IH U ; 1 his eldest son U sir

tasen commanded it forcefully he marched he took prisoners , ,
alive among the T IM IH U as well as all their innumera b le

cattle The Frie n ds of the S eraglio sent people to the region
.
of the west to inform the n ew king of the rege n cy which had

befallen them unexpectedly in the Palace 2 The messengers .
found him and reached him at nightfall whereas running

wa s not su fficiently rapid the Ha wk flew with his servants 3 ,
without inform i n g the army and as all the royal sons wh o ,
were in the army were in the field none of them wa s ,
summoned N o w as for me I wa s there I h eard the words

.
, ,
which He uttered on this matter and I felt myself si n ki n g ; ,
my heart palpitated my arm s drooped the fear of the king , ,
smote all my lim b s ; I wondered as I crept along where I

4
could find a place wherein to hide myself ; I flung myself
into the midst Ofthe thickets to wait ( there) u til they had
n
5
_
passed Then I turned to wards the south not w ith the

.
,
wish of reach ing the palace for I did not kno w whether ,
6
wa r had broken out an d without even pronoun ci n g a wish ,
to live after the ( former) sovereign I turned my b ack on the ,
( C anton of the ) S ycomore I reached S H I S N OFR U and .

-
passed the night there on the soil of the field I started .
again at day b reak and j oined a man wh o wa s standi n g in the

1
Th e B erber tribes i habiti g the n n L ibya n desert to the w est of
,
E gypt .
2 the death of the ki g the Frie ds of the S eraglio had to u dertake

On n , n n
the duties fa rege cy duri g the abse ce of the heir

o n n n .
.
3T h haw k w ho fl i es is accordi g to E gy ptia idiom the
e w ki g , n n , ne n ,
ide ti fi ed w ith the haw k g od H i i H orus the elder or H si isit

n -
a ro r , , a r- -
,
H orus the of Isis so n .
S i h it avoids telli g us by w hat accide t he fou d himself i a p osi

4 nu n n n n
tio to hear u like every

n ,
else the e w s w hich the messe ger had
n o ne ,
“
n n
brou ght to the w ki g W do t k o w w hether the E gyptia la w

ne n . e no n n
decreed death to the w retch w ho had committed such act of i discretio a n n n,
eve thou gh it mi g ht have bee i volu tary all w e k o w is that S i h i t

n n n n n nu
feared for his life d determi ed upo fli g ht an n n .
T hat is the ki g
5 d his atte da ts
,
n an n n .
6 T his passa g e must allude to a civ i l w ar I Egy pt as i all Orie tal . n , n n
cou tries a cha ge of ruler ofte bri g s w ith it a revolt the pri ces w ho
n , n n n ‘
n
have t bee chose to succeed their father taki g u p arms a gai st their
no n n n n
more fortu ate brother n .

m iddle of the road he implored my mercy for he wa s afraid ,
of me . To wards supper time I approached the city of -
K H R I A H U a n d crossed the water on a b arge without a

-
1
,
rudder I quitted the country of the west an d passed over

.
the eastern territory of IA U KU to the domain of the goddess

2
H I R I T the mistress of the R e d M ountain ; then I pro
c e eded on foot straight to wards the north and I reached ,
the walls of the pri n ce which he has constructed to repel ,
the S ITT IU and to destroy the N OM IU S H A IU ; I remained -
in a crouch ing posture among the b ushes for fear of being ,
seen b y the guard relieved each day which keeps watch

, ,
from the summit of the fortress I proceeded on my wa y .
at nightfall and at da wn I reached PU T E N I and directed m y

,
3
steps to the Wady of QIM OIR I The n thirst fell and darted .
upon me ; my throat rattled and contracted and I already

“
said to myself : It is the taste of death when I rallied ,
”
my heart and recalled my stre n gth I heard afar the lo wing

of cattle A S I TT I perceived m e an d recognised from my
.
appearance that I came from E G YPT B ehold he gave m e .
water and b oiled some milk for me ; I went with him to

h is tri b e They wished to give me a territory out of their
.
territory but I departed at once and hurried to the country

,
4
of E D I M A .
When I had passed a year there A m u a nshi 5 — h e is ,

-
the prince of the Upper T ON U— bade m e come and h e

said to me : D well with me thou shalt hear the language
of E G YPT He said this b ecau se he kne w my worth and
.
”
had heard of my merits according to the testimony given ,
of me b y the E gyptians wh o were in the country 6 This is .
“
what he said to m e What is the reason on account of
which thou art come hither ? Is it that there has b een a
death in the palace of the king of the t wo EGY PTs even of ,
1
B abylo o w Ol d C airo
n, n
a r east w ard of C airo —E d ]

.
2
[Th Gebel
e A h h m ,
. .
3 F orthe position of Q im oi i see the I troductio r , n n .
4
E dom .
[T h e fi rst part of the n ame is probably to be ide ti fi ed w ith the H ebre w

5
n
dy m
o , terrible w he ce the n ame of the E mim (G xiv 5 D eut ii
,
"
n en . . . .
the seco d p art of the n ame bei g perhaps

n / to pu ish or fi
n
'
a na s z, n
”
n e.
5 P robably refu g ees from Egy pt like S i ,

nu h i t himself .
S h o tph i tr i , 1 without
our havi n g kno wn what has passed o n
this occasion ? began to c e le b rate the ki n g in a poeti
I
“
cal e ffusion When I came from the country of the T IM IH U
and my heart found for itself a n ew home if I failed 2 it , ,
wa s not remorse for a fault which sent me on the paths

o f a fugitive ; I had not been negligent my mou th had ,
u ttered no biting speech I had liste n ed to no perverse ,
counsel my name had not b een heard in the mouth of the

,
m a gistrate I know n o t h o w I can explain what has led

.
me into this cou n try ; it is as it were b y the will of God ,
for ever since the time when this lan d of EG YPT wa s as it

were i n ignorance of this b en efic en t god [the ki n g] the fear
of whom is spread among foreign nations like SOK H IT in a 3
,
year of pestilence I have declared to him my thought a n d ,
replied to hi m : S ave us l 4
Behold n o w his son enters
the palace in his place and has undertaken the directio n of
the a ffairs o f his father He is a god wh o verily has n o .
second ; none is before him He is a master of wisdom .

,
prudent in h is designs b e n e fic en t i n his disposition at whose , ,
good pleasure one goes and comes for by his ability he ,
subdues foreign region s a n d even when his father wa s still ,
1
questio of the pri ce Of T o u desi g edly some what Obscure
Th e n n n , n ,
w as quite atu al si ce w e k o w that A m m h a i t I had fal le a victim

n r , n n en e n
to a palace co spiracy A m a shi asks if S i h it has t bee im plicated

n . u- n nu no n
i some attem p t of the ki d

n d has i co seque ce bee com pelled to
n a n n n n n
fly from E gypt .
T h text is so mutilated here that I ca

2
e ot guara tee the e se T h nn n S n . e
part of the phra e which Itra slate s d my heart fou d for itsel f a w n a n n ne
home si g i fi es literally my heart w as re e wed there for me T h

n n . e
heart of S i h i t w as Eg yptia by re e w i g itself it made him A siatic

nu n n n a n
i the la d of T o u
n n Further the hero is reg arded as a S itti
n . on .
S kh it or S kh m i t lo g co fou ded w i th P k h i t w as
3
o o , of the h i f
n n n a , one c e
g odde ses of the E gyptia Pa theo

s S h belo g ed to the triad of M m
n n n . e n e
phis d w as e titled the g reat frie d of Phtah

a n n Sh w as a lio or n . e n
a g oddess w ith the head of a lio w ith the head of a cat she w as called n
B stit
a d w a n adored at B b tias u as s .
4
Si h i t here a s w ers the questio of the pri ce of T o u as to w hether
nu n n n n ,
his exile w as t due to com plicity i a plot agai st the life of the ki g
no n n n .
H i fli ght w as a fatality
s d he had served his soverei g from the period
a n n
w he he had t yet bee reco g ised by all E gypt d had prayed him
n no n n , a n
to save his u happy cou try distracted by civil w ar as w e lear from other
n n , , n
docume ts T he the better to prove that he could ever have mixed i

n . n n n
a ny plot he plu g es i to
,
eulo gy of the w Pharaoh U i t
n n I Th
a n ne s r a se n . e
exa gg eratio of the eulo gy becomes a proof of loyalty d i o e ce

n a n nn c n .
i n the interior of his palace it wa s he wh o realised what his ,
father had determined should b e accompl ished H e is a .
hero wh o verily works with his s word a champion wh o has ,
no rival ; we see in h im one wh o rushes against the b ar

ba ria n s an d bursts upon the pillagers He is a hurler of .
the j avelin wh o makes fee b le the hands of the enemy those

whom he strikes can no longer lift the buckler He is a .
fearless ( hero ) wh o crushes the skulls ( of his foes ) ; none

has stood b efore him H e is a rapid runner wh o destroys
.
the co ward ; none is able to ru n after h im He is a .
heart resolute in its season He is a lion wh o strikes with .
the cla w ; never has he surrendered his arm s He is a .
heart closed to pity ; when he sees the multitudes he lets

nothing remain b ehind him He is a hero wh o fli n gs him .
self for ward when he sees resistance he is a soldier wh o ,
rej oices when he fli ngs himself on the barbarians ; he sei z es

h is buckler he leaps he has never had need to repeat h is
, ,
blo w he slays without its b eing possi b le to tur n aside his

,
lance and even withou t h is stretching his b o w the barb ari

, ,
1
ans fly his two arms l ike greyhounds for the great goddess ,
has granted unto h i m to com b at those wh o kno w not his

name and if he attains ( the prey ) he lets nothi n g remain
, .
He is a favourite wh o has kno wn marvellously h o w to

acquire love ; his country loves h im more than itself and
rej oices in him more than i n its o wn god men a n d women
hasten at his summons A s king he governs since h e wa s
.
2
i n the egg ; he himself since his birth is a multiplier of
, ,
births he is also an unique b eing of the divine essence

, , ,
by whom this earth rej oices at bei n g governed He is an .
enlarger of frontiers wh o will take the lands of the south ,
but covets not the lands of the north on the contrary h e ,
has acted against the chiefs of the S ITT IU and to destroy

the N OM IU S H AIU 3
Shoul d he come here let him know
-
.
,
thy name b y the homage thou wilt address to his majesty

1
of the titles gi ve to S kh i t i her w arlike character
On e n o n .
T hat is si ce he w as i th w omb of his mother

2
, n n e .
3 Th omad populatio w hich i habited the desert to the east of

e n n n
Egy pt T hey are else w here called H i

. Shai the masters of the
“
r u - u,
sa dsn .Th ame of N m i S / i i appears to si gn ify

e n o u- w ho is lord
zc u one
of the sa ds n .
For does he not do good to the foreign country which

obeys him ?
The chief of T ON U ans wered me May the government
of E G YPT be fortunate an d may its prosperity be Of lo n g ,
duration While thou art with me I will do good to thee l ”
He set me a b ove his children marrying me to his eldest ,
daughter and he granted that I should choose for myself

,
i n his domain among the best of what he possessed on the

,
frontier of a neigh b ouring country It is an excellen t .
1
country ; A IA is its name There are figs in it and grapes ; .
its wine is m ore ple n tiful than water ; abu n dant is the milk ,
n umerous the olives and all the products of its trees ; there
are c o m and meal without lim it and every kind of cattle .
I t wa s no b le i n deed what he conferred on me when the

, , ,
prince came to invest me ( with the governmen t) appointing ,
me tribal prince in the b est part of his country I had daily .
rations of b read and wine for each day cooked meat roast , ,
fo wl together with the game that I caught or that wa s placed

,
before me over and a b ove what my dogs b rought from the

,
2
chase Plenty of b utter wa s made for me and b oiled m ilk
.
of every sort I passed many years ( there ) ; the children

.
I had became strong each ruling h is tri b e When a ,

.
traveller went and returned from the i n terior he tur n ed ,
aside fro m h is road to Visit me for I rendered services to ,
all the world I gave water to the thirsty I set on his

.
,
j ourney the traveller wh o had been h indered from passing

3
b y I chastised the brigand The S ITTIU wh o departed
, .
afar to strike and to repel the princes of the foreign countries

I commanded a n d they marched for the prince o f T ON U
, ,
allo wed that I should be duri n g long years the general of

1
the locality see the I troductio
For n n .
2
Th w ord has bee
e left bla k i the ma uscri pt of Berli
n V eryn n n n .
probably it w as ille g ible i the ori g i al papyru from w hich the copy of
n n s ,
the story w e w possess w as made the scribe havi g preferred to i sert

no ,
n n
n othi g rather tha fi ll u p the lacu a

n his w authority M y t
n n on o n . re s o r a
tio is su ggested by the juxtapositio of the w ords

n boiled milk of every n
sort .
"
3 L iterally the archers It is the g e eric ame g ive by the Egyptia s

. n n n n
to the omad populatio s of S yria i oppositio to the M t i or g i l

n n n n on u a r cu
tural po pulatio [Th latter w ere the Peri ites or fellahi of the Old
n . e
“
zz n
T estame t n .
h is soldiers E very country to wards which I marched

.
,
when I had made my invasion they trembled on the pastures ,
b eside their wells ; I se i z ed their cattle I removed their ,
vassals and I carried a way their slaves I slaughtered their ,
population ; 1 ( the country ) lay at the mercy of my s word ,
my ho w my marches my pla n s well conceived and glorious

, ,
-
for the heart of my pri n ce Thus he loved me when he .
kne w my valour making m e chief of his children when h e

, ,
sa w the vigour of my t wo arms .
A hero of T ON U came to defy me in my tent it wa s a

hero wh o had no rivals for he had dest royed them all He ,
.
“
exclaimed : Le t S i n u hi t com b at with me for he has n o t yet ,
smitten me and he flattered h imself that he would take my

,
cattle for the u se of his tri b e The prince deli b erated .
“
thereupon with me I said : I kno w h im not C ertai n ly
. .
I am not his b rother I keep myself at a dista n ce from h is

,
a b ode have I ever opened h is door or cleared his fe n ces ?

He is some jealou s fello w wh o is envious at seeing me and
wh o fancies himself summo n ed to despoil me of cats of she ,
goats as well as of co ws and to thro w h imself on my b ulls , ,
on my sheep a n d on my oxen in order to take them for

, ,
h imself Ifhe is a wretch wh o thi n ks of e n riching h imself

.
at my expense not a B eduin and a B eduin skilled i n

,
fighti n g then let him m anage the matter with j udgmen t !

,
B u t if he is a b ull wh o loves the b attle a choice b ull wh o ,
loves ever to have the last word if he has the heart to fight , ,
let h im declare the inte n tion of his heart Will G od forget

an
y one whom he has al ways favoured until n o w ? It is as if
the challenger were already among those wh o are laid on th e
funeral couch I strung my h o w I took out my arro ws I , ,
agitated my dagger I fur b ished u p my arms A t da wn

,
.
,
the country o f T ON U came together ; it h ad collected its

tribes ( and ) convoked a l l the foreign l a n ds which were de
,
pendent o u it ; i t desired this com b at E ach heart b urned .
“
for me men and women shouted Ah 1 for every heart
,
1
T hese are the phrases used i the ffi cial reports to describe the n O
rava ges of the w ars carried by the Pharaohs U i t I I I says

on . s r a s en
Similarly : “ I have take the i r w ome I have removed their vassals

n n, ,
m a ifesti g myself to wards their w ells chasi g before me their cattle

n n ,
n ,
devastati g their houses d setti g them o fi re

n a n n n .
"
n ess restore me to E G YPT grant me the favour of once ,

1
more seeing i n the flesh the place where my heart passes

its time Is there any o b j ection to my corpse reposing i n
the country where I wa s b orn ? To return there is happ i
ness I have given good things to God doing that as
.
,
suitable to consolidate The heart of him suffers wh o

is saved to live in a foreign land is there an every day for -
him ? A s for him he hears the distant prayer and he , ,
starts directi n g his course to wards the country where he has

,
trodden the earth for the first time to wards the pl ace from ,
whence he is come I wa s once at peace with the ki n g of

.
E G YP T I lived on his gifts I performed my duties to wards

, ,
“
the R egent of the Earth wh o is in his palace I l istened
2 ”
,
to the co n versation of his children ah the youthful vigou r

of my lim b s wa s his N o w old age comes feebleness has ,
attacked me my two eyes n o lo n ger recall wh a t they see

, ,
my t wo arms droop heavily my t wo legs refuse their service , ,
the heart ceases ( to beat) death approaches m e soon shall ,
I b e b orne a way to the etern al cities I shall follo w thither

3
,
the Un iversal Master ; 4 ah may he descri b e to m e the ,
b eauties of his children and b ring eternity unto me

5 6
Then the majesty of ki n g K h o pirk eri of the true voice , ,
1
is the ki g w hom S i h i t w be g i s to address
It n nu no n .
2
erhaps the quee but more probably the royal w serpe t w or
P n, ur us n n
on the forehead by the ki g w hich w as supposed to thi k d fight for him

n , n a n .
It i spired him w ith its cou sels

n d duri g the battle destroyed the e emy
n a n n n
w ith the flame that issued from its mouth .
3
T hat is the tomb also called the eter al house
,
n .
1
O siris w ho m every dead E gyp tia served d follo w ed Th text
‘
, n a n . e
seems to refer to a femi i e E ter al M i stress d it is possible that a

n n n , a n
female Osiris is i te ded W k o w too little about the reli gio of th

n n . e n n e
p riod for me to guara tee the exactitude of my tra slatio

e n n n .
5
Th p e m of U i t
r a en o I the
en d successor of A m m
s r a sen . so n a n en e
h a it I .
3 Th E gy ptia s like all orie tal peo ples attached a g reat im porta ce
e n , n ,
n
no t o ly to the w ords w hich com posed their reli g ious formul e but also to
n a ,
the i to atio g ive to each of them F a prayer to be of avail d to

n n n n . or a n
exercise its full effect upo the gods it w as ecessary that it houl d be recited
n , n S
i the traditio al cade ce

n n A ccordi gly the hi g hest praise w hich could be
n . n
besto w ed a perso obli ged to recite oriso w as to call him d Rb é

on n a n n, in -
r n
correct of voice to say that he had a correctly modulated voice

,
”
d -
a n
k e w the to e to be g ive to each phrase T h ki g or pr i est w ho fi lled

n n n . e n
the o ffi ce of reader (El i l bi ) duri g the sacri fi ce w as termed m d

tr -
za n
T h g ods trium phed over evi l by the

e correct ess of their voice whe n n
spoke to the o ffi cer wh o wa s near him H is majesty sent .
a message to me with presents on the part of the king and ,
filled me with j oy eve n me wh o speak to you l ike the , ,

1
princes of every foreign land ; a n d the C hildren wh o are
in h is palace made me listen to their conversation .
C opy o f the order which wa s brought to me wh o speak

to you to restore me to E G YPT .
The Horus whose b irths are life the master of diadems

, , ,
whose b irths are life the king of Upper and L o wer E G YPT , ,
2
K h Opi rkeri the son of the S u n A m en em hai t living for
, , ,
ever and ever

“
Order for the servant S i n u h it This order of the king .
is brough t to thee to inform thee of h is will .
N o w that th ou hast traversed the foreign countries from ,
E D I M A to T O N U passing from country to country accordi n g

,
to the wish of thy heart behold whatever tho u hast done , ,
and has been done against thee thou dost not b reak forth ,
into blasphemies but if thy word is repulsed thou dost not

, ,
3
speak in the assem b ly of the Y oung even if invited to do ,
so N o w then that thou hast carried out this proj ect

.
, ,
which came into thy m ind let not thy heart vacillate any ,
longer for Pharaoh is thy heaven unto thee he is stable

, , ,
he is prosperous his head is exalted among the royalties

,
they pro ou ced the w ords desti ed to re der the evil spirits po w erless
n n n n .
T h dead m
e w ho passed the w hole of his fu erary existe ce i reciti g
a n, n n n n
i ca tatio s w as the d En o par excelle ce T h phrase e ded by

n n n , in -
r n n . e n
becomi g a laudatory epithet w hich w as al w ays added to the ames of the

n n
defu ct d of every
n a n i the p ast w ho w as poke of w ith fl t i
one n S n a
’
ec on .
1 Th
C hildre are either the childre of the rei g i g ki g or of
e n n n n n o ne
of his predecessors they w ere ra ked i the E gy ptia hierarchy i m n n n
mediately aft r the ki g the reg e ts the quee

e n ,d the quee mother ( see n , n, a n n-
M as pero Et d egypt
, u ii pp 4
es
’
z en n es , . . 1 ,
2
Th ame of the ki g is formed from the p
e n mn
( K h pi k i ) r a en o en o r er
of U i t I
s r a sen d the ame of A m
. a n m ha i t II n en e .
3 Th E gy ptia w ord pro perly si g i fi es

e n a you g m d represe ted n n a n, an n
o ne of the de grees of the hierarchy of the court Perhaps it w as pecul iar .
to the ag e of the t w elfth dy asty as I have t fou d it i the Papyrus n , no n n

H ood of the B ritish M useum w hich has acquai ted us w ith the hierarchy n
of E gy ptia society i the time of the i etee th d t w e tieth dy asties

n n n n n a n n n .
W hall see further

e S that the Y ou g w ere a subdivisio of the R oyal
on n n
Frie ds n .
of the earth h is children are in the h idden part of th e

,
palace 1
.
L eave the riches which thou hast for thyself and with
thee all of them ! when th ou hast arrived in E G YPT b ehold
, ,
the palace and when t hou shalt b e in the palace prostrate

, ,
thyself with thy face to the ground b efore th e S u b l ime Porte .
Thou shalt b e master among the Frie n ds ( of t h e king ) .
An d from day to day b ehold thou art [ever] gro wi n g , ,
older ; thou hast lost the strength of manhood thou hast ,
dreamed of the day of buri a l B ehold thyself arrived at .
the state of b eatitude on the night whereon the oils of

em b alming are applied there are given to thee the b andages ,
b y the han d of the goddess T A I T Thy funeral is follo wed

2
' '
on the day of b urial the mummy case gilded its head , ,
painted b lue a canopy above thee of cypress wood ; oxen

3
,
4 -
dra w thee si n gers go b efore thee a n d the funeral dances

, ,
are performed for thee mourners sit crouching at the ,
entrance to thy tom b the prescri b ed o fferings are presented ,
to thee with lou d voice Victim s are slain for thee on ,
thy ta b les of o f feri n g a n d thy steles are erected of wh ite

,
stone in the circle of the royal ch ildren Thou hast n o

, .
rival ; no man of the people reaches thy high ra n k ; thou

5
art not laid in a sheep s ski n when thou art entombed ; ’
1
T h be gi e i g of the order is so obscure that I ca ot g uar a tee my
nn n nn n
tra slatio
n I believe it mea s that the ki g declares himself satis fi ed w ith
n . n n
the to e of S i h i t s letter d wi th th tem per it betrays

n nu
’
a n e .
2
T his ame si g i fi es literally
n li e ba dag es the g oddess presided
n n n, n
over the s w addli g of a i f t d the e shroudi g of the deceased T h

n n n a n a n n n . e
ceremo ies here alluded to are described i a s pecial treatise w hich I have
n n
published d tran slated u der the title of R i t l d IE mb m m t ( i

a n n ue e
'
a u e en n
my M em i '
q lq
o re su r P py d L )ue ues a r us a ou v r e .
3
T h e mummy cases of the eleve th a d follo w i g dy n asties o w i n the n n n n
L ouvre are com pletely g ilded w ith the exce ptio of the huma face w hich
, n n ,
is pai ted red a d the head dress w hich is pai ted blue
n , n , n .
1
Th mummy w as laid o a fu erary bed surmou ted by a w oode
‘
e n n n n
ca opy duri g the ceremo ies of i terme t R h i d discovered o e at

n n n n n . n n
T hebes w hich is o w at Edi bur g h I myself have discovered three o e

n n .
, n
at T hebes of the thirtee th dy asty a other of the t w e tieth dy asty also

n n . n n n
at T hebes a d a third at A khmim of the Ptolemaic epoch T hese are all
, n .
i the B o l q M useum w hich further possesses t w o sled g es w ith ca o pies

n u a , n
of the t w e tieth dy asty disi terred at T hebes i 8 6 6 i the tomb of So n

n n , n n 1 n
n o mu
z T hey are the sort w hich w as dra w to the tomb by bulls
. n .
5
W k o w from H erodotus ( II 8 ) that the E gy p tia s did o t like to
e n . 1 n n
put w ool w ith their dea d ; w e k o w also that evertheless a shee p s ski n n
'
n
every one strikes the earth an d laments over thy corpse

while thou goest to the grave
”
.
When this order reached me I wa s standing in the ,
m iddle of my tri b e When it wa s handed to me havi n g .

,
thro wn myself on the stomach I lay upon the gro u nd I ,

1
crawled u pon my b reast and so I made the circuit of my ,
“
tent to mark the joy wh ich I felt at receiving it : H o w can
it b e that such an event can have ha ppened to me even to ,
me wh o am here present wh o of a re b ellious heart have , , ,
fled to foreign countries hostile to Pharaoh ? N ow ,
deliverance excellen t an d lasting— I am del ivered from

death an d thou wilt make me po werful in my o wn country
C opy of the ans wer made to this order by the

lord Si nu h it
pardon Ogreat and unheard o ffor the flight which -
I took even I here present as one wh o kno ws not what he

, ,
does which thou a c c o rdest unto me even thou the good

, , ,
god friend of the god R A favourite of the god M ON T U

, ,
lord of T H E BE s and of the god AM ON lord of K A R N A K son ,

2
of the god R A image of t e god T U U and of his cycle
h M ,
3 4
of gods may SU PTU m a y the god N OFIR B IU may the
, ,
-
,
w as occasio ally em ployed at burials a d o e of the mummies from D e

n , n n r
el B ahari ( N
-
5 8 9 ) w as e velop d i a w hite ski still covered w ith its
o . 2 n e n n
fleece ( M as pero L momi r y l e i the M é m i s p é te p le

, es es o a s n o re r s en s a r s
M mbe d l Al i i
r es p rm e t i p
a As the mummy is that of
ss on e a n en e , . .
a n u k o w pri ce w ho seems to have bee poiso ed w e may ask w hether

n n n n n n ,
the sheep s ski w o t reserved for crimi als or priso ers co dem ed to
'
n as n n n n n
remai im p re eve i the g rave If so w e c a u dersta d the place

n u n n .
, n n n
assi g ed to the sheep s ski i n the royal Order

n
’
n .
1
S t literally to smell the earth the ecessary accom pan ime t o
on -
o, , n n r
every royal audie n ce or divi e offeri g n n .
2
T umu or A t m w as the g od of H eliopolis the O of G
u u xli , n en . .
5 0 a d chief of the divi e E n ead w ho had created a d preserved the

, n n n , n
w orld .
3 A form of H orus H e w as the g od adored i n the A rabia ome of

. n n
Egy p t sometimes represe ted as a m a

,
cro w ed w ith the solar disk d n n n a n
bea r i g the title of the most oble of the S ouls of H eliopolis

n
“
H n . e
must o t be co fou n ded w ith the g oddess S o pti t the Greek S othis w ho
n n , ,
represe ted the most brillia t co stellatio of the E gy ptia sky

n n n n n .
4 H w hose souls are g ood

e a form of the g od T umu better k own , , n
as N o fir tumu -
.
2
divi ne First b orn m a y H OR U S of the Orient may the royal ,
1
,
Ur aeus wh o is lord of thy head the chiefs wh o are on the ,
b asin of the West H OR U S wh o resides in foreign countri es

3
,
4
,
7
U R R I T the m istress of A R A B I A
5
N UI T
6
H O R U S the elder , , ,
a n d R A may all the gods of the D elta and the isles of th e

( ) 8
,
G reat G ree n gra n t life a n d force to thy nostrils ; m ay

they give rei n s to their liberality and gr a n t thee time
without lim it eternity without measure spreadi n g the fear , ,
of thee throughout all the cou n tries of the plain and th e

m ou ntain fettering for thee all the course of the su n
,
It
is the prayer which I here present make for my lord ,
del ivered as I am from the foreign land !

“
0 sage king the sage word wh ich the majesty of the ,
sovereign has pronounced in h is sageness I wh o am here ,
present I fear to utter it and it is a mome n tous matter to

, ,
repeat it For the mighty god image of R A in ( his )

.
,
wisdom he has himself laid his h and to the work and I

, ,
1
A form of H orus E gy ptia tri ities co sisted g e erally of a father a
. n n n n ,
mother d a so ,
I the divi e family the
a n w as heir presum ptive l i ke
n. n n so n ,
the fi rstbor s i the family of the Pharaoh

n on n .
O fte co fou ded w ith S p t

2
n d ofte also w ith the g od M i u
n n H u u, a n n n . e
rei g ed over the deserts w hich exte d east w ard of E gy pt bet w ee the N ile
n n n
a n d the R d S e ea .
3
T h portio of the celestial w aters w hich the bark of the g ods reaches
e n
at su set T h chiefs of the basi w ere the g ods w ho presided over this
n . e n
mythic ocea the g ods of the dead E very E gy ptia w as su pposed after
n , . n
death to j our ey to A bydos d pe etrate throug h a cleft w est w ard of the

n a n n
city i to the basi of the W est w here he joi ed the escort of the
n
“
n , n
n octur al i order to traverse H ades

n su n d be bor a g ai the ext mor
n a n n n n n
i g i the E ast
n n .
Properly peaki g the g od of the L ibya s but re g arded more

1
‘
S n ,
n ,
ge erally as the god of all the forei g atio s w hich bordered o E gypt
n n n n n .
5
Th ame of U i t occurs o ly here H title seems to sho w that
e n rr n . er
she was a seco dary form of H a thor w hom differe t traditio s of great
n , n n
a tiquity poke of as comi g from A rabia

n S n .
3
T h g oddess of the sky
e W ith S ibu the g od of the earth she .
, ,
formed a divi e couple o of th e most a cie t amo g the divi e cou ples
n , ne n n n n
of the Egy ptia reli gio w hich could o t be reduced to a solar type by the
n n, n
theologia s of the g reat T heba school i the age of the R amessids N uit
n n n .
is represe ted as be t over the body of her husba d d figu ri g by the

n n n a n n
curve of her o w body the vault of the sky n .
7 H i fi w he ce the Greek A é i
a ro r , g od of H eave n d after w ards ro r s, n, a n
a solar deity like R a o t to be co fou ded wi th H orus the yo ger the , n n n un ,
so n of Isis d Osiris a n .
T hat is “
3
the sea sometimes the R ed Sea more usually the , ,
M editerra ea n n.
here present I am of the number of the su bjects whereon

,
he has del i b erated an d I have been placed under his ,
direct inspection ! Verily thy maj esty is a H OR U S 1 an d , ,

,
the po wer of thine arms extends over all lands

N o w then let thy maj esty cause M a ki of E D I M A
, , ,
—
K h o n ti a ush of K H ON T I K A U S H U 2
M ON U S of the su bj u -
,
’
3
gated countries to b e b rought : they are princes ready to
,
testify that all has hap p ened according to thy wish and ,
that T ON U has not gro wled against thee within itsel f after
the fashion of thy greyhou nds For as to m e wh o speak .
to you my flight if it has been voluntary wa s not pre

, , ,
meditated ; far fro m plotting it I could not tear myself ,
from the spot where I wa s ; it wa s like a trance like the ,
dream of a man of AT H U wh o sees himsel f at A BU 4 of a ,
man of the plain of E G YP T wh o sees himself in the

5
m ountain I dreaded nothing ; there wa s no pursuit after
.
me my name had never been in the mout h of the herald

,
u p to the moment when fate assailed me b ut then my legs ,
darted for ward my heart guided me the divine will which

, ,
had destined m e to this exile led me along I had not .
carried my b ack high for the individual fears when the ,
country kno ws its m aster and R A had granted that thy ,
1
Th e E gy ptia mo arch w as the i car atio of the deity a n d w as
n n n n n ,
co seque tly ide t ifi ed w ith the third perso of the Egyptian tri ity
n n n n n .
2
K / ti K
z on / p ro perly si g i fi es
-
a us z u
“ he w ho is i K aushu ( or K ush ) n n ,
a nd he ce de otes a ative of E thiopia

n n n Th ei ghbourhood of E dim a . e n ,
ho wever rather i dicates here some S yria locality [C om pare the

, n n .
applicatio of the term E thiopia or K h i t to the M idia ite w ife

n n us e n
of M oses i N umbers xii — E D ]

n . .
3
R e dered
n the cou try of the Ph a z i i s by Bru gsch d others
n n c an an .
W ithout e teri g i to the questio w hether the E gy ptia w ord Fo kh

n n n n n n u
really de otes Phoe icia it is suffi cie t to say that the w ord is t really
n n , n no
met w ith i n this passage B ut I do o t k o w w hat re g ion is i te ded by

. n n n n
the phrase .
4 Ab u w as the Egyptian ame of E lepha ti e opposite As sua A thu n n n , n,
that of a district i the D elta T h e t w o places l i ke D

n d B eersheba
. , a n a n
i n the Ol d T estame t proverbially i dicated the w hole le g t h of E gy pt

n ,
n n .
T h e differe ce bet w een a N orther

n a d S outher E gy ptia exte ded t n n n n n no
o n ly to man ers but even to dialect so that the u i telli g ible la gua g e of
n , n n n
a bad w riter is com pared to the co versatio of a m of Ab u w ho fi ds n n a n n
himself at A thu .
5
L iterally “ i the la d of K h o t i
n In oppositio nto the K i t or n . n ra -
o
cultivated plai n of the N ile it must de n ote the sterile cliffs o either side
,
n
of the valley .
32 R E C OR D S OF IH E PA S T
terror should b e over the foreign land B ehold me n o w in .
my o wn count ry b ehold me in this place Thou art the

, .
1
vesture of this place ; the sun rises at thy pleasure ; the
water of the canals irrigates him wh o pleases thee ; the
b reez e of heave n refreshes him whom thou a ddressest A S .
for me wh o speak to thee I will bequeath m y goods to the ,
generations which I have begotten in this place A n d as .
to the messe n ger wh o is come unto me let thy majesty d o ,
as it hears for we l ive on the air thou givest thine august

nostril is the love of R A of H OR U S ( and) of H AT H OR it is
, ,
the will of M ON T U master of T H EBE S that thou livest

eternally .
”
I celebrated a festival in A IA to hand over my property

to my children : my eldest son wa s chief of my tri b e all ,
my pro perty passed to him and I gave a way all m y cattle ,
as well as my plantations of every species of fruit tree -

.
When I travelled to wards the south and arrived at H R IU

H OR the governor wh o wa s there at the head of the
, ,
garrison despatched a messenger to the palace to give

,
information of the fact His m aj esty sent the excellent

.
superi n tendent of the peasants of the king and with him , ,
a ship laden with presents from the king for the S ITT IU
wh o came in my train to conduct me to H R IU H OR I -
.
addressed b y his name each of those wh o were there ; as

there were servants of every kind I received and could ,
carry with me means of su b sistence and cloth ing su f fi cient

to last me u ntil I arrived at an estate belonging to me .
When the earth revealed itself the follo wing morni n g ,
each of them came to salute me each of them departed , .
I had a prosperous j ourney as far as the palace ; the

introducers struck the grou n d with their foreheads b efore
me the [royal ] C hildren stood in the hall to conduct me
, ,
the Friends wh o b etook themselves to the hall of audience

for the march past set me on the wa y to the R oyal L odge
-
.
I foun d his maj esty on the great platform in the Hall of

2
S ilver gilt ; when I entered to wards it I sank on my
‘
-
,
1 uch curious metaphors are commo i E gyp tia lite ature

S n n n r .
2
hall probably derived its ame from its or ame tatio w ith
T he n n n n
elect um or pale g old

r .
nose .po werful as master of the stars traverse the

Be ,
firma m en t in the celestial bark satiety is the image of the

1
mouth of thy maj esty T hou art set with the uraeus .
serpent on thy b ro w and the wicked are scattered from ,

2
thee ; thou art proclaimed R A master of the two countries , ,
and m en cry unto thee as unto the master of the universe .
Thy lance overthro ws thy arro w destroys Grant that h e ,

.
may l ive wh o is in annihilation ! Grant us to breathe at

3
our ease i n the good wa y where we are ! Si m i h it th e
'
S I TT I b orn in T O M I R I if he has fled it wa s from fear o f -

, ,
thee ; if he has gone far from his country it wa s from ,
terror of thee does not the face gro w pale wh ich sees thy
face ? does not the eye fear which thou hast arrested ?
“
The king said : L et him fear no longer let h im dism iss ,
all
( ) terror ! He shall b e among the Friends of the order
of the Y oung and let him be placed among those of the ,
4
C ircle wh o are admitted into the R oyal L odge Let .
orders be given that he be provided with an appanage

I went out to wards him in the interior of the R oyal
L odge and the C hildren gave me their hands while we
, ,
5
walked beh ind the P ruti dou b ly great I wa s placed in -
.
the house of the R oyal S o n where there were riches where , ,
there wa s a kiosk for taking the fresh air where there were ,
1
his appare tly si g i fi es that the ki g is sated w ith all g ood thi g s
T n n n n ,
a n d co seque tly the equal of the g ods w ho ever suffer from hu g er

n n I ,
n n . n
fact he is the g od himself d as such traverses the w aters of the sky i

, , a n n
his ba k like the S g od d sums up i himself all the po w ers of the

r , un - ,
an n
solar deities
—
.
2
[ U pp er a d L o w er E g y p t ED ]
n . .
3 T
his varia t of the ame of S i h t due to the caprice of the scribe
n n nu i , ,
si gn i fi es li terally “ the of the N orth S i h i t is called

so n the S itti . nu
"
on accou t of his lo g sojour amo g the Bedui

n n T— m i i “ the la d n n n . o r , n
of the ca l s w as a ame of the D elta w hich w as also applied to the

na , n
w hole of E gypt .
4
Perso s attached to the court of the Pharaoh r eceived t w o collective
n
titles that of S / i t i or “ people of the C ircle w ho surrou ded the

, z on u
, , n
soverei g d that of Q bi t i
n, an or “ people of the A gle perhaps those
a n
,
n ,
w ho stood i the a gles of the hall of audie ce

n n n .
5
T h R ti or with the article P ruti is like Pi
e u , i d Pharaoh a -
, ru - a , ,
topog aphical ame w hich fi rst de oted the palace of the mo arch d
r n n n an
the the mo rch himself It is from this title that the Greek le g e d of
n na . n
Proteus ki g of E gy pt w as derived w ho received H ele
n d Paris d , n an an
M l os at his court ( H erodot ii
en e a . . 1 1 2
divine decorations and m andates on the treasury for silver ,
vestments of royal materials for royal gum s and essences , ,
such as the young like to have in eve ry house as well as ,
every sort of artisan in num b ers A s the years h ad passed .
over my l im b s and I had lost my hair I wa s given wh a t ,
came from foreign lands and the materials of the N OM IU ,
S H AIU ; I arrayed myself in fine linen I b ede wed mysel f ,
with essences I lay on a b ed I wa s given cakes to eat and

, ,
oil where with to anoint mysel f I wa s given a whole .
house suitable for o n e wh o is among the Friends ; I had

plenty of materials for building it all its tim b ers were ,
repaired an d fruits of the palace were b rought to me three

an d four times a day b esides that wh ich the children gave ,
without ever an instant s cessation A p yram id of stone

’
.
wa s b egun for me in the m idst of the fu n erary pyramids 1

,
the ch ief of the land surveyors of his m a jesty selected its

site the chief of th e architects planned it the chief of the
, ,
stone cutters sculptured it the chief of the works which are

-
,
executed in the necropolis traversed the land of E G YPT to

obtain all the materials necessary for its decoration When .
the necessary appointments had b een made i n th e pyramid

itsel f I took peasants an d made there a lake a kiosk
,
2 3
, ,
1
Thefacts w hich are me tio ed here d there i the sepulchral n n a n n
i scriptio s are here u ited i a co ti uous arrative S i h i t receives

n n n n n n n . nu
from U i t the supreme favour a tomb built d e do w ed at the

s r a sen , an n
e xpe se of the Pha aoh T h ite is g ive to him gratuitou ly the

n r . e S n s ,
pyramid co structed the fu erary feasts i stituted the reve ues d

n , n n , n a n
e do w me ts i te ded for the support Of the sacri fi ces are le ied
n n n n the v on
royal domai s fi ally the statue itself which should sustai the double of
n n , n
Si nuh i t is of p recious metal .
2
A lake or rather a piece of water surrou ded w ith a border of sto e
,
n n ,
w as the i dispe sable or ame t of every comfortable cou try house Th

n n n n n -
. e
ideal tomb bei g above all thi g s the image of the t errestrial house care
n n
was tak e to place i it a lake l i ke the lake of a villa the decea ed sailed
n n s
over it i a boat draw by his slaves or sat its ba ks u der the shade
n n , on n n
of its trees .
3 Th kiosk w as like the lake

e i dispe sable adju ct of a garde
, ,
a n n n n n .
Th h —
e reliefs of T hebes represe t it i the midst of trees sometimes
as n n , on
the ed g e of the lake It co structio w sim ple ; a floori g raised t w o
. s n n as n
or three steps above the grou d fou sle der colum s supporti g a pai ted n ,
r n n n n
cor ice d a sli ghtly lopi g roof the sides ope to admit the bree e d
n an S n , n z , a n
a balustrade brea t hi gh three sides Th defu ct came there like

,
s -
, on . e n
the livi g to co verse w ith his w ife to read stories or to play w ith the
n , n ,
ladies .
1
( and ) fi elds in the interior of the sepulchral domain as is ,
the case with Friends of the first degree there wa s also a

statue carved out of gold with a ro b e of electrum and i t ,
wa s his m ajesty wh o besto wed it It is not a common .
m an for whom he has done so m uch and in truth I enj oyed ,
the favour of the king until the day of deat h — [The h istory ]
is com pleted from the commencement to the end as has
b een found in the book .
1 fi elds of the sepulchral domai w ere the pro perty of the deceased
The n ,
a nd fur ished him w ith all he requi red

n Eac h of them produced a pecial
. S
object or the reve ue derived from them w as devoted to procuri g for the
, n n
defu ct a special object of food or clothi g d bore the ame of the

n n , a n n
object i quest i o that for exam ple from w hich T i derived his fig s w as
n n , ,
called the fig s of T i T h pro perty w as admi istered by the priests of

. e n
the double or of the fu ereal statue w ho w ere freque tly the priests of
n , n
the pri ci pal tem ple of the locality w here the tomb w as situated T h
n . e
family made a co tract w ith them i accorda ce w ith w hich they e ga ged
n , n n n
the ecessary sacri fi ces for the w ell bei g of the deceased i excha g e for
n -
n n n
certai re ts paid by the domai s w hich w ere bequeathed to the tomb

n n n .
T H E L E G E N D OF T H E E X P U L S I O N OF
THE H Y K S OS
T R A N S LATED BY PR OF E SS OR M AS P E R O
TH E s t o r y o f t h e q u a rrel be t we e n t h e S h e p h e rd k i n g -
A pOp i a n d S o q n u n ri t h e h e re d i t a r y p ri n ce o f T h eb es
-
,
wh i c h e ve n t u all y l e d t o t h e e x p u l s i o n o f t h e H yk s o s
fro m E g y p t i s fo u n d t h o u g h u n fo r t u n a t el y i n a
, ,
m u t il a t e d co n d i t i o n i n t h e fi rs t p a g e s o f t h e P a p y ru s
,
S al l i e r I T h e v al u e o f a h i s t o ri c al d o c u m e n t h a s
.
l on g b e e n a t t ri b u te d t o i t ; b u t i t s s t y l e a s w el l a s
,
t h e e x p re s s i o n s a n d t h e g e n e r al c h a ra c te r o f t h e
s u bj ec t i m p l y a r o m a n c e w h e re t h e p ri n ci p a l p a r t s
, ,
i n t h e s ce n e a r e p l a y e d b y p e rs o n s wh o b el o n g t o
re a l h i s t o r y t h o u g h t h e s ce n e i t s el f i s al m o s t e n t i rel y
,
t h e o ffs p ri n g o f t h e p o p u l a r i m a g in a t i o n .
C h a m p ol l i o n t h ri c e sa w t h e p a p y r u s i n t h e h a n d s
o f i ts o ri g i n a l o wn e r M S a l l i e r o f A i x i n P ro ve n ce
, . ,
i n 1 8 2 8 s o m e d a y s b e fo re h i s d e p a r t u re fo r E g y p t
, ,
a n d i n 1 8 3 0 o n h i s r e t u rn T h e n o t e s p u bl i s h e d b y
.
S a l vo l i n i p ro v e t h a t h e h a d re co g n i s e d i f n o t t h e
,
e x a c t n a t u r e o f t h e s t o r y a t al l e ve n t s t h e h i s to ri ca l
,
s i g n i fi c a n c e o f t h e ro y a l n a m e s o ccu rri n g i n i t The

.
m a n u s cri p t p u rc h a s ed i n 1 8 3 9 b y t h e B ri ti s h
,
M useum , p ubl i s h e d i n fa cs i m il e ( i n 1 8 4 1 ) i n t h e
wa s
S el ec t Pa pyr i v ol i p l 1 s qq , . t h e n o t i ce b y H a wk in s
. . .
,
e vid e n tl y c o m p il e d fro m i n fo r m a t i o n g i v e n b y B i rc h ,
fu rn i s h e s t h e n a m e o f t h e a n t a g o n i s t o f A p o p h i s ,
w h i c h h a d n o t b ee n r e a d b y C h a m p ol l i o n b u t i t ,
a t tri b u t e s t h e ca r to u c h e o f A p o p h i s t o k i n g Ph i o ps
'
o f t h e fi ft h d y n a s t y E d e R o u g e wa s t h e fi rs t wh o
. .
a c t u al l y u n d e rs to o d t h e co n t en t s o f t h e fi rs t p a g es o f
t h e p a p y ru s A l re a d y i n 1 8 4 7 h e g a ve S o q n u n ri
.
-
h is t r u e p l a c e i n t h e l is t o f t h e P h a r a o h s i n 1 8 5 4
h e p oi n t e d o u t t h e n a m e o f H é u a ru o r A va ri s i n
t h e fra g m e n t a n d i n s e r t e d i n t h e A tnen d u m Fra n ga i s
'
1 8 5 4 p 3 5 2 a fa i rl y d e t a i l ed a n al y s i s o f t h e d o cu
, .
,
m en t . T h e d i s co ve r y w a s p o p u l a ri s e d i n G e rm a n y
b y B ru g s c h wh o a t te m p t e d t o re n d e r t h e t h re e fi rs t
,
l i n e s w o rd fo r w o rd ( E gypti scne S t u di en i i 1 8 , .
t h e n i n E n g l a n d b y G o o d w in w h o b el i e v e d h i m s el f ,
a bl e t o o ffe r a co m p l e t e t ra n sl a t i o n o f t h e p a p y r u s
H ie ra t i c P a p y ri i n t h e Ca m br i dg e E ss a ys 1 8 5 8 pp
”
, ,
.
243 S i n c e t h en t h e t e x t h a s b e e n fre q u e n tl y
,
s t u d i ed b y C h ab a s ( L es Pa s teu rs en Egypte
, ,
b y L u s h i n g t o n (Fr a g m en t of t/ze fi rs t S a l l i er Pa pyr u s

i n t h e Tr a n s a cti on s of tb c S oci ety ofB i bl i ca l A r ena ?
ol o y i v p p 2 6 3 2 6 6 re p rod uc e d i n t h e fi rs t s e ri e s
g
-
.
, .
,
o f R ecor ds ofth e Pa s t v ol b y B ru g s c h ( H i s tory

,
.
of E y t 2 d Ed it v ol i pp 2 7 4 b y E be rs
g p , .
,
. . .
( gypten u n d di e B i te Ber M oses 1 8 6 8 pp 2 0 4 s qq)

E / , , .
G o o d w i n a fte r m a t u re e x a m i n a t i o n h es i t a t i n g l y a d
, ,
v a n c e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t a n a cc u r a t e n a rra t i v e i n d e ed
c o u l d n o t b e fo u n d i n i t b u t o n l y a h i s t o ri ca l n o ve l
,
TH E E X P UL S ION OF TH E H YK S OS 39
t ra n sl a t i o n o f B u n s e n s Egypt s Pl a ce
’
( i n th e Engl i s h
’
i n H i s tory i v p ,
. . I t i s t h e o p i n i o n wh ic h I
s h a re a n d wh ic h a pp e a rs t o h a v e g e n e ra l l y p re v a il ed
, .
T h e t ra n s cri p t i o n a n d t ra n s l a t i o n o f t h e t e x t a n d a
co m m e n t a r y u p o n i t a re g i ve n i n m y Etu des egypt i
en n es i pp 1 9 5 2 1 6 t h e t ra n s l a t io n al o n e i s re
,
. .
-
p ro d u ce d i n m y Con tes egypti en s 2 d E d i t pp 2 7 3

, .
,
.
2 86 .
I b el i ev e t h e e x i s t i n g fr a g m e n t s al l o w u s t o
re s t o re a l m o s t t h e wh ol e o f t h e fi rs t t wo p a g e s .
P e r h a p s t h e a t t e m p t a t r es t o ra t i o n wh i c h I p ro p o s e
w i l l a pp e a r a d ve n t u ro u s e ve n t o E g y p t ol o g i s t s ; a t
al l e ve n t s i t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t I h a v e n o t u n d e r t a k e n
i t ra s h l y A m i n u t e a n al y s i s o f t h e t e x t h a s l e d m e
.
t o t h e re s u l t s wh i c h I h e re s u b m i t t o c ri t i ci s m .
T H E L EG EN D OF T H E E X PU L S I ON OF T H E
H YK S OS
IT happened that the land of EG YP T belonged to the Im

p ure and as there wa s no lord monarch that day it hap
1
, ,
2
pened then that the ki n g So qn u n ri wa s sovereign over -
the country of the S outh and that the Imp ure of the city ,
4 5
of R A were su bj ect to R a ApOpi in H AU AR U the entire
3 -
country paid him tri b ute together with its manufactured

products and so loaded him with all the good things of
6
To m iri -
N o w the king R a ApOpi took the god S U TE K H U
.
-
for his master and he no longer served any ( other) deity

,
wh o wa s in the whole country exce pting only S UTE K H U ,
and he built a temple of excellent an d im perisha b le work

mansh ip at the gate of the king R a ApOpi and he arose -
,
each day to sacrifice daily victim s to SU T E K HU and the

vassal chiefs of the sovereign were there with garlands of
flo wers j ust as is the case i n the temp le of Ph R a H ar m a
,
- - -
1
T his is
of the i sulti g e pithets lavished by the rese tme t of the
o ne n n n n
scribes the S hepherds or H yksos d the other forei gn ers w ho had

on an
occupied E gy pt .
2
T his is the most probable p ro u ciatio n of the ame usually a d n n n n
w ro gly tra scribed R k

n n T hree ki g s of E gy pt bore this p
a -
s en e n . m n r a en o en ,
t w o of the ame of T i a d
n of the ame of T i a a q w ho rei g ed
u- a a n one n u- -
en , n
some years before Ah m o i the fou der of the Ei g htee th D y asty

s n n n .
3
T hat is H elio polis the O of the N orth the dau g hter of w hose
, n ,
pri est w as ma ried by J oseph r .
4
As it had bee repeatedly adva ced that ApOpi bei g
n H yksos n , n an ,
could t possibly add the title of R to his ame I beg to state here that
no a n ,
the dot w hich represe ts the cursive hieratic form of the disk is as perfectly
n
leg ible i th ori gi al ma uscri pt as it is i the facsimile

n e n n n .
5
T h A varis of M a etho the E gy p tia for t ress of the S he pherd ki g s
e n , n -
n .
E de R ou g e h
. sho wn that A varis w as o of th ames of T a is the
as ne e n n ,
Zoa of the Ol d T estame t

n n .
6 L o w er E gy p t
.
said to h im : 0 su z erain our m aster and they ,

. .
1
suggested to the king R a A pOpi the discourse which he -
desired L et a messenger go to the chief of the city of

the S outh and say to him : The king R a ApOpi sends to -
say : Let the hippopotamuses which are in the canals of

the country he chased on the pool in order that they may ,
allo w sleep to visit me night and day .
[A line and a half perhaps even m ore still

,
remains to ,
be supplied Here again the sequel permits us to restore

.
,
the sense if not the letter of what is wanting in the text

, ,
.
We see that after having received the message recounted

above king So qn u n ri assem b les his council which is per
,
-
,
pl e xe d and at a loss for an a n s wer whereu pon king ApOpi

sends a second em b assy It is evident that the embarrass .
ment an d silence of the Thebans were foreseen b y the

scribes of A pOpi and that the part of their advice which
,
is preserved at the top of page 2 contained the end of the

second message which ApOpi wa s to send if the first met ,
with no reply In similar stories some extraordinary action

.
,
is described which has to be performed by one of t wo

kings the penalty is al ways stated to which he m ust su b
m it in case of ill success and the re ward he will receive in
-
case of s uccess There m ust have b een a similar de

.
scription in the L ege nd and I therefore pro p ose to restore

,
the text as follo ws

He will not kno w what to ans wer whether good or bad ,
then thou shalt send him another message “ The king R a

A pOpi sends saying I f the chief of the S outh cannot
ans wer my message let him serve no other god than S U T E
,
KHU ! B u t if he ans wers it and does that which I h i d ,
him do 2 then I will take nothing from h im and I will no

, ,
more b o w do wn b efore any other god of the land of EG YPT

except A M ON R A the king of the gods
-
An d many days after that the king R a ApOpi sent to ,

-
the prince of the country of the South the message which

his scri b es versed in magic had s u ggested to him and the
m essenger of the king R a A pOpi came to the chief of the -
1
T his li e mu t co tai a com plime t to the ki g
n s n n n n .
2
Th e part of the text w hich is preserved recomme ces here n .
TH E E X P ULS ION OF TH E H YK S OS
’
43
land of the S outh He said to the messenger of the king

.
“
R a ApOpi
-
What message dost thou b ring to the land of
the S outh ? Why hast thou made this j ourney ? The
“
messenger replied : The king R a ApOpi sends to say -
L et the hippopotamuses which are i n the canals of the

country be chased on the pool in order that they may ,
allo w sleep to visit me day and night The chief of .
the land of the South wa s astounded and kne w not what

ans wer to make to th e m essenger of the king R a ApOpi -
.
S o the chief of the lan d of the S outh said to the messenger

This is what thy master sends to the chief of the
land of the S ou th the words which he has sent me
his goods . The chie f of the land of the South
caused all ki n ds of good things meats cakes , ( and ) , ,
wine to be given to the messenger then he said to him :

R eturn and tell thy master all that which thou hast
said I approve
, . The m essenger of the king R a
A pOpi set himsel f to return to the place where his master
wa s
. Then the chief of the S outh su mmoned his great
chiefs as well as his captains and his able generals and he ,
repeated to them all the message which the ki n g R a ApOpi -
had sent to him Then they were silent with a single

.
mouth for a long moment ( of time ) and did not kno w what ,
ans wer to m ake whether good or bad .
The king R a ApOpi sent to the chief of the land of the

-
S outh the other message which his scribes versed in magic

had suggested to him .
[It is u nfortunate that the text is broken j ust in this

place The three Pharaohs wh o bore the name of S o qn u n ri
.
-
reigned during a troublous period and must have left e n

during memories i n the m inds of the The b an people .
They were active and warlike princes and the last of them ,
perished b y a violent death perhaps in b attle against the

,
Hyksos He had shaved his beard the morning before

.
,
arraying himself for the com b at like the god M O N T U as ,

”
the Egyptian scri b es would say H is courage led him to

.
penetrate too far into the ranks of the enemy ; h e wa s sur

rounded and slain before his companions could rescue him .
The blo w of an axe removed part of his left cheek and laid
b are the teeth striki n g the j a w and felling him stu nned to
,
the ground a secon d blo w entered far within the skull a ,
dagger or short lance splitting the forehead on the right

s ide a little above the eye The E gyptians recovered the .
body and embalmed it in haste when already partially de ,
composed b efore sending i t to Thebes a n d the tomb of

,
his ancestors The feature s of the mummy n o w in the

.
,
Museum of B o u l a q still sho w the Violence and fury of the

,
struggle ; a large white p iece of brain is spread over the

forehead the retracted lips uncover the j a w and the tongu e
,
1
is bitten bet een the teeth
w The author of the L egen d .
may pro b ably have continued his story do wn to the tragic

end of his hero The scri b e to whom we o we the papyru s
.
on which it is inscri b ed m ust certainly have intended to

complete the tale ; he had recopied the last lines on the
re verse of one of the pages and wa s preparing to continue ,
it when some accident intervened to prevent his doing so .
Perhaps the professor at whose dictation he appears to have

written did not himself kno w the en d of the L egend It .
is pro b a b le ho wever that it went on to describe h o w So q

, ,
n un ri after long hesitatio n succeeded in escap ing from

-
, ,
the embarrassing dilemm a in which his po werful rival had

attempted to place him H is ans wer m ust have b een as .
odd and extraordinary as the message of ApOpi b ut we ,
have no means even of conj ecturing what it wa s ]

M as pero : L
1
Al m i mm t m i
'
y l d Eg pt j
’
es o es ro a es / e r ece en ses a u ou r ,
PP 1 4, 1 5
THE S T EL E O F T H OT H M E S I V ( OF T H E
E I G H T E E N T H D Y N A S T Y)
T R AN SLATE D BY D . M AL LET
T H IS s tel e h a d b e e n b u ri e d fo r a g es u n d e r t h e s a n d
,
w h i c h a g a i n a n d a g a i n h a s co v e re d t h e b od y o f t h e
S p h i n x w h e n i t w a s di s i n te r re d i n 1 8 1 8 b y a n
,
E n g l i s h m a n C a p t a i n C a vi g l i a
,
. S a l t wh o h a d t a k e n
,
’
p a r t i n h is fri e n d s e x c a v a ti o n s g a v e a d e t a il ed
,
a cco u n t o f t h e d i s i n te r m e n t a n d h i s n a rra t i ve
, ,
p re s e rv e d i n M S a t t h e B ri t i s h M u s e u m h a s be e n
.
,
p u bl i s h e d b y C O1 V y s e i n t h e a pp en d i x t o h i s
.
w o r k o n t h e Oper a t i on s ca rr i ed on a t t/z e Pyr a m ids

of G i eeli
( 8 v o L o n d o n 1 8 4 2 vol i i i pp 1 0 7 s ee)
:
. .
, , . .
A fte r u n co ve ri n g a l l t h e h i n d e r p o r t i o n o f t h e
S p h i n x C a vi g l i a fo u n d a t t h e e n d o f t h e l on g
,
p a s s a g e wh i c h l a y b e t w e e n t h e p a ws a s m al l t e m p l e
, ,
t e n fe e t i n l e n g t h b y fi v e i n b re a d t h i m m ed i a t el y
,
b el o w t h e c h i n o f t h e fi g u r e T h e e x t re m i t y o f i t
w a s o cc u p i e d b y a bl o c k o f g r a n i t e fo u r t ee n fe e t i n
,
h e i g h t c o ve re d wi t h s cul p t u re s a n d h ie ro g l y p h i c s
,
re co rd i n g t h e n a m e o f T h o t h m es I V ; t h is bl o c k i s
t h e s tel e o f wh i c h w e a r e a b o u t t o g i v e a t ra n sl a ti o n .
I t w a s s e t u p a g a i n s t t h e b rea s t o f t h e S p h i n x ,
w i t h o u t, h o w e ve r a c t u al l y t o u c h i n g i t
,
T h e two
.
w al l s b u i l t a l on g t h e p a w s a t ri g h t a n g l e s t o t h a t
,
a t t h e e n d o f t h e s h ri n e h a d b e e n a d o rn e d w i t h t wo
,
o t h e r s t el ae o f s m a l l e r S i z e a n d o f l i m e s t o n e ; o n e o f
t h e m co n t a i n in g t h e n a m e o f R a m s e s I I wa s s t il l
, ,
i n s i tu ; t h e o t h e r h a d fal l e n i n t o t h e i n t e ri o r o f t h e
c h a p el a m o n g o t h e r m a s s e s o f r ubb i s h i n w h i ch ,
fra g m e n t s o f t h e b e a r d o n c e a t t a c h e d t o t h e c h i n o f
t h e fig u re a s i n t h e ca s e o f a l l E g y p t i a n fi g u re s o f
,
g o d s o r k i n g s c o u l d s t il l b e re co g n i s ed
,
A door.
o p e n e d b e t we e n t h e t wo w a ll s o f l es s e r el e v a t i o n
w h i c h e n cl o s e d t h e s h ri n e o n t h e e a s t e rn s i d e .
B e fo r e t h e t e m p l e a s o r t o f p a v e d co u r t e x t en d e d
,
a b o u t t h re e fo u r t h s o f t h e l en g t h o f t h e p a w s a n d
-
,
w a s al s o e n cl o s e d b y t wo w al l s s e p a ra t e d fro m o n e
a n o t h e r b y a ro o fl e s s O p en i n g be fo r e wh i c h wa s
e rect ed a s q u a r e al t a r o f g r a n i t e .
C a v i g l i a s u cce ed e d i n u n c o ve ri n g t h e S p h i n x a s
fa r a s t h e b a s e o ve r a n a re a o f m o re t h a n o n e
,
h u n d re d fee t . U n fo r t u n a t el y t h e s a n d o f t h e d es e r t
s oo n r eco m m en ced i t s w o r k a n d l a t e r L e p s i u s a n d
, ,
s u bs e q u e n tl y t h e D u c d e L u y n e s h a d a g a i n t o
,
u n d e r t a k e t h e t a s k o f re m o vi n g i t a t g re a t e x p en s e
i n o rd e r t o r e a c h t h e c u ri o u s s t el e o f Th o t h m es I V .
In 1 8 8 0 M a ri e t t e u n d er t oo k n e w a n d i m p o r t a n t
e xc a v a t i o n s o n t h e s a m e s p o t L i k e C a vi g l i a h e
.
,
b ro u g h t t o l i g h t t h e h u g e s t a i rc a s e o f t wo s t a g e s
w h ic h d es ce n d s fro m t h e p l a t e a u o f t h e d es er t a n d
l ed t h e c u ri o u s a n d t h e d e vo u t t o t h e e x tre m i t y
o f t h e s h ri n e w h e r e t h e c ol o s s a l i m a g e o f t h e g o d
,
TH E S TE L E OF TH OTH M E S [ V 47
H a r m a kh i s a s e m bo d i ed i n t h e S p h i n x ri s e s fro m
, ,
t h e g ro u n d ; a n d h e re co g n i s e d t h e re m a i n s o f
b u i l d i n g s t h e e x i s te n c e o f w h i c h h a d al re a d y b e e n
,
n o t ice d b y h i s p re d ece s s o r P ro f M a s p e ro M a ri e t t e s . .
,
’
s u cces s o r a s D i rec t o r G e n e ra l o f e x c a v a ti o n s i n -
E g y p t wa s a n x i o u s to p u s h t h e w o r k o f e x p l o ra t i o n
,
y e t fu rt h e r A n ci e n t a u t h o rs P l i n y a m o n g o t h e rs h ad
.
, ,
s t a t e d t h a t t h e bo d y o f t h e S p h i n x co n t a in e d a ro y a l
t o m b a n d A r a b w ri t e rs h a d reco u n t e d a l l s o rt s o f
,
m a rv ell o u s l e g en d s o n t h e s u bj e c t C er t a i n E gy p ti a n .
m o n u m e n t s m o re o ve r re p res e n t e d t h e S p h i n x a s
, ,
l y i n g o n a l o ft y p ed e s t a l a n d a d o rn e d w i t h t h os e
p ri s m a ti c g ro o ve s o f w h i c h t h e a rc h i t ect s o f t h e Ol d
1
E m p i re w e re s o fo n d T h i s p e d e s t al m i g h t e n cl o s e
.
t h e t o m b o f w h i c h P l i n y S p e a k s a n d m i g ht h a v e ,
be e n b u ried i n t h e s a n d a s fa r b a c k a s t h e a g e o f
Kha f ri
( K h e ph re n ) o f t h e fo u r t h d y n a s t y T o s ol v e .
t h e p robl e m i t wa s n e ce s s a r y t o l o w e r t h e l e vel o f
t h e s o il a s fa r a s t h e r oc ky p l a t fo r m o n wh ic h t h e
m o n u m e n t s t a n d s a n d t h u s t o re s to r e i t t o t h e
,
co n d i ti o n i n wh i c h i t wa s t o w a rd s t h e co m m en ce m en t
o f t h e s eco n d ce n t u r y o f o u r e ra T h e n s o u n d in g s .
w o u l d h a ve t o b e t a k e n i n o rd e r t o s e e w h e t h e r t h e
s u pp o s e d t o m b e x i s t e d o r n o t A sum o f .
fra n cs col l e c te d b y s u b s cri p t io n b y t h e j ou r n a l des

,
D eba ts al l o w e d t h e w o r k o f cl e a ri n g a w a y t h e s a n d
’
t o be g i n i n t h e w i n te r o f 1 8 8 5 6 a n d t o be fol l o w e d -
the picture w hich precedes that of our stele i L epsius D /é

1
Se e n , en
m l
a
’
iii pl 6 8 C f also ii pl ] 6 7 w here a similar decoratio is

er , . . . . . . 1 , 1 , n
to be see i the tomb of N fri t keu dau ghter of S efru of the third
n n o - -
,
n
dy asty
n .
1
u p w i t h g re a t a c t i v i t y A fte r t h e d e p a r t u r e o f P ro f
. .
M a s p e r o fro m E g y p t h o w e ve r t h e w o r k wa s , ,
i n te rr u p t ed a n d t h e q u es t i o n a cco rd i n g l y h a s n o t
,
y e t b e e n s e t tl ed .
T h e s t el e o f T h o th m es I V i s o f p ecu l i a r i m p o r t
a n ce fo r t h e h i s t o ry o f t h e S p h i n x It fu rn i s h e s i n .
,
fa c t t wo l a n d m a r k s fo r p e ri o d s ve ry d i s t a n t fro m
,
o n e a n o th e r T o w a rd s t h e m i d d l e o f i t m e n t i o n i s
.
,
m a d e o f K h a fri t h e t h i rd k i n g o f t h e fo u rt h d y n a s t y
, ,
i n t e r m s wh i c h t h e s t a t e o f t h e s to n e u n fo r t u n a t el y
d oe s n o t p e r m i t u s t o d e t e rm i n e q u i t e e x a c tl y .
T h e y h a ve b e e n h el d b y s o m e t o i m p l y t h a t t h e
m o n u m e n t wa s c on s t r u cte d b y t h a t k in g It is .
p rob abl e h o w e v e r t h a t i t i s m u c h m o r e a n ci en t
, , ,
m o u n t i n g b ac k p e r h a p s t o t h e a g e s p reced i n g
, ,
M en es T o K h a fri w o u l d h a v e fal l e n t h e t a s k o f
.
cl e a ri n g a w a y fo r t h e fi rs t t i m e d u r i n g t h e h i s to ric al
p e ri o d t h e m a s s e s o f s a n d wh i c h h a d al re a d y al m o s t
co ve re d i t T o w a rd s t h e fi ft ee n t h ce n t u r y B C t h e
. .
w o r k h a d t o b e d o n e a g a i n a n d Th o th m es I V i n , ,
co n s e q u e n ce o f a d re a m u n d e r to o k i n h i s t u rn t o ,
d is cl o s e t h e i m a g e o f t h e g o d t o t h e ve n e ra t i o n o f i t s
w o rs h i pp e rs T h e w o r k wa s d o ub tl es s di f
. fi cu l t, a n d
o n ce a c h i ev e d h e d e te r m i n ed t o p re s e rve t h e m e m o r y
of it .H e a cco rd i n g l y c a u s e d a s t el e t o b e m a d e ,
a n d i n s crib e d u p o n i t a n a cco u n t o f h i s vi s io n a n d
o f t h e l ab o u rs wh i c h h a d b ee n t h e re s u l t o f i t .
H o weve r h e d i d n o t g o t o a n y g re a t e x p e n s e i n
,
1 M aspero , R a pp or t su r l es f ou i l l es dc 1 885 6 -
in the B u l l et i n de
n st i t u t e gypti en 8 86
’
‘
l 1 , 1 .
w o rd a nd
co m m e n t e d o n b y M P i e r re t i n h i s l e c t u re s
.
a t the Eco l e du L o u v r e 1 8 8 5 6 P r o f M as p e ro
-
. . ,
fi n al l y h a s a n al y s e d t h e w h ol e a n d t r a n s l a t e d s eve r a l
,
l i n e s o f t h e t e x t i n h i s R a ppor t d l In s ti tu t egypt i en ’ ’
s u r l es fou i l l es de 1 8 8 5 6 i n t h e B u ll et i n de l I
( n s t i tu t
’
-
égypt i en , 1
At t h e h e a d o f t h e s t el e t h e s ol a r d i s k w i t h i t s ,
t w o u r mi s er p e n t s a n d t wo g re a t w i n g s c o m m a n d s ,
t h e t wo s ce n e s w h i c h o ccu p y t h e fi rs t co m p a r t m e n t .
O n t h e l e ft t h e k i n g i n a w i g c ro w n ed b y t h e u rmu s
, ,
p r e s e n t s i n h i s t wo u p l i fte d h a n d s a l a r g e bo d i e d -
v a s e t o t h e d i v i n e s p h i n x w i t h h u m a n h e a d wh o ,
re cl i n e s o n a l o ft y p ed e s t al A b o ve i s a n i n s cri p t i o n
.
“
w h i c h o c cu p i e s a l l t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s ce n e : The
K i n g o f t h e S o u t h a n d o f t h e N o r t h M e n k h o p i ru ,
-
R i T h o th m o s K h a k e n wh o g ra n t s l i fe s t a bl e a n d
A n d t h e go d r ep l i e s :
”
p u re . I h a v e g i ve n l i fe
s t abl e a n d p u re t o t h e m a s t e r o f t h e t wo l a n d s
Th o th m o s K h a k e u
”
I n fro n t o f t h e k in g i s a s h o r t
.
l e g e n d m u c h i n j u r ed w h i c h co n t a i n e d t h e W o l d s
, ,
‘ ‘
H o m a g e o f t h e v a s e N e m a st .
”
On t h e ri g h t t h e k i n g i n a h el m e t w i t h t h e l e ft
, ,
h a n d p re s e n t s t h e s p h i n x re cl i n e d o n a p e d e s t a l
,
s i m il a r t o t h e o t h er b u t t u rn e d i n t h e o pp os i t e
dir ec t io n w i t h i n ce n s e w h ic h s m o k e s i n a v a s e a n d
, ,
w i t h t h e ri g h t h a n d o f fe r s a l i b a ti o n wh ic h h e p o u rs
o ve r a n al t a r o f ve r y el on g a te d fo r m A b o ve t h e .
h e a d o f t h e k i n g i s t h e s a m e fo r m u l a a s b e fo re
T h e K i n g o f t h e S o u t h a n d o f t h e N o rt h M e n ,
k h o p i ru R i T h o t h m o s K h a k e u A n d H a r m a kh i s
”
-
.
TH E S TE L E OF TH OTH M E S IV 51
“
re p l i e s : I h a v e g i v e n t h e S wo rd t o t h e m a s te r o f
t h e t wo l a n d s T h o th m o s K h a k e n
,
.
”
B e t we e n t h e t wo s c e n e s b el o w t h e d i s k i s a , ,
ve r t i ca l i n s cri p t i o n w h ic h o cc u p i e s al l t h e u pp e r p a r t
,
o f t h e fi rs t co m p a r t m e n t a n d p a s s es b e t we e n t h e t wo
fig u re s o f t h e S p h i n x e s wh i c h l i e b a c k t o b a c k
, It .
“
r u n s t h u s : I h a v e c a u s e d M en kh Opi r u R i t o ri s e - -
o n t h e t h r o n e o f S EB T h o t h m o s K h a k e u i n t h e
,
”
fu n c t i o n o f T UM .
T h e p e d es t al s o n wh i c h t h e t wo s p h i n x e s re cl i n e
co n s i s t o f t h r e e h o ri z o n t a l p l a t fo r m s a n d o f a w al l ,
wh i c h i s o rn a m e n t e d a l t e rn a t el y w i t h i n ci s e d s q u a re s
a n d rec t a n g l e s i n te rr u p t e d t o w a rd s t h e e x t re m i tie s
,
b y fo u r d es i g n s s y m m e t ri cal l y a rr a n g e d a n d s o m e
,
wh a t re s e m bl i n g t h e l e a v es o f t re fo il I t i s thi s .
d e co ra t i o n wh i c h h a s al re a d y b e e n n o t e d ab ov e ,
a n d wh i c h i s fo u n d o n m o n u m e n t s o f t h e Ol d
E m p i re .
A n i r re g ul a r fra c t u re wh ic h c o m m e n ce s t o w a rd s
,
t h e t wel ft h l i n e o f t h e i n s cri p ti o n r u n s fro m ri g h t t o ,
l e ft , l e a vi n g i n t a c t o n l y a p a r t o f t h e t wo foll o wi n g
li nes . T h e m e a s u re m e n t s t a k e n b y L e p s i u s
( D e n /
e m itt er i
,
i i p l .6 8 ) a ll o w u s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
.
e x t e n t o f t h e t e x t w h ic h h a s b e e n d e s t ro y e d The .
m o n u m e n t w a s o ri g i n al l y 7 ft 2 i n i n l en g t h a n d . .
1 1 ft 1 0 i n i n h ei g h t
. . N o w t h e h i e ro g l y p h i cs
.
h a v e b ee n d e s t ro y e d t o a h ei g h t o f n e a rl y 4 ft o n .
t h e l e ft s id e o f 4 ft 4 i n i n t h e m i d d l e a n d o f5 ft
,
. .
, .
4 i n o n t h e ri g h t s i d e
. T a k i n g n o n o t i ce o f t h e
.
d o u bl e t abl e a u wh ic h fo r m s t h e u pp e r co m p a r t m e n t
,
o f t h e s t el e w e s ee t h a t n e a rl y o n e h a l f o f t h e
,
i n s cri p t io n h a s b e co m e i ll e g i bl e
.
T h e co n cl u s i o n m u s t h a v e co n t a i n ed t h e a n s we r
o f T h o th m o s t o t h e w o rd s o f t h e g o d a n d t h e n a
,
re ci t al o f t h e w o r k s w h i c h w ere e x ec u te d i n a cco rd
a n ce w i t h h is co m m a n d s . It e n d ed d o u b tl es s w i t h
, ,
a di t hy ra m b i n h o n o u r o f t h e m o n a rc h H a r m a kh i s
,
a s s u ri n g t o h i m a g l o ri o u s re i g n a s a re w a rd fo r h i s
p ie t y A s a m a t t e r o f fa c t T h o th m o s h a d h a rd l y
.
,
a s ce n d ed t h e t h ro n e b e fo r e h e co m m e n ce d t h e w o r k
a n d e rec te d t h e s t el e . T h e n t h e s a n d o f t h e d e s e rt
rec o m m e n ced t o ri s e l i t t l e b y l i t tl e a n d p rob a bl y a s
,
fa r b ac k a s t h e fo u r te e n t h o r t h i r tee n t h ce n t u r y B C
. .
t h e S p h i n x wa s a l re a d y e n s h ro u d e d b y i t a g a i n. In
t h e G re e k a n d R o m a n e p o c h s i t wa s o n c e m o re
re m o ved s eve r al t i m es T h e s t a i rc as e wa s c o n s t r u ct e d
.
w h i c h g a v e a cces s t o t h e t e m p l e a n d n u m e ro u s
,
t o u ri s t s w e re a bl e t o e n g ra v e t h ei r n a m e s o n t h e
w al l o f t h e t e m p l e a n d t h e p a ws o f t h e S p h i n x . In
s p i te o f m u c h t ro u bl e a n d e x p e n s e t h e s a v a n s o f
,
t h e n i n e t e en t h ce n t u r y h a v e n o t y e t s u cce ed e d i n
c o m p l e tel y d i s i n te rrin g t h i s u n i q u e m o n u m en t o f
p ri m ev a l E g y p t o r i n d is co ve ri n g i t s h id d e n s ecre t .
T H E S T ELE OF T H OT H M ES IV
I The first year the third month of the inundation ( Ath yr)
.
, ,
the r oth day under the M aj esty of the H OR U S the , ,
strong bull wh o produces the risings ( of the sun ) the ,
master of diadems whose royalty is stable as [that of ,
T UM the golden hawk prevailing with the glaive

, , ,
the vanquisher of the nine b o ws king of the S outh

1
,
and of the N orth Men kh Opiru R i the son of the Su n ,

- -
, ,
T h o th m o s K haken beloved of AM ON R A king of ,

-
,
the gods giver of life serene like R A eternally

, , , .
2 The good god lives the son of T U M wh o lays claim o n

.
, ,
H A R M A K H IS L the sphinx the life of the universal

‘
,
2
lord ; the omnipotent wh o creates the b en efic en t
flesh of K H OPR I beautiful of face like the chief his ,
father A s soon as he issues forth he is furnished

.
,
with his forms [and the diadems ] of H OR U S are on

3
,
his head king of the S outh and of the N orth ,

4
delight of the divine ennead wh o purifies ON , ,
w h reigns 5
in the a b ode of PTA H o flerin g the truth
'
3 . o ,
5
to T UM presenting it to the master of the southern
,
7
wall making endo wments of daily offeri n gs to the 3
,
god accomplishing all that [n o w] exists and seeking

,
[ ]
n ew honours for the gods of the S outh and of the
N orth constructing their temples of white stone an d

,
9 1°
con firming all their su b stance legitimate son of ,
T UM T h o th m os K h a keu like unto R A

, ,
1 T hat is of the barbaria s n .

,
p pro perly he w hose vicissitudes are great

2
U r se , , .
3 T his w ord a ppears o ly i Y ou g H i g lyph i pl 8 n n n er o cs , 0 .

, .
4
O restores O ( H eliopolis )
r n .
5
L iterally w ho w ields the sceptre of the abode of PT A H
,
M em phis , t e . . .
5
L iterally maki g it asce d ( to the ostrils ) of the g od
, n so ofte n n ,
as n
depicted the mo ume ts

on n n .
7 Ptah T h souther w all w as the p art of M em phis w here the tem ple
e n
.
of the g od stood . Am i t 3
en - -
u.
2
O their existe ces p t
r L iterally
n ,
of his loi s a -
u .
1° n .
heir of H OR U S master of his throne Men kh o pi ru ri

'
,
1
,
- -
,
w o gives life
h No w when his Maj esty wa s a child 2
.
, ,
3
i n the character of H OR U S i n K H E B h is beauty ,
[ ]
w a s like that of
[the god ] o avenges h is father
wh
( OS I R I S) it wa s regarded like that of the god
h imself ; the soldiers raised shouts of j oy because
of him the R oyal sons an d all the n o bles sub
,
4
m itting themselves to h is valour because of his
exploits ;
for he has rene wed the circle of his victories even as ,
5 3
the son of N UT At that time he hunted on the .
mountains of the Memphite nome taking his ,

7
pleasure along the roads of the S outh and of the
,
3 9 10
N orth shooting at the target with darts
, of
b ron z e chasing the lions and the ga z elles of the
,
desert advancing on his chariot with horses s wifter

,
6 . than the wind together with only one of his servants 1 1 , ,
w ithout being recognised b y any one Then cam e .
his time for allo wing re pose to his servants at the ,
1
Or flesh of H orus .
2
A n up w ith the determi ative of i fa t is used i the se se of
, n n n , n n
child “ youth especially w he refere ce is made to the roy l family

,
"
, n n a .
B ru g sch D i t p 9 H ere the w ord si g i fi es “ hereditary pri ce

”
See ,
e . . 2 . n n .
3
L i e the orth of E gyp t w here H orus had passed his early years
. n n ,
u der the charge of his mother Isis T h you g pri ce is like ed to H orus
n . e n n n .
4
L iterally bei g u n der his double solar po w er ( of N orth d
,
n a n
S outh ) . H ere the g od S t 5

e .
3
T h w ord e m w hich is w ithout a determi ative may
sa ,
t si g ify to n , no n
hu t here Brug sch ( Zei t / ift 8 7 6 p 9 3 ) thi ks that the kb t i

n . sc z r , 1 , . n so e -
u
( or p erhaps m t i ) sometimes represe ted as holdi g a la ce w ere

sa - -u
,
n n n ,
w arriors or hu tsme T hey w ere m ore probably shepherds w ho w he

n n . , n
leadi g their flocks to the fi elds ( kb t m) w ere armed i order to

n so e , sa n
defe d the i r flocks d themselves

n a n .
7 L iterally rej oici g his face 3 G oi g from south to

n orth n n
, . .
9 H b w ith the determi ative of a piece of w ood

e ,
a base d n on a n
tra s fi xed by featherless arro w s

n .
° K l m t mea s merely objects of bro

1 e Ifthe determi ative of I b
w n nz . n ze
is exactly represe ted i the copy the objects would be darts

n n .
11
Ui “
r ,
is repeated t w ice i the copies d hitherto the tra slatio
o ne , n an n n
has bee n d o i
one a n t wo I k ow other exam ple of such
n e,
"
. e. . n no
a n expressio ho w ever d believe the seco d d to be the result of error

n, , an n ze .
N o doubt i the ext se te ce the serva ts are spoke of i the plural

n n n n n n n
( i )
s z es - u but the
,
p ri ce w as e ide tly follo w ed by escort
n H ere refer v n an .
e ce is made o ly to his com pa io i the ch a riot

n n n n n .
TH E S TE L E OF TH O TH M E S IV
55
1 2
of H AR M A K H I S an d of S OKAR IS in the
so et
p
3
'
necropolis of R A N N UT 1 with the m ale and

,
4
female deities of the mother wh o engenders the ,
5
gods of the N orth the m istress of the wall of the ,
S outh ,
.
7 S E K H ET wh o reigns in X OI S an d in the domain of S ET
the great magician ; 3 — that sacred place of the
7
creation [ hich goes b ack] to the days of the
w ,
3
9
m asters of K H ER the sacred path of the gods ,
to wards the western hori z on of ON ; for the sphinx

of K H OPR I the very mighty resides in this place , , ,
the greatest of the spirits the most august of those ,
wh o are venerated when the shado w rests upon him 1 0 , .
The temples of M EM P H I S and of all the districts which

are on both sides [advance ] towards him with the ,
t wo arms extended to adore his face ,
8 with magnificent o f
. ferings for his double (Ra ) On one .
of these days the royal son T h o th m o s b ei n g , , ,
arrived while walking at m idday and seating him sel f

,
u n der the shado w of this migh ty god wa s overcome ,
b y slum b er an d slept 1 1 at the very m oment when

R A is at the summit ( of heaven ) .
9 He found that the Maj esty of this august god s p oke to

.
1
S opt has hitherto bee n re dered to mak e offeri gs but the w ord n n ,
w hich has n o determi n ative de n otes I believe a locality co secrated to , , , n
the gods in question H ere perhaps it si g i fi es a quarry or tre n ch ru n i n g

. n n ,
as is afterw ards stated i the directio of H eli opolis , n n .
2
L iterally by the side of
,
3 Th divi e n urse .
"
e n .
4
T his se se of the w ords has bee n su gg ested by Prof M as pero
n . .
5
Y ou g s copy here co tai s more characters tha that of L epsius
n
’
n n n .
3 The ames of the divi ities ho oured i n the locality me n tio ed seem
n n n n
to me to be i serted i order to determi n e the place w ith more pre

n n
c isio nperhaps refere n ce is made to the g orge w hich leads to the S phi x n .
T h e se te ce is co ti ued n o t by n k
n n but by t
n n t i a pposi , e a -
ur a s- z eser en , n
tio to w hat precedes Ur app ears to be i the plural a d thus to refer

n .
-
u n n
to S ekhet a n d S t e .
7 L iterally of the fi rst time n ex pressio g e erally used of the a n n

, ,
creatio n .
3
Or perhap s w hich exte ds to the domai s of the masters of K her
,
n n .
9 A old ame of the E gyptia Babylo o w Ol d C airo Th e road

n n n n, n .
me tio ed here appears to be differe n t from that follo w ed by Pi kh i w he n

n n a n
g oi g from M em phis to Babylo

n n .
1°
L iterally the time w he the shado w rests upo him
,
n n .
1 1
O ra dream w hich sleep produces took him .
him with h is o wn mouth as a father speaks to his ,
son saying : L ook upon me contemplate me O

, , ,
my son T h o th m o s I am thy father H A R M A K H I S ,
K H O PR I R A T U M I besto w upon thee the sovereignty

- -
1
over my domain the su premacy over the living ; thou ,
2
shalt wear its wh ite cro wn and its red cro wn on
3
the throne of S EB the hereditary chief May the .
earth b e th ine in all its length and breadth ; may

the splendour of the universal master illumine ( thee)
4
may there come unto thee the abundance that is
in the double land the riches brought from every ,
country an d the long duration of years Thine is .
5
my face thine is my heart thy heart is m ine
,
.
B ehold my actual con dition that thou mayest protect all

5
my perfect limbs The sand of the desert whereon .
7
I am laid has covered me S ave me causing all .
,
that is in my heart 3 to be executed For I kno w .
that thou art my son my avenger a p r oa ch

p ,
b ehold I am with thee I am [thy father] .
A fter wards [the prince a wakened ] he understood

the word of this god and ke p t silence in his heart
The temples of the district consecrate o fleri n gs to
'
9
thi s god
10
K ha ifr image made for T U M H A R M A K H I S
,
-
at the festivals
1Th e last w ords are fou d o ly i Y ou g s copy n n n n

'
2 Th e cro w s of Upper d Lo w er Egy pt T h femi i e p ro ou is

n a n . e n n n n
su f
fi xed to the w ords .
3 C ommo title of S b i dicati g the a tiquity of his cult T h title

n e n n n
, . e
( p ) dates from a period w he as yet there w as or ki g "

er a t n d n o s u en n , an
recalls ag e of primiti ve feudalism A mo w ho be ame the supreme

an . n, c
deity i the time of the T heb dy a ties is t or ki g of the g ods

n an n s , s u en n ,
as fi st poi ted out by Professor M as pero

r n 4
L iteral ly provisio s .
, n .
5
T h t w o copies di f
e fer here I supply b heart before b a -
n -a .
5 R estored from Y ou g s co py “
behold for thee my desti y as be i g
n
’
n , n
i protectio of my limbs
n n 7 L itera l ly
. heal me , .
3 T hat is w hat my heart desires

, .
[W i thout thi ki g
9 B r g sch co ject rally restores the p assa g e thus
u n u n n
of freei g from sa d the w ork of ki g ] K h f the ima ge he had made

n n n a ra ,
for the g od T m H armakhis If w e co sider the S phi x as really older

u -
. n n
tha K h fi the latter part of the pro posed tra slatio must be aba do ed
n a r , n n n n .
1 °
K h ph of the fourth dy a ty
e re n n s .
ab o u t a r u p t u r e w i t h t h e p o w e r fu l p ri e s t h oo d o f
T h eb es a n d K h u en A t e n e v e n t u al l y l e ft h i s a n ces t r al
,
- -
ca p i t al a n d b u i l t h i m se l f a n d h i s fol l o w e rs a n ew
c a p i t a l fu r t h e r n o r t h t h e s i t e o f wh ic h i s n o w k n o w n
,
a s T e l e l A m a rn a
-
H e re i n t h e n ei g h b o u ri n g cl i ff
. s
a n d d es er t a r e fo u n d t h e t o m b s o f t h e a d h e re n t s o f
t h e n ew E g y p t i a n c re ed a n d h e r e K h u e n A t e n
,
- -
r e i g n e d a n d d i ed H e w a s s u cce ed ed b y o n e o r t wo
.
co n ve r t s t o t h e fo re i g n rel i g i o n b u t t h e i r re i g n s w e re
b ri e f a n d a ft e r a s h o rt w h i l e t h e P h a ra o h re t u rn e d t o
,
t h e w o rs h i p o f t h e E g y p t i a n g o d s t h e n ew c a p i t a l o f
,
K h u e n A t e n w a s de s e rt ed a n d t h e fo rei g n fai t h
- -
,
s u pp res s e d .
On h i s de p a r t u r e fro m T h e b e s K h u e n A t e n h a d
,
- -
c a rri e d w i t h h i m t h e a rc h i ve s o f t h e k i n g d o m a n d i t ,
i s a p o r t io n o f t h es e t h a t t h e fel l a /t i n d i s co ve re d i n
1 8 8 7 a m o n g t h e fo u n d a t i o n s o f t h e ro y al p al a ce .
T h e y co n s is t o f cl a y t abl e t s i n s c rib ed w i t h c u n e i fo r m
w ri t i n g o f t h e B ab y l o n i a n t y p e a n d i n t h e B ab y l o n i a n
l angu age . T h e t ab l e t s a r e co p i e s o f l e t t e r s a n d
d es p a t c h es fro m t h e k i n g s a n d g o ve rn o rs o f B ab y l o n i a
a n d A s s y ri a o f S y ri a M e s o p o t a m i a a n d E a s te rn
, , ,
K a ppa do k i a o f P h oen i ci a a n d P al e s t i n e a n d t h e y
, ,
p ro v e t h a t al l o ve r t h e ci vil is e d E a s t i n t h e ce n tu r y
,
be fo re t h e E x o d u s a ct i v e l i te ra r y i n t e rco u rs e wa s
,
ca rri e d o n t h ro u g h t h e m e d i u m o f a co m m o n
l i t e ra ry l a n g u a g e — t h a t o f B ab y l o n i a a n d t h e co m p l i
,
c a t e d B ab y l o n i a n s cr i p t I t i s e vid e n t t h e r e fo re t h a t
.
, ,
t h ro u g h o u t W e s te r n A s i a s c h o ol s a n d l ib ra ri es m u s t
h a v e e x i s t e d i n w h i c h cl a y t abl e t s i n s crib e d w i t h
,
TA B L E TS OF TE L E L- A M A R N A 59
c u n e i fo r m c h a ra ct e rs w e re s to re d u p a n d w h e re t h e
,
l a n g u a g e a n d s y l l a b a ry o f B ab y l o n i a w e re t a u g h t
a n d l e a rn e d .S u c h a l ib r a r y m u s t h a v e e x i s t ed i n
“
t h e C a n a a n i t e ci t y o f Ki rj a t h S eph er o r B o o k
-
t o w n (j u d g e s i . a n d i f i t s s i t e c a n e ve r b e
r e co ve re d a n d e x c a v a t e d w e m a y e x p ec t t o fi n d t h e re
i t s c ol l e c t i o n o f b o o k s w ri t t e n u p o n i m p e r i s h abl e
cl a y.
A m o n g t h e co r re s p o n d e n t s o f t h e E gy p t i a n
s o ve re i g n s w e re A s s u r yub a l li dh o f A s s y ri a a n d
-
B u rn a b u rya s o f B ab y l o n i a wh i c h t h u s fi x t h e d a te
-
,
o f K h u e n A t e n t o ab o u t 1 4 3 0 B C
- -
. . Palestin e an d
P h oe n ici a we re g a rri s o n e d a t t h e t i m e b y E g y p t i a n
t ro o p s a n d t h e re w e r e a s ye t n o t ra ce s o f t h e I s ra el i t e
,
i n the l a nd .B u t t h e C a n a a n i t i s h p o p u l a t i o n wa s
al re a d y t h re a te n e d b y a n e n e m y fro m t h e n o r t h .
T h es e we re t h e H i t t i t e s t o w h o m re fe re n ce s a re m ad e
,
i n s eve r a l o f t h e d es p a t c h e s fro m S y r i a a n d P h oe n i ci a .
A fte r t h e w e a k e n i n g o f t h e E g y p ti a n p o w e r i n c o n se
q u e n c e o f t h e r el i g i o u s t ro u bl e s w h i c h fol l o w e d t h e
d e a t h o f K h u en A t e n t h e H i t t i t es w e re e n a bl ed t o
- -
,
co m p l e t e t h e i r co n q u e s t s i n t h e s o u t h a n d t o dri v e
a w ed g e b e t w ee n t h e S e m i te s o f t h e E a s t a n d t h e
W e s t W i t h t h e re vi v al o f t h e E g y p t i a n e m p i re
.
u n d e r t h e r ul e rs o f t h e n i n e t ee n t h d y n a s t y t h e s o u t h
w a rd c o u rs e o f H i t t i t e co n q u es t wa s c h ec k ed b u t t h e
,
w a r s o f R a m s e s I I a g a i n s t t h e H i t t i t e s o f K a d es h o n
t h e O ro n t e s de s ol a t e d a n d e x h a u s te d C a n a a n a n d
p re p a re d t h e w a y fo r t h e I s r a el i t i s h i n v a s io n .
T wo fa ct s o f s p e ci al i n t e re s t t o t h e B ibl ic a l s t u d e n t
re s u l t fro m t h e d i s co ve ry o f t h e t abl e t s o f T e l e l
A m a rn a In t h e fi rs t p l a ce a s h a s b ee n s ee n t h e
.
, ,
d a t e o f t h e E x o d u s h a s b e e n a pp r o x i m a tel y d e te r
m i n e d ; a t a ll e ve n t s t h e E g y p t ol o g i s t s h a v e b ee n
,
s h o w n t o b e ri g h t i n n o t a s s i g n i n g i t t o a n e a rl i e r
p e ri o d t h a n 1 3 20 t h a t i s t o s a y t h e r ei g n o f
, ,
M e n e p t a h t h e s o n a n d s u cce s s o r o f R a m s e s I I In .
t h e s eco n d p l a ce l i g h t i s t h ro w n u p o n t h e s t a t e m e n t
,
o f E x od u s ( i 8 ) t h a t t h e P h a r a o h o f t h e o pp res s i o n
.
wa s a n ew k i n g w h i c h k n e w n o t J o s e p h We l e a r n .
”
fro m t h e t abl e t s t h a t K h u en A te n w a s n o t o n l y h al f
- -
S e m i t i c i n des ce n t a n d wh ol l y S e m i ti c i n fa i t h h e ,
a l s o s u rro u n d ed h i m s el f w i t h o f fi ce rs a n d c o u rt i e rs o f
P h oe n i ci a n o r C a n a a n i t i s h e x t r a c t i o n. T h e V i z ie r
h i m s el f wh o s t oo d n e x t t o t h e m o n a rc h a n d l i k e h i m
, ,
“ ”
i s a d d re s s e d a s l o rd b o re t h e n a m e o f D ud u t h e
, ,
D o d o a n d D a vi d o f t h e Ol d T e s t a m e n t w h i c h ,
bel o n g e d s p e ci fi call y t o t h e l a n d o f C a n a a n Most .
o f t h e E g y p t i a n g o ve rn o rs a n d l i e u ten a n ts fro m wh o m
t h e k i n g rece i ve d h i s d e s p a tc h e s h a d s i m il a rl y S e m i t i c
n a m es a n d i t i s cl e a r t h a t n o t o n l y w e r e S e m i t i c
,
c u l t u re a n d rel i g i o n d o m i n a n t i n E gy p t b u t m o s t o f
,
t h e o ffi ce s o f s t a t e w e re i n S e m i ti c h a n d s T h e ri s e
.
o f t h e n i n e t e en t h d y n a s ty u n d e r R a m s e s I m a rk e d .
t h e re a ct i o n a g a i n s t S e m i ti c i n fl u en ce a n d b ro u g h t
,
w i t h i t t h e e x p u l s i o n o f t h e fo rei g n e r
. T h eb es be ca m e
o n c e m o re t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e k i n g d o m a n d t h e ,
E g y p t i a n p ri es t h o o d a n d a ri s t o cra c y t o o k t h e i r r e
V e n g e u p o n t h e h a te d s t ra n g e r . H a d t h e i n su rre c
t i o n o f A ra b i b e en s u cces s ful t h e E u ro p e a n s w o u l d
,
TA B L E TS OF TE L E L - A M A R N A 61
h a ve fa re d i n o u r d a y a s t h e S e m i t es fa red i n t h e
d ays o f R a m se s .
T h e t ra n s l a t io n s wh i c h fol l o w a re t h o s e o f t abl e t s
w h i c h I h av e co p i e d a t C a i ro I h a v e s el e ct e d fo r
.
t h e m o s t p a r t t h e d e s p a t c h e s wh i c h w e re s en t fro m
S o u t h e rn P al es ti n e T h e o ri g i n al s a r e al l p re s e rve d
.
i n t h e M u s e u m o f B o u l a q w i t h t h e e x ce p t i o n o f N o
, .
I I I wh i c h wa s i n t h e p o s s es s i o n o f M U rb a i n
, .
Bo u ri a n t t h e d i re c t o r o f t h e F re n c h A rc h ae ol o g i c al
,
S c h o ol i n C a i ro a t t h e ti m e I co p i ed i t
,
T ra n s l i tera .
t io n s o f t h e t e x t s w i t h n o t e s w i l l a pp e a r i n a p a p e r
, ,
“
o f m i n e o n T h e t a bl e t s o f T el el A m a rn a n ow i n -
E g y p t ; a g e n e ra l a cco u n t o f t h e t abl e t s a t Bo u l a q a n d
”
i n B e rl i n w i ll b e fo u n d i n D r H u g o Wi n c kl e r s B er i c/z t
’
.
u eber di e Tnon ta f el n von Tel l el A m a rn a i n th e

-
,
S i tz u ngs ber i cb te der Rbn zgl i clz pr eu ss i scnen A ba de m i e

’
der Wi ssen s cna f ten z u B er l i n N o 5 1 , D ece m b er 1 8 8 8

, . .
I t m a y b e a d d e d t h a t A m e n Oph i s I I I a n d h i s s o n
A m e n Oph i s I V K h u e n A t e n a r e a d d re s s e d i n t h e
- -
t abl e t s b y t h ei r pr cen omi n a N i m m u ri ya a n d N i m u t riya

,
co r re s p o n d i n g t o t h e n a m e re a d M a n i b ri b y P ro - -
fesso r M a s p e ro ,
N a pkh u ru r u ri ya t o N o fi r kh o pi ru ri - -
.
N a pkh u ru ru riya i s al s o fo u n d abb re vi a te d i n t o

K h u ri (y a) wh ic h e x p l a i n s wh y i n t h e G re e k l i s t s
,
O ro s o cc u p i e s t h e p l a c e o f K h u e m A t en - -
.
D E S PAT C H E S F R O M PA L E STI N E IN T H E
C E N TU R Y B E F OR E T H E E X OD U S .
1
NO I .
To the king my lord , ,

3
°
5 my gods my S u n god
2
,
-
,
C
N b y letter
4 5
P - I speak even I Su arda ka ,
- -
P thy servant the dust of thy feet ,
S
N at the feet of the ki n g my lord ,
s my gods my S u n god
I -
, ,
o
c seven times seven do I prostrate mysel f .
‘
9 The king of (the country o f) directed the mouth
1 0 .to make wa r
1 1 .in the city of K E LTE 5
1 2 .he made wa r against thee the third time .
1 3 .A cry ( for assistance ) to myself

I4 .wa s brought
-
My city .
1 5 .b elonging to myself
1 6 .a db er ed to me .
7
1 7 .Ebed tob sends -
1 8 .to the men of K ELTE

1 No .my forthcomi g paper the tablets of T l l A mar a
X Ii n n on e e -
n .
2
T his is a curious p arall elism to the use of the plur a l E l / i m i oz n
H ebre w for the si gular

”
G od n .
3 Th E gy ptia
e Pharaoh w as t o ly
n the so of the S but w as no n n un,
also ide ti fi ed w ith the S g od himself
n un- .
4
K i d/zema a tma .
5 arda is a purely A y Babylo ia am e d sho w s ho w far

Su- -
ka ss ro - n n n , an
the cultivated classes of W ester A sia had g o e i adopti g the Babylo n ia

n n n n n
la guage
n .
5
Th H ebre w K eilah ( J osh xv 4 4
e S m no w K il a . .
, 1 a . .
7 Ab d D habba w hich may ho w ever also be read Ab d K hima

-
C om -
, , , .
p are the ames of T b R immo ( K i g s xv

n a d T b ! ( Is vi i
-
n 1 n , . an a -
e . .
TAB L E TS OF TE L E L - A I
IIA R N A 63
he sends 1 4 p ieces of silver and ,
they marched against my rear

and the domains of the king my lord
they overran K E LTE .
my city Ebed tob -
removed from my j urisdiction

the pl ea su r e p a r k of the king my lord
1
and the fortress of B el nathan -
2
an d the fortress of Hamor from
before him and his j ustice
he removed L a b ap i .
-
the lza l ti ng in speech occupied

the fortress of N I N U and
n o w La b api -
together with Ebed tob and -
[his men ] has occupied the fortress of N NI U

when the king to his servant
La cu n a .
ON TH E ED GE
i . As regards this m atter N o ,
2 . t wice has the king returned ( this ) ans wer .
3
No 1 1 .
Tbe c omm en cem en t o ftlze despa tclz i s l os t .
( A nd
) again the city of PIR (GA R
a fortress which ( is) in front of th is country ,
I made faithful to the king A t the same time .
5
the city of G AZ A belonging to the king which
the coast of the sea
,
1 W ritten
ideo graphically EN M U i Assyria Bil adi -
, n n -
n n .
2
W ritte n
w ith the ideogr aph of ass m H b kl m T here is
”
e er , e . za
‘
or .
a similar play upo the ame of the A morite i the Ol d T estamen t G

n n n , en .
xxxiv .etc com pared w ith xlviii

2 , . . 22.
o X i my forthcomi g Paper
3 N n n
. .
T h traces of th last character com posi g the n ame of the city seem
4
e e n
to S ho w that it w as g a r.
5 K lt a z a t i ki -
.
west ward of the land of the city of G K AT H -

A R M EL,
1
to Urgi and the men of the city of G ATH

fell a way I rode i n my clza r i ot a second time
.
,
an d we made a march up ( out of E G YP T) and ,
La b api -
an d the country which thou holdest

2
to the confederates with
Melech A r il [attached themselves
3 -
a second time ’
,
an d he took the children as lzosta ges

At the same time he utters their request
4
to the men of the land of KI R J AT H
5
an d then we defended the city of U U SR R I .
The men of the garrison whom thou hadst left

in it A pis my messenger all ( of them )
5
,
collected A dda si rakan .

-
in his house in the city of G AZ A
1 his seems to be the mea i g of the w ords G i t i K i —i —m i i l — b i

T n n n - -
r -
a -
.
B t the fi rst bi may be the determ i ative affi x of locality i w hich case w e
u n , n
should have to read Gath I m il Th difli l ty here is the stra g e ame -

r a . e cu n n
I m il
r It may ho w ever be com pared w ith that of J armuth
a .
, w Y m ut , , no ar
( J osh x 3 etc )
. . , .
2
A m i l i K /
z b i i T h K habiri or “
co federates are spoke of i
a r . e n n n
the tablet ext tra slated ( li e n w here they are described as borderi g
n n n
u po R abbah d K eilah Th w ord occurs i K 8 9 li es 4 d 8 i

n an . e n 0, n a n , n
the se se of com pa io s ( i t p b bi i y ipt

n
“ i i “
from the
n n s a a n za r -
a
'
a r sa n n ,
face of my com pa io s he has separated me It use i these despatches

n n s n
as the ame of a body of m w ho possessed territory i the south of

n en n
Palesti e is very i teresti g as it thro w s li g ht

n the ori g i of the ame of
n n , on n n
H ebro d exp lai s w hy the ame is

n, a n t met w ith i the E gyptia lists
n n no n n
of the Palesti ia cities K / b ( H ebro ) i fact de oted the C o

n n . ze r on n , n ,
n n
federacy of tribes w ho met at the great sa ctua r y of K irjath A rba the

"
n -
,
termi atio o ) bei g that w hich as i J eshuru or Zebulo or S imeo

n n -
‘
u n ,
n n n n,
disti g uished territorial ames I the list of Palesti ia cities give by

n n . n n n n
Th t h m s III at K ar ak the place of H ebro

o e seems to be take by n n n
Ya a q b l “ J acob is El or g od ”
a -
c , .
M oloch is A r il A r il is the A é l or hero of the M oabite S to e '

3 '
. r n
of the Ol d T estame t ( Isaiah xxxiii 7 ) w hich appears as A riel i S m n . n 2 a .
xxiii . d I sai ah xxix

2 0, a n w ho applies the term to J erusalem L ike . 1 , 2, .
the w riter of the despatch Isaiah co sidered the w ord to be a com pou d ,
n n
of £1 or i l G d , o .
4
Q t i ki T h e K irj ath mea t is probably either K irj ath A rba
a r -
. n -
( H ebro ) or K irjath S ph
n B t it may be K irj ath B aal ( J osh xv
-
e er. u -
. .
5 W ritte U rurus i i n the ext despatch ( li n e

n I ca ot ide tify n nn n
the to w n .
1 8 . on the district of the men of the city of K E I LA H .
1 9 . An d I overthre w [the enem ies of the king

Th e r em a i n i ng l i n es a re too m u ch i nj u r ed for t r a n sl a ti on .
1
N o IV .
2
To D f i du my lord my father , ,
3
I speak even Az i ru thy son thy servant
, ,
at the feet of my father I prostrate myself ;

unto the feet of my father may there b e peace !
0 Df [
i du n o w the daughter,
[of the king my lord Gam a ,
the foundation
of the palace of my lord the king has been laid
and for a temple I have founded ( it) .
1 0 . This I have done : as for thee there is none (else)

1 1 . my father and n o w the plantation s ,
1 2 . O Df i du my father set in the ground

, , ,
1 3 . and I will look after the girl .
1 4 .
[ ]
And thou ( art) my father and my lord .
1 5 .
[Verily ] I will look after the girl ; the kings of the
A M OR I TES
1 6 .
[are ] thy and my house ( is ) from
1
my forthcomi g Paper
N 0 IX i n
. n .
2
iblical D odo ( J ud g x
Th e B S m xxiii 4 Ch x 6 ) or . . 1 ,
2 a . . 2 , 1 r . 1 . 1 2, 2
D d o Th ame pu ctuated D avid is also w ritte D d H itherto the

. e n n n o .
n ame has t bee fou d outside the B ible d the M oabite S to e ( w here
no n n a n n
ki g M esha tates that he carried a w ay the l or heroes of Y ahveh

n S a re s
a nd D odah ) thou g h the ame of the C artha g i ia g oddess D ido sho w s that
,
n n n
it also existed i Ph e ici a A ccordi g to A ssyria list of deities D adu

n o n n . n an n
w as the ame g ive to H adad or R immo i Phoe icia d Palesti e thus

n n n n n an n ,
explai i g the ame of B edad or B D d the

n n n of D d the ame of en -
a ,
‘
so n a ,
"
n
Edomite ki g ( G xxxvi I A ssyria D adu the beloved o "

a n n en . . n n ,
ne,
w as epithet applied to T ammu the S g od

an z un- .
3 Th B iblical E er e z .
T h w ord is A m
4
i w hich de otes the A morites of orther
e ur S y ia,
n n n r
i other tablets of the collectio

n w here ho w ever it is preceded by the de n, , ,
termi ative of cou try or people It is therefore possible that here it is the
n n .
fi rst perso of A ssyria verb Ihave see

n a n n n .
TA B L E TS OF TE L E z -
AM A R N A 67
I7 . and the planting

1 8 . I have directed and
1 9 . the planting I have accomplished .
[ ]
And thou to the presence
of my [lord ] in the com panion ship
,
the foundation stones of the palace I laid -

.
Th e n ext n i n e l i n es a re t oo m u ti l a tedfor tr a nsl a ti on .
[ ]
A nd I ( am ) the serva n t of the king my lord ,
[wh o comes ] from ( ful filling) the orders of the king m y

lord
[and ] from ( ful filling) the orders of D fi du my father .
I o b serve [all of them ] until his return .
h e se n ds [a messe n ger]
he se n
.
,
ds a soldier ,
b ut let me come to thee .
1
No V .
I [To] the great [king] the king of the world the king
.
, ,
[of E G YP T
] ,
N I present myself 0 creator of everything which ( is ) great

, ,
» C( I ) the servant of the mighty lord to the ki ng ,
P- my [ lord ] at the feet of m y lord the Su n god -

, ,
A seven times seven I prostrate myself

L
V erily is .
O the king my lord Lo exceedingly po werful .

,
is he co n stituted L o a mouth of j udgment in 2

.
,
thy presence exists The men .
of the city of T S U M U R A b elonging to the king ( are )

3
su bj ects
1 0 of the king L o the city of Z A R A K ( sends ) this report
. .
,
1 I The four sons of Ab d A si [rti] have b een capture d

.
4 -
,
1
my forthcomi g Paper
N o X IV i n
. n .
2
the H b m i hpddh
lIa spu dh ,
I/
e . s .
3 of classical w riters the B i bli l Zemar ( G

Th e S i m yra at , ca en . X .
the foot of L eba o i Ph e icia n n n o n .
A b d A i ti or Ab d A i rt
4 -
s r is also called A b d A a t i d accordi g to
-
s a -
sr , a n n
D rW i ckler i
. n of the T l l A mar a tablets w at Berli the
, n one e e - n , no n,
w ord A é ti is preceded by the determi ative of divi ity A dt i is the

sr n n . sr
and there is no one wh o has brought the ne ws

to the king as well as cou n sel B ehold , .
the servant of thy j ustice ( am ) I an d as for thee ,
what I have heard I have des patched to my lord .
1
A march has been made against the city of
T S U M U [R A ]
which like a bird whose nest on a preci p ice
is laid
is exceedingly strong .
An d as for the messengers whom

from the h ouse of
I sent into the city of T S U M U R A
,
I have seen their entrance .
A n d Y a [pa ] A ddu the w a r es ( P ) 2 -
did not place with m e .
They took also the men of

h is cavalry an d the stone ,
of my j ustice an d ,
the divine image the sceptres ( and ) the stone of ,
sovereignty ,
3
the god of the oracles of the king ; and
’
the king spoke to them .
A n d thou didst the ( seats ) thou hast se

4
l e c te d
as many as the king created for them .
An d the son of the servant of the lord and the wife of

the father
plural of A i t i w hich the cu eiform syllabaries explai by the w ords

s r ,
n n
“
hi g h place oracle a d sa ctuary
"
, It is the , hi
"
h of the Ol d
n n . a s ra
T estame t mistra slated “ g rove i the A uthorised V ersio "

n , n Th n n. e
A sh erah w as pro perly the upri g ht post ofte see upo n A ssyria g ems n n n
w hich symbo l i sed the g oddess of fertility T h e latter bore the ame of . n
A sh erah like her symbol amo g the S outher C a aa ites

, , d corres po ded
n n n n ,
a n n
to the A shtoreth or A star t e of Phoe icia Ab d A si ti w ould si g ify the n .

- t n
serva t of A sh erah
n .
1
O “ cou sel has bee n take n
r n the A ssyria n m i l i h si gn ifyi g both ,
n
“
march d cou sel
a n n .
"
2
Ki t “
na nafem ale slaves i A ssyria but here perhaps (like the
u
,
n n,
H ebre w Ch i a mercha t derived from the ame of C a aa

en a a n ,
n n n n .
3
C om pare the H ebre w U rim d T hummim i n the breastplate of the a n
H i g h Priest .
4
T h readi g a d tra slatio n of this li n e are extremely doubtful
e n n n .
TA B L E TS OF TE L E L ~ A II
IA R N A 69
( even ) of the god of heaven and earth the king have , ,
spoken to the m en .
( I have collected ?) all my servants

he went u p
b efore me and ,
Thi s l i n e h a s been des tr oyed .
( N ear ) me there wa s no one at all

of them whether two or three
,
1
and the god heard
the words of the servan t of his justice and the god ,
b rought life to h is servant ;

and the action of his servant he enquired after a second
2
time ,
which m ay h e requ ite _

unto me an d may the great ,
lady
wh o ( is ) with thee and the female domestics of the
,
palace V erily A z iru an d

.
Y apa Addu h ave taken u p opposition

-
to wards me and have n o t marched up ( the country )

,
any one ( of them ) They held a co n ference .
with m e . That place of observatio n

b elonging to me which my father gave me , ,
even the ki n g for ever [implies ]

, ,
the maki n g of words on the part of me the serva n t of

[ ]
thy j ustice .
A n d I rej oiced also within myself at

these words (which ) I have uttered eve n I ,
the dust of thy feet 0 king ! ,
0 father thy father is not A z i ru

,
3
he has not girdled the world
with his governors an d his prophesyi n g [and ]4
a n d goddesses a n d the god K U

[ ]
his god
[ ]
It is the w ork of his ser va n t and ,
to defen d the house of thy father

agai n st th e cou n try of T A R K U M IY A marched
1
T hat is the E gyptia mo arch
,
n n .
2
S uch seems to be the mea i g of the ex pressio n n n i st u sa n i .
the sons of Ab d A si rta and -

,
there took the cou ntry of the king b elonging to them

the king of the country of M I TA N A N A N U and the ki n g
1 -
of the country of T A R KU S I and the king of the count ry

of the H I TT I TE S 2
.
The god wh o inspires the king the soldiers of the king ,
along with Y a n kh a n the servant

3
of the k i n g of the cou n try of Y A R IM U TA
[ ]
and the gate keeper M i l ku mi - -
[took w ith them

they came forth [and]
he sends them .
4
N o VI .
To the king of E G YP T my lord , ,
b y letter
5
I speak ( even I ) the king of the country ,
AL A S IYA
thy b rother .
Unto mysel f ( is) peace ,
and upon thee may there be peace

To thy house thy children thy so n , , ,
thy wives thy ma n y chariots thy horses

, , ,
and in E G YP T thy country

may there be a b undance of peace
1 0 . O my brother m y messenger ,
II . a costly gift carefully

I2 . has carried to them an d has heard ,
I3 . thy salutation .
1
ita a or M ita i lay the easter ba k of the E uphrates orth of
M n nn on n n n
the B l ikh accordi g to the a als of T i gl th pil

e n I A docket attached nn a -
e se r .
to oneof the T l l A mar a tablets ide ti fi es it w i th the E gyptia N h i

e c -
n n n a r na ,
the A ram N h i m of the Ol d T estame t of w hich Chusha rish th i m

-
a a ra n n- -
a a
w as ki g (J ud ges iii
n W hat is mea t by the su f . fix I ca ot n na nu nn
explai n . Kh t 2
a a .
3
Y im t is described i a other tablet as ituated upo the sea to
ar u a n n S n ,
the orth of Ph e icia

n o n .
N4
V Ii my forthcomi g Pa per
o . n n .
5
Al iy is the S yria cou try called Al h or A osh by the
as a n n os a r a
E gyp tolo g ists .

TA B L E TS OF TE L E L - A /l/A R N A
This man is my m inister ,

O m y b rother
I
5 . carefully the costly gift
-
1 6 . has he conveyed to the m .
1 7 . My mi n ister my ship
has not
1 9 . b rought
20 . together with them .
THE I N S C R I P T I ON S O F T E L L O H
T R AN SLAT ED BY A R T H U R A M IAU D
( Con ti n uedfr om Vol I)

.
FOR a n a cco u n t o f t h es e i n t e res t i n g i n s cri p t io n s,
wh i c h g o b a c k t o t h e e a rl y d a w n o f B a b y l o n i a n
h is to r y a n d a re w ri t t e n i n t h e n o n S e m i t i c l a ng u a g e
,
-
o f p r i m i t i ve C h al d ae a t h e re a d e r i s re fe r re d t o t h e
,
fi rs t v ol u m e o f t h e n e w s e ri e s o f t h e R ecor ds of th e
Pa s t pp 4 2
, .
for the life

of Ur b au
-
the patesi
of S H IR PU R LA ,
U r E l l i l l a has b rought this da

-
,
and for the life of the wife of his

he has consecrated it .
IN S CR IPTION S OF TE L L OH
75
V II . I N S CR I P T I ON S OF G UDEA
I .
-
IN sC R IPT IO N ON S T AT U E A OF T H E LO UVR E 1
C artouche e n graved on the ri g h t shoul der .
H Gudea ,
N the patesi
w of S H IR PU R L A ,
{
a
- wh o the temple E N IN N U -
n of the god N IN G IR S U -
w
o has constructed .
C OL UMN I
Fo r the goddess N IN -
G H A R SA G ,
the goddess wh o protects the city ,
the mother of its i n habitants ,
for his lady ,
Gudea
the patesi
of S H IR PU R LA
her temple of the city G IR SU K I -
has constructed .
C OL UMN II
I Her sacred a l ta r
.
2 h e has made
. .
3 The holy throne of her divi n ity

.
4 he has made
. .
5 In her sanctuary he has placed them

. .
6 From the m ountains of the lan d of M G N

. A A
2
1 D ec o u v er tes
'
, pl . 20 . The i scri ptio has bee tra slated by

n n n n M .
S ep t . 1 4 th , 1 883 .
U M N III
C OL
a rare stone he has caused to b e brought ;

for her statue
he has caused it to b e cut .
“
0 goddess wh o fixes the destin ies of heaven
an d earth ,
N IN —
TU
mother of the gods ,
of Gudea
C OL U M N IV
1 . the bu ilder of the temple

2 . prolong the life ! ”
3 . b y this name he has named it ( i e the statue ) . .

,
4 . and in the tem ple he has placed it .
No . 2 .
—
IN S C R I P T I ON ON STAT U E B OF TH E LO UV RE
1
C OL UMN I
I . In the tem ple of the god N i N -

G IR S U ,
2 . his ki n g ,
3 . the statue of Gudea ,
4 . the pates i
5 . of S H IR PUR LA ,
6 . wh o the temple E N IN N U -
7 . has constructed
8 . 1 ya of fermented liquor ,
1 ya of food
9 .
,
1 0 . half a ga of
II . h a l fa qa of .
1 2 . such are the o fferings which it institutes .
I3 . As for the pates i

I4 . wh o shall revoke them ,
I5 . wh o the orders of the god N IN G IR S U -
1 6 . shall transgress ,
1 7 . let the Offeri n gs in stituted b y him

1 8 . i n the tem ple of the god N IN G IR SU -
1
Th e fi rst colum has bee tra slated by
n n n D r Oppert : om m u n i c a t i on s . C
( 1 IA ca dem i e des In s c r ipt i on s et B el l es L ett r es M
'
1 882
-
, arch .
IN S CR IP TION S OF TE L L OH 77
1 9 . b e revoked !
20 . Let the commands of his m outh be annulled !
C OL U MN II
To the god N IN —G IR SU ,
the po werful warrior

of the god E LL ILL A ,
G udea ,
the a r ch i tect
the patesi
of S H IR PU R LA ,
the shepherd chosen b y the unchangea b le will

of the god N IN G IR SU
-
regarded with a favourable eye

b y the goddess N I N A ,
do wered with po wer

b y the god N IN —D A R A ,
covered with reno wn

by the goddess BA U ,
the offspring
of the goddess G UT U M D U G ,
do wered with sovereig n ty a n d the sceptre

supreme
b y the god G A L—A L I M ,
C OL UMN III
I proclaimed afar among livi n g creat u res

.
2 b y the god D UN S H A GA
.
-
,
3 w hose
. primacy has b een firmly founded
b y the god N IN GI S H Z I D A - -
5 his god
. .
6 A fter that the god N IN —

. G IR S U
7 had . turned to w ards h is city a favourable ga ze
8 ( and ) Gudea
.
9 had chosen as the faithful shepherd of the

.
country
and among the m of men
'
1 0 ( ) . d i si on s
1 1 had esta b lished his po wer

. ,
I 2 then he puri f
. i ed the ci ty a n d cleansed it .
I 3 He has laid the fou n dations ( of a temp l e )

.
I4 an d deposited the foundation cyli n der

.
-
.
1 5 The adorers of the demons

.
U M N IV C OL
the evokers of spirits

the necromancers ( P) ,
the prophetesses of divine decrees

he has banished from the city .
Wh oever has not departed o b ediently ,
has been expelled perforce by the warriors .
The tem ple of the god N IN G IR SU -
i n all respects
i n a pure place he has constructed .
N o tom b has b een destroyed

n o sepulch ral urn has b een b roken
no son has ill treated his mother
-
.
The m inisters ,
the j udges ,
the doctors ,
the chiefs ,
during the execution of this work

have worn ga rn m en ts of
D uring all the time ( of its construction )
UMN V C OL
I in the cemetery of the city no ditch has b een

.
excavated
2 no corpse has b een interred
.
3 The R a i d has performed his fu neral music or

2
.
u ttered his lamentations ;

4 the female
. mourner has not caused her l a m en
ta t i o n s to b e heard .
5 On the territory
.
6 of S H IR PUR L A
.
1 g ive the tra slatio of the li es w hich follo w as far as col v

I n n n , . . 1 .
4 ,
i clusively o ly w ith the greatest reserve

n , n .
T h h l ? w ere a class of priests

2
e a t . .
IN S CR IPTION S OF TE LL OH 79
a man at variance (with his neigh b our)

1
to the place of oath
has taken no one
a b rigand
has entered the house of no one .
For the god N IN G IR S U -
his king
( Gudea ) has made the dedicatory i n sc ri
p
tions
his temple E N I N N O which illuminates the
-
darkness
he has constructed
and reinstated .
In the interior ( of th is temple ) h is favourite
1 9 . of cedar wood -
20 . he has constructed for h im .
2 1 . A fter that the tem ple of the god N IN G IR S U -
2 2 . he has had constructed ,
2 3 . the god N IN C I R S U -
,
2 4 . the king beloved b y h im ,
2 5 . from the S ea of the H ighlands ( E M )

L A
2
2 6 . to the lo wer S ea
2 7 . has forcefully opened ( the ways) for him .
3
2 8 . In Am amum the mountain of cedars , ,
[joists ] of cedar ,
30 . whose [length ] wa s 7 0 s p ans ,
3 1 .
[and j oists ] of cedar
3 2 . whose [length wa s] 5 0 spans ,
[ ]
4
33 . and j oists of box
34 . whose length wa s 2 5 spans ,
35 . he has caused to b e cut

36 . from this mountain he has caused them to be
brought .
1 hat is a court of justice

T ,
.
2
That is the Persia g ulf
,
n .
3
Evide tly A ma s i orther S yria
n nn n n n .
The A ssyria h i F its expla atio see

n ur a r n n u. or n n a n article by the
R ev . C J B all P
. . di g qfth S i ty f B i bl i l A
, r oc ee n s e oc e o ca rc h l gy xi p
ceo o , . .
1 43 .
The
he has made .
The
he has made .
The
he has made .
The
he has made .
A s for the cedars

( some ) to form great gates
he has employed
with b rilliant ornaments he has enrich ed
them
an d in the tem ple E N IN N U -
he has placed them .
( O thers ) in his sanctuary E m agh ki a sig dé da - - - - - -
he has used as beams .
N ear the city of U R S U ,

1
in the mountains of IB LA -
j oists of z a ba n u m trees ,
of great sha h u trees

2 -
,
of t u l n bu m trees and of gi n trees , ,
he has caused to b e cut ;
C OL UM N VI
1 . in the tem ple of E N IN N U -
2 . he has caused them to be u sed as beams .
3 . FrOm S H A M A N U M
4 . in the mountains of M E N U A ,
5 . from SUSA LL A (P) 3
4
6 . in the m ountains of M AR T U ,
7 . n a ga l stones
8 . he has caused to be brought

9 . in slabs
1 ommel has proposed to read this ame D alla I should prefer
Dr H . n .
to read T illa explai ed by U dh i W A I ii 4 8 3

,
n r u n . . .
, . , 1 .
It is the tree called

2
h dh by the A ssyria s a s u n .
3 Th readi g is u certai D H ommel reads K asalla com pa i g the

e n n n. r. , r n
K ll of W A I iv 3 4 3
a za a .
33 . . , Phoe icia
. . 1 , .
4
n .
39 . from th e mountains of M E LUG H G H A

40 . he has imported
4 1 . to make the E M A R T U 1-
42 . he has employed it .
43 . L i d r i ( P)
-
44 . he has imported .
45 . From th e country of G U B I N
2
46 . the lan d of the gh a l uh u trees ,
47 .
gh a l u h u wood
48 . he has imported ;
49 . to make pi l l a r s
50 . h e has em ployed it .
51 . From the coun try of M A D G A

52 . in the mountains of the river G U R R U D A
53 . bi tu men ( P)
54 . h e has imported ;
55 . the p l atform of the temple E N IN N U -
56 . he has constructed .
57 .
-
um
58 . he has imported .
59 . From the m ountains of BA R S IP

60 . n a l u a stones
61 . in large boats
62 . he has caused to be brough t
63 . the foundation of the temple E N I N N O he has en -
circled with them .
64 . B y arm s the city o fA N S H AN in the country of E L A M

,
65 . he has conquered
66 . its spoils
67 . to the god N IN G IR SU -
68 . in the temple E N I N N O -
69 . he has consecrated .
70 . Gudea ,
71 . the patesi
72 . of S H IR PU R L A ,
73 . after that the tem ple E N I N N O -
1
em ple of the W est —
T Ed ] . .
Th tree called h l pp i A ssyria

2
e u u u n n .
[Th e umeria ame may be
S n n
read gh l p of w hich h l pp w ould be

a u , u u u a n Assyria modi fi catio
n n. Ed ]
.
to the god N IN G IR SU -
he had constructed ,
has built an edi fice

a pz Z
Za rm temple
'
’
C OL UMN
no patesi
for the god N IN C I R S U -
had constructed
he has constructed it for him .
He has written there his name

he has made dedicatory inscription s
The orders o f the m outh
of the god N IN C I R SU -
he has faith fully executed .
From the mountains of the country of M AG AN ]
a hard sto n e he has imported .
For h is statue
he has caused it to be cut .
O my king ,
whose temple
I have b u i l t ,
may life be my recom pense

By this name he has named ( the statue ) ,
and i n the temple E N IN N fi -
he has erected it .
Gudea
unto the statue
has given command
“
To the sta tue of my ki n g
speak
A fter that the temple E N IN N fi -
,
his favourite temple

I had constructed ,
I have remitted penalties I have given presents ,

.
D uring seven days obeisance has not b een exacted .
The female slave has b een made the equal of her

mistress
[T h e S i n aitic Pe n i n sula M idia
1 a nd n .
]
RE C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
the male slave

has been made the equal of his master ;
in my city the chief of h is su bj ect
has b een made the equal .
A ll that is evil from this temple

I have removed .
Over the commands

of the goddess N I N A
and the god N l N G IR S U -
I have carefully watched .
A fa u l t the rich man has not comm itted

all that he has desired ( P) the strong m a n has
done.
The house where there wa s n o son ,
it is its daughter wh o n ew o f
,
erings ( P )
f
has consecrated
for the statue of the god
b efore the m outh she has placed them .
Ofthis statue ,
neither in silver nor in ala b aster

nor in copper nor in tin
nor in bro n z e
let a n y o n e u ndertake the execution
L et it b e of hard sto n e
L e t a sacristy b e esta b lished ,
and of all that shall b e b rought there

let nothi n g b e destroyed !
The stat u e which is b efore thee ,
0 god N IN G IR S U
-
,
the statue
of Gudea ,
C OL U M N V I I I
the patesi
of S H IR PU R LA ,
wh o the tem ple E N I N N O

’
-
of the god N IN C I R SU -
has con structed ,
whosoever from the tem ple E N I N N O -
shall remove
IN S CR IP TION S OF TE L L OH
( )
or its inscription
shall efface
whosoever shall break i t
on the fortunate day of the commencement
the year ,
whoever in the place of my god ,
his god
an d it is N IN C I R S U
-
wh o is my king
i n the country sh all invoke ;
(whoever) my j udgments
shall transgress ,
my gifts
shall revoke
( w hoever ) in the recitation of my prayers
shall suppress my name
and insert his o wn
(whoever) of the H oly of H olies of the god
G IR S U my ki n g
, ,
shall a b a n don the ser vi ce

an d shall not keep it ( ever ) b efore h is eyes
from the most distant days ,
of all men of noble race ,
of the pa tes is
of S H IR PU R LA
wh o the temple E N I N N O -
of the god N IN C I R S U -
m y king
h ave co n structed ,
and wh o have made dedicatory inscriptions

the words of their mouth
let no one change
nor transgress their j udgments !
OfGudea ,
the pates i
of S H IR PU R L A ,
whoever shall change his words

or transgress h is j udgments ,
may the god A N N A ,

may the god E LL ILL A ,
m ay the goddess N IN G H A R SAG -
may the god E N K r whose word is u nchangeable

-
, ,
may the god E N ZU whose name none p ronounces

-
, ,
may the god N IN G IR S U -
the king of weapons ,
m ay the goddess N I N A
the m istress of interpretations ,
may the god N IN D A R A -
the royal warrior ,
may the mother of S H IR PU R LA

the august goddess G AT U M D U G ,
may the goddess BA U

the lady the elder daughter of A N N A ,
may the goddess N I N N I

the lady of b attles ,
may the god B A B BA R

the king of a b undance (P ) ,
may the god PA SAG

the master workman of men
may the god G A L A L I M A
-
,
may the god D UN S H A G A N A-

,
m ay the goddess N IN M A R K I -
C OL UMN IX
the eldest daughter of the goddess N IN A ,
may the goddess D U Z I A BZU -
the m istress of K IN U N IR K I -
,
may my god N IN GI S H Z I D A
-
,
change his destiny !

L ike an ox ,
may he be slain in the midst of his pros p erity

L ike a wild b ull
m ay he be felled in the plenitude of his strength
A s for his throne may those even who m he has re
,
du c ed to captivity
overthro w it in the dust
To efface its traces
even of its m emory
IN S CR IPTION S OF TE L L OH 87
may they apply their care

H is name in the temple of his god
,
may they efface from the tablets !

May his god
for the ruin of the country h ave no look ( of pity )
May he ravage it with rains from heaven
May he ravage it with the waters of the earth
M ay he become a man without a name
May his princely race be reduced to subjection
May this man ,
like every man wh o has acted evilly to wards h is chief ,
afar u nder the vault of heaven in no city whatsoever

, ,
fi nd a habitation
Ofthe champion of the gods ,
the lord N IN C I R S U -
the greatness
may the peoples p roclaim !
No 3 . .
—IN SC R I PT I ON ON S T AT U E C OF T H E L o u v ma .
1
C OL UMN I
The god N IN GI S H Z I DA
- -
is the god of Gudea ,
the patesi
wh o the temple E A N N A -
has constructed .
C OL U MN II
I To the goddess N I N N I
.
,
2.the m istress of the world ,
3 to his lady
.
,
4 Gudea
.
5 the a r chi tect

.
6 the pates i
.
7 of S H IR PU R L A
.
,
1 Partially tra slate d by

n Dr . H ommel : Vor semi t i sc/zen K u l t u r en ,
P. 4 60 .
wh o the tem ple of E N I N N O -
has constructed .
A fter that the goddess N I N N I

her fa voura b le regard
had cast u pon him ,
Gudea ,
the patesi
a man endo wed with large understanding ,
a servant to h is m istress
devoted ,
to make the tablet like amulets ( P )-
has ordered ( P ) ;
of the l ea a l-
he has caused the splendour to shine .
C OL UMN III
I . H is clay ( for the construction of the temple) in a

pure place
he has caused to be taken
his b ricks
in a holy place
he has caused to b e moulded .
Its si te ( P )
b e has cleaned a n d levelled
its fou n da ti on (P )
in the
he has firmly established
The favourite temple ( of the goddess) ,
the tem ple of E A N N A i n G IR SU—K I

-
,
he has built .
From the mou n tains of the land of M AG A N

a rare stone he has imported
for her statue
he has cau sed it to be cut .
“
OfG udea ,
the b uilder of the temple

the shepherd chosen b y the immutable will

,
the po werful m inister

of the goddess N I N A ,
covered with reno wn

by the goddess BAU ,
the o ffspring b egotten

b y the goddess G ATU M D UG ,
endo wed with sovereignty an d the sceptre su preme
C OL U MN II
by the god G AL A L I M -
,
proclaimed afar among living creatures

by the god D UN S H A GAN A -
,
the governor
wh o loves his city ,
o ) has m ade dedi ca tory

( wh inscriptions ,
( an d wh o ) his tem p le of E —N IN N U wh ich illumines ,
the darkness ,
has co n structed .
In the interior ( of the temple ) his favourite gzgu u u 1
he has made for him of cedar wood -

.
The temple of E G H UD his temple in 7 stages

-
, ,
he has cons tructed .
In this tem ple the o f ferings

of the goddess BA U
C OL UMN III
I his lady
.
2.he has regulated .
3 H is favourite bark
.
—
4 named K a r u u u ta é a
- 2 -
5 he has caused to be made

.
6 on the K a r z a gi n kci s u r r a
.
- - -
1
erhaps related to gdg m u “ a fi eld — E d ]
[P z , . .
2
should re der the quay w hich comes forth from the lord — E d ]
[I n : . .
3
erhaps the am e of a ca al [I should tr slate i t
P n n
“
the quay
. an :
w hich ru s from the w hite sto e of the g ate

n n .
[ zVS C R IP TION S OF TE LL OH 91
he has placed it .
The cre w of this bark

and its captain
he has organised .
The temple of h is lord

to the summit he has raised
For the goddess B A U ,
the good lady ,
the daughter of AN N A ,
for his lady

her tem ple of U R U AZAG GA -
C OL UMN IV
he has constructed .
B y the p o wer of the goddess N I N A ,
b y the po wer of the god N IN G IR SU -

,
to Gudea
wh o has endo wed with the sceptre
the god N IN G IR SU -
,
1
the country of M AG AN ,
the country of M E LU G H G H A ,
2
the country of G U I B ,
3
and the country of N I U T K ,
which possess e very ki n d of tree ~

,
vessels laden with trees of all sorts

into S H IR PU R LA
have sent .
From the mountain s of the lan d of M AG AN

a rare stone he has caused to come
for h is statue
C OL U M N V
I he has caused it to be cut

.
.
2 . 0 king for the force immense

,
which
3 no
. country can r esi s t
( P) ,
4 0 god N IN C I R S U
-
.
,
5 for Gudea
.
1
i aitic Pe i sula ] Perhap s C optos i E gy pt 2 n
[T h e S n n n .
.
3 Th T lm
e i of the A ssyria s i the Persia Gulf
un n ,
n n .
6 . the builder of the temple

7 . appoint a prosperous fate ! ”
8 . b y th is name he has named ( the statu e ) ,
9 .
( and ) i n the tem ple of E N IN N U -
1 0 . he has placed it .
No .
5.
— IN S C R I PT I ON ON S T AT U E E OF T H E LO UVR E .
C artouche on the ri gh t sh oulder .
I G udea
.
,
2 the patesi
.
3 of S H IR PU R L A
. .
C OL UMN I
To the goddess B AU ,
the good lady ,
the daughter of A N N A ,
the mistress of U R U A ZA G GA -
,
the m istress of abun dance ,
the lady wh o fixes the destinies of C I R S U -

R I,
the lady wh o j udges her city ,
the lady beloved of mor ta l s

the lady of a ea tfi ’
to his lady ,
G udea
the patesi
of S H IR PU R LA ,
w h o ( the temple ) of E N IN N U -
of the god N IN G IR SU -
has constructed .
A fter that the goddess B A U

h is m istress
in her august heart had chosen h im
C OL UMN II
i
t
- as a servant full of reverent ial fear ,
u for his mistress

o
b the greatness of his m is tress
A he has proclaimed ,
1 6 . For the goddess B A U ,

I7 . his m istress ,
1 8 . the m istress wh o UR U ~
A ZAG G A
1 9 . directs ,
20 . in U R U AZAG GA
-
,
C OL UMN IV
in a pure place ,
he has b u ilt the temple .
The holy throne

of his divinity
he has made
in the place of her oracles
he has installed it .
Her sacred a l ta r ( P )
he has made
in her sanctuary
he has placed it .
The ta ber n a cl e ( P ) ( called ) AN DA -

GAL -
R I
1
he h a s m ade
in her sanctuary
he has installed it .
C OL UMN V
1 . the commencement of the y ear

At ,
2 the festival of the goddess B AU

.
3 when offeri n gs are made to her

.
,
2
4 I ox sli c
.
,
3
5 1 sheep i
. n ,
6 3 sheep si ze
.
,
4
7 6 sheep
. u slz ,
8 2 lam b s
.
,
9 7 p a t of dates
.
,
1 0 7 sl za b of cream
.
,
II 7 shoots of a palm
.
,
Th e lady of the place of the mater al dei ty n —

Ed]
Y ou g P —E d ]
. .
n
3
F t P —Ed ]
. a .
4
M ale ?
IN S CR IPTION S OF TE L L OH 95
7 s wans ,
1
5 cranes ,
()
1 bi r d P .
with its I 5 eggs ( P ) ,
1 tor toi se P )
(
with its 3 0 eggs ( P ) ,
garments of wool
“
3 0 ,
7 garments of
C OL UMN VI
I garment of
f
.
( such w ere ) the o f erings of the goddess

i n the ancient tem ple
on that day .
Gudea ,
the pates i
after that for the god N IN C I R S U -
his king
his favourite tem ple ,
the temple of E N IN N U -
,
( and after that ) for the goddess B AU
his m istress
her favourite tem ple ,
the temple of E S IL S IR S IR A - -
,
2 oxen si ze ,
2 sheep m ,
1 0 sheep size ,
2 lambs ,
7p a t of dates ,
7 slza b of cream ,
7 shoots of a palm ,
C OL UMN V II
1 4 .
I b i rd .
7 s wans ,
1
5 cranes ,
7 b irds
I bi r d ( P )
1 tor toi se P
()
4 0 garments of wool ,
7 garments of
1 garment of
( such are ) the offerings to the go ddess

which i n the n ew temple
G udea ,
the patesi
the builder of the temple

has added .
The temple of the goddess BAU

havi n g b een restored ,
its prosperity
C OL UMN V III
having b een assured
of the throne of S H IR PU R LA
the foundation having been strengthened
for Gudea ,
the patesi
of S H IR PU R LA ,
the sceptre of comman d

havi n g b een placed in the han d
of his life
the days having been prolonged
( then ) h is god
N IN GI S H Z I D A
- -
the man of the goddess G AT U M D U G ,
thy favourite servant ,
wh o has made the dedi ca tory ( P ) inscri p tion s ,
N IN N U which illuminates
( and ) the temple of E -
darkness ( P) ,
( the temple ) of the god N IN C I R S U -
( w h )
o has con structed ,
the goddess GAT UM DUG

his lady ,
wh o in S H IR PUR L A ,
her favourite city ,
for the supreme rank ( P )

C OL UMN II
has created him ,
the temple of the goddess G AT U M D U G

his lady
to construct
has given him the order .
Gudea
the patesi
a m an endo wed with large intelligence ,
a servant filled with reverential fear

for his mistress ,
to make tablet like a mul ets ( P)

-
has comma n ded ( P) g

of the ba a l-
he has caused the splendour to shine .
The clay ( for the construction of the temple ) in a

pure place
he has caused to be taken
its bricks in a holy place
he has caused to be moulded .
C OL UMN III
1 . Its s ite he has cl ea n sed ( P )

2 . an d l evel l ed ( P)
3 . its fou ndation ( P)
In the .
he has firmly established ( P) .
In U R U AZAGG A in a pure place

-
, ,
he has built the temple .
The holy throne of her divinity

he has made .
Her sacred a l ta r ( P)
b e has made .
The oxen i l —l a 1
he has formed into a herd ,
their herdsman
he has esta b lished .
To the sacred co ws
he has added sacred calves
their drover
he has esta b l ished .
To the sacred sheep

he has added sacred lam b s
their shepherd
To the sacred she goats -
he has added sacred kids 3

their goatherd
E ach l zer a ( P ) o fdams whatever b e the species

’
, ,
with a l zer d ( P ) of youngl ings in addition

he has increased .
Their guardian
he has established .
No 7 . .
— IN SC R I PT I ON ON S T AT UE G OF TH E LO UVRE
C OL UMN I
4
t
- To the god N IN G IR S U -
,
u the po werful warrior

o
b of the god E LL ILLA ,
A to h is king ,
1
S ee W . A . I.
, l . 66, iii .
9 .
IOO RE C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
Gudea
the patesi
of SH IR PU R LA ,
wh o the temple of E N IN N U -
of the god N IN G IR S U -
has constructed ,
for the god N IN C I R S U -
his king ,
the temple of E C H U D the temple of the

-
, 7 stages ,
this tem p le of E C H U D -
,
from the summit whereof

the god N IN G IR SU -
dispenses favourable fortunes ,
he has con structed .
C OL UMN II
( Besides ) the offerings

which in the j oy of his heart
to the god N IN G IR SU -
to the goddess BA U ,
his favourite wife ,
he presented ,
for his god

N IN GI S H Z I D A
- -
he has established others also .
Gudea
the patesi
of S H IR PU R LA
from C I R SU K I -
to U R U AZAGG A
-
has proclaimed peace .
I n that year ,
C OL U M N III
1 . from the mountains of the country of M AG A N

2 . he has caused a rare stone to be b rought
3 . for his statue
4 . he has caused i t to be cut .
his favourite tem ple ,
the tem ple of E N IN N U -

,
( and after that ) for the goddess

his m istress ,
her favourite temple ,
the temple of E S IL S IR S IR A - -
2 oxen sb e ,
2 sheep n z ,
1 0 sheep size ,
2 lambs ,
7 p a t of dates ,
7 siza b of cream ,
7 shoots of a palm ,
7
7
I4
C OL UMN VI
e I4
sI bird
e c7 s wans ,
e 1 0 cranes ,
n e7 birds
m I bi r d P)
s
(
w with its 1 5 eggs ( P ) ,
a
o 1 tor toi se ( P)
with its 3 0 eggs ( P )
p
,
H
40 garments of wool ,
H 7 gar ments of .
1 ! garment of .
1 3
( such
. are ) the o f
ferings to the goddess
whi c h i n the n ew temple
/
1
5 Gudea
.
1 6 th e pa tesi
‘
of S H IR PU R LA ,
1 8 . the constructor of the tem ple ,
1 9 . has added .
IN S CR IP TION S OF TE LL OH 1 03
No 8 . .
— IN SC R I PT I ON ON ST AT UE H OF T H E LO UVR E
C OL U MN I
To the goddess B A U ,
the good lady ,
the m istress of UR U AZAGG A -
the mistress of abundance ,

daughter
bright sky ,
to his mistress
Gudea
the patesi
OfS H IR PU R LA .
U M N II C OL
A fter that the temple of E S IL S IR S IR A - -

,
her favourite temple ,
the temple which is the marvel of UR U AZAG GA -
he had caused to b e constructed ,
from the moun tains Ofthe country of M AG A N ,
a rare stone he has caused to be b rought

for her statue
he has caused it to be cut .
U M N III C OL
O divi ne daughter beloved by the bright ,
mother B AU ,
in the tem ple of E srL S IR SIR A - -
to Gudea
give life
by this name he has named ( the statue) ,
an d in the temple of UR U AZAGG A -
he has placed it .
I N SC R I PT I ON ON A STON E S E R VING A s T H E T H R E S H OL D
l
OF A D OO R
1 . For the god N IN -

I
C RS U ,
1
D ecou v er t es
'
,
pl . 27 , NO 3 . .
the po werful warrior

of the god E LL ILLA ,
for his king ,
G udea
the patesi
of S H IR PU R LA
has m ade the dedicatory inscri ptions ( P) ,
OfE N IN N U which illumines

( and ) his tem ple -
,
darkness ,
has constructed ,
and restored .
IN SC R I PT I ON S ON T WO U N P U BL I SH ED V OT I V E T A B L E TS
For the goddess N I N N I ,
the mistress of the world ,
for his m istress ,
Gudea
the patesi
of S H IR PU R L A
her tem ple OfE AN N A in -
G IR SU—
KI
has constructed .
For the god G A L A L I M -

,
the favourite son

,
for his king ,
Gudea
the pates i
OfS H IR PU R L A
his tem ple of E -

M E G H U S H G A L -A N K I
- - -
has constructed .
U N P U BL I S H ED IN S C R I PT I ON ON A BR ICK
1 . For the god N IN -
G IR S U ,
2 . the po werful warrior

1 06 RE COR D S OF TIIE PA S T
'
VI I I . I N SC R I PT I ON S OF UR -
N IN O IR S U- 1
NO . 1 .
— IN S C R IIT ION >
ON A BR C K I 2
1 . Ur nin girsu
- -
,
2 . the priest of the god A N N A ,

3
3 . the priest Ofthe god E N K 1 -
,
4 . the favourite priest Ofthe goddess NINA .
NO . 2 .
— IN SC R I PT I ON ON A BR IC K 1
‘
To the god N IN —C I R S U
o
t the po werful warrior
)
»
C
P
-
for his king ,
I
U U r—n in —girsu ,
G the pates i
” of S H IR PU R LA
0
0 the son of G udea ,
P
‘
the patesi
1 0 . of SH IR PU R LA
wh o the tem ple of E N I N N O
’
1 1 .
- »
1 2 . of the god N rN G IR S U -
1 3 . has constru cted .
5
I4 . H is favourite gzgu n z?
1 5 . Ofcedar wood -
1 6 . he has constructed for him .
1
[
“ creature
Th e O fthe g od N IN C I RSU — Ed
] -
. .
2
D c’c o u v er t pl 3 7 N 8
es , .
[O
, OE . .
3 r a .
D t pl 3 7 N 9
4 ‘
e c ou v er es , .
, O . .
[Perha ps related to gdg fi a fi eld

5 a n .
,
1 07
IX . I N SC R I PT I ON OF NA M -
M A G H AN r
ON A S TON E F R OM THE T H R E SH OLD OF D OO R l
1 . For the goddess BAU ,
2 . the good lady ,
3 . the daughter of A N N A ,
4 . the mistress of U R U AZAG G A -

,
5 . his m istress ,
6 . N a m magh a ni
-
,
7 . the patesi
8 . of S H IR PUR LA ,
9 . her po werful min ister ,

2
1 0 . as the stone of a threshold
I1 . has m ade this .
1 pl 2 7 N O 1
D J co u ver t es , . , . .
2
L iterally the sto n e of the fou datio of a g ate n n .
X . I N SC R I PT I ON OF G HA L A L AM M A
-
ON TH E FR A G M E N T OF A S TAT U E 1
C OL UMN I
o the god ] RA .
,
daughter of the goddess]

his ] m istress ,
the life
un ]gi ,
the] p uissan t [prince] ,
C OL UMN II
I the king of U R
.
,
2.the king of S H UM ER and A C C AD ,

3 Ghala lamma
-
.
,
4 the son of L uk a ni
.
,
5 the patesi
.
6 of S H IR PUR LA
. .
1
P ublished in the R ev ue A r clze‘ol ogi qu e , 1 8 8 6, NO . 1 .
TH E A S SYR IAN C H R O N O L OG I C A L
C A N ON
BY TH E ED I TOR
C H R O N O L OG IC A L re co rd s w e re k e p t i n A s s y ri a b y
t h e h el p o f ce r t a i n O ffi ce rs c al l e d l i m m i wh o co r re
,
s po n de d t o t h e e p on y m o u s a rc h o n s O fG re e k h i s t o r y .
A t t h e be g i n n i n g o f e a c h y e a r a l i n z m u o r e p o n y m
w a s a pp o i n t ed w h o g a v e h i s n a m e t o t h e y e a r
,
In
.
t h e a g e o f t h e fi rs t A s s y ri a n E m p i r e i t w a s c u s t o m a r y
fo r t h e k i n g t o c o m m e n c e h i s re i g n b y t a k i n g t h e
O fii c e ; l a t e r t h e y e a r i n wh i c h t h e k i n g be c a m e
,
e p o n y m wa s r eg u l a t e d b y n o fi x e d r u l e . S h al
m a n es e r I I h el d t h e O f fi ce t w i c e d u ri n g h i s l on g rei g n
o f t h i r t y fiv e y e a rs — o n c e i n t h e fi rs t y e a r o f h i s
-
r ei g n a n d a g a i n i n h i s t h i rt i e t h y e a r . O t h e r wi s e
t h er e i s n o e x a m p l e o f t h e s a m e k i n g b e i n g t wi ce
eponym . T h e s y s t e m wa s O f a n ci e n t o ri g in . An
i n s cri p t i o n o f R i m m o n n i ra ri I t h e g re a t g ra n d s o n
-
,
-
o f A s s u r yu b a ll i dh a n d t h e fa t h e r O fS h al m a n e s e r I
-
,
i s d a t ed i n t h e e p o n y m y o f a c e r t a i n S h al m a n e s e r
w h o m a y h a v e b ee n h i s so n . T h e d a t e o f Sh al
m a n eser I i s a pp ro x i m a t el y de t e r m i n e d b y a n
i n s c ri p t i o n e n g ra v e d o n a s e a l bel o n g i n g t o h i s s o n
TH E A S S YR IA N CA N ON 1 1 1
Ti gl a t h U ra s I -
T h e s e a l h a d b ee n c a rr i ed a w a y t o
.
B a b y l o n a n d t h e r e re c o ve re d b y S e n n a c h eri b 600
y e a rs a fte r wa rd s s o t h a t i t s d e p o rt a t i o n m u s t h av e
”
,
t a k e n p l ac e a b o u t B C I 2 9 0 W h e t h e r i t wa s c a rrie d
. . .
a w a y d u ri n g t h e r e i g n o f Ti gl a t h U ra s o r a ft e r h i s -
d e a t h w e c a n n o t s a y ; i n a n y c a s e S h al m a n es e r
,
wh o i t m a y b e a d d ed w a s t h e b u i l d e r o f t h e ci t y o f
, ,
C al a h — w o u l d h a v e l i v ed b e fo re t h e cl o s e O f t h e
fo u r t ee n t h ce n t u r y B C . .
L i s ts o f e p o n y m s d r a w n u p i n t h e i r c h ro n ol o g i c a l
o rd e r w e r e ca re fu l l y k e p t a s w el l a s o t h e r l i s t s i n ,
w h ic h n o t i ce wa s t a k e n o f t h e p ri n ci p a l e ve n t s
o ccu r ri n g d u ri n g t h e i r t e r m O f o ffi c e F r a g m e n t a ry .
c o p i e s O f t h e s e l i s t s h a ve b e e n p re s e rv e d t h u s e n ,
a bl i n g u s t o res t o re th e c h ro n ol o g y O f t h e A s s y ri a n
E m p i re d u ri n g t h e m o s t i m p o r ta n t p e ri o d o f i t s e x
i sten ce T h e co p i e s w e re fi rs t b ro u g h t t o l i g h t b y
.
S i r H e n r y R a w l i n s o n wh o g av e t h e m t h e n a m e O f
,
t h e A s s y ri a n C a n o n a n d p o i n t e d o u t t h e i r c h a ra c te r
,
a n d b e a ri n g o n t h e v ex ed q u e s ti o n s O f c h ro n ol o g y
i n t h e p a g es o f t h e A tizen oz um F o u r Of t h e
co p i e s h a ve b ee n piIbl i s h e d i n t h e Cu n eif or m [ n s cr z o
j
t i o n s of Wes ter n A s i a v ol i i pl l 5 2 6 8 6 9 ; a n d ,
. . .
, ,
v ol i ii p l 1
. . N o n e o f t h e m i s co m p l e te b u t a co m
. .
,
p a ri s o n o f t h e s e ve r a l t e x t s S u pp l i e s t h e i r i n d iv i d u a l
d e fi ci en ci es a n d all o w s u s t o co m p il e a c o n t i n u o u s
,
A s s y ri a n c h ro n ol o g y fro m B C 8 9 3 o r 9 0 9 ( i f w e . .
,
a cce p t M r G e o r g e S m i t h s re s to ra t i o n) t o B C 6 5 9
’
. .
, . .
T wo fi x ed d a t e s a re g i ve n w i t h i n t h i s p eri od b y t h e
c a p t u re OfS a m a ri a B C 7 2 2 w h ic h t oo k p l a ce i n t h e
. .
,
1 1 2 RE C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
fi rs t y e a r o f t h e re i g n O fS a r g o n a n d t h e s ol a r e cl i p s e
,
O ft h e 1 st h o f J u n e B C 7 6 3 w h ic h o ccu rre d i n t h e
. .
,
n i n t h y e a r o f t h e r ei g n o f A s s u r d a n III A l i n e -
.
d ra w n a c ro s s t h e t a bl e t m a r k s t h e co m m e n ce m e n t
o f a n ew rei g n .
A n e x h a u s t i v e a cco u n t O f t h e C a n o n h a s be e n
g i v e n b y G eo r g e S m i t h i n h i s A s syr i a n Eponym
Ca n on ( Ba gs t e r a n d S on s ) a n d a t r a n s l a t i o n o f i t
, ,
w i t h d a t es a n d n o te s a t t a c h e d w i l l b e fo u n d i n P ro f
, .
S c h r a d e r s Cu n eif
’
or m i nsc r i ti on s a n d tb e Ol d Tes t a
p
m en t v ol i i ( E n g l i s h t ra n sl a t i o n
,
. . a n d K ei l
i n s cicr if tl i c/z e B i bl i otbeb v ol i
,
. . S u pp l e m e n t
a r y co p i e s O ft h e C a n o n fro m fr a gm e n t s i n t h e B ri ti s h
M u s e u m h a v e al s o b e e n p u bl i s h e d b y P ro f F r . .
D el i t z s c h i n t h e s econ d ed i t i o n o f h i s A s syr i s ci ce
L es es t ucb e a n d b y D r B e z ol d i n t h e Pr oceedi ng s of
'
.
,
ti ze S oc i ety of B i bl i ca l A rcb mol ogy fo r M a y 1 8 8 9 .
Two d i f f e re n t v e rs i o n s o f t h e C a n o n w e r e cu r re n t
i n A s s y ri a o n e co n t a i n i n g m e rel y a l is t o f t h e
,
e p o n y m s i n t h e i r c h r o n ol o g i ca l o rd e r w h il e t h e o t h e r
,
a d d e d t h ei r t i tl e s a n d t h e p ri n ci p a l e ven t s wh i c h d i s
t i n gu i sh e d t h ei r t e r m o f O f f
i ce We m a y c al l t h e
.
l a t t e r t h e A s s y ri a n C h r o n i cl e .
1 1 4 RE C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
Uras b ela u tsur

- -
N ergal a l i k pa n i - ~
1
S an gu A ssur lil b u r- -
B u r R amana 3
-
2
S amas yu pa k h i r -
Uras muki m nisi
- -
N ergal bel ku m ua - -
Uras nadin su ma
- -
Qurdi— A ssur A ssur b ani pal a

- - -
A ssur l ih -
Dh a b u Uras -
Assur n a tgil -
T a ggil ana sarri - -
B el m u da mm iq
-
R immon rim ani - -
D zi n Uras B elu a b ua
‘
- -
I star i t Su l mu b ela l amur

’
- - -
S amas nuri Uras ki b s i u tsu r ’

- - -
M annu danan ana ila - - -

Uras A -
S amas bela — u tsu r -

Qurdi A ssur -
Uras A - —
N c r sarri 4
Uras edh ir ann i

- -
N ergal —m u da mm i q
A ssur A -
Y a kh e
i lu
N ergal —k a kk a (P
) danin -
Ulul é 5
Dh a bu B elu -
S urru pat i—
b el i
-
S arru nes n isi - -

N ergal A -
K h ub fi
Ilu kin akha
- -
85 8 . S ul m a n u -
a sa r i du
( S hal
m anese t I I ) the 828 . Su l ma n u a sa ri du 6
king ( Shalmaneser) the

85 7 . A ssur b ela kainn i - -
king
856 . A ssur b ani pal a u tsu r
- - - -
827 , DAn A ssur -
85 5 Ab u ina eka l l i lil b ur 826 A ssur bani p al a—

u tsu r
- - -
- -
. -
.
854 . Di mA ssur -
825 . Y a kh a l u
853 . S amas a b ua -
8 24 . B el -
b an i pal —a -
85 2 . Samas bela— u ts u r -
85 I
. B elu ban i pal a
- - -
8 23 . Samas R immon 7 the
850 . K hadi—lipusu king
1
the priest of A ssu live lo g
Ma y r n
2
Al so give as S amas yubla n -
.
3 A lso w ritte B i R ama ( B i R immo ) n r- n r- n .
O perhaps N
4
r Istar e r- .
5
( Bor ) i the mo th E lul
n n n .
6 S halma eser w as t wice e p o ym

n n .
7 Th S g od is R immo
e like the ame
un- n, n Of H ada d - R immo n
,
H adad is R immo Zech xii "

i n, n . . 1 1 .
TH E A S S VR IA N CAN ON 1 5
Y a kh a l u K in a b fia -
B el di m-
Mannu ki A ssur - -
Uras —yu b la M u sa l l i m Uras -
Samas — A B el qa i séi n i
-
N ergal A -
N et Samas -
A ssur b ani pal - - -

a - u t su r Uras kin akha - -
Sarru pati b eli - -

R immon m u sa m m i r -
B el ba l a dh
-
Tsil Ista ri -
M u si kn i s B a l a dh u 2
N ergal (u tsur) -
R immon yu b a l li dh - 3
S amas ku m u a -
Merodach —sarra u t su r -
B el qati tsabat
- -
N ebo sarra u tsu r 3 - -
Uras n a tsi r -
S amu l ib -
R imm on n ira ri the

king
809 . N ergal A -
Su l m a n u -
a sa ri du
4
the
808 . B elu dfin -
king
807 . Tsil b eli -
Sa m si ilu 5 -
806 . A ssur ta ggi l -
Merodach rim an i - -
805 .
B el e s i r -
8 04N ergal esses

.
-
N e b o i sdi ya yukl u - - -
8 0 3 A ssur nes nisi

.
- -
Pa n Assu ri la kha b al
- - - 6
8 0 2 Uras A.
-
N ergal — esses
80 I N e r I star
.
-
Istar duru -
—
8 0 0 Merodach isip ann i 1 -
.
Ma n n u ki R immon - -
7 99 M u t a ggil Merodach A ssur b ela—u tsu r

-
.
-
8 B l t a r t s i—
same
79 e -
.
797 A ssur bela

. u t su r - -
79 6 Merodach sad u ui 77 I A ssur di m the king

- - -
.
.
1 ideo grap h ki l represe ts dp to prophesy or divi e '

" “
The z cz n a s u, n .
S eethe ame of the epo ym for B C 6 7

n n . . 0 .
A ccordi g to other lists N ebo sarra t s

2 n T h proper e po ym of ,
- -
u ur . e n
the year may have died duri g his term of office d a suppleme tary n , a n n
epo ym appoi ted i his place

n n n .
3 Omitted i the C hro icle n

1 S
halma eser I I I n .
‘
n .
5 Th S god is El or g od like Ji ph th h l i J osh xix 4 or

e un- , a -
e n . . 1 ,
the Palesti ia to w OfY q b l ( “J acob is E] PH ebro ) d Y ph

n n n a a
'
a -
e , n a n ese
l ( J ose ph is El me tio ed by the E gy ptia ki g T h th m I I I

e
“ n n n n o es .
6 O more probably P A ssur —la mur Isee t the face of Assu

r an -
’
, no r
cf Exodus xxxiii
. . 20 .
1 1 6 RE COR D S OF TH E PA S T
B C . .
S amsi ilu -
744 . B el dzi ~
n
B el A -
1
A b la a -
Qurdi Assur -
T igl a th pil eser the king -
M u s a ll i m Uras -
N ebo danin ann i - -
Uras m u k i n nisi - -
B el K harran b ela
2
T s i dq i ilu -
u tsu r
8
Isid -
R aki s ra b e ’
-
N eb O e dh i r ann i- -
D h a b u B el -
S i n ta ggi l
-
N e b o kin akh i - -
R immon — b ela yu k in -
L a qi bu B el emur—an n i
-
Pa n A ssur l a mu r
’
- -
Uras A -
3
A n a b eli ta ggi l
- -
A ssur sallim ann i - -
Uras iddi n -
B e l di m
-
B el sad na
-
A ssur dan in—a n n i
-
Iq i s u 4
N e b o bela—u ts u r
’
-
Uras -
sez i b —
ani N ergal yub a l li dh -
B el l u da ri
-
N a pkh a rilu -
A ssur -
n ra r i i the ki n g
D u r A ssur -
S amsiil u -
M erodach sallim anni - -
B el dfin -
S a ui as muki m duruk - -
K harran bela u tsu r
B el - - -
5
R immon b ela yu ki n - -
Merodach bela u tsu r - -
Si n sallim an ni
- -
M a kh dé
N ergal n a tsi r -
A ss ur -
isip anni -
S ul m a n u a sa ri du
( the
king )
74 5 . N ebo -
bela u tsu r -
1 is ) my
( He so n .
2
L Zadkiel
e
.
C om p the H ebre w ame Zedekiah
.
,
. n .
A lso w ritte Beli t ggil he trusts i B l "

3 n -
a n e .
,
Also w ritte Q i su
’
4 n .
Also w ritte A ssur bela y k i

5 n - -
u n .
6
T h li e is draw here by L ist IV
e n n .
7 Th li e is draw here by L ists II d I I I Proba bly T igl th

e n n a n . a
p il II
ese rI sei ed the cro w i B C 7 4 5 but w as
z t u ive sally reco g ised n n . . ,
no n r n
a s ki g u til B c 7 4 3
n n . . .
8
O Bel OfH arra ( Ge esis xi 3 ) protect the lord n n . 1 .
1 1 8 RE COR D S OF TH E PA S T
S arru nuri -
N ebo sar —
akhi su pre
- -
Atar— ilu 1 feet of Samaria

N ebo bil u t su r - -
S amas danin ann i ,
D h eb i tfi 2 prefect OfB abylon

Sa ll imm u bela l a ssip S in sarra u tsur scri b e
’
- - - -
S amas ka sid —ab i -

o f the lan d
M ar la rme -
’
S i n sarra u t su r
-
pre -
,
Ga bbaru f
ec t O fK hi n da n a
a B ul l u dh u
R immon —rim ani -
La cu n a .
N ebo sarra u t sur ,
scribe Ofthe land

P 66 B el—N ah id Assur mata i tsm a d
- -
P 662 . Dh a b u -
sar -
S in M u sa ll i m A ssur pre -
,
P 66 1 . Arb a i lé 4
feet OfAl ikh i
P 6 60 . G i rz a b u n a Mannu ki akhi pre - -
,
P 65 9 .
’
S ilim Assur - 5
f
ec t OfSi m yra
bela i ddi n N eb o - -
6
P S a N ebo s fi - -
danin anni N ebo ,
P L a b a si
’
governor of Que
P M ilki ramu -
A ssur— danin sarri -
P A m yfin u A ssur— rim an i -
P A ssur n a tsi r -
A ssur gimil turri - -
P A ssur A -
Y u pa qa ana Arb a il - -
P A ssur dura u tsu r -

R u b u sarra i qb i
-
the - -
,
P Sa ( P)ga b b u
’
tartan OfK o m a gen e
P Bel K harran sad ua -
Za m a ma —erba -
A ssu r( P 7 —
P ) A -
Merodac h sarra u tsu r -
,
governor of Que
B e l sunu prefect of-
N uru
,
—
K h i n da n a B el sa p( P ) ann i -
1
A tar is El A tar or A thar as S chrader has sho w n w as the n ame
. , ,
of the g oddess of the N orth A rabia tribe of K edar a d e ters i to that of n , n n n
A tar samai n or
-
A thar of heave n me n tio n ed by Assu b a i pal r~ n -
.
2
B orn i the mo th of T ebet n n .
3
Th date is take from Geor g e S mith
e n
4 T h e A rb eli t . e .
5
L ist I e n ds here. T h e ames w hich follo w are derived from L ist I I I
. n .
6 A
ssi gn ed to the year B C 6 5 6 by Georg e S mith . . .
7 L
ist IIIe ds here Th e n ames w hich follo w a r e derived by Geor ge
n .
S mith from various dated docume ts n .

TH E A S S YR IA N CA N ON 1 1 9
1-
N ebo nadin akhi
- -
B arku rim an i
-
2
S arru nahid
-
Daddi
N ebo z a qa p
-
Sin -
alik pan i
-
A ssur garua niri

- -
1 “
R immo n have mercy me B arku or
on B, arqu “
the li ght i g , n n ,
the H ebre w Baraq bei g a ame of R immo

,
n n n.
2
D addi w hose ame i dicates his S yria
, n n ori gi w as epo ym i the
n n, n n
rei gn of S i sar isk

n- -
of the last ki g s of Assyr ia
un , one n .
T H E ASSY R I A N C H R ON I C LE
B C
. .
85 8 . Shalmaneser king OfA S SY R I A ( cam p aign ) against [the

land o f]
85 7 . A ssur b ela kai n the tartan ; 1
- -
85 6 .
- —
A ssur bani a pl é u tsu r the R a b B IL U L ;
-
2 - -
85 5 . A bu ina eka l l i—l il b u r the governor of th e palace

- -
854 . Dfin A ssur the tartan

-
85 3 Samas a bfia the prefect of the city N A S IBN A ; 3

’
-
.
85 2 . S amas bela u t su r of the city OfC A L A H ;

- -
85 1 . Bel b ani pal a the governor of the p alace

- - -
85 0 . Kh ad i lipusu of the city of

-
8 40 [S a l l imm u bela l amur] of the river of S U K H I N A ’ ’

- -
.
against the lan d of [Q U]E .
[Uras k b ]
s i u t su r of the city of R AT SA PPA
( e z ep h
)
’
83 9 . i - -
R
against the land of M A ( P) KHI .
83 8 [Uras A ] o fthe river of S U K H I N A against the land of ’

-
.
D AN A B I .
83 7 .
[Qurdi A ssur ] of
-
the city of S ALLAT against the
country OfT A BAL I ( Tu b al ) .
836 .
[N er sarri -
] of the country [ ]
O f K IR R U R I; against the
land of M EL I D I ( M a l a tiyeh ) .
83 5 .
[N ergal m u da m m i q-
] of N I N E V E H against the lan d

of N A M R I .
[Ya kh zi l u ] the seer ; against the land of QUE

‘
834 . .
83 3 .
[Ulul a ] of the city of [K ]
AL Z I against the lan d of
QU E .
83 2 .
[Sarru p ati b eli
-
] against
-
the land of Q U E ; the
great god went to the city of D I R I .
1
Tu r t a n u,
“
comma der i chief see Isaiah xx
n -
n- . 1 , 2 K i g s xviii
n . 1 7 .
2
P erhap s th e chief of the cu p bearers -
.
" 3
N i s ib i s .
[ 22 RE C OR D S OF TH E PA S T
[B elu dé n , -
the n er of] the palace ; against the land
of the M A N N A 1 .
[Tsil b eli the R a b ] BIL U L ; against the lan d Of

-
,
- -
the M A N N A .
[Assur ta ggil] the seer ; against the l and of A R PA D

2 -
.
the against the city of K H AZAZI .
[N ergal esses of the country of] R AT S APPA ; against

- 3
the city OfBA H L I .
A ssur nes nisi Of the city of AR B AK H A against the

- -
sea coast A pestilence -

. .
Uras A of the city on the b a n ks of the ZU KH IN A ;

-
against the city of K H U PU S K IA .
N er Istar of the city of N IS IB Is ; against the country

-
of A .
— 4
Merodach isi p ann i of the city Of A M ED I ; against
-
the coun try of A .
M u ta ggil — k h 5
Merodach the R a b sha e ; against the city -
of L U S I A .
B el ta rtsi same of the city Of C A L A H ; against the

- -
country OfN A M R I
A ssur b ela u tsu r of the city Of K IR R U R I against the
- -
ci ty of M A N T SU AT E .
Merodach sad un i of the city of S AL LAT ; against the

-
city OfD ER I .
K in a b fia Ofthe city OfT US K H A N agai n st the city Of

-
D ER I .
M ann u ki A ssur of the city Of G OZ A N ; agains t the

- -
country OfA .
1
i i Ofth Ol d T estame t the M ama of the V a ic i scri ptio s
Th e M nn e n ,
nn n n ,
w hose territory exte ded from the K otur mou tai s the easter fro tier
n n n ,
n n
of the ki g dom of Ar a at or V to w ards L ake U rumiyeh Th ame has

n r a n, . en
no co ectio w ith that of V

nn n an .
2
Ab kk
a ra from the A ccadia b i i ; i Ge esis xli 43 J oseph i s
u, n a r c n n .
called b k a w ord erro eously supposed to be of E gyptia ori g i

a re ,
S n n n. ee
my H i bbert L ectures B byl i R l igi p 8 3 w here ho w ever I on a on a n e on , . 1 , , ,
have erro eously tra slated b bk or b kk vi ier J oseph s cup

n n a rz
’
u a a ra u z .
'
of di vi atio is referred to i Ge esis xliv 5

n n n n . .
3 Th
R e e ph of Isai ah xxxvii
e z . 1 2 .
4
A mida w D iarbekir
, no .
5 R ba ki -
the chief of the pri ces or V i ier
sa , n , z .
TH E A S S YR IA N CH R ON ICL E 1 23
M usa llim Uras of the city of T I LLE ; against the

-
country of A .
B el qais a n i of the city of M E K H IN IS against the land

- -
of K H UPUS KIA .
N er S amas of the city of I S AN A against the land of

’
-
ITU H A .
Uras kin akha of the city of N I N E V EH ; against the

- -
land OfA .
R immo n m u sa mm ir of the city of K A LZ I

-
against the
land of A The foundation of the tem ple of N EB O
.
i n N I N E V E H [wa s laid ] .
Tsil Ista ri Of the city of

-
against the land of
K IPK I -
N E BO [entered ] the ( n ew) tem ple
-
. .
N ebo sarra u tsu r of the city Of

- -
[against the
land of K HU PUS K IA ] The great god entered the .
city of D E R I .
Merodach sarra u tsu r of the city of KU R BA N against

- -
the land of K H U PU S K IA .
Uras n a t sir of the city of M AZAM U A against the land

-
of ITU H A .
Samu l i h of the city Of N I S I B I S against the land of

-
IT U H A .
S halmaneser king of A ss IA ; against the land of

A R A R AT .
Samsi ilu the tartan agains t the country of AR AR AT

-
.
Merodach rim ani the R a b B ILU L against the land

- - - -
of A R AR AT .
B el esi r [the governor ] of the palace against the land

-
of A R AR AT .
N e b o i sdi ya yu ki n the seer ; against the country of

- - -
ITU H A .
[Pa n A ssu ri l amur of ] the ( ASS Y I ) country ;

- -
’
R AN 1
against the land of A R A R AT .
[N ergal esses of the country

-
of ] R AT S A PPA against
2
the country of E R I N I .
perhaps the prefect

1 Or
“
Th e cou try of the cedar trees ou t Ama

"
2
n -
, i . e
. M n n ns .
[Istar d u ru of the city of ] N I S I BI S ; agai n st the

-
cou n tries of A R A R A T and N A M R I .
[Mannu ki R immon of] the ( A SS Y R I A N ) country

- -
against the city of D AM A SC U S .
[A ssur b ela u tsu r of the city

-
1
of ] C ALA H against the
-
country of K H ATAR IKA .
A ssur -
d a n the king of A S SY R I A against the city of
C A N A N ATI .
Samsi ilu the tartan against the city of M A R A D

-
.
B el A of the city OfA R BA K H A against the country O f

-
ITU H A .
A bla ya of the city of M AZA M UA at home

-
.
Qurdi A ssur of the city on the b anks of the ZU K H IN A ;

-
agai n st the country of G A N N A N A T I .
M u sa l l im Uras of the city of T I L E ; against the

-
cou n tr yof A .
Uras m u ki n nisi Of the country of K IR R U R I; against

- -
'
the country of K H A TA R IKA A pestilence . .
T si dqi— ilu of the country of T U S K H AN at hom e .
Isid R aki s —ra b e of the city of G OZ AN

-
’
Insurrection .
in the city of A S SU R In the month Sivan the sun .
2
wa s eclipsed .
D h a b u Bel of the city of AM E D I

-
insurrection in the
city of A S S U R .
N ebo k in akhi of the city of N I N E V E H ; insurrection

- -
in the city of A R BA K H A .
L a q i pu Of the city of K A L Z I i n surrection in the city

of A R B A K H A .
Pa n A ssur l amur of the city of A R B EL A ; insurrection

’
- -
in the city of G OZ A N A pestilence . .
A n a b eli ta ggil of the city Of I SA N A again st the city

’
- -
of G OZ A N Peace in the cou n try ( of A S SY R I A)

. .
Uras i ddi n of the city of KU R B AN ; at home

-
.
adrach of Zech ix
1
The H . . 1 .
2
The ecli pse w as visible at N i eve h the n on 1 5 th of J u e n .
[Si n t a ggi l
-
] the seer ; against the land of U LLUBA The .
city of B I R T U wa s ta ken ( P ) 1
.
[R immon bela y u k i n
-
] an A SS Y R I A
-
N ;
2
( the king )
captures the city of KU LL AN I 3
.
[B el emur anni
] of R A IS A PPA against the land of A ' ‘
- -
.
[Uras A ] of N
-
I SI BI S against the foot of M ount N AA L .
[A ssur sallim ann

-
i ] of the country
-
of A R BA K H A
against the land of A R AR AT .
[B —
el d zi n
] of C
‘
A LA H against the land of F IL ISTA

4
.
[A ssur danin ann

-
i ] of the city of
-
M AZA M UA against
the land OfD A M A SC U S .
[ ebo bela ] of the city of IH M E ; against th e

’
N u tsu r
- -
S
land of DA M A SC U S .
[N ergal yu b a ll i d h ] of the city on the banks of the

-
ZU K H IN A against the city of SAFI Y A .
[B -
]
el l u da ri of the city of T I L E ; at home .
[N a pkh a r ilu
] o f th e land
-
of K IR R U R I the k ing took
5
the hands of B EL .
[D ur A ssur -
] of the city of T U S K H AN the king took

the hands of B EL ; the city of D I( R 1 )
el K ha n an bela—
[B -
] [ ]
u t sur Of G O ZA N -
against the
Of
[S halman ] eser [ascended ] the throne .
[Merodach b ela u tsur of A M E] D 1 at - -
[home] .
[M a kh dé
] of N I N E V E H ; against
[A ssurisi p—
anni OfKA L ]Z I ; against
-
[S halmaneser king of ] A SS Y R IA against
71 6 .
[D h a bu -
tsil E sarr a] - -
against the city Of the
M AN N A .
7 5
1 .
[T a ggil ana - -
B ela] prefects were appointed .
1
ca ot explai the grammatical co structio of t bt t
I nn n n n sa a .
2
the prefect
Or .
"
3
robably the C al eh of Ge esis x
P Isaiah x 9 n n . 1 0 . .
T h Phili sti es
4
e n .
T his ceremo y w as performed at B abylo

5
n d im plied that the ki g n, a n n
w as re o g ised as le gitimate soverei gn of Babylo ia

c n n .
TH E A SS YR IA N CH R ON ICL E 1 27
[Istar dur ] -
the city of M UZAZIR of the
( god )
K H A LD I A [wa s captured] .
[A ssur bani ] -
the great in the country Of
ILL IPA ; the god entered the n ew [temple ] .
— M
[S arru emur anni ] the city
-
of U ZAZIR .
[Uras alik pani

-
] -
at home .
—u tsu r] against the city OfM A R QA SA

[ amas bela ’
S -
.
M annu ki A ssur l i b - -
against the city of B IT
-
ZI R I the king poured out a sacrificial li b ation in

the city of K Is S argon took the hands of B E L .
[S amas y
-
]
u pa kh kh i r of K IR R U R I; the city of KU M U K H
wa s conquered a prefect wa s appointed ( over it) .
Sa —A ssur dub b u the prefect of T U S K H A N

-
the king
made a pilgrimage to B A B Y L ON [Its ] temples and .
[palaces ] b e restored O n the 2 2 d day of the month.
1
Tisri the gods of the city of D U Y I N were R A K -
brought forth .
M u ta ggil A ssur the prefect of G OZ AN the king

destroyed the city of D UR YA K I N the 6th day of the -
month Iyyar To their temples [the gods ] returned

.
.
.
Y u pa kh khi r B el the prefect of A M E D I

-
M u kh ( P
)
ka e spa i the K U L U M M ITE in the country of K A R A LL A
A soldier murdered the king of A S S Y R I A .
On the 1 2 t h day of the month A b Sennacheri b

[ascended the throne ] .
704 . N ebo dini epu s the governor of N I N EV E H

- -
the
cities of L A R A K and SA R A BAN U [were captured P] ’
.
A palace wa s built in the city of K ALZ I .
1
Accordi g to the text published i W A I 6 9 D S arg o ( w
n n . . . II. , ur- n no
Kho b d)
rs a a T h text published by D
. e B e old ho w ever ( P di g f r . z , roc ee n s o
zi
zeS i ty fB i bl i l A h l gy xi
oc e i gi ves D yak i the a cestral
ca rc aeo o , . ur - n, n
capital of M erodach balada i the souther marshes of Babylo ia

-
n n n n .
TH E S TA N DA R D I N S C R I P T I ON O F
A S S U R N A T S IR PA L
- -
BY TH E ED I T OR
T H IS l on g i n s cri p t i o n o f A s s u r n a ts i r p al i n s cribe d
- -
,
i n v a ri o u s fo r m s a cros s t h e b a s re l ie fs o f h i s p al a ce
-
,
ra n k s n e x t i n g e o g ra p h i ca l i m p o r t a n ce t o t h e a n n a l s
O f Ti gl a t h Pi l e s e r I
-
A s s u r n a t s i r p al r e i g n e d fro m
.
- -
B C 8 8 3 t o B C 8 5 8 m o re t h a n 2 0 0 y e a rs a fte r h is
. . . .
,
i ll u s t ri ou s p re d e ces s o r B u t t h i s i n te rv a l Of2 00 y e a rs
.
w a s a l m o s t a bl a n k i n t h e h is t o r y o f A s s y ri a It .
w i t n es s e d t h e ri s e O f n o g re a t k i n g o r co n q u e ro r ;
i n d ee d i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t t h e fe e bl e s u cces s o rs o f
T i gl a t h Pi l ese r l o s t t e rri t o r y r a t h e r t h a n g a i n e d i t
-
.
W i t h A s s u r n a t s i r p a l h o we ve r a n ew e r a co m m e n ce d
- -
, , .
O n ce m o re t h e a r m ie s o f N i n eve h w e n t for t h t o
co n q u e r a n d o n ce m o re i t w a s t o w a r d s t h e n o r t h a n d
,
t h e w e s t t h a t t h e i r m a rc h e s w e re u s u al l y d i re cted .
T h e A r m e n i a n k in g d o m s o n t h e n o rt h C a rc h e m is h ,
a n d S y ri a t o t h e w e s t we re t h e m a i n O bj e c t s Ofa t t a c k
, .
Ti gl a t h Pi l ese r h a d b e e n u n abl e t o p e n e t ra t e b e
-
y o n d t h e H i t t i t e fo r t res s o f C a rc h e m is h a n d fo rce t h e ,
fo rd s o f t h e E u p h ra t e s wh i c h i t p ro t e cte d I f h e .
m a d e h i s wa y fu rt h e r t o t h e w es t i t wa s a l o n g t h e
co n s e q u e n ce o f t h e ca m p ai g n s OfA s s u r n a t s i r p al i n - -
t h e n o rt h T h e cu n e i fo r m in s cri p t i on s o f A rm e n i a
.
b e g i n w i t h S a ri d u ri s I t h e a n t a g o n i s t OfS h al m a n e s e r
-
,
I I t h e s o n a n d s u cce s s o r o f A s s u r n a t s i r p al a n d a r e
,
- -
,
n o t o n l y w ri t t e n i n t h e s y l l a b a r y o f N i n eve h b u t a re ,
m o d el l e d o n t h e i n s cri p t i o n s o f t h e A s s y ri a n k i n g .
A s t h e ci t y o f D h u s pa s o r V a n wa s fo u n d e d b y S a ri
d u ri s wh il e h i s fa t h e r L u t i p ri i s n e ve r g ive n t h e t i tl e
,
o f k in g i t i s p rob abl e t h a t h e wa s t h e fo u n d e r o f a
,
n e w d y n a s t y a s w el l a s o f a n ew k i n g d o m At all .
e ve n t s A r ra m e wh o a pp e a rs i n t h e a n n al s o f S h al
,
m a n es e r a s t h e p re d e ce s s o r o f S a r i d u ri s h a d h i s -
,
ca p i t a l a t A r z a s k u n t o t h e w e s t OfL a k e V a n a n d a t
,
a l o n g d is t a n ce fro m wh a t wa s a ft e r wa rd s t h e ce n t ra l
p oi n t O f t h e k in g d o m o f A ra r a t T h e w a rs o f A s s u r
.
n a t s i r p al- a n d S h a l m a n es e r n o t o n l y i n t ro d u ce d
A s s y r i a n ci vil i s a t i o n i n t o t h e n o rt h b u t al s o re s u l t e d
,
i n t h e u n i o n o f a n u m be r o f s m al l p ri n ci p al i t i e s i n t o
a s in g l e m on a rc hy w h i c h u n d e r t h e v a r y i n g n a m e s
, ,
o f A r a ra t a n d A r m e n i a l on g con t i n u e d t o fi l l a n
,
i m p o r t a n t p l a ce i n A s i a t i c h is to ry
On t h e w h ol e h o w e ve r wh e n t h e v e il wh i c h l ie s
, ,
fo r t wo cen t u rie s o v e r t h e m a p o f W e s t e rn A s i a i s
l i ft e d w e s e e t h a t few c h a n g e s h a v e t a k e n p l a ce i n i t
,
.
O n t h e e a s t t h e K u rd is h m o u n t a i n s a re s t il l h el d b y
w i l d a n d i n d e p en d e n t t ri be s wh o fo r m a b a r ri e r
,
be t w e e n t h e i n h a bi t a n t s o f t h e v al l e y O f t h e T i g ri s
a n d t h e A r y a n p o p u l a t i o n o f M ed i a S o u t h o f t h e m.
co m e s t h e a n ci en t a n d cu l t u re d k in g d o m o f E l a m ,
s t re t c h in g fro m i t s ca p i t a l Of S u s a t o t h e s h o re s o f
TH E IN S CR IPTION OF A S S UR - N A TS IR PA L -
1 31
t h e P e rs i a n G u l f T h e v al l e y o f t h e E u p h ra t e s i s
.
o ccu p ie d b y t h e B ab y l o n i a n m o n a r c h y wh os e h is t o r y ,
a n d ci vili s a t io n m o u n t b a c k i n t o t h e n i g h t O f t i m e ,
a n d w h o s e a r m i es h a d p e n e t r a t e d t o t h e s h o re s Oft h e
M e d i t e rra n e a n a n d e ve n t o t h e d i s t a n t i s l a n d o f
,
C y p ru s a g e s be fo re t h e ve r y n a m e o f A s s y ri a h a d b ee n
,
k n o w n T h e w es t e rn b a n k o f t h e E u p h ra t e s i s t h e
.
h o m e Oft h e B e d ou i n S u kh i o r S h u h it es w h o e x t e n d
’
fro m t h e vi ci n i t y o f C a r c h e m is h t o t h e fro n t ie r s o f
B a b y l o n i a ; a n d t h e i n t e r ve n i n g di s t ri c t o fM es o po t a m ra
is f i l le d w i t h fl o u ri s h in g ci ti e s e a c h g o ve rn e d b y a
,
p ri n ce wh o cl ai m s j u ris d i ct io n o ve r a s m al l t r a ct o f
s u rro u n d in g co u n t r y T h e y al l b el o n g t o t h e S e m i t i c
.
fa m il y a n d t o t h e n o r t h p res s h a rd u p o n t h e H i t t i tes
, ,
wh o a re a l re a d y i n ful l re t re a t t o w a rd s t h e i r O ld
h o m e s i n t h e T a u r u s m o u n t a i n s C a rc h e m is h h o w .
,
e ve r n o w J e rabl us w it h i t s co m m a n d o f t h e c a ra v a n
, ,
t ra d e fro m e a s t t o w es t i s s t il l i n t h e i r h a n d s
, .
W e s t w a rd o f t h e m a re t h e Pa t i n i a n s a t ri be o f ,
H it ti t e o ri g in wh o s e t e rr i to r y s tre t c h es fro m K h a z a z
,
( n o w A z a z ) n e a r A l e pp o a cros s t h e A fri n t o M o u n t
, ,
A m a n u s w i t h i t s fo res t s o f ced a rs a n d t o t h e s h o re s
, ,
o f t h e G u l f o f A n t i oc h B u t s o u t h o f t h e Pa t i n i a n s
.
w e a re a g a i n a m o n g t h e S e m i t es T h e s e a co a s t i s
.
h e l d b y t h e w e al t hy t rad in g ci ties o f t h e P h oen i ci a n s ,
fo re m o s t a m on g t h e m bei n g A rv a d a n d G eb a l S i d o n ,
a n d T y r e ; w h il e S y ri a p ro p e r i s d i vi d e d i n t o t wo
k i n g d o m s t h a t Of H a m a t h wh i c h h a s ce a s e d t o b e
, ,
H i t t i t e a n d t h a t o f D a m a s cu s D a m a s cu s h a d ri s en
, .
u p o n t h e r u i n s Of D av i d s e m p i re wh i c h fo r a b ri e f
’
,
s p a ce h a d e x t e n d e d fro m t h e G ul f o f A q ab a h t o t h e
b a n k s o f t h e E u p h r a t e s W i t h D a m a s cu s S a m a ri a
.
,
w a s b ro u g h t i n t o cl o s e rel a t i o n s o m e t i m e s fri en d l y , ,
b u t m o re u s u al l y h os t il e I t s fi rs t m e n t i o n o n t h e
.
A s s y ri a n m o n u m e n t s h o w ev e r i s i n co n n e ct io n w i t h
, ,
“
t h e b a t tl e Of Q a r q a r i n B C 8 5 3 wh e n . .Ah ab of ,
I s r a el s e n t a co n t in g e n t t o t h e h el p O f H a d a d e z e r
”
o r B en h a d a d a g a i n s t h i s A s s y r i a n a s s ai l a n t s
-
.
T h e w a rs o f A s s u r n a ts i r p al l i k e m o s t o f t h os e Of
- -
,
t h e fi rs t A s s y ri a n e m p i re d i d n o t l e a d t o p e r m a n e n t
,
con q u es t o r a n n e x a t io n T h e y w e r e l i t tl e m o re t h a n
.
r a i d s ca rrie d o n p a r tl y fo r t h e s a k e o f p l u n d e r p a rtl y
, ,
i n o rd e r t o e x al t t h e g l o r y a n d p o w e r Of t h e g re a t
g o d A s s u r p a r tl y t o Op e n a r o a d t o t h e we s t fo r t h e
,
m e rc h an t s o f N i n e v e h I t i s p o s s ibl e a l s o t h a t t h e
.
w a rs a g a i n s t t h e h a rd y m o u n t a i n ee rs o f K u rd is t a n o r
A r m e n i a w e re in t e n d e d t o p re ve n t t h e l a t te r fro m
d e s ce n d in g i n t o t h e fi el d s o f A s s y ri a a n d d i s t u rbi n g
t h e i r m o re p e a ce fu l n ei g h b o u rs I t wa s n o t u n t i l t h e
.
ri s e o f t h e s e co n d A s s y ri a n e m p i re u n t i l t h e a g e ,
o f Ti gl a t h Pi l es e r III o f S a r g o n a n d o f S e n n a c h e ri b
-
, ,
t h a t A s s y ri a n co n q u es t m e a n t a bs o r p t io n i n t o a s in g l e
g re a t o r g a n i s e d p o we r .
“
A s s u r n a t s i r p a l wh os e n a m e s i g n i fi e s A s s u r h a s
- -
,
”
d e fe n d e d t h e s o n w a s t h e s o n a n d s u cces s o r o f
,
T i gl a t h U ra s I I a n d wa s h i m s el f s u ccee d e d b y h i s
-
,
s o n S h al m a n es e r a ft e r a rei g n O f t we n t y fi v e y e a rs -
.
“
H i s S t a n d a rd I n s cri p t io n p ro ve d Of h i g h v a l u e i n
”
t h e e a rl y d a y s o f cu n ei fo r m d e ci p h e r m e n t o n a cco u n t ,
o f t h e n u m e ro u s v a ri a n t s p res e n t e d b y t h e d i ff e re n t
T H E A N N A L S O F A SS U R N AT S IR PA L - -
C OL UMN I
I T O U R A S the strong the almighty the supreme the

.
, , , ,
first b orn of the gods the lusty warrior the un iqu e , ,
one whose onset in b attle is u nrivalled the

, ,
2 eldest son the crusher o f O pposition the firstborn of

.
, ,
E A the po werful warrior of the angels ( Igzgi ) the

, ,
cou n sellor of the gods the o f fspring Of the temple ,
of the earth the b inder of the b onds

1
,
Of heaven and earth the ope n er of fountains wh o , ,
treads do wn the widespreading earth the god with ,
out whom the laws Ofheave n a n d earth are unmade ,
the strong ciz a mpi on ( P) wh o changes not the command

O fh is mouth the first b orn of the z ones the giver , ,
of the sceptre an d l a w to all cities the forceful ,
m inister the utterance of whose lips alters not in

, ,
po wer far reachi n g the augur Of the gods the ex -

, ,
alted On e the meridian S u n god the lord of lords ,

-
, ,
wh o the extrem ities of heaven

6 ( and ) earth superintends with hi s hand the king O f
.
,
b attle the illustrious one wh o overcomes Opposition

, ,
the sovereign the un ique one the l ord of fountain s , ,
and seas ,
1
E -ieu rpposed to E
, O the tem ple of the firm a m en t It rep e -
sa r r a , . t
se ted the earth a d the low er w orld d so be came sy o ym ous w ith

n n , a n n n
A ra l or H ades
u T em ples w ere built after the supposed like ess of this
. n
tem ple of the earth a d the ame co seque tly came to si g ify a ,
”
n n n n n
tem ple i g e eral U ras w as the messe ger Of M l li l t h lord of

n n . n u ~
"
e
the ghost w orld w orshi pped at N p or N i ffer

-
, d ide ti fi ed by the i ur , a n n
S em i tes w ith their supreme B l H i s co ectio w ith the ghost w orld or e . nn n -
H ades exp lai s w hy U r s should be called

n the offsp ri g of the tem ple Of
a n
the earth .
TH E IN S CR IP TION OF A S S UR - N A TSIR - PA L 1 35
the strong the unsparing whose onset is the deluge

, ,
that s weeps a way the land of the enemy the slayer ,
of the wicked the lusty god whose counsel is u n

,
changing ,
8 . the light o f heaven (and) earth the illum inator of the ,
recesses of the dee p the destroyer of the evil the , ,
su b duer of the diso b edient the uprooter of the ,
hostile whose name in the assembly Ofthe gods

,
no god has changed the giver of life the god Ofmercy , ,

1
to who m prayer is good wh o d wells in C ALA H the , ,
great lord my lord ; [I ] A ssur na t sir pal the po wer

,
- -
ful king ,
the king Of hosts the king unrivalled the k ing of all , ,
the four regions ( of the world ) the S u n—god of ,

2
mul t itudes of men the favourite OfB E L and U R AS , ,
the beloved of AN U
and D G ON the hero of the great gods wh o bo ws him
A
3
,
self (i n prayer) the beloved of thy heart the prince

, , ,
the favourite of B E L whose high priesthood -
has seemed good to thy great divinity so that thou hast

esta b lished his reign the warrior hero wh o has ,
marched in the service of A SS U R his lord and ,
among the princes

O f the four regions
( of the world ) has n o r ival the ,
shepherd of fair sho ws wh o fears not Opposition the ,

4
un ique one the mighty wh o has not , ,
an opponent the king wh o su b dues the unsu b missive

, ,
wh o has overcome all the multitudes Of men the ,
po werful hero wh o treads ,
upon the neck of his enemies wh o tramples u pon a l l ,
that is hostile wh o b reaks in pieces the squadrons

,
1 represe ted by the mou ds of N imr ud at the j u ctio of the

N ow n n n n
U pper or Great Zab d the T i g ris a n .
2
T h is is B l of N i p
e the A ccadia M l lil o t the yo ger B l
u r, n u -
, n un e
M erodach of B abylo n .
A ssyria D ago w as a w ord of A ccadia ori g i mea i g ex

3 Th “
e n n n n n n
alted . H w usually associated w ith A the sky g od d the w orshi p

e as nn -
, an
of both w as carried as far w est as C a aa A at the w ife OfA g ave n n . n ,

nu ,
her ame to the C a aa ite to w of Beth A ath ( J osh xix

n n n n -
n . .
1
E dd w hich Ofcourse does
,
t mea a flood h no n ere.
of the mighty wh o i n reliance o n the great gods , ,
his lords ,
1 6 . has marched and whose hand has conqu ered all lands
, ,
has overcome the mou n tai n s to their furthest b ounds ,
an d has received their tri b ute wh o has taken ,
1 7 . hostages wh o has established empire over all lands

, .
A t that time A S S U R the lord the proclaimer Of my ,
name the enlarger of my kingdom

, ,
1 8 entrusted his weapon that spares not to the hands of

.
my lordship ( even to m e ) A ssur n a tsi r pal the ex

,
- -
alted pri n ce the adorer of the great ,

1
1 9 gods the m igh ty m onster the conqueror Ofcities an d
.
, ,
mountai n s to their furthest bounds the king of ,
lords the consumer Of the viole n t wh o is cro wned

, ,
with
20 terror wh o fears not Opposition the valiant one the
.
, , ,
supreme j udge wh o spares not wh o overthro ws ,
resistance the king of all princes , ,
2 1 the lord of lords the shepherd prince the king of ki n gs

.
,
-
, ,
the exalted prophet n amed b y U R As the warrior ,
god ( and ) hero of the great gods the avenger of his ,
fathers ,
2 2 the king wh o has marched with j ustice i n reliance

.
2
on A SS U R and SAM A s the gods his h elpers and , ,
po werful countries a n d pri n ces his foeme n

23 he has cast do wn like a reed ( and ) has su bj ugated all
.
their lands u n der his feet the supplier O fthe free ,
will O fferi n gs for the great

24 gods the established prince wh o is provident to direct
.
, ,
the laws of th e temples of his country the work of ,
whose hands and

2 5 the gift Ofwhose sacrifices the great gods of heaven and
.
earth desire and have esta b lished his high priest -
hood i n the tem ples for ever

26 their strong weapo n s have they give n for the spoil of
.
my lordship the terror Of his weapon the glory O f ,
his lordshi p over the k ings ,
1
U mg l a fabulous beast w hich w as su pposed to devour the co pses
su a , r
O fthe dead C om p I saiah xiii

. xxxiv 4 . . 2 1 , 22 . 1 .
2
Th S g od
e un - .
1
37 . has issued forth for me and they have esta b lished ( it ) ,
firmly as my destiny A ccording to the desire of .
1
my heart and the stretching forth of my hand I STA R ,
the lady wh o loves

38 . my high priesthood looked with favour upon me and
-
,
set her heart to make com b at and b attle and in ,
those days A ssur n a tsi r pal the exalted prince the

- -
, ,
worshipper of the great gods ,
39 . whom B E L has caused to Ob tain th e desire Ofh is heart

so that h is hand conquered the lands Of all princes
wh o submitted not unto him the con queror ,
40 . of his foes wh o in di ffi cult places has b roken through the
squadro n s of the m ighty — a t that time A S S U R my

great lord the proclaimer of my n ame
, ,
41 . the enlarger of my kingdom over the kings o f the four

regions ( of the world ) has mightily magnified my ,
name the weapon that spares not unto the hands of

,
my lordship
42 . he has given to hold TO e f fect the submission and .
homage of coun tri es and mighty mountains po wer

fully has he u rged me In reliance on A S S U R my .
lord
43 . I traversed im passa b le paths ( and ) trackless mou n tains
with the forces of my armies : a rival unto m e
existed not At the b egi n n ing Ofmy reig n
.
,
44 . i n my first year when the S UN G OD the j udge of the

,
-
z ones
( O fthe w orld ) had thro w n his ki n dly shado w
over me on the throne of royalty m ightily I had

,
sat ( a n d) the sceptre

,
45 . that shepherds mankind he had caused my hand to

hold I collected m y chariots ( and ) armies Im
,
.
passable roads ( and) trackless m ountains which ,
for the passage

46 . O f chariots and armies were not suited I traversed ; ,
2 3
against the la d Of N I M
n M E I marched : L I B E
1
shtoreth of the Ol d T estame t
Th e A n .
his must be a di ffere t N imme from the A rme ia

2
T n n n o n e, inthe ei gh n
the moder M sh me tio ed by Ti gl th Pi l

b o ur h o od Of n u , n n a -
eser I S
. vol ee .
i p 6 ote I
. . 1 0 , n .
Th ame
3 lso be read but w ith less probability
e n ca n a , , G ub bé .
TH E IN S CR IPTION OF A S S UR N A TS IR - PA L -
1 39
their strong city ( and th e cities of) S U R R A,

APUQU,
AR U R A ( and ) A R U B E w hich are in sight of the
,
mou n
tains of U R I N I A R U N I ( and ) ET 1 N 1 strong cities I
1
, , ,
captured their figh ti n g men -
In num b ers I sle w ; their spoil their goods and ) their

( ,
oxen I carried a way ( Their ) soldiers sought .
the inaccessi b le mountain The inaccessi b le .
mountain they reached With ( my ) forces after .
them
I marched 2 The summ it of the mountain wa s like
.
the point Of an iron b lade and the flying bird ,
Of heaven had not s wooped upon it L ike a .
nest
Ofka ufRs ( P) in the midst O f the mountain they made
their stronghold Into the midst of them wh ere .
none amo n g the ki n gs my fathers had penetrated ,
in three days
the hero b eheld the mountain against it did h is heart
offer opposition he asce n ded the mou ntain on his
feet he overthre w (and) destroyed their nest their
forces
he shattered ; 2 0 0 of their warriors he sle w with
weapons Their spoil mul titudinous as a f
. l ock of ,
sheep I carried a way, .
With their b l ood I dyed the mountain like w ool ( P) .
3
The ravine ( and ) torrent Ofthe mountain devoured
what wa s left of them Their cities .
I overthre w dug up ( and ) b urned with fi re From

,
.
the cou ntry OfN I M M E I dep a rted ; i n to the country

4
OfK 1 R R U 1R I descended the tribute of the countries ,
of K IR R U R I
I U ( )
5
’
S IM E S I
’
( and ), S M BR A the city of

’
L M A N IA ,
and ,
1
The M ou t Eti i i easter K urdista me tio ed i col ii li e 6
n n n n n n n n . . n 2 .
2
for h l l i é
La l l i b e a .
3
A ku lfor y i l after d a eu sa e.
( or G i ) w as the district u der M ou t R w di

4
K ir ruri u rr u r i n n o a n z n
K urdista east w ard of A ssyria from w hich a pass led directly i to the
n, , n
city of A rbela .
5
i lay immediately to the orth east Ofthe pass of H l w
’
S im
’
e s n -
o a n.
the cou tries of A D AU S Ofthe M U R G IAN S ( and ) of

n ,
1
,
the M U R M A S IA N s h orses mules

2 3 ’
, , ,
56 . oxen sheep wine ( and ) a b o wl of copper as their

, , , ,
tri b ute I received I esta b lished a governor over .
t hem When in K IR R U R I
.
57 . I wa s slayi n g the glory of AS S U R my lord over whelmed

,
the people of GOZ A N and K H UPU S K A : horses S i lver

4
, ,
58 . gold lead copper ( and ) a b o wl of copper as their

, ,
tri b ute they brought b efore m e From K IR R U R I I .
departed ,
59 . into the lo wlands of the city of K H U L U N into th e ,
country of Q U R K H I of B E TA N I I descended The

5
.
6
cities of K H AT U K H ATA R U N IST U N IR BID I , , , ,
60 . M ITQ IA AR ZAN IA 7 T E LA 8 ( and ) K H A L U A the cities

, , , ,
of Q U R K H I which in sight of the mountains of U S U ’

,
AR UA
( and )
9
61 . A R AR D H 1 mighty mountai n s are situated I , , ,
captured their soldiers i n multitudes I slew ; their

spoil (a n d) their goods I carried a way .
62 .
[Their] soldiers so u ght t h e peak ( of the mountai n ) ;
they reached the su mmit which ( is ) at the e n tra n ce
to the city of N IS T U N wh ich h angs from the sky ,
l ike a cloud Into the midst Of them where no n e .

,
1
A da u s is me tio ed by
n n T igl a th Pi l e s e r I -
see vol i p . . . 1 02 .
2
Or K h a rga
’
s ia n s .
3 w ord is expressed by ideog raphs w hich si g ify “ a imals w ith

Th e n n
large feet is therefore probable that a s pecies of horse l i ke our cart

It . ,
horse is mea t rather tha mules

, n n .
1
Go a lay to the south of the ki gdom of A rarat b t wee the orther
z n n e n n n
ba k of the T i gris d L ake Va

n W hether the cou try of Go a had
a n n . n z n
a ythi g to do w ith the city of Go a w hich g ave its ame to G

n n it is z n n a uz a n
i classica l times is doubtful

n T h city seems to be mea t by the Go a . e n z n
O fS cri p ture ( K i g s xix ) w hich lay the river K h b o

2 n K h p ka
. 1 2 on a u r. u us
lay to the orth fA ssyria d the U pper Z ab

n O a n .
Q kh i of Beta i or A rme ia exte ded east w ard of D iarbekir alo g

5 n
ur n n n
the orther ba k of the T i gris S vol i p 9 6 ote 3 Q kh i formed

n n n . ee . . . , n . ur
the easter bou dary fthe H ittite tribes

n n O .
6
Th m j fthis city seems to si g ify
e na e o H ittite n .
7 A varia t text g ives A t i It may be the A t s i i of the V a

n ic r s ua n . r u n s nn
i scri ptio s the moder S irka ear V

n n , n n a n
6
Perhaps the moder T ll h at the j u ctio of the S ert river n d the i e ,
n n a n
T i g ris .
9 T his seems to be the earliest form of the ame Of Ur dh the Bib n a r u,
l i c a l A arat r .
the foot of the mountain s of N I EU R ( and) PAZATE .
The river T IG R Is I crossed

1
74 . to the land Of K U M M U K H I approached I received .
the tri b ute Of the countries of K U M M U K H ( and )

Ms I
2
plates of copper oxen sheep ( and ) wine
, , , .
While in the land of K U M M U K H

75 . I wa s staying they b rough t m e b ack ne ws that the ,
3
S U R U Of B IT K H AL U PE had revolted ( and) had
’
-
murdered their governor K hamat a 4

.
5
76 . Akh i ya b a ba a ple b eia n whom they had brought from
-
B IT A D I N I 6 they raised to the sovereig n ty over

-
,
them With the hel p of Assu R ( and ) R I M M ON

.
,
77 . the great gods the enlargers of my sovereignty I as , ,
sem bled ( my) chariots ( and ) armies I Occupied the ,
banks of the K H A B U R 7
On my march the tribute .
78 . abundant of S a ll i mm a n u khaman ilani of the city of - -
6 9
S A D I K A N the son of Ilu R immon of the city o f
,
-
10
Q ATN A silver gold , , ,
79 . lead plates O f copper variegated cloths ( and ) li n en

, ,
vestments I received T O the city of S U R 1 of B IT .
K H A L U PE I approached
80 . the fear of the glory of A SS U R my lord over whelmed
1 of classical g eo graphy see vol i p 9 5 ote
Th e K o m a gé n é . . . , n I
.
2 of cla sical geo graphy the M eshech of the Old T esta

Th e M o skh i s ,
me t see vol i p 94 ote 3

n . . . , n .
3
Th moder H elebi e the w ester ba k of the E uphrates mid w ay
n on n n ,
bet w ee the mouths Of the Bal ikh d the K h b

n Th classical S ura an a o u r. e
( w S i h ) a little above the mou t h of the Balikh p reserved the ame

no ur e , , n
of the S N U .
Th 4
ame mea s the H amath i te
e n n .
L iterally
5 the of obody so n n .
6 B i t A di w as the easter ba k of the E uphrates t far from its no

- n on n n ,
j u ctio w ith the Balikh It may be the Ede of E ek xxvii 3 d

n n . n z . . 2 an 2
K i g s xix
n . 1 2 .
7 Th moder K h b e w hich j oi s the E uphrates at the site of C ir

n a o ur , n
ces i um .
N w A rba
6
o the easter ba k of the K h b n , on w here S i A H n n a our . r . .
L ayard discovered the remai s of a palace D Peiser may be ri g ht i n . r. n
readi g the am e G dika

n n a r- n .
9 O Il D adu r H adad is g od
u- D adu or H adad w as the S yria
, . n
n ame of the deity w hich the A ssyria s ide ti fi ed w ith their R immo Th n n n . e
com pou d H adad R immo is fou d i Zech xii

n -
n n n . . 1 1 .
W may com pare the ame of Y kt i G

16
e x 5 I W A I ii n o a n n en . . 2 . n . . . .
6 0, 3 me tio0, is made of "

n Q atu the g od of the city of Q ata
n n n.
TH E IN S C R IPTION OF A S S UR - N A TS IR - PA L 1 43
them ; the nobles ( and ) the el ders of the city to ,
save their l ives came forth to meet me ,
they took my feet saying Thou willest ( it and ) it is , ,
death thou willest ( it an d) it is life the will of thy

, ,
heart will we p erform A kh i ya ba ba the son of a .

-
,
ple b eian
who m they had b rought from B IT A D I N I I sei z ed by -
the hand In the pro wess Ofmy heart and the

.
violence Of my weapons I attacked the city All .
the soldiers wh o had re b elled

they had sei z ed ( and ) delivered up I brought my .
no b les into its palace ( and ) its temples : its silver ,
its gold its goods its spoil copper

, , , ,
I ron lead plates of copper sacrificial kn ives of copper

, , , ,
sacrificial bo wls of copper ( other) o b j ects of copper ,
in a b undance ala b as ter a cup , ,

1
with handles the ama ons of its pa laces its daughters
z , , ,
the spoil of the soldiers wh o had re b elled along with

their goods its gods along with their goods , ,
precious stones from the m ountain its chariot ( s ) ( its ) , ,
yokes of horses bound to the yoke the trappings of ,
the horses the accoutrements Ofthe soldiers

, ,
variegated cloths l inen vestments a b eautiful altar o f , ,
cedar wood s weet smelli n g her b s a shrine Ofcedar

-
,
-
, ,
red purple ( a d) bl ue purple garments its wagons its

n
2
, ,
oxen ( and ) its sheep its exceeding spoil wh ich like

, , ,
the stars of heaven could not b e num b ered ,
I carried a way Az iel I appoi n ted over them as my .
vicegerent I erected a pyram id at the approach

.
to its ch ief gate The no b les as many as .

,
had revolted I flayed with their skins I covered the

,
pyramid S ome ( of these ) I immured in the midst

.
Ofthe pyram id others a b ove

the pyramid I im paled on stakes others rou nd a b out
the pyramid I planted on stakes many at th e exit
from my o wn country
1
L iterally female soldiers .
2
A rga ma nu t ki l t
a the H ebre w
u, a r
ga mdn a nd ti zebtl etlz , E xod xxv . ,
2 6, xxv
i 4 . .
I flayed ; with their ski n s I clad the fortress walls -

.
The l im b s of the chief o f fi cers wh o ( were ) th e

ch ief Of
fi cers of the ki n gs wh o had rebelled I cut
Of
f .
I b rought Akh i ya b a ba to N I N EV E H ( and) flayed him

-
w ith h is skin I clad the fortress wall of N I N E V E H -

.
Po wer and might

1
I laid upon the land of L AOE While I wa s staying .
in the city of SU R 1 the tri b ute of the kings of the

’
land OfL AOE every one of them ,
silver gold lead copper a plate of copper oxen

, , , , , ,
sheep variegated cloths ( and ) l i n en vestments as

, ,
tribute
and gifts I prescri b ed ( and) imposed u pon them A t .
that time the tribute of K h a ya n u of the city Of

KHI N D A N
2
silver , ,
gold lead copper u m u stone a l a ba ster ( P) red purple

, , , , ,
garme n ts ( a n d) w i l d a sses ( P) as his tri b ute I

,
received A t that time an image .
o f my maj esty grandly I made ; ( the story of m y)

po wer a n d exaltation I inscri b ed upon ( it ) ; in th e
midst of his palace I set ( it ) up I ere c ted my .
stel ae ;
the story of the exaltatio n of my strength I inscribed
( )
u pon ( them ) ; at the gate Of his ( city ) I placed
)
3
( them In the same year during my eponymy
.
,
b y the command of AS S U R my lord and U R A S wh o

loves my priesthood ,
1 00 . whereas in the time O fthe kings m y fathers no o n e o f

the country Of the S H U H IT E s had gone to th e
4
la n d of A SS Y R I A Ilu epu s the S H U H I T E to save

5
,
-
his life together with h is b rothers ( and)

,
1 la d OfL q adjoi ed the territory of the S m

The n a e the orth n u on n .
K hi da may be the G i dda of classical g eo graphy

2
n n the easter n , on n
ba k fthe Euphrates
n O .
L 3iterally “
i the e p o ymy of the year of my ame
n n n .
A ssyria
4
S uk hi T heir territory exte ded alo g the w ester ba k of
'
n . n n n n
the E uphrates from the mouth fthe Balikh to the mouth of the K h b
,
O a o ur .
It w as to the S h h i t that B i ldad ( B l D adu ) the frie d of J ob belo g ed

u es e -
, n , n
( J ob ii O as it may also be read Il ba i 5 r,

.
, u- n .
The city I thre w do wn dug u p ( and ) b urned with,
fire .
1 1 I . I captured the city of M A R I E U which (wa s ) dependent

on them Fifty of their warriors I sle w with
.
weapon s ; 2 0 0 of their captives I burned with

fire ; 3 3 2
1
1 1 2 . soldiers Ofthe country of N I R E 1 I sle w in combat in
the field I b rought a way their spoil their oxen
.
,
( and ) their sheep The ( people Ofthe ) country of

.
N IR B U wh ich ( lies ) at the foot of M ount U K H IR A

2
1 1 3 . encouraged o n e another Against the city of T ELA .
,
their stronghold I desce n ded From the city of

, .
K IN A B U I departed To the city Of T E LA I

.
approached .
1 1 4 . The city wa s very strong Three fortress walls .

-
surrounded ( it ) The inha b itants trusted to their

.
strong walls an d their numerous army and had ,
not descended ( into the field ) .
1 1 5 . They did not em b race m y feet With combat and .
slaughter I attacked the city ( and ) captured ( it) :

3 0 0 0 of their fighting men I sle w with the s word .
Their spoil ,
1 1 6 . their goods their oxen ( and ) their sheep I carried

,
a way . Their numerous captives I b urned with

fire I captured many of the soldiers alive with
.
the hand .
1 1 7 . I cut Off the hands ( and ) feet of some ; I cut Off the
n oses the ears ( and ) the fingers Of Others ; the
,
eyes of the numerous soldiers I put out .
1 1 8 . I built u p a pyram id Ofthe living ( a n d) a pyramid of

heads I n the m iddle ( of them ) I suspe n ded
.
their heads on vi n e stems in the neighbourhood of

-
their city Their young men

.
U M N II C OL
1 .
( and ) their maidens I b urned as a holocaust . The
1
lo wla ds i the ei ghbourhood of D iarbekir
Th e “
n n n . Th e la d of
n
the H ittites lay immediately to the east of them .
Possibly the same as the T ela of l i e 6

2
n 0 .
TH E IN S CR IPTION OF A S S UR - N A TS 1 R PA 1 -
. 1 47
city I overthre w dug u p ( and ) b urned with fi re I , .
a n n ih i l a t e dii t The cities of the land of N I R E I .
2 .
( and ) their strong fortress walls I overthre w dug u p -
,
( and ) b urned with fire At that tim e from the .
country of N I R B I I departed T O the city O f .
1
T US K H A
3 . I approached The city of T U S K H A I restored afresh . .
Its old wall I changed Its site I purified Its . .
strength I took ( in hand ) A n ew wall .
4 . from its foundations to its coping I b uilt up com pleted ,
( and ) strengthe n ed I erected a palace for the seat .
o f my majesty at its gates 2

.
5 . I b uilt this palace up from its foun dations to its coping .
I made an image of my person of white limestone .
The might
O f my po wer the record and h istory of m y conquests
,
3
which I ach ieved i n the countries Of N A I R I I
i n scri b ed upon ( it ) I n the city of T US K H A .
I set ( it ) up I inscribed a ta b let of stone In its

. .
wal l I placed ( it ) Those colo n ists from A S SY R I A .

,
wh o in consequence of a famine to other lands
( even ) to the land O f B U R E had ascended I brought
back In the city of T U S K H A I planted them

. .
This city for myself

I took Grain a n d stra w from the lan d Of N IR B I I
.
he a ped up with in ( it ) The remaining inha b itants .
O fthe land of N I R E I wh o had fled from the face O f
my weapons
IO . descended ( and ) took m y feet Their cities ( a n d) .
their houses ( which were) suitable I caused them to

occu py A S tri b ute and gifts horses
.
, ,
II . mules oxen sheep wine ( and ) plates of copper in

, , , , ,
addition to what I formerly prescri b ed I imposed

upon them Their sons as hostages .
1 lso cal led T kh

A It lay bet w ee M ou t M asi s
us d the T i g ris
an . n n n a n ,
south fD iarbekir
o .
O accordi g to a varia t text

2
r n Ifou ded a p alace for the seat Ofmy n : n
majesty i the midst ( of it ) ; I made doors at its gates Ierected (them )

n .
Th distr ct bet w ee L ake V

3
e i d the orther fro tier of A ssyria
n a n a n n n n
see vol i p 6. .
7 . 1 0 , n . .
I took While I wa s staying in the city of T U S K H A the

.
1
tribute Of A mm i b ahla the son of Z amani Of Ilu -
, ,
.
2
K hite Ofthe land of R UR E ,
O fL a b dh u ri the son of D h u bu s i of the lan d of N IR D U N

’
,
and the tri b ute Of the country of U R U M E of

B I T AN I ( and ) of the kings Ofthe land OfN A I R I
3
,
chariots horses mules silver gold plate ( s ) Of copper

, , , , , ,
oxen sheep (a n d) wi n e as their tri b ute I received

, , .
I established a lord Ofthe marches over the la nds of

NAIR I On my return from the lands Of N A I R I
.
,
the land OfN IR B U wh ich ( is ) within

the mountain of K A s R I revolted Their nine cities .
4
they left To the city of IS PIL IPR IA their strong
.
hold and the inaccessi ble m ountain

they trusted and the summits of the m ountain I ,
attacked ( and ) sei z ed In the m idst Of the mighty .
moun tai n I S le w their warriors With their blood .
l ike w ool ( P ) the mountain

I dyed What wa s left Of them wa s s wallo wed u p b y
.
the ravi n es and torrents of the mountain Their .
spoil ( a n d) their goods I carried a way The heads .
O ftheir figh ti n g men -
I cut Of f Ib uilt u p a column ( of them ) at the top of

.
their city Their young m e n ( and ) their maiden s .
I b urned as a holocaust Into the lo wlands Ofthe .
city of B U L IYA N I
I descended The b anks of the river L U QIA I occupied . .
5
I n my passage the cities of the la n d of Q U R K H I
1
Th e ame mea s " A mmi is B aal
n Ammi or A mmo nw as the . n
supreme god of A mmo as fou d i the ame of A mmi adab a ki g of n, n n n -

n , n
A mmo i the time of A ssur b i pal

n n D N eubauer has sho w that the -
a n -
. r . n
n ame also occurs i the com pou ds R h b m ( the s of Ammo itess )

n n e o o-a on a n n ,
J b
ero m o-a d Ba l aam
, an B alaam came from the la d of the childre of
-
. n n
A mmo re dered “
his peo ple by the A V N umb xxii
" "
( n . . . .
2
O perhaps A kh it
r, B t the ame seems to mea “ A g od is
, n e . u n n
K hite the H ittite deity ) .
B ita i is the district south of L ake V

3
n U rume may be the U i m an . r a
of cla sical g eo g aphy the moder U rum Se vol i p 9 9

s r 3, n . e . . .
, n . .
4
O of the V a ic g ods was called El ip i
ne d a Vann ic chieftai had r s, a n nn n
the ame L t i p i T h suffix i V a ic de otes “ the people of

n u - r s . e -
a n nn n .
Se above p
5
e 4 5 , . 1 0, n. .
1 50 RE COR D S OF TH E PA S T
I sle w The cities of U ZE B IR UT U ( and ) L AC A L AC A

.
, ,
their stronghold together with 1 0 0 to wns dependent ,
On them I captured ,
.
Their s poil their possessions their oxen ( and ) their

, ,
sheep I carried a way Tsab D adi to save his life .

-
, ,
to an inaccessi b le mountain
ascended 1 2 0 0 of their soldiers I transporte d From
the city of D A G AR A I depart ed To the city of .
B A R A I approached The city OfBA R A .
I captured Three h undred and t wenty of their soldiers

.
I sle w with weapons Their oxen their sheep ( and ) .

,
their heavy spoil I brought a way .
Three hun dred of their soldiers I tra n sported On .
1
the 1 sth day of the month Tisri I departed from
2
the city of K A L Z I Into the lo wlands Of the city .
O fB A B I TE I desce n ded .
From the city of B AB I TE I departed To the country .
of N I ZI R wh ich they call the lan d of L U L L U ( and )

3
t h e l a n d of K IN IPA I approached The city of
'
B UN A S I their stro n ghold

’
b elo n gi n g to M u tsa ts in a and 2 0 cities dependent upon

it I captured The soldiers b anded together ; they .
occupied an i n accessi b le mountain A ssur n a tsi r .

-
pal the hero after them

pursued like birds I n the mo u n tain Of N I ZI R he .
scattered their scouts ; 3 2 6 of their fighti n g men

he utterly destroyed Its h orses he sei z ed . .
The ravi n es and torrents of the mou n tai n devoured

their remnants S even cities which ( are ) in the .
country of N I Z I R wh ich they had made their strong ,
holds I captured Their warriors , .
I sle w Their spoil their goods their oxen ( and ) the i r

.
, ,
1
eptember
S .
2
hamamah ( H h ) south w est OfArbela
N ow S a ze -
.
3
mou tai of N i ir w as that w hich the ark of the C hald ea
The “ n n z on a n
N oah w as believed to have rested It lay amo g the K urdish mou tai s . n n n
of Pi M m a little to the south of R w di bet w ee latitudes 3 5 d

r a , o an z , n
°
a n
Th se te ce may l so be re dered “ w hich the ( people of) L ullu

e n n a n
call K i ip nd L ullu may be ide ti fi e d w ith the cou try called L l l b

a , a n n n u u u .
C p li e 7 7
. n .
TH E IN S CR IP TION OF A S S UR —
N A TS IR - PA L 1 5 1
sheep I carried a way The cities I b urned with .
fire At my camp thereupon I made a halt

. .
From this camp I n ext departed To the cities in the .
1
plain of the lan d of N I Z I R whose site had b een ,
seen b y no one I marched The city OfL AR B U S A ,

.
’
,
the stro n ghold of K irtia ra ( and ) 8 cities dependent on

it I captured The men banded together ; they
.
occupied an inaccessible mountain The mountain .
like the b lade of an iron s word

wa s in appearance the l a i (P
r
) of his armies After
2
, .
them I ascended Into the midst of the m ountain .
I thre w their bodies 1 7 2 of their warriors I slew ;

the soldiers
I piled u p on the rocks of the mountain Their s poil .
,
their goods their oxen ( and) their sheep I brough t

,
away The cities with fi re

.
I burned I hu n g their heads on the vines Of the

.
mou n tain Their you n g men ( and ) their maiden s

.
I bur n ed as a holocaust Thereupon I made a .
halt at my cam p
from this camp I next marched forth On e hu ndred .
an d fifty cities of the citi z ens of LA R BU SA D U R ’

,
L U LUM A B U N A ISA ( and ) B A R A I captured

’
.
,
Their warriors I slew Their spoil I carried away . .
The cities I thre w do wn dug u p ( and ) b urned with ,
fire Fifty men of the city of B A R A I sle w in com

.
b at in the field .
At that time the kings of the coun try OfZA M UA every ,
one Of them were over whelmed b y the fear Of the

,
glory OfA S S U R my lord They em b raced m y feet . .
Horses silver (and ) gold

,
I received I made all the country to turn ( to me )

.
wit h one voice I laid on them a present Ofhorses

.
,
silver gold grain ( and ) straw

, ,
.
I departed from the city ( I had named) T ub u l ti Assu r -
a tsba t 3
The foot of the m ou n tai n of N I S F I I
.
1
N ot above the mou tai fN i ir as Peiser reads n n O z , .
2
Ada n ta from m i t
, a couch a n u, .
"
3
I have put my trust i A ssur n ,
occupied All the night I pursued ( my march )

. .
To cities whose situation ( is ) remote which i n sight ,
Ofthe mountain of N I S F I
1
are situated wh ich Tsa b D adi had made his strong ,

-
holds I marched The city of B IR U TU I captured

, .
( a n d) burned with fire D uring the eponymy Of .
2
B el aku I wa s staying i n N i n eveh when ne ws
-
wa s b rought that Ameka ( and ) A ra stu a had withheld

the tri b ute and dues of A SS U R my lord B y the .
command of A SS U R the great lord m y lord ( and ) , ,
N E R GA L wh o go es b efore me ~
,
3
on the first day of the month S ivan for the third time
against the country of Z A M U A I made a cam paign 4
.
The face of my chariots an d armies I coul d not see .
From the city of K ALZ I I departed The lo wer .
ZA 8 5
o
I crossed Into the lo wlands of the city of B A B I TE I

.
entered The river R AD A N U 6 I crossed To the

. .
foot of the mountain Of the country of S I M A K I I ’
wa s continually 7 approaching Oxen .

,
sheep ( and ) wine the tribute of th e country of D AG A R A ,
I received From the foot Of the mountain of

.
6
S 1 M A K 1 strong chariots (a n d) riding horses which
’
-
had b een b red there I b rought a way with m e in

9
store ( A ll ) night long
. till
da wn I pursued ( my ) march The river D H U R N AT 1 ° I .
crossed In a ca r ( P) of dark b lue stone I a p

.
-
pro a c h ed the city of A M M AL I the stronghold of

Ara stua .
1
A varia t text has
n si g ht of the w hole mou tai ( d) the pl i
in n n an a n
( ED IN U ) .
2
B C 88
. T h e readi g of the ame of the e po ym is u certai
. 1 . n n n n n.
3 M
y a . L iterally a muster 4 ‘
.
5 T h K p o s of classical g eo g a phy w hich flo w s from the east i to

e a r r , n
the T i gris a li ttle to the south of K alah S her ghat ( the a cie t A ssur ) n n .
6
T h moder A dhem w hich p ses throu g h the district of R a dh a
e n , It as n.
w as the Ph y k of classical geo g raphy joi i g the T i g is at Opis

s os , n n r .
7 L iterally all my days 3 A varia t text has g ift chariots’

. n -
.
9 L iterally I deposited w ith myself

"
.
1 °
Th T d t
e of cla sical g eography the moder D iya l h w hich
o rn a o us s , n e ,
falls i to the T i gris a little belo w Bag dad

n .
copper b o wls of copper rings ( P) of copper the

, , ,
treasures of his palace ( a n d) his treasury

from the m idst of the mou n tains I carried Off A t my .
cam p thereupon I m ade a h a lt In reliance u pon .
A S S U R ( and ) SA M A s the gods my helpers from that

camp I next departed A fter h im .
I b etook mysel f The river ED I R I crosse d

. To .
w ithin sight of the mountains of S U A N I and

’
E LA N IU m ighty m ountains I sle w their numerous

, ,
warriors H is property his goods a wild b ull of

.
, ,
c op
pen
plates of copper bo wls of copper cups of copper
, , ,
n umerous utensils of copper a dish of gol d with a ,
handle their oxen their sheep their goods

, , , ,
( and ) their heavy spoil I carried a way from the foot

Ofthe mountains of E L A N IU I stri pped him Of his ,
horses Ameka to save his life ascended to the

.
, ,
mountain of SA B U A ’
.
The cities of ZAM R U A R A S IT KU A M M A R U PA R S IN D U

,
’
, ,
’
,
IR IT U ( a n d) S U R 1 T U h is stronghold together with

’
,
1
5 0 cities
wh ich ( were ) dependent on it I overthre w dug u p ( and ) ,
b urned with fire T O mounds and ru ins I reduced

.
( them ) While I wa s stayi n g at the entra n ce to the

.
city of PA R S IN D U upon riding horses ( I made ) the

’
,
-
eunuchs
sit as a seat Fifty figh tin g—men of Ameka I sle w in
.
the field Their heads I cut Off On vines in the

. .
ar b our of his palace I hu n g ( them ) .
T we n ty soldiers I captured alive with the hand In .
the wall O f h is palace I immured ( them ) From .
the city of ZA M R I I carried the riding horses ( a n d) -
eunuchs alo n g with me .
To the cities of A ta the A R ZIZAN into which n one of ,
the kings my fathers had pe n etrated I marched , .
The cities of A R ZIZU (a n d) A R S IN D U ’
his stronghold together with ten cities which ( were )

,
depe n dent on i t which are sit u ated i n the midst

,
of the mou n tai n of N I S F I an inaccessi b le mou n tai n , ,

T HE IN S CR IP TION OF A S S UR N A TS IR - PA L -
1 55
I conquered Their warriors I sle w The cities I

. .
overthre w dug u p ( and ) b urned with fire

,
.
To my camp thereupo n I returned A t that tim e .
copper ta bbi l i of copper ri n gs of copper ( and )

, ,
b racelets the tribute of the country of S ITA M M E N A

,
’
which like women

they wear 1 I received From the city of ZAM R I I de
, .
parted To the mountain of L A R A an i n accessi b le

.
,
mou n tain which for the passage of chariots an d

,
arm ies wa s unsuited with axes of iron I he wed ( m y ,
wa y) .
With picks Of bro n z e I excavated ( my path ) I made .
a passage for the chariots a n d soldiers T O the .
city of T U K U LT I A SS U R AT S BAT which the people of

- -
L U L U call A R A K D I I descended The kings .
of the country of ZA M UA every one of them were , ,
terrified at the appearance Of my weapons and the

magnitude of my sovereignty and em b raced my feet ,
.
Tribute ( and ) gifts of silver gold lead , , ,
copper plates of copper variegated cloths horses

, , , ,
oxe n sheep (and ) wine i n additio n to what I had

,
b efore prescribed I imposed u pon them Their .
governor
in the city of C A L A H I appointed While I wa s stay
2
.
ing in the cou n try of ZA M UA the cities of K H U D U N , ,
K H AR T IS K H U PU S KA (a n d) G OZ A N the fear
3
,
4
of the glory of A S S U R my lord over whelmed Tri b ute .
( and ) gifts Of silver gold horses variegated cloths , , , ,
oxen sheep (and) wine they b rought to me A s for

,
.
the men ,
as m any as had fled from the face of my weapon s (and )

had asce n ded the mou n tai n s I m arched after them ,
.
In sight of the countries of A ZIR U a n d S I M A K I they ’
had encamped The city of M E S U their strong .

’
hold
they had made The la n d OfAZIR U I overthre w (and)
.
1
Ts op r a n i n ot from ts a pa ru ,
“ to murmur .
2
N ow N imrud .
3 Or M urtis ,
4
S ee above p , . 1 40 , n ote 4 .
dug u p From within sigh t of the cou n try of

.
S I M A K I as far as the river D H U R N AT I piled u p

’
their corp ses Five hundred Of their figh ti n g men .

-
I utterly destroyed .
8 4 Their heavy spoil I carried a way

. I b urned the cities .
with fire A t that time in the country Of ZAM UA

.
the city of AD L ILA wh ich S ibir king of KA R D U N I ,

’
-
1
As after capturing it had destroyed
8 5 ( and) had reduced to mounds and ruins A ss u r na tsi r
.
,
-
pal king Of A SS Y R I A restored again Its wall I .
encircled A palace for the seat of my majesty in

.
the middle ( of it ) I founded ador n ed ( and ) ,
strengthened I n addition to what I had before .
p rescri b ed
8 6 grain ( and ) stra w from all the country I heaped up
.
within ( it ) I called its name D U R A SS U R

.
2
On -
.
the first day of the m onth S ivan during the ,

3
eponymy of S a samu da m qu I assem b led my - -
chariots ( and ) armies .
8 7 The river T IG R Is I crossed

. Into the land of .
K U M M U K H I descended A palace in th e city of .
T I L U L I I occup i ed ( P ) I received the tribute Ofthe

land of K U M M U KH From the land OfK U M M U K H .
I departed I n to the lo wlands .
8 8 of the land of the A ST A R T F goddesses 4 I descended

. . .
In the city of KI BA K I I made a halt Oxen .

,
sheep wine ( and ) plates of copper I received as

,
the tri b ute of the ci ty of K I B A K I From the city .
of KI B A K I I depa rted .
8 9 The city of M A TTE YA T E I approached

. The city of .
M AT vA U T E (si c) together with the city of K A BR A N IS A

I captured : of their soldiers I sle w with
weapons their numerous spoil I carried away .
9 0 A ll the men wh o had fled from the face of my

.
1 Babylo ia n .
2 “
T h e fo rtress of A ssur 3 B C 88 . . . 0 .
4
W e k o w from the treaty co cluded bet w ee R amses II d the
n n n an
H ittites that the H ittites w orshi pped A start e by the side of their supreme
g od S t kh T h g oddess w ho presided over H ierapolis the successor of
u e . e ,
C archemish i classic l times w as Al ga t is that is A tar A ti or A start e

'
n a , a r ,
-
’
A ti .
To th e city of M A D A R A the stro n ghold of ,
L a b dh u ri the son OfD h u b u s i I approached The ’

.
city wa s very stro n g Four walls .
surrou n ded ( it ) I attacked the city They dreaded

. .
the face of my po werful weapons and its spoil its , ,
goods ( and ) their sons I received in ransom I n .
place of their lives I accepted them 1

.
Tri b ute gifts ( a n d) governors I imposed u pon them

,
.
The city I overthre w (a n d) dug u p T O a m ound .
a nd rui n I reduced ( it ) From the city of .
2
M A D A R A I departed Into the city of TU S K H A N .
1 0 1 . I descended A p a lace i n the city Of T U S K H A N I

.
commenced 3
The tri b ute of the cou n try of
.
N IR D U N horses m ules plate ( s ) Of copper b o wls

, , , ,
of copper oxen sheep , ,
a n d wine i n the city O fT U S K H A N I received ixty

1 02 .
( ) S .
c ities and stro ng fortresses in the m ountain of

( )
K A S YA R I b elo n ging to La bdh u ri the so n of
Dh u b u s i I overthre w ( a n d) dug up T O mou n ds
’
.
n ce on A S S U R
( a n d) ruins I reduced
( them ) I n relia .
my lord I departed from the city Of T U S K H A N .
G ift ( P ) chariots 4
( and ) riding horses b red therei n -
I carried Of f in store with me B y means Of .
ropes
I crossed the T ra n s Al l n ight I pursued ( my wa y)
. .
To the city Of PI T U R A the stronghold of the

D IR R A N s I approached The city wa s very .
difficult ( Ofaccess) .
T wo walls surrounded ( it ) Its citadel wa s s ituated .
like the peak of a m ountain Through the ha n ds .
supreme of A S SU R m y lord (a n d) with the might ,
Ofmy armies a n d my vehement b attle ,
I fought with them A fter t wo days towards m idday

.
,
I roared upon them like R I M M ON the i n u ndator of

the plai n I rai n ed destructio n u pon them With
. .
viole n ce
1
L iterally “
to the preservatio of their lives I tur ed them n n .
A lso w ritte T kh
2
n us a .
3
O p rhaps “ laid out broadly
r, e , .
4
T h pri t d text has
e w ea po s
n e n .
TH E IN S C
R IP TION OF A S S UR IVA TS IR - PA L
-
1 59
a nd po wer my figh tin g men fle w upon them like the

-
vulture .I captured the city ; 8 0 0 Of their

figh t i n g—
men I sle w with weapons ; their heads
I cut Off M any soldiers I took alive with the hand
.
the rest of them I b urned with fi re Their heavy .
s poil I carried a way A pyram id Of the livi n g

.
( )
a n d O fheads
I built up at the entrance to its ch ief gate I impaled .
7 0 0 men u pon stakes at the approach to their

gre a t gate The city I overthre w dug up (a n d)
.
,
reduced to a mound and ruin Their young men

'
1 1 0 .
( an d ) their maidens I burned as a holocaust The .
city of KU K U N U wh ich ( is ) at the mouth of the

pass Of the mountain of M A D N I I captured I .
sle w with weapons 7 0 0 of their soldiers .
I I1 . Their numerous spoil I carried away Fi fty cities of .
the country of D I R R A I captured Their warriors .
I sle w Their spoil I carried a way Fifty soldiers

. .
I captured alive with the hand The cities I .
overthre w ,
1 1 2 . dug u p ( and ) b urned with fire I outpoured u pon .
them the splendour Ofmy sovereignty From the .
1
city of I U P T R A I departed Into the city O f .
A R EA K I i n the country of QU R K H I of B ETA N I I

descended .
They were terrified b efore the glory Of my maj esty ,
and deserted th eir cities ( and ) their strong fortresses .
To save their lives they ascended Mount M A D N I ,
a mighty mountain .
I pursued after them A thousand of their figh tin g

.
men I cut to pieces in the m idst of the i n accessi b le

mountain With their blood I dyed the m ountain
. .
With their bodies the valleys

( and ) torrents of the mountain I filled I took 2 00 .
soldiers alive with the hand I cut off their ha n ds . .
I carried a way 2 0 0 0 captives Their oxen ( and) .
their sheep
to a countless num b er I took home The to wns Of .
1
Also w ritte B itura n .
IYA V A ( and ) S A LA N IBA the strongholds of the ’

,
city of A R EA K I I captured I sle w their warriors . .
I carried a way their spoil .
I overthre w ( and) dug up 2 5 0 cities whose walls

AI R I
( w ere ) strong in the countries O f N To .
mounds an d ruins I reduced ( them ) The .
harvests of their mountai n I reaped ; the corn

( a nd
) stra w I accumulated in the city of T U S K H AN .
A gainst A mm i bahla the son of Z aman i his nobles -
revolted and murdered him In order to avenge .
A mmi bahla I marched

-
B efore the appearance of .
my weapo n s and the grandeur Ofmy sovereignty

1 20 . they had fear and chariots ( with ) yokes of horses
, ,
trapp ings of men ( and ) horses 4 6 0 ,
2 1 . horses b ound to the yoke 2 talents of silver 2 talents , ,
of gold 1 0 0 talents ,
1 2 2 . O f lead 1 0 0 talents O f copper 3 0 0 talents Of iron

, , ,
1 00 plates of copper 3 0 0 0 handles of copper , ,
b o wls o f copper cups of copper , ,
Io o o variegated cloths linen vestments a dish Of , ,
black wood ivory ( and ) gold the possessions , ,
( and ) treasure Of the palace 2 0 0 0 oxen 5 0 0 0 sheep , , ,
his wife with her rich do wry ( and) the daughters

1
of the nobles with their rich dowri es I received .
1
i scri ptio of As sur t i —pa l e gr aved
An n n a mo olith fou d -
na s r , n on n n
amo g the rui s of K kh

n the T i g ris ( miles belo w D iarb kir ) has
n ur on 20 e ,
the follo w i g varia t accou t of the cam pai g

n n ( 4 ) I flayed the ski
n n 2 n
of B m a n the rebel Icovered ( w ith it ) the w all of the city of S I N A B U

ur ra -
u :
'
.
A t his brother I raised to the chi eftai shi p ; (4 3 ) ma ehs of g old

r ea n u n 2 n ,
1 3 ma ehs O f silver
n OOO shee p ( d) , as tribute
I I a n 2 00 0
im posed upo him T h cities of S I N A B U ( d) T I D U the fortresses w hich

n . e
'
an ,
( 44 ) S halma eser ki g of As syria a pri ce w ho w e t before m e had

n n , n n ,
occupied for himself a g ai st the cou try of N A I R I w hich the AR UM U n n ,
[A ram ea s ] had take a w ay by force to ( 4 5 ) myself I restored the m

a n n , : en
of the city of A S S U R w ho had garriso ed th fortresses of ( the g d ) A SS U R n e o
i the la d of N A I R I w hom i the la d of A R UM U ( the A R A M ZE A N S ) ( 4 6 )

n n ,
n n
had oppressed their cities [ d] their farmsteads [bi t k m m i ] w hich had

.
a n -
u
bee d t y d ( P) I caused them to occupy ( d) I settled them i quiet

n es r o e a n n
seats Fiftee hu dred ( 47 ) soldiers A K H L A M E from the cou try of

. n n , n
A R M A N [A m P] belo g i g to A mmi p h l i the

ra aea n s of Zam a i I n n -
a so n n
removed to AS SYR I A Ibrou ght ( them ) T h harvests of N A I R I ( 4 8 ) I cut

, . e
dow ; i the cities of T U S K H A D A M D A M U S A S I N A BU ( d) T I D U for

n n ,
’
,
'
an
the be e fi t Of my cou try I stored ( them ) up ( 49) Th cities of the

n n . e
its whole extent I have conquered I took the .
city OfC A L AH ( i n hand ) ane w The Ol d mound .
I changed I deepened ( it) as far as the level of the

.
waters T O a depth of 1 2 0 ti Rpi I co n solidated

.
( )
it . The temple of U R AS my lord u pon the
m iddle Ofit I founded At that time .
I made an image Of the same U R A s which did not

previously exist in the inventiveness of my heart ,
even a colossus of his great divi n ity with the best ,
O fmount a i n stone and fine gold -

.
I ac c ounted him my great divinity in the city of

C A LA H H is festivals I ordained in the months
.
1
S ebat and E lul H is sanctuary which had not .
2
b een b uilt I designed .
The holy of holies of U R As m y lord I constructed

firmly in the midst of it The temple of B E LT I S .
,
S NI
3
and G U L A the image of E A the king ( and )
, ,
the image of R I M M ON the m aster of heaven and

earth I erected .
U M N III C OL
I. I n the month S ivan on the 2 2 d day during the , ,
eponymy Of D agon b il n a tsir I departed from the

4 - -
,
city Of C AL A H The T IG R I S I crossed On the. .
further b ank of the T IG R I S

2 . abundant tri b ute I re c eived In the city of T AB IT E I .
m ade a halt On the 6 th day of the month Tammu z

.
I departed from the city Of T A B I T E I occup ied .
the b anks O the river K H A R M IS

f 5
.
3 In the city of M A G A R I S I I made a hal t From the ’

. .
city of M A G A R I S I I departed ’
I occupied the .
b anks Of the river K H AB U R 6

( In
) the city of .
S AD IKA N N I I made
4 a halt
. . The tri b ute of the city of SAD IK AN N I silver , ,
gold lead plates of copper oxen ( and ) sheep I

, , , ,
received From the city of SAD IK A N N I

.
1
J a uary d A u gust
n an O perhap s w ith bo w i g dow
.
2
r n n .
3
T h M oo g od
e n- . B C 879 4
. . .
5
T h classical H ermos or H irma flo w i g i to the K h b
e N isibis s, n n a our .
w as built upo its ba ks

n n T h moder K h bo
.
6
e n a ur .
'
TH E IN S CR IPTION OF A S S UR N A TS IR - PA L e
1 63
5 .
I departed I n the city of QAT N I I made a halt The
. .
tri b ute Of the city of the QAT N IA N S I received .
Fro m the city of QAT N I I de parted .
1
6 .
I n the city of D U R KA D L IM E I made a halt From -
.
the city of D U R K A D L IM E I departed I n the city

-
.
of B IT K H A LU PE I made a halt The tribute

-
.
7 . of the country of B IT K H A LU PE silver gold lead plates -
, , , ,
of copper variegated cloths l inen vestments oxen

, , ,
( and ) sheep I received .
8 .
From the country OfB IT K H A LU PE I de parted In the -
.
2
city of S IR Q I I m ade a halt The tri b ute of the
’
.
city of the S IR Q IA N S silver gold lead plates oxen

’
, , , , ,
9 .
( an d ) sheep I received From the city of S IR Q I I .
’
departed In the city of T S U PR I I made a halt

. .
The tri b u te Ofthe city of the T S U PR IA N S s ilver , ,
1 0 . gold lead plates oxen ( a n d) sheep I received From

, , , .
the city of T S U PR IA I departed In the city of .
N A QA R A BA N I I made
1 1 . a halt The tribute of the city of N A QA R A BA N I s ilver
.
, ,
gold lead plates oxen ( and ) sheep I received

, , , .
From the city of N AQA R A BA N I

1 2 . I departed At the approach to the city of K H IN D A N I
.
I made a halt On the further bank of the.
Eu p H R ATE s it is situate d
1 3 . The tri b ute of the city of the K H IN D A N IAN S silver , ,
gold lead plates oxen ( a n d) sheep I received

, , , .
From the city of K H IN D AN I

1 4 . I departed In the m ountains above the E U P H R AT E S
.
I made a halt From the m ountains I departe d

. .
In B IT SA BAvA at the ap p roach to the city of

-
3
K H A R ID I
1
5 . I m ade a halt The city of K H A R UD U (si c) is situated
.
on the further bank of the E U P H R AT E S From B IT .
S A B A Y A I departed At the head of the city of .
4
A N AT
1
Or D ur K u m l i m e
- .
2
The C ircesium of classical g eo g raphy at the ju ctio of the Eu phrates ,
n n
a nd the K h b a our .
3
S abaya is the ame of a chief n .
4
T he moder n An ah .
1 6 . I made a halt The city of A N AT is situated in the .
m iddle of the E U P H R A TE S From the city of A N A T .
1
I departed The city of S U R U the stronghold of .
’
1 7 . Sa du du of the land of the S H U H IT E s I attacked To .
the far spread soldiers Ofthe country of the K ASS I

- 2
b e trusted and to make wa r an d b attle against me ,
1 8 . he came The city I attacked For tWO days I

. .
’
fought within ( it) B efore my m ighty weap on s .
S a du t a (si c) and 7 0 Ofhis soldiers to

1 9 . save h is life plunged into the E U P H R ATE S I captured .
the city Fifty riding horses an d ( their) groom s.

-
,
3
the property OfN e b o baladan king OfK A R D U N IA s - -
a n d Za bda n u his brother together with 3 0 0 0 of their

20 .
( )
sol diers ( and ) B el bal i ddin the prophet wh o went be
,
- -
fore their hosts I carried Offcaptive along with them .
2 1 . Many soldiers I sle w with weapons S ilver gold lead .

, , ,
plates precious mountain stone for the adornment

,
-
of his palace ,
22 . chariots horses trained to h is yoke the trappings of

, ,
th e soldiers the trappings of the horses the , ,
ama z ons 4 of his palaces his spoil ,
2 3 . a b undant I carr ied a way The city I overthre w ( and ) .
dug u p My pro wess and po wer I laid u pon the

.
cou n try of th e S H U H ITE S The fear of my so ver .
e i gn ty prevailed as far a s the country of K A R

D U N IA s .
2 4 . The desce n t of my weapons over whelmed the country

5
of K A U L D On the countries b eside the EU PH .
R AT E S I outpoured terror A n image .
1 T his must be a di ffere t n

’
S uru from that me tio ed above ( p n n . 1 42 ,
n ote
K assi or K oss ea s ori g i ally a tribe from the mou tai s of
2
The , a n , n n n
Elam had occu pied a part of B abylo ia

,
d im p osed a dy asty of ki g s n , an n n
u po that cou try T h K assi me tio ed here w ere those w ho had settled
n n . e n n
i Babylo ia
n n .
N abu bal iddi

3 N ebo has give
- -
a W may com pare the
na , n so n . e
n ame of M erodach balada L i terally female soldiers

-
n .
4
.
"
T h K ald a w ere a tribe w ho w ere settled i the marshes at the he d

5
e n a
of the P ersia Gulf T his i s the fi rst time that w e hear of their ame but
n . n ,
at a later p riod u der M erod ach balada the

e , of V ag i a they occup ied
n -
n , son n ,
Babylo ia d became so i t g l a part f the po pulatio as to g ive their

n a n n e ra O n
n ame to its i habita ts amo g Greek d L ati w riters

n n n a n n .
alive ( and ) impaled ( them ) on stakes I n the b oats .
I had constructed ,
the b oats of lzcz r ci czzccz skin which were fastened from

’
,
b oth sides in the form of a pontoon I crossed the

1
,
E U P H R AT E S at the city of K H A R ID I The people of .
the countries of the S H U H IT E S ( and) of LAQ E

( and ) of the city of K H IN D A N U trusted to the strength
of their chariots their armies ( and) their forces and
, ,
mustered 6 0 0 0 of their sold iers to make wa r an d

b attle .
When they came forth against me I fought with ,
them I utterly destroyed them Their chariots I

. .
m inished I sle w 6 5 0 0 (si c) of their figh ti n g m e n

.
-
with weapons What wa s left of them

.
wa s devoured b y the E U P H R ATE S am id fam ine i n the

2
desert From the city of K H A R ID I i n the country
.
of the S H U H ITE S as far as the city of KI P I N A the

cities of the pe o ple of K H IN D AN U
( and ) of L ( )
A Q E which are on the further ba n k of the
(
E U P H R A T E S ) I captured Their warriors I sle w . .
Their spoil I carried a way The cities I overthrew .

,
dug u p ( and) b urned with fire A z i c l the LA Q I AN .

-
trusted to his forces a n d occupied the fords at the city

of KI P I N A I fought with them ( Starting) from
. .
the city of KI P I N A I utterly destroyed them A .
thousand
of h is soldiers I sle w H is chariots I m i n ished H is . .
a b unda n t spoi l I carried a way H is gods I carried .
3
off To save h is life Mou n t B IS U R U an i n a c c es
.
’
,
si b le mountain to wards the source

of the E U P H R AT E S he occupied For two days I pu r,
.
sued after him The relics of his army I slew with

.
weapons The mountain ( and ) the E U P H R A T E S

.
4
devoured those I had destroyed of them A s far .
as
the cities of D U M M ET E ( and) AZM U the cities of the
5
,
Kil ll
a a n Id l d i is from di l
. zc n to be bolted e u .
O p erhap s
r ( d) amid disease
a n .
Probably the moder T l B asher n e -

.
5 C alled
L iterally their destructio D u mm t i li e 44
n . u n n .
Ti l E IN S CR IP TION OF A S S UR —
N A TS IR PA L -
1 67
son of A di n u I pursued him The relics of h is

,
.
army I sle w with weapons H is a b undant spoil .

,
his oxen ( and ) his sheep ,
43 . which like the stars of heaven were num b erless I carried

a way At that time I carried off Ila the L AQ I AN
.
,
his chariots ( and ) yokes of horses ( and ) 5 0 0 of h is ,
soldiers .
44 . T 0 my count ry of A SSY R I A I brought ( them ) The .
cities of D U M M U T and AZM U I captured over ,
thre w dug u p ( and ) b urned with fire From the

,
.
narro ws of the E U P H R AT E S I came out In the .
course of this cam paign

45 . I e n compassed Az i e l B efore my mighty weapons i n
-
.
,
order to save h is life he asce n ded ( the country ) ,

.
Ila the prince of the land of L A QE h is soldiers

, , ,
his chariots ( and ) his teams

46 . I carried o ff To my city of ASS U R 1 I brought ( them )
. .
K h i m ti c l the L AQ I A N I besieged in his city

-
By .
the help of A S S U R my lord b efore my m ighty wea

pons my vehement battle
,
47 .
( and ) my enormous forces he wa s terrified and t h e ,
b ooty of his palace silver gold lead copper , , , , ,
plates of c 0 ppe r ( and ) va riegated cloths h is abundant ,
spoil I received and tri b ute

, ,
48 .
( and ) gifts a b ove what I had b efore prescribed I i m
pos ed u pon them At that time 5 0 strong wild .
b ulls on the further side of the E U P H R ATE S I killed

8 wild b ulls
49 . I captured alive with the hand 2 0 csi r birds I killed -
20 b irds I caugh t alive with the hand I

csi r — .
founded t wo cities u pon the E U P H R ATES one on ,
the hither bank

5 0 . of the E U P H R AT E S whose name I called K A R AS S U R -
N A SI P
T R A L
2-
the other on the further b ank of the
,
E U P H R ATE S whose name I called N IB A R r i A SS U R 3 -

.
1
K aleh S her ghat
N ow the wester ba k of the E uphrates a little
, on n n
above the mouth of the L o w er Z ab T h stateme t i the text seems . e n n
to be derived from the memora dum of some sc ibe other tha the n r n one
w ho fur ished the accou t i li es 4 3 4 4

n n n n . .
T h fortress of A ssur— t i pal

2
e T h ford of A ssur
na s r- .
3
e .
On the 2 0 th day of the month S ivan I departed from

the city of C A L A H
5 1 . I crossed the T IG R Is to the country of B IT AD I N I I -
marched To the city of K P R B I their strong

A . A
l -
hold I ap proached The city wa s very strong . .
L ike a clou d of heaven it wa s elevated .
5 2 . The inha b itants trusted to their numerous soldiers and

descended not to em b race my feet B y the com .
m and of A S SU R the great lord my lord and N ER G A L , ,
wh o marches b efore me I attacked the city .
2
53 . With mou n ds ow cr owi ng P
ed /
( ) ( and) b attering rams -
I captured the city Their numerous warriors I .
sle w I utterly destroyed 8 0 0 of their figh tin g men

.
-
.
This spoil (and ) their goods I carried a way 2 4 0 0

54 . o f their soldiers I carried off To the city of C A LA H .
I transported ( them ) The city I overthre w dug .

,
up ( a n d) bur n ed with fire I pu t an end to it I . .
laid the fear of the glory of A S S U R my lord u p on

B IT A D I N I
-
.
55 . At that time the tribute of Akh u n i the son of A din i

( and ) of K h a b i n i of the city of T E L A BN A silver
3 -
, ,
gold lead copper, variegated cloths linen vest

, , ,
ments ( and ) beams

56 . of cedar the treasures of his palace I received I
, ,
.
took their host a ges I extended mercy to the m . .
On the 8 th day of the mo n th Iyyar 4

I departed
from the city of C ALA H The T IG R I S .
57 . I crossed To the city of C R C H M I S H in the country

. A E
5
of the H I TT I T E S I took the road To the country .
of B IT R A K H I A N I I approached The tri b ute of the

-
.
son o f B a kh ia n i chariots teams horses silver , , , , ,
58 . gold lead copper ( and ) plates of copper I received

, , .
The chariots riding horses ( and ) grooms of the son ,

-
of R akhiani I took a way with me From B IT .
B A K H IA N I I departed .
1
Th e great rock in A ramaic .
2
B zl li m
’
. the sto e 3 Ap il n
Th e m o u n d of n .
4
r .
W ritte G g m i the H ittite ca pital

5
n a i the w ester ba k of the
cz s, on n n
E uphrates w marked by the rui s of J

, no b l u a little to the orth of the n a ra s, n
j u ct i o of the S aj ur
n n d the E u phrates a n .
1 70 RE C OR D S OF TIJ E PA S T
transparent stu ffs si r mcmcz sto n es the tusks of ele , ,
p h a n t s a w hite chariot
, ( and ) small images of gold in ,
quantities the ornaments of h is royalty I received

, ,
f rom him The chariots .

,
69 . riding horses (a n d) grooms of the city of C A R C H E M I S H

-
I carried off with me All th e kings of the ( sur .
rounding) countries came to my prese n ce and em

b raced my feet Their hostages I took . .
70 . They rej oiced at m y face To the land of L E BAN ON .
they wen t From the city of C A R C H E M I S H I de

.
parted In sight of the countries of M UN ZIG AN I

.
A M U R G A I took
( and ) K H
( my w a
y) .
7 1 . I passed the country of A K H AN U on my left To the .
city of K H A ZA ZII b elonging to L u b a rn a the PA T I

N I A N I approached ; gold cloths
( )
a n d linen vest ,
ments I received .
72 . I forded the river A P E R

2
I crossed ( it ) making a .
halt From the b a n ks of the A P R E I departed

. .
To the city of K U N U L U A 3 th e capital of Lu ba rn a

the PA T IN IA N
73 . I approached The face of my po werful weapo n s .
( and ) vehement battle he feared and to save his ,
life he em b raced my feet T wenty talents of silver .

,
one talent of gold ,
74 . 1 00 talents of lead 1 0 0 talents of iron 1 0 0 0 oxe n , , ,
sheep 1 0 0 0 variegated cloths ( and ) linen

,
vestments small im a ges ( and ) weapo n s in quantities

, ,
75 . the legs of co u ches seats ( and ) couches in quantities , ,
dishes of ivory ( and ) numerou s ute n sils the multi ,
t u di n o u s fur n iture of his palace the like of which ,
76 . had never b een received 1 0 female musicians ri n gs , ,
( and ) numerous ( and ) the great m a ces of

the great lords as his tri b ute I received from h im ,
.
Mercy u n to him
1 '
N o w Az a a fe w m i les orth w est of A leppo
z ,
n -
.
2
The moder A fri n n.
3
K u nu u a
l seems to be the G i d of the classical w riters It is n a r us .
called K i n a ua
l by S halma eser II d K l i by T gl t h Pil n III , a n u na e i a -
ese r .
4
K a m [m a te]
5
Pa g u t u , w ritte n
’
pa gi t z i n S 2 03 7, 1 1 .
TH E IN S CR IPTION OF A S S UR - N A TS IR PA L -
1 71
77 . Iextended The chariots ridi n g horses ( an d ) grooms

.
,
-
of the PA T IN IAN S I carried o f fwith me His host .
1
ages I took A t that time the tribute . o fGu s i ’
2
78 . the Y A K H A N IA N silver gold lead [copper] oxen sheep
, , , , , , ,
variegated cloths ( and ) l inen vestme n ts I received , ,

.
From the city of K U N U L U A the capital of La b a rn a

79 . the PAT IN IAN I departed The river [OR ON ]T E S I .
crossed On the b anks of the OR ON T E S I halted

. .
From the banks of the OR ON TE S I departed In .
sight
80 . of the countries of YA R A Q1 3 ( and ) Y A H T U R I I took
( my wa y) The cou ntry of . K U I traversed . .
On the b anks of the river SA N GU R A 4

I made ( a ’
halt ) From the b a n ks of the r1 ver SA GU R A (si c) I

.
’
departed In sight .
5
8 1 . o f the countries of SA R A T IN I ( a n d) K A L PA N I I took ’
( my way
) O n the b a n ks
[of the
. river ] I
m ade [off ]eri n gs Into the city of A R IB U A the .
stronghold of Lu b a r n a I entered .
8 2 . The city I took for mysel f The cor n an d stra w of .
the cou ntry of L U K H UT I I harvested ( a n d) heaped

u p within ( it ) I made a feast i n h is palace . C ol .
o n i st s from A S S Y R I A
83 . I settled within ( it ) While I wa s stayi n g i n the city .
of A R IB U A I conquered the cities of the la n d of

L U K H UT I Their n umerous wa rriors I sle w I
. .
overthre w dug u p and with fire , ,
84 . I b u rned I captured (some ) soldiers alive with the

.
“
hand On stakes I impaled ( them) at the appro a ch

.
to their cities A t that time I occupied the slope s .
of L E BA N O N To the great sea .
85 . of PH CE N IC IA I ascended A t the great sea I hung up .
my weapons I offered sacrifices to the gods

.
.
The tribute of the kings of the coasts of the sea ,
C alled Ag u si by S halma eser II the successor of A ssur ts i pal

1 '
n ,
-
na r- .
T here is a lacu a here i the text

2
n n .
3
Y q i w as
a ra a district of H amath i the time of T i gl th —
Pl III n a i eser .
T h moder S ajur w hich flo w s from the orth w est i to the E u phrates

4
e n ,
n - n
n ear the site of Pethor d a little to the south of that of C archemish

a n .
5 N
o t D pp ui as D a n Peiser reads
, r . .
86 . of the TY R I AN S th e the G E B A L IT ES the

, S I D ON I A N S, ,
M A K H A L LAT IA N S the M A IZIAN S the K A IZIA N S 1 the , , ,
PH tEN rc rAN s a n d of the citi z e n s of A R V A D

,
87 . in the m iddle o f the sea s ilver gold lead copper , , , , ,
plate [s] of copper varieg a ted cloths linen vestments , , ,
great ma ces ( P ) ( a n d) small ma ces ( P ) ,
88 . zcs zc wood seats of ivory

( )
a n d a porpoise th e offspring
,
of the sea as their tri b ute I received They em

, .
b raced m y feet To the mou n tains of K H A M A N I 2 .
I ascended L ogs .
89 . of cedar sher b i n j uniper ( and ) cypress I cut I

3
, , .
offered sacrifices to my gods I erected a m emorial .
of my warlike deeds Upon it I w r ofe ( P ) 4

.
90 . The logs of cedar were tr a n sp or ted ( P ) from the moun

5
tai n of A M AN US as m aterials for E SA R R A for my ,
-
,
temple have I stored (them ) even ( for) the Temple ,
of R ej oicin g ( and ) for the tem ple of S IN and

S AM A S the holy gods .
6
9 1 . To the country of fi r trees I went The country of -
.
fi r trees thoughout its whole extent I conquered

-
.
L ogs of fir I cu t To the city of N I N E V E H .
92 . I b ro u ght ( them ) To I S TA R the lady of N I N E V E H .

,
my b enefactress I o ffered ( them ) D uring the .
7
.
eponymy of S amas n uri by the command of A S S U R -
the great lord my lord on the 2 0 th day of the , ,
month Iyyar 8 from

93 . th e city of C A L A H I departed The T I G R I S I crossed . .
I nto the la n d of Q IPA N I I desce n ded The tri b ute .
of the city chiefs of the lan d of QIPAN I in the city

-
of K H UZIR IN A
94 . I received While I wa s staying in this city of
.
1
three cities of M kh l l t M ai
Th e d K i are ide ti fi ed by Prof
a a a , z , a n a z n .
D elit sch W i th the later T ri p olis (

z w T ri poli ) no .
A ma
2
s border i g the Gul f of A tioch
nn , n on n .
T h smaller cy press or Oxy d

3
e ce r u s.
Th 4
readi g of the w ord is u certai
e n It is perha ps g p from n n . a s u ,
sa gp
“
a to cover u .
E sarra
5
the tem ple of the fi m m t w as properly the mytholo g ical
-
,
r a en ,
name of the sky ; but actual temples w ere amed after it i the cities of n n
B abylo ia d A ssyria
n a n .
6 7 B C April 8
'
Al k/ e zr c . 8 67 . . . .
governor of my o wn to b e over them From th e .
lo wla n ds of the country of A M A D A N I I came ou t

at the city of B A R Z A N IST U N 1 -
.
1 0 5 . To the city of D A M D AM M U S A the stronghold of Ila n i ’
2
the son of Z a mani I approached The city I .
b esieged My warriors flew like b ird ( s ) upo n

.
them .
1 0 6 . I sle w 6 0 0 of their figh t in g men with weapons I cut -

.
off their he a ds I captured 4 0 0 soldiers alive .
with the hands .
1 0 7 . I brought a way 3 0 0 0 of their captives I took this .
city for myself The living soldiers ( a n d) the .
heads I b rought to the city of A M E D I his capital 3

.
1 08 . I b uilt u p a pyramid with the heads at the approach

to his main gate The livi n g soldiers I impal ed .
on stakes at the gates of his city .
1 0 9 . I fought a b attle within his mai n gate I cut do wn .
h is plantations From the city of A M ED I I departed . .
I n to the lo wlands of Mou n t K AS YA R I ( and ) of th e

city o fA LL AB S IA ' ’
1 1 0 . which none amo n g my fathers had cut off or proclaimed

( wa r) against ( and) approached I descended
4
.
,
The city of UD A the stro n gh old of La bdh u ri the ,
son of Dh u b u s i ’
1 1 1 . I approached The ci t y I attacked With mou n ds ( P)

. .
Wtter i ng r a ms ( P ) a n d wa r—e n gi n es I captured the

i -
city I sle w . of their soldiers with weapons .
Five hundred and eighty men alive

1 1 2 . I took with the hand I b rought away 3 0 0 0 of them .
captive The soldiers ( I had captured) alive I i m

.
paled on stakes round a b out his [city ] Ofsome .
erhap s ide tical w ith the N i t me tio ed i col i li e 6 3 I

1
P n s un n n n . . n . n
the V a ic la guag e of a cie t A rme ia b

nn n i si g i fi ed a chapel n n n a r z cz - n s n .
O “ the of a rebel A ccordi g to col i li e A ssur

2 "
r son t i . n . . n 1 1 0, -
na s r
pal had already destroyed D m d m a a u sa
’
S 3
p 7 3 ote
ee . 1 , n 2 .
L iterally “ of w hich
4
o e had made a cutti g ff or a proclaimi g n n n o n
( d )
a na pp roach A army w as accom
. p a ied by ipn or “
prophet n a n a s zc ,
"
w ho determi ed by his pt i or proclamatio s w hether or t i t should

n sz
’
n no
e gage i battle C om pare li e

n n above D P i
. correctio s of n 20 . r . e se r s
'
n
the text are quite u ecessary nn .
TH E IN S CR IP TION OF A S S UR N A TS l R PA L - -
1 75
I put out the eyes The rest of them I transported .
( and ) b rought to A S S Y R IA The city I took for

’
.
[myself ] A.ssur n a t s i r pal the great king the

- -
,
po werful king the king of A S SY R I A ; the son of

,
T igl a th Uras
-
,
the great ki n g the po werful king the king of mul ti

, ,
tudes the king of A SSY R I A the son of R immo n

,
n i ra ri the great king the po werful king the ki n g , ,
of multitudes the king of the same A SSY R I A ; the

,
warrior hero wh o has marched i n relia n ce u pon

,
A S S U R h is lord and among the ki n glets of the

four z ones
has no rival ; the shepherd of fair sho ws wh o fears
not oppos ition the unique one the strong one , ,
wh o has no co n fronter the ki n g wh o subdues the ,
diso b edie n t wh o all ,
the legions of the mighty has conquered ; the po werful

male wh o tram ples on the neck of his enem ies ,
wh o treads upon hostile lands wh o b reaks i n ,
pieces the squadrons of the strong wh o in reliance ,
on the great gods

his lords has m arched a n d h is ha n d has overcome all ,
countries has conquered all mountai n s an d has

,
received all their tri b ute ; the exacter of hostages ,
wh o has esta b l ished emp ire

over all the world A t that time A S S U R the lord the
.
proclaimer of my name the mag n ifier of my ,
sovereig n ty his unsparing weapon to the hands of

,
my lordship
entrusted . The widespread forces of the land of
LU L LU M E I sle w with weapon s in mid b attle By .
the help of SAM A S

1 20 . an d R I M M ON the gods my min isters over the forces
, ,
of the countries of N A I R I the country of QU R K H I , ,
the country of S U B A R I and the country of N IR BE 1
I roared like R I M M ON the i n undator .
1 2 1 . The king wh o from the fords of the river T IG R I S t o

,
the m ountains of L E BA N ON and the great sea the ,
1
Th e lo wla ds
n .
land of LA QE throughout its circuit the land of ,
the S H U H IT E S as far as the city of R A PIQ I

1 2 2 . h as su b dued b eneath his feet From the head of the .
sources of the river S U PN AT to the lo wlands of ’
B I TA N I h is han d has conquered From the l o w .
l a nds of K IR R U R I to
1 2 3 . the country of G OZ AN from the fords of the L o wer ,
ZA B to the city of T E L BA R I 1 which is a b ove the -
ZA B as far as the city of the M ound of ZA BD A N I

and the city of the Mound
1 2 4 . of A PTA N I the city of K H IR IM U the city of K E ABUT U
, , ,
2
the country of B 1 R AT E belo n ging to B A BY L ON I A
I have restored to the frontiers of my country .
From the lo wlands of the city of BA B I T E

1 2
5 . to the country of K H AS M AR I have accounted ( the
inha b itants ) as men of m y o wn country In the .
la n ds wh ich I have c o n qu ered I have appointed

my governors They have done homage
. .
B oundaries
1 2 6 . I have set for them A ssur n a tsi r p al the exalted.
- -
,
prince the adorer of the great gods the unique

, ,
monster the lusty the conqueror of cities and

, ,
m ountains to their furthest limits the king of ,
lords the consumer

,
I2 7 . of the strong the hero wh o spares not the annihilator

, ,
of opp osition the king of all kinglets the king of

, ,
kings the exalted prophet named by U R AS the

, ,
warrior the hero ,
1 28 . of the great gods the king wh o in reliance upon ,
A SS U R and U R A S the gods his ministers has

marched in righteousness and trackless mountai n s ,
and hostile princes ( with ) all

1 2 9 . their countries has su b dued b eneath hi s feet With .
the foes of A SS U R a b ove and b elo w he has con

tended and has imposed upon them tri b ute and
gifts A ssur n a tsir pal
.
- -
1 30 . the po werful king named by S N the servant of

I
3
, ,
1
The M ou d of Bari
n .
2
Or “
the Fortresses .
3
The M oo g od n- .
S P E C I M E N S O F A S S Y R I A N C OR R E
S PON D E N C E
Bv T H E O G PI N C H E S
. . .
T H ER E i s p rob abl y n o b r a n c h o f A s syro B a b y l o n i a n

-
l i te r a t u re t h a t i s m o re a t t r a ct i ve t h a n t h e co r re s p o n d
e n ce N o t o n l y d o t h e l e t t e rs wh i c h h a v e bee n fo u n d
.
i n t h e a n ci e n t re co r d o f
-
fic e s o f A s s y ri a a n d B ab y l o n i a
fu rn is h t h e s t u d e n t wi t h s p e ci m e n s o f t h e m o d es o f
t h ou g h t a n d e x p re s s io n o f t h e o rd i n a r y p e o p l e a n d ,
e n abl e h i m t o s e e i n wh a t co n s i s t e d t h ei r co m m u n i
c a t i o n s w h a t w e re t h e i r i n t ri g u e s t h ei r j o y s a n d t h ei r
, , ,
s o rro ws b u t t h e y al s o fu rn is h h i m w i t h v a l u a bl e s i d e
l i g h t s u p o n t h e h i s t o r y reli g i o n m a n n e rs cu s to m s a n d
, , , ,
l a s t n o t l e a s t i m p o r t a n t p h il ol o g i cal i n fo r m a t i on
, ,
t h e p e c u l i a r i d io m s a n d p ro n u n ci a t io n o f d i ff e re n t
d i s t ri ct s t h e v a ri e t ie s o f s t y l e o f t h e d i ffe re n t s cri bes
,
.
T h e N a t io n a l C ol l e ct io n co n t a i n s s e ve r a l h u n d re d
t a ble t s be a ri n g i n s cri p t i on s o f t h is cl a s s a d d res s e d t o
,
a n d fro m v a ri o u s p e rs o n s i n d i ffe re n t p a r t s o f t h e
A s s y r i a n e m p i re i m p l y i n g a v e r y p e r fe ct s y s t e m o f
,
co m m u n i ca t i on b e t w ee n N i n e ve h t h e ca p i t al a n d t h e
, ,
o u tl y i n g d i s t ri ct s T h e s u bj e ct s t re a te d o f v a r y fro m
.
s i m p l e g ree t in g s t o d es cri p t io n s o f h os t il e d e m o n s t r a
A S S YR IAN C OR R E S PON D E N CE 1 79
t io n s con g ra t u l a t i o n s cl a i m s u p o n t h e r o y al cl e m e n c y
, , ,
a n s wer s t o a s t rol o g i cal p h i l ol o g i cal a n d o t h e r q u e s

, ,
t i o n s m e d i ca l a n d o t h e r re p o r ts p ro cl a m a t io n s e t c
, , , .
e t c T h e s e l e t t e rs a re g e n e ra l l y o bl o n g t a bl e t s o f
.
b a k e d cl a y a cros s w h i c h t h e l in e s o f w ri t i n g a re i h
,
s cri be d t h e n a rr o w wa y It i s n o t u n l i k el y t h a t m a n y
.
o f t h e d o cu m e n t s o f t h i s cl a s s wh i c h h a v e co m e d o w n
t o u s a re C o p i e s t h e o ri g i n a l s h av i n g bee n s e n t a w a y
,
fro m N i n e ve h P a p y r u s w a s p rob a bl y u s e d fo r t h es e
.
do cu m en t s b u t cl a y l e t t e r s w e re al s o s e n t a bo u t
, .
T h es e l a t t e r s o m e t i m es h a d a n e n vel o p e o f cl a y a ro u n d
’
t h e m a d d re s s e d a n d s e al e d w i t h t h e s e n d e r s c y l i n d e r
, .
T h e n u m b e r o f d a t e d l e t t e rs i s ve r y s m al l i n c o m
p a ris o n w i t h t h os e w i t h o u t d a t es s o t h a t w e ca n o n l y
,
a rr i ve a t a n i de a a s t o wh e n t h e y w e re w ri t te n b y i h
t e rn a l e v i d e n ce s u c h a s n a m es p l a ce s a n d h i s t o ri ca l
, , ,
e ve n t s T h e p re ci s e d a te s o f m a n y o f t h e m h o w e ve r
.
, ,
m u s t a l wa y s re m a i n u n ce r t a i n .
T h es e d o cu m e n t s v a r y i n l e n g t h fro m o n e t o s i x
i n c h es a n d i n w i d t h fro m t h re e q u a r te rs o f a n i n c h
,
-
t o ab o u t t wo i n c h e s a n d a h al f T h e p res e n t t e x t s
.
a re o f s i z e s a b o u t m i d w a y b e t we e n t h es e t wo e x
t re m es .
N U M B ER 1
T h i s t e x t i s a l e t te r fro m Arad N ana

wh o s ee m s -
,
t o h a ve be e n a p hy s i ci a n t o t h e k i n g o f A s s y ri a a t
,
t h e t i m e co n ce rn i n g a m a n p o s s ibl y a n A s s y ri a n
, ,
p ri n ce a n d n e a r rel a t io n o f t h e k i n g wh o wa s 1 1 1 In , .
d ee d s o i ll wa s h e t h a t t h e w ri te r d i d n o t e x p e ct t h a t
, ,
h e wo u l d l i ve m o re t h a n s e ve n o r ei gh t da y s l o n g e r
( s e e t h e l a s t s e n ten ce o f t h e t r a n sl a t io n ) On e r a y o f .
co m fo r t o n l y d o e s t h e w ri te r h o l d o u t a n d t h a t i s , ,
t h a t t h e s u ff e re r m i g h t re cov e r i f t h e k i n g wo u l d o nl y
,
ca u s e p r a y e r t o b e m a d e t o h i s g o d s .
J u d g i n g fro m t h e t e x t i t i s h a rdl y l i k el y t h a t t h e
,
s i c k n e s s fro m wh i c h t h e m a n wa s s u ffe ri n g wa s a
n a t u ra l o n e H e h a d d o u b tle s s re ce i ve d a w o u n d o r
.
i nj u r y— p er h a p s s e v e r a l — a n d i t wa s ve r y p rob abl e
t h a t o n e o f t h es e wh i c h h e h a d re ce i ve d i n h is h e a d
, ,
w o u l d p ro v e m o r t a l .
T h e n u m be r o f t h e t abl e t i s S 1 064 .
T R A N S LAT I ON
To the king my lord thy servant Arad N an a May ,

-
.
there b e peace for ever and ever to the king my lord May .
the god N 1 N EP 1 an d the goddess G U LA give soundness of

heart and soundness of flesh to the king my lord Peace .
for ever .
To reduce the general 1 n fla mm a t1 0n of h i s forehead 2

0
,
3
I have tied a bandage u pon it H is face is s ollen w . .
Y esterday as formerly I opened the wound which had

, ,
b een received in the midst of it A s for the bandage which .
wa s over the s welling matter wa s upon the b andage the

, ,
si z e of the tip of the little finger Thy gods if the whole .

,
of the flesh of his b ody they can restore unto him cause ,
w
thou to invoke and h is mouth ill cry
,
4
Peace for ever .
May the heart of the king my lord b e good .
1
[Or U ras .
L2i terally “
of the w all of h eyes 1s .
3 L iter a lly I h n ls f
a ce it rises or there is a risi g
,
n .
4 L iteral v give .
K 5 1 9 i s o f g re a t i n ter es t i n co n n e ct io n w i t h t h e t e x t
,
ab ov e t r a n s l a te d T h i s o t h e r t e x t i s al s o fro m A ra d
.
N a n a a n d p rob abl y re fe rs t o t h e s a m e s i c k m a n wh o
, ,
’
s e e m s t o h av e be e n t h e k in g s s on C o n ce rn i n g t h e .
“
s i c k m a n A ra d N a n a s a y s fro m wh os e fa ce bl o o d
,
-
,
fl o w s t h e R a b —m u g i ( R a b m a g
, h a s s a i d th u s -
’
‘
Y es t e rd a y a s b e fo re m u c h ,
bl o o d fl o wed He
,
.
2
t o ok of f t h os e b a n d a g e s ( l zjopi dmm u te) w i t h ca re .
U p o n t h e wo u n d s ( P ) o f h is f a ce i t wa s i n fl a m e d
3
T h e in j u ri e s a re i m p rovi n g B e fo re t h e bl o o d fl o w s .
,
4— 5
l e t h i m m a k e t h e O p en i n g o f t h e n os t ril t h e b re a t h
w i l l co m e t h ro u g h t h e bl o o d w il l s t o p A f
,
ew m o r e .
l i n e s e n d t h e co m m u n i ca t i on T h i s d o cu m e n t wh i c h .
,
i s e x cee d in g l y i n t e res t in g i s r a t h e r d e fa ce d h e re a n d ,
t h e re t h u s g re a tl y a dd in g t o t h e d i f
, fi cu l t ie s of a
n a t u ra ll y d i ffi cu l t t e x t T h e i m p o r t a n t p o i n t a bo u t .
i t i s t h a t bes i d e s t h e i n t e res t in g w o rd s t h a t i t co n
,
t a i n s i t g i ve s t h e re co r d o f wh a t m a y b e c al l e d a
,
s u r g i c a l o p e r a t io n W h e t h e r t h i s co m m u n i ca t i o n p re
.
ce d e d i n o rd e r o f t i m e t h e t e x t o f wh i c h t h e fu l l
, ,
t r a n s l a t i o n i s g i ve n a b o ve i s d o u b t fu l t h o u g h t a k i n g , ,
i n t o co n s i d e r a t io n t h e h o p e fu l t o n e o f K 5 1 9 a n d t h e ,
de s p a i rin g t o n e o f S 1 064 t h e p re ce d en ce o f t h e ,
fo r m e r i s e x cee d in g l y p rob abl e .
1
[T his is an im p orta t ide ti fi catio
n n n . Fo r the R a b ma g
-
see J er .
xxxix .
3 .
—E d ] .
2
Or “ skill ( l a mzca c mu te, from the root Cf H eb 1 1 73 5
'
. . .
G
expert
It must here be remarked that the w ord
3
blood (d a mu ) is al w ays ,
used as i H ebre w i the plural Th phrase i the ori g i al is before

,
n . n . e n n
the bloods have flo w ed ( l t p i dé m u u a n e

Pi kl i i l i k m literally
na the mouth of the ostril may he make
z r s z u, n .
L iterally
5
w i d i a w ord w hich seems to mea also s pirit
n , s c r zc , n .
A S S YR IA N C OR R E S PON D E N CE 1 83
In t h e i n t ro d u ct i o n i t w il l b e n o t ice d t h a t N i n e p
a n d G u l a a re i n vo k e d Th e fo r m e r a s a s t a r w a s .
, ,
“ ”
s o m e t i m es n a m e d N i n czz n t h e l o r d p hy s i ci a n
-
, .
“ ”
H i s m o re u s u a l t i tl e h o w e ve r i s t h e w a rri o r a n d h e
, , ,
“ ”
i s al s o n a m e d l o r d o f t h e w e a p o n ( be? Ra kki ) ,
t h o u g h t h e t e x t w h i c h g i ve s h i m t h is t i tl e i n vo k e s
“ 1 “ ”
h i m t o re m o ve t h e s i c k n es s T h e w a rr i o r abl e t o .
”
c a u s e w o u n ds wa s s u pp os e d t o b e abl e al s o t o re m o v e
,
t h e m G u l a t h e g re a t l a d y wh o i s al s o cal l e d t h e
.
, ,
”
l a d y o f I s i n o r K a rra g w a s t h e co n s o r t o f N i n e p
”
, ,
e s p e ci al l y u n d e r h i s n a m e o f U t u gi sga l l u A n o t h e r -
.
o f h e r n a m e s ( l i k e t h o s e a l re a d y m e n t i on e d A kk a d i a n ) ,
—
i s N in t i n b a d a ga
-
“
t h e l a d y g ivi n g l i fe t o t h e d e ad
,
.
”
N e b u c h a d n e z z a r s p e a k s o f h e r a s t h e p re s e r v e r a n d
p e r fe ct e r o f h is l i fe (ed/ci r cz t g a m i /cz t n a bi s ti cz ) In ,
.
a n o t h e r t e x t w h e re s h e i s n a m e d N i n K a rra g l a d y
,
-
o f K a rra g s h e i s s p o k e n o f a s t h e p hy s i ci a n h i g h ,
“
a n d g re a t a n d i n v o k e d t o t a k e fa r a w a y t h e g r ie f
,
o f h i s ( t h e s i c k m a n s ) bo d y I n t h is t e x t h e r n a m e
’
.
o ccu rs b e t wee n I s t a r a n d B a u wh o a r e a pp a re n tl y ,
2
o t h e r fo rm s o f t h e s a m e g o d d e s s .
N U M BE R 2
T h i s i s a l e t t e r co n t a i n i n g a co m p l a i n t t o t h e k i n g
co n ce r n i n g s o m e g o l d wh i c h s ee m s t o h a v e b ee n m is s
i ng Th e t ex t i s n u m bered K 5 3 8 i n th e N a t ion al
.
C o l l e ct io n .
1
L i z z i z N i n eb, Oel Ra bb i , l i n i ss i m u tta l l i ki , may N i nep, lord of the
w eapo n, remai may he remove the sick ess
n, n .
"
Prof A H S ayce s L t tiz e R el igi on f Me A n c i en t

'
2
S ee . .
p . ec u r es u on o
B a byl on a i (
ns H ibbert L ectures for pp . 26
7 , 2 68 .
To the king my lord thy servant A rad N a b u May there ,

-
.
be peace to the king my lord may the gods A S SU R SA M A S 1 , ,

2 3
B E L ZIR PA N IT U M
,
N AB O T A S M E T UM 4
I STA R of N I N E , , ,
6
VE H
5
( and ) I S TA R of A R BE LA these great gods lovers of thy , ,
rule let the king my lord live for a hu n dred years May
,
.
they satisfy the ki n g my lord with old age a n d offspring .
The gold which i n the mo n th Tisri the i i tzc the prefe ct , , ,
of the palace and I with them m issed— 2 talents of standard , ,
gold (and) 6 talents of gold not standard— (this gold ) the

— 7
hands of the r a b a n i b placed in the house he sealed it
d e ,
up ( and ) the gold for the image of the kings 8 a n d for the
,
image of the ki n g s mother he gave not L et the king m y ’

.
lord give command to the i ttu ( and ) the prefect of the

palace that they m ay discover the gold The b egi n n ing
,
.
9
of the month is good L et them give it to the men L et . .
10
them do the work .
t ra n s l a t i o n o f t h i s i n t e re s t i n g t e x t w a s co n
A
t ri bu t e d b y m e t o t h e fi rs t s e ri e s o f t h e R ecor ds of
Me Po s t el e ve n y e a rs a g o
10
,
S i n ce t h a t t i m e t h e t e x t .
i t s e l f w i t h a t ra n s l a t i on h a s be e n p u bl i s h e d b y t h e
, ,
R ev S A S m i t h i n h i s K ei ls c/cr if
. . . t texl e A s n r da n ipa l s
( H e f t I I p l a t e 7 a n d pp 3 0
,
a n d I a l s o co n , .
1
T h e Sun g od -
.
2
The n co sort of
erodach also g ive as Zir b i t m Bel M -
, n -
an u ,
3 N ebo
creatress .
“
the teacher , .
4
S h w ho hears N ebo s co sort Goddess of love 5
” '
e ,
n . .
6
Goddess of w ar .
7 A ppare tly this w ord mea s nch i ef of the metal w orkers n -

.
8
O for the image of our ki g
r, n .
9
Appare tly g ood to be g i the w ork
n n .
1°
Th follo w i g is a tra scri ptio of the ori g i l text
e n A sarri belia n n na na ,
a rad k A rad N b fi L u l i m
-
a sarri belia A ssur S amas B l Zir
-
a . sa u a na . , , e ,
i t m N ab u T m t m I star N i ua Istar A rba ili ila i

'
p an u , , as e u ti , sa n , sa -
, n a nnu
ra b t i rai muti
u , ti k esti m e sa ati sarri belia l b lli dh ; sibu
sa rru -
a , n n a na u a u
tu l it t t sarri belia l b b i kh t
u u, a na i arakh T isriti ittu aba é gal a u sa u u ra s u sa na -
fl a aku issi su u ikh i dhtt i b il ti k h sissu b il ti la k ‘

n al -
n t n k n , s su u ra su s a ru , sa ru
ina biti qata b d mb i k ik t sak khra ts a t l m sar a i e s sa na , a na u ra u a na sa a t n ,
a na t l m sa aummi sarri 1a iddi sa S arru b é l i itti aba é gala h . a na a na -
dh é m l i k u kh t sl i pt i R
un , arkhi dh b fi i A m ma i l iddi
u ra su u . es a n . na u n nu.
D ullu li pusu
"
.
11
V l xi pp 7 5 7 6
o . . .
, .
s o m e r u m o u r w h i c h h a d re a c h e d h i m a n en t ce r t a i n ,
s ed i t i o u s w o rd s u t t e re d b y a m a n w h o m h e d o e s n o t
“
n a m e b u t wh o m h e s p e a k s o f a s t h e w i n d ( s dr n)
, ,
“
a n d fa r t h e r o n a s t h e l o r d o f s l a n d e r ( bel ”
A pp a re n tl y t h e A s s y ri a n k in g w is h e d i t t o b e t h ou g h t
’
t h a t h e co n s i d e re d t h i s m a n s e x h o r t a ti o n s a s s i m p l y
“ ”
v a i n e m p t y w o rd s a n d t h e m a n h i m s el f a s b e n e a t h
, ,
h i s n o t i ce ; b u t t h e l e t t e r i ts el f i n d i ca t e s t h a t h e r eal l y
t h o u gh t bo t h t h e m a n a n d h i s m es s a g e t o b e o f s u f fi
cie n t i m p or t a n ce t o co u n te r a ct i f h e co u l d He .
t h e re fo re e x h o r ts t h e B a b y l o n i a n s i n fa i rl y v i g o ro u s ,
“ ”
t e r m s t o p a y n o a t te n t io n t o t h e l o r d o f s l a n d e r
, ,
a n d h e w a rn s t h e m t h a t t h e y a re re s p on s ibl e fo r t h e
p a y m e n t o f t h e t ri b u t e d u e t o A s s y ri a wh i c h t h e y ,
s ee m e d i n cl i n e d t o p e rve r t t o t h e u s e o f t h e e n e m y
o f t h e A s s y ri a n k in g o r a t l e a s t t o r a i s e a s m u c h fo r
,
h i s u s e u n t il t h e y co u l d w i t h h i s h el p t h ro w o ff t h e
, ,
’
A s s y ri a n y o k e H e n ce t h e k in g s a n g e r a n d h i s
.
,
i m p a t ie n ce fo r a re p l y t o h is e x h o r t a t i o n The tex t .
i s m a d e t h e m o re i n t e res t i n g b y t h e fa ct t h a t i t n o t
o n l y g i ve s t h e n a m e o f t h e e p o n y m d u ri n g w h o s e
t e r m o f o fli c e i t wa s w ri t te n b u t t h e n a m e o f t h e ,
p e rs o n b y w h o m i t wa s s e n t a s w el l T h e n u m be r o f .
t h e t e x t i s K 84 .
T R A N S L AT I ON
The will of the king to the BA B Y L ON I A N S — Peace from .
me to your heart ; may there be good to you The words .
1 is t u likely that this perso w as a certai N abu—bel m a ti a

It no n n n -
su .
desce da t of M erodach balada w ho took part i a revolt ag ai st A ssur

n n - n, n n
b ip l
an a ( S G . S mith s
eeH i t
eo .
y f A é ip l
'
pp s or o ss n r a n a , . 200
A S S YR IA N C OR R E S PON D E N CE 1 87
whic h the wind for the third time n o w has spoken to you ,
all com e ( to me ) I have heard them Y e ca n n ot govern . .
the wi n d B y the heart of A S S U R. and M E R OD A C H ,
my gods I s wear that all the evil words which it

, ,
has spoken ag a inst me I am treasuring u p in my heart , ,
and I have spoken them with my m outh B u t artful is he .
— h e has b een artful Thus the name of the BA B Y L ON I A N S .
itself is i n deed evil unto m e and I do not listen to it ,

.
Y our b rotherhood which is with the A ss IA N s and your

1
, ,
privileges which I had confirmed I have esta b l ished ;

, ,
—
more than that there is ye are near to my heart 2
I .
command also that ye listen not to h is sedition D o not,

.
m ake your name which is before me and b efore all the

3
, ,
world evil ; and commit not yourselves a sin agai n st God

, , ,
.
A n d the equ ivalence of the word wh ich ye are trea su r ,
ing u p in your hearts I kno w It is this : We will ignore , .
the tax it is turned into our tri b ute

,
That is n o tri b ute it .
”
4 5
is not that ye have equalised to my slanderer the matter
“
of cor b an and tax it is that the payme n t of tri b ute 6 ,
”
7
lies with yourselves and failure concerning the agreement ,
is before God Therefore n o w I Send to you that b y these

.
,
words ye may not j oin yourselves with h im L et m e .
qu ickly see the ans wer to m y letter The b ond which I .
have made with B E L the service of M E R OD A C H — this shall ,
not be destroyed b y m y hands .
Month Iyyar 2 3 d day eponymy of Assur d ura—u tsu r , ,

-
.
8
S amas ba l a dh su i qb i has brought i t
’
- -
.
L iterally
1
Th so s of A ssyria e Y ( are ) w ith my heart
n .
2
e .
3 L iterally w hich has bee m ade before me n .
L iterally “ lord of sla der L iterally ame

4 5 "
n . n .
L iterally
6 the maki g of the tribute 7 O a i n . r, s n .
3 Th follo w i g is a tra scri ptio of the ori g i al text

e n A bat sarri
n n n a na
Ba b il S al i mu aasi libba ku u ; l fi dh ab k
a a . i D ibbi sa ri l i
-
n -
u un us . sa sa a s s
a ga idb b kk u i g abbu i tt ib b fi i l t m su u
a unus , S é r la t k i p I n a e e- n . u a a -
su . na
l b A ssur M arduk ila ia tt m ki dibbi b i fi te mala i a m kh k h i

’
l , , n a a a s n u a
idb b i
u l ib b i
u, k t st s p k
na £1 i a pia aqbu A lla ikl u i ttik il
u u a u, na . n u s ,
umma sumu Ba b i l im sai s i tti l bais a a aku l aa ra im m si a n -

u a u- , n u a s e- .
Ak h t ku u u - itti m a ra i m a t Assur u kiti t ku u

n sa n a kt addi nn u a -
n , sa su ru , .
El i e a sfi — itti l i bb i tt
sa nn Abb i tt i m m sarate la t i mma S
a a unu . a -
su a s . un
ku u s i pa ia u i p mat a ti g abbu ba u la t b
n , a na n na fl rama
an n , u a a sa
'
, n
ku u i p ili 1 t k h dh dh a U
n na an t aamat u itti libbi ku u
a . sa z a u sa -
n
k t t p k
u s su ak u i di umma e
u nu , a naa A ss a i tt k i a b i l ti ui itara
,
nn : n e r us , a n -
.
T h e re a re s ev e r a l s i m il a r p ro cl a m a t ion s t o t h i s ,
b u t p ro b a bl y n o n e o f t h e m a r e i n s u c h a p e r fe c t s t a t e
o f p res e rv a t io n t h o u g h m o s t o f t h e m a re m o re i n
,
t e res t i n g be ca u s e t h e y g i ve m o re p re cis e h i s t o ri ca l
,
in d i ca t i o n s b y m en t io n in g t h e n a m e s o f t h e p e rs o n s
t o wh o m t h e y r e fe r .
T h e t e x t i ts el f co n t a i n s s e v e r a l i n te re s t in g l i n
gu is t i c p e cu l i a ri t ie s I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e e x p re s s i o n s
.
al re a d y n o t ed t h e fol l o w in g m a y p ro ve t o b e o f
,
—
i n t e re s t t o t h e s t u d e n t : r a i zn a n i s n “
h i s o wn fo r , ,
”
m ma n i — s n — p ro b a bl y p o in t i n g t o a p e cu l i a ri t y o f
1
p ro n u n ci a t i o n ; s zcn Rn n n fo r s zcnckzcn zc y o u r n a m e -
,
R — n o t u n co m m o n i n
( c h a n g e o f en i n t o n be fo re
“
A s s y ri a n ) ; Rn ts zs npa knn n fo r c l s ts npa i zcn zc‘
y e a re ,
t re a s u ri n g u p — a m o s t i m p o r t a n t v a ri a n t fo r m t h e
“
i n t e res t i n g p h ra s es ydn zc s z? lei i t i s n o t th a t .
“
a n d S i? i t i s th a t an d the u s e
o f t h e d e m on s t r a t ive s dg d a n d dga n zcze ‘
.
I t i s n o t e wo r t hy al s o t h a t i n t wo p a s s a g es t h e , ,
“
k i n g s p e a k s o f G o d (fin ) n o t o f t h e g o d s ( 22 ,
r a m a n kn n n i n a pa n I
-
ii la ,
a n d co m m i t
n o t y o u rs el ve s a s i n be fo r e G o d ; n R/za d/zdkn i n a
, ,
l i b a de i n a pa n Ii i a n d a s i n co n ce rn i n g t h e a g re e
,
m en t i s b e fo re G o d a s i f a t t h e t i m e h e wa s w ri tin g ,
U l b il tu si . Ya u
sumu k ba m u assa itti bel d b b i t t i ;
n su kt ur
‘
r -
a a a a as zza
saka b il t i eli rame i ku u u kh dh dh tl i lib de i p ili

s ir k i n e na n -
n a na a na a n .
E a du l t p kk
nn a i ki i
a dibbi g t itti s rama ku u la tuda
a ra u nu s ,
na a a nu e - u n- n
ni pa K h dh i g abri ipi ti lumur K i t

. an s Bel k t siki pt i r a . sru sa a na a su r , s
M arduk — ga i qata y la ikh ib b il

a na -
a .
A rkhu A aru umu esra l limmu A du

, t S amas -
sa su , s s ur ~ ra -
u sur .
’ "
b a l a dh su i qb i i tt u b il
-
.
1 other passages of the text w here the w ord occurs it has the re gul ar
In ,
forms r a m a n Ra n ce
,
d m i c “
yourselves Th
a n latter is ra en -
n n, . e a n
oblique case w ith vo w el harmo y n .

A K KA D IAN H YM N TO T H E S ET T I N G
S UN
T R A N S LATE D BY G . B ER T I N .
TH E fo ll o w i n g hy m n i s i n t e re s t in g be ca u s e i t a pp e a rs
t o h a v e fo r m e d p a r t o f t h e B ab y l o n i a n ri t u al In .
e a c h t e m p l e a t ce r t a i n h o u rs o f t h e d a y a n d n i g h t
, ,
p ries t s d e vo t e d t o t h i s o f fi ce h a d t o re ci t e ce r t a i n
p r a y e rs o r i n ca n t a t i o n s We p os s es s i n t h e B r i t is h
.
M u s e u m ( T a bl e ca s e A N o s 4 a n d 4 a ) t wo co p i e s o f
, .
t h i s h y m n T h e fi rs t o n e i s n o d o u b t t h e t e m p l e co p y
.
,
a n d t h e col o p h o n g i ve s t h e t i m e a t wh i c h i t i s t o b e
r e p e a te d b y t h e p ri es t . T h e o t h e r t abl e t i s w h a t
m i g h t b e cal le d a n ex voto co p y W h e n i l l t h e B ab y
-
.
,
l o n i a n s a s t h e C h ri s t i a n s o f t h e m i d d l e a g es m a d e
, ,
ce rt a i n p ro m i s e s t o t h e g o d s i n ca s e o f re co ve ry ; t h e
fu l fi l m e n t o f t h e v o w wa s g en e ral l y a t abl e t w h i c h wa s
t o b e p l a ce d i n t h e t e m p l e T h e s a m e cu s t o m p re
.
v a ile d a l s o i n G ree ce b u t i n B a b y l o n i a l i te ra t u r e b ein g

, ,
t h e m os t h i gh l y p ri z e d b r a n c h o f t h e F i n e A rt s t h e
-
,
ex vo to w a s a s a r u l e t h e co p y o f a n o l d t a bl e t
-
.
T h i s hy m n a pp e a rs t o h a v e b ee n co m p os e d i n
A kk a d i a n t h e rel i g io u s l an g u a g e o f B ab y l o n b u t
, ,
i s g ive n w i t h a n i n te rl in e a r t r a n s l a t io n i n A s s yro
H YM N T O TH E S E T T I
N G S UN
’
1 91
Ba bylonian ; t h e t ra n s l a t i o n s o m e t i m e s o ffe rs s l i g h t
-
d i v e r g e n ces fro m t h e o ri g i n a l t e x t wh i c h h a ve b e e n
,
n o t i ce d i n t h e n o t e s .
A p o i n t t o b e o b s e rv e d i s t h a t t h e m o o n wh o wa s ,
g en e ral l y co n s i d e re d a s a m al e g od i s h e re re g a rd e d
,
a s a g o d d es s co n s o r t o f t h e S u n g o d I n t h e ex voto
-
.
-
co p y s h e i s cal l e d t h e s is te r o f t h e S u n We m i gh t .
co n cl u d e fro m t h i s v a ri a n t t h a t t h e M o on i n t h e ,
B a b y l on i a n a s i n t h e E g y p t i a n m y t h o l o g y wa s s is te r
,
a n d w i fe o f t h e S u n .
T h ro u g h o u t t h e hy m n t h e re s e e m s t o b e a ce r t a i n
S e m i t i c o r H a m i t i c r a t h e r t h a n A kk a d i a n u n d e r
cu rre n t o ft h o u g h t .
B o t h co p ie s a r e w ri t te n i n t h e l a t e r B ab y l on i a n
s t y l e o f w ri t in g a n d d a t e p rob a bl y fro m t h e re i g n o f
,
N e b u ch a d n e z z a r t h e G re a t .T h e t e x t h a s be e n p u b
l is h e d w i t h a F re n c h t ra n s l a t i o n a n d n o te s b y m y s el f
, ,
i n t h e R ev ue d A S SJ /r i ol og i e vol i p a r t i v
’
. .
, .
HYMN T O T H E S ETTI N G S UN
O Su n ,in th e m iddle of the sky at thy setting , ,
may the b right gates welcome thee favoura b ly 1 ,
may the door of heaven b e docile to thee .
2
May the god director thy faithful m esse n ger m ark the wa y!
, ,
3
I n E B A seat of thy royalty he makes thy greatness
A R -
, ,
shine forth .
4
May the Moon thy b eloved spouse come to meet thee
, ,
with j oy 5
.
May thy heart rest in peace .
May the glory of thy godhead remain with thee .
6
Po werful hero 0 S u n ! shine gloriously
,
.
L ord of E B AR A direct in thy road thy foot righ tly

-
, .
0 Su n in making thy wa y take the path m arked for thy

, ,
rays !
Thou art the lord of j udgments over all nations .
C OL OP H ON OF T H E T E M P LE C O PY
This is the hym n to the setting sun the i ncantator 7 says ,
it after the beginning of the n ight .
1 Th e Assyr ia versio has speak of p ace to thee

n n e .
2 his is the g od w ho w alked i fro t of the S the foreru er

T n n un , nn .
3 Ebara is the ame of the tem ple of the S g od

-
n un- .
4
On eof the t w o copies says thy beloved sister ; the M oo w as n
co sidered sometimes as w ife sometimes as sister of the S as perhaps

n , un ,
bei g both
n .
5
Th A ssyria has
e g o i fro t of thee
n n n .
5 Th A ssyr ia has
e g lorify thysel f
n .
7 T his is the ame of a class of p iests w hose f ctio s w ere to repeat

n r un n
,
certai prayers or i c tation s at certai ho rs

n n an n u .
T HE M OA B I T E S T ON E
T R A N SL ATED BY DR . A . N E U BA U ER
TH E M o a bi t e s t o n e wa s d i s co v e re d b y t h e R ev .
F K l ei n o n t h e s i t e o f D i bo n ( n o w D h ib a n ) o n t h e
.
, ,
l gt h o f A u g u s t 1 868 .W h e n o n h i s wa y t o t h e
B e kk a h i s a t t e n t i o n w a s d r a w n b y a fri en dl y s h ei kh
t o a bl a c k b as al t s t o n e i n t h e v i ci n i t y o f h i s t e n t .
T h i s s t o n e ab o u t 3 ft 1 0 in h i g h 2 ft i n b re a d t h a n d
,
. .
, .
,
1 4
§ i.n i n t h i c k n es,s a n d ro u n d e d bo t h a t t h e t o p a n d
t h e b o t t o m t o n e a rl y t h e s h a p e o f a s e m i ci r cl e co n ,
t a i n e d a n i n s cri p t i o n o n o n e s id e con s is t in g o f t h i r t y
fo u r l i n es T h e d is co ve re r al t h o u g h h e d i d n o t
,
i m m e d i a t el y re co g n i s e t h e i m p o rt a n ce o f h i s fi n d h a d ,
g o o d s e n s e e n o u g h t o t r y t o a c q u i re i t fo r t h e m u s e u m
a t B e rl i n A s s o o n a s t h e n a t iv es l e a r n e d t h a t t h e
.
i n fidel s w e re i n s e a rc h o f t h e m o n u m e n t t h e y b e g a n ,
t o i n te res t al l p e rs on s t h e y co u l d g e t h ol d o f i n i t .
C a p t a i n W a rre n ( o f t h e P a l e s t in e E x p l o r a t io n F u n d )
’
w a s i n fo r m e d o f i ts e x i s t e n ce s o m e w ee k s a ft e r Kle i n s
d i s co ve r y b u t k n o wi n g t h a t t h e B erl i n M u s eu m wa s
,
al re a d y co n ce rn e d i n t h e m a t t e r h e t o o k n o s te p s ,
t o w a rd s i t s a c q u is i t i o n t il l 1 8 69 H o we ve r w h il s t
.
,
t h e n e g o t i a t i on s o f t h e P r u s s i a n G o ve rn m en t w e re
TH E M OA E TTE S TON E 1 95
m a k in g o nl y s l o w p ro g re s s e ve r y t h i n g i n t h e E a s t
,
m o vi n g b u t s l o wl y M C l e r m o nt G a n n ea u t h e n d r a g o
, .
-
,
m a n o f t h e Fr e n c h C o n s u l a t e i n J e r u s al e m w i s el y ,
t o o k a t o n ce t h e n e ces s a r y s t e p s fo r p ro cu rin g s q u ee z e s
a n d co p ie s o f t h e i n s cri p t io n a n d fi n al l y e n d e a vo u re d
,
t o b u y t h e m o n u m e n t i ts el f F o r t u n a tel y h e w a s
.
s u cce s s fu l i n h i s a t t e m p t t o ob t a i n a s q u ee z e o f t h e
i n s cri p t i o n w h il e t h e s t o n e w a s s t il l i n i t s e n t i re t y fo r ,
i t s o o n be ca m e t o o l a t e A ft e r t h e T u r k is h a u t h o ri
.
t ie s h a d be g u n t o i n t e r fe re t h e B e do u i n s o f t h e
,
co u n t r y o f D h ib a n r a t h e r t h a n g i ve u p t h e m o n u
,
m e n t fo r t h e b e n e fi t o f t h e P a s h a a n d M f t di r b ro k e ,
t h e s t o n e b y fi rs t m a k in g a fi re u n d e r i t a n d t h e n ,
p o u ri n g col d w a t e r o n i t a n d s u b s e q u e n tl y d i s t ri bu t e d
,
t h e p i e ce s a m on g t h e m s el ve s t o b e u s e d a s a m u l e t s
a n d c h a r m s T h u s t h ro u g h t h e z e a l o f t h o s e wh o
.
,
a cte d i n t h e n a m e o f t wo E u r o p e a n co u n t ri e s o n e o f ,
t h e e a rl i es t S e m i t i c m o n u m e n t s w ri t te n i n a l p h a be ti ca l
c h a ra cte rs w a s i rre t rie v abl y r u i n e d .
F o r a d e t a il e d h is t o r y o f t h e v i ci s s i tu d e s u n de r
g o n e b y t h e s to n e I m u s t re fe r t o D r G i n s b u r g s
, .
’
s e co n d edi t i o n o f h i s w o r k o n t h e M o ab i t e in s cri p t i o n ,
a n d t o M H é ro n d e Vill e fos s e s n o t i ce ( s e e ful l

.
’
t i tl e b el o w p
, . w h o d o e s n o t h o w e ve r e ve n , ,
m e n t io n t h e n a m e o f K l e i n .H a pp i l y m o re t h a n h al f
o f t h e i n s cri p t i o n re m a i n e d i n t a ct a n d M C l e r m o n t
, .
’
G a n n e a u s s q u ee z e s a n d co p ie s s u pp l y i n l a r g e
m e a s u re t h e l a cu n ae i n t h e t ext a s m a y b e s e e n fro m
,
a n i n s p e ct io n o f t h e o ri g i n a l m o n u m e n t wh i c h n o w ,
a d o rn s t h e m u s e u m o f t h e L o u vre I t s t a n d s t h e re
.
i n i t s o ri g i n al s h a p e t h e l a cu n a e bei n g s u pp l ie d fro m
,
t h e s q u ee z e s a n d co p ie s A n d fro m t h i s m o n u m e n t
.
,
a s re p ro d u ce d i n 1 8 8 6 b y P ro fes s o rs R u d ol f S m e n d
a n d A l be r t S o c i n I s h al l g i ve t h e t ra n s l a t i o n w h ic h
,
fol l o w s .
I t w o u l d be s u p e r fl u o u s t o m e n ti o n i n d e t a il a l l
t h e l i te r a t u re t h a t b e a rs u p o n t h e s t o n e T h e re a d e r
.
w i ll fi n d i t g iv e n u p t o 1 8 7 5 i n M H é ro n d e V ill e
.
fo s s e s m o n o g r a p h u n d e r t h e t i tl e o f N ot ice des
’
m on u m en ts pr oven a n t de l a Pa les t i n e P a ri s 1 8 7 6 , , ,
a rr an g e d a cco r d in g t o t h e co u n t ri e s t o wh i c h t h e
a u t h o rs b el on g I t i s s el d o m t h a t s u c h a n u m be r
.
o f n a m e s c a n b e fo u n d co n t ri bu t i n g t o a s u bj e ct o f
O rie n t al s t u d y a s w a s t h e ca s e w i t h t h e M o a bi t e
,
i n s cri p t i on . I s h al l m e n t i o n t h e m i n a l p h ab e t i ca l
o rd e r t h e n a m e s b ein g t a k e n fro m M H é ro n d e
,
.
Vi l l e f
’
o ss e s w o r k . T h e y a re — A u e rb a c h Ba l
l a g i ; Bek e B en s l y ; B o n ell y ; B u r t o n ( A F .
and *
C l e r m o n t G a n n e a u ; C ol en s o ( B i s h o p ) ;
-
D e re n b o u rg D e u t s c h ( E ) ; F a b i a n i ; G ei g e r
*
G i n s b u r g (C h . G o l dz i h er ; G r o ve
H al ev y ( A br a h a m ) ; H a r k a v y ; H a u g H a y e s W a rd ;
2g
H é ro n d e V ill e f o s se ; H i m pe l ; *
H i t z i g ; H o w a rd
al‘
C ro sb y ; J e n k i n s K a e m pf; L e v i
"N
M e rx ; N e u b a u e r o e l de k e ; Oppe rt
P al m e r ( E . P e te r m a n n ; R a wl i n s o n ( G a n d S i r
.
R e n a n ; R o u gé ( V i co m t e d e ) ; S ab a t ie r ; S ac h s
(S ) ; S c h l o t t m a n n ; S c h ra d e r ( E ) ; S c h ro ed e r ;
*
S m e n d ; S o c i n ; T e s t a ; V o gii e ( C o m t e d e ) ; W a rre n
* ’
( S ir W e i e r ; W ri g h t T h e n a m e s t o wh i c h
s i m i l e v i g n e t t e e t c ( s o u s p res s e) 2 0 fr
, ,
. U p to t h e
,
.
p re s e n t d a t e n o t h in g m o re h a s be e n h e a r d o f t h i s
a u t h o ri t a t ive e d i t io n .
I n 1 8 8 5 t wo G e r m a n p ro fe s s o rs D r R u d ol f ,
.
S m e n d o f B a l e a n d D r A l be r t S o c i n o f T ii b i n ge n
.
,
s e ei n g t h a t t h e l on g e x p e ct e d e d i t io n o f M C le r m o n t
-
.
G a n n e a u h a d bee n p o s t p o n e d i n d e fi n i t el y a n d fe el i n g ,
t h e n e ces s i t y o f s u c h a n e d i t io n fo r t h e p u r p o s es o f
i n s t r u ct io n i n t h e u n i ve rs i t y d e ci d e d t o m a k e o n e,
w i t h t h e h el p o f t h e o ri g in a l i n t h e L o u vre a n d ,
o f t h e s q u e e z e m a d e b y t h e A r ab fo r M C l e r m o n t .
G a n n e a u a s w e l l a s o f a n o t h e r s q u ee z e i n t h e l i br a r y
,
o f Ba l e . T h e e d i t i o n w h i c h i s t h e re s u l t o f h a r d
, ,
m i n u t e a n d s k il fu l l a bo u r o n t h e p a r t o f t h e t w o
,
p ro fes s o rs i s n o w t h e fi n a l a n d a u t h o ri t a t i ve e d i t i o n
,
o f t h e i n s cri p t i on a l t h o u gh co n t e s t e d o n m a n y p o i n t s
,
b y M C l e r m on t G a n n e a u i n a n a rt i cl e ( n o t a l w a y s
.
-
i m p a r t i al l y w ri t t en ) i n t h e You r n a l A s i a t i qu e fo r 1 8 8 7 ,
t om e i x p 7 2 s qq a n d b y M R e n a n i n t h e You r n a l
. . .
, .
des S a t/a n ts 1 8 8 7 ,
In m y t ra n s l a t i o n l s h al l n o t i ce
.
’
t h e d i ffe re n ces be t we e n M C l e r m o n t G a n n e a u s re a d
.
-
i n g s a n d t h os e o f t h e t wo p ro fes s o rs a d d in g a fe w ,
re m a r k s o f m y o wn .
L e t m e s a y a t o n ce t h a t t h e l a s t fo u r l i n e s o f t h e
i n s cri p t i o n a re h o p el es s l y i n ex p l i ca bl e o w i n g t o t h e
l a cu n a fo u n d i n t h e m .
T h e o bj e ct o f t h e i n s cri p t io n i s t o co m m e m o ra t e
t h e vi ct o r y o f M e s h a o ve r h i s I s r a el it i s h e n e m y - .
C h e m o s h w a s on ce a n g r y w i t h M o ab a n d ca u s e d
t h e m t o l os e te rri t o r y a n d e ve n t o be con q u e re d b y
TH E M OA B ITE S TON E 1 99
I s r ael C h e m o s h t h e n s h o we d fa vo u r to h i s n a t io n
.
a n d M o a b wa s v i ct o ri o u s T h e M o abi te s n o t o n l y
.
re ca p t u re d t h e t o w n s t h e y h a d l o s t bu t a d d e d ot h e rs
,
t o t h e m wh i c h t h e y t oo k fro m I s ra el M es h a ca p
.
t u re d t h e p ri es t s o f t h e go d o r g o d d e s s D o d o a n d
J a h we h a n d h e w e d t h e m i n p ie ce s be fo re C h e m o s h
, ,
j u s t a s S a m u el h e w e d A g a g b e fo re J a h w e h M es h a
.
t oo k g re a t p ai n s t o co n s t r u ct cis t e rn s i n s o m e o f t h e
t o w n s b el o n g in g t o M o a b T h e M o abi t e d i al e ct i s
.
ti n g e d w i t h n o n b i bl i ca l w o rd s a n d fo r m s b u t t h e
-
,
co n s t r u ct io n re m a in s bi bl i ca l . T h e c h a ra ct e rs a re
P h oe n i ci a n a n d fo r m a l i n k b e t we e n t h o s e o f t h e
,
B a a l L eb a n o n i n s cri p t io n ( o f t h e t en t h ce n t u r y
a n d t h o s e o f t h e S il o a m t e x t
.
THE M OAB IT E S T ON E
1
1 . I Mesha son of C hemosh melech K ing of M OA B
,
-
the D I
3
B ON I TE
2
2 . My father reigned over M OA thirty years
. B
and I reig
3 . ned after my father I made this monument to .
4
C H EM OS H at K OR K H A H A monument of Sa l .
4 . vation for he saved me from all invaders 5 an d let me

, ,
see my desire upon all my enemies Om r .
5 . i [wa s] K ing of I S R A EL and he oppressed M OAB many ,
days for C H EM OS H wa s angry with his

,
6 . land H is son follo wed him and he also said : I shall

.
,
6
o ppress M OA B I n m y days C H M OS
E H said .
,
7 . I will see my desire on him an d his house A n d .
I SR A E L surely perished for ever Omri took the .
7
land of
1 letter m is doubtful accordi g to M C lermo t G
T he but n . n -
a n n ea u , no
other is possible C hemosh melech is a com pou d a alog ous to E l i

.
-
n n
melech .
D ibo is said to have bee built by G d ( N umb xxx

2 n n a . n
.
Probably a ro d umber like 4 i l 8

3
un n 0 n . .
M ost likely a district of D ibo

4
perhaps alluded to i Isaiah xv n, n . 2 .
S m d S i read
5
en the K i g s w hich w ould presuppose
-
oc n
"
n , a n
allied force of w hich there is ,further questio i the i scri ptio no n n n n , nor
does the B ible me tio that M esha w as assisted i his revolt by al li es

n n n .
T h D is accordi g to M C lermo t G
e doubtful Th follow i g
n . n -
a n n ea u . e n
restoratio s are possible Ist 13 5W” “ freebooters C om p

n L : , .
”
. ev .
xi 8 A V “ pelica or ide tical w ith WSW““ s w ords me

. 1 , . . n,d n , n . 2 ,
“
the misfortu es or misery C om p P x 8
“ n ,
”
. s . . .
5 Th
readi g a n : by S S i s t idiomatic ; 71 73 w ould do better
e n . . no 1
.
A ccordi g to M C G there seems to be the trace of a D follo w i g the D

n . .
-
. n .
Ip ro pose therefore the w ord [1013 ] J .
7 A ccordi g to M C G S S readn
“
all the la d ; of the w ord l l
. .
-
. . . n a
there is trace i the i scri ptio

no n n n .
of M K H R T H 1
A n d C H E M OS H said to me Go sei z e
.
,
N EB O 2 upon Israel : and

I went in the night and fought against it from the
break of da wn till noon an d I took
it and Sle w all 7 0 0 0 men [b oys P] women [girls ]
,
3
,
3
, , , ,
and female slaves for to A S H TA R C H E M OS H I devoted

4
,
-
5
them A n d I took from it the A e s of J A H V E H
. r l
and tore them before C H E M OS H A n d the K ing of .
I SR A E L b uilt
5
J A H A z and d welt in it whilst he waged wa r against
, ,
me ; C H EM OS H drove h im out b efore me An d .
I took from M OA B 2 0 0 m en all chiefs and trans p orted , ,
them to J A H Az which I took ,
to add to it D I BON I built K OR K HAH the wall of .

,
the forests and the wall

of the citadel : I built its gates and I b uilt its to wers .
An d
I b uilt the house of M OL OC H and I made sluices of ,
the water ditches in the m iddle

7
of the to wn A n d there wa s no cistern i n the m iddle

.
of the to wn of K OR K HA H and I said to all the people , ,
Make for
yourselves every man a cistern in his house An d I .
8
dug the canals for K OR K H A H by means of the
prisoners
of I S R A EL I b u ilt A R OER and I made the road in
9
.
[ ] [ ]
1O
the province of the A R N ON A nd .
1
erhaps M H ereth ; com p i S m xx 5 the ame of a forest
P e- . n 1 a . n. , n
i M oab
n d the p re fi x M i M deba ( N umb xxi
a n e n e- . .
2
M ost probably a city ear M ou t N ebo i M oab n n n .
3 M C lermo t G
. co tests the readi g of S m d d Soc i
n -
a n n ea u n n en an n .
I his restoratio
n o ly fi t) d 11 1 0 could give a se se i
n n M d an n ,
v z . en a n
masters w ome mistresses (w here DWD w oul d have to be derived from

, n,
"
the form mo ) .
4
Th male divi ity of A shtoreth w hich is to be fou d i H imyar itic
e n , n n
i scri ptio s com pou ded w ith C hemosh

n n , n
requires ’5S WN here M C lermo t

.
5
Th parallelism of li e
e n 1 2 . . n
G makes too ma y objectio s to this readi g here d elsew here

a n n ea u n n n a n .
5 C ity i M oab ( Isaiah xv

n 7 S above li e 9 . ee , n .
5
L iterally the cutti g s 9 C ity i M oab ( D eut
n . n . 11 .
10
A torre t i M oab ( N umb xxi
n n
3 ag ) . . 1 s .
TH E M OA B ITE S T ON E 2 03
2 6 . I b uilt B E T H BA M OT H 1 for it wa s destroyed I bu ilt

-
,
.
2
B E Z ER for i n ruins ,
[ ]
3
2 7 . it w as A n d all the chiefs
. of D I B ON were 5 0 for ,
all D I BON is su bject ; and I placed 4
2 8 . one hundred [chiefs ] i n the to wns which I added to

5
the lan d : I b uilt

2 9 . B E T H M E D E BA -
5
and B ET H D 1 B LATH A 1 N 7 an d B ET H -
B AA L M E ON
3
and transported thereto the [shep
-
herds (P)
3 0 . and the p astors ] of the flocks of the land
9
An d .
1° 11
at H OR ON A I M d welt there
A n d C H E M OS H said to me Go do wn make wa r , ,
upon H OR ON A I M I went do wn [an d made wa r] .
12
A n d C H E M OS H d welt in it during my days I .
went up from thence

. An d I
1
M ost l ikely Bamoth ( N umb xxi 1 9 a n d Isaiah xv 2 w here the . . .
,
ri ght readi n g is perhap s "3 3 5 33 5 7 1 mm n fl": HS”) Perhap s iden tical

w ith B amoth Baal (J oshua xiii
WD 5 3 ) Ni l ]
.
2
C ity i R eube ( D eut iv
n
3 I su pply
n . . .
1 1 15 50
4 ”
. nun [m ] 5 .
5 C ity
i R eube ( N umb xxi
n afterw"ards belo gi g to M oab
n . . n n
( Isaiah xv I read NDT D DD for NDH I D l b of S m d d S i '

. en an oc n .
7 B eth D ib l th i m a city i M oab ( J er xlviii n

-
a a , . .
3 A to w of R eube later belo g i g to M oab ( J osh xiii 7 ; J er

n, n n 1
n . . .
xlviii .
”7
11
9
0
A city i M oab ( Isaiah xv 5 ; J er xlviii 3 5
1
n . . . , ,
T h readi g of S m d
11
e d S i is here too doubtful
n en a n oc n .
12
S the same expressio i li e 8
ee n n n .
T A B LE OF T H E E G Y PT I A N D Y N A STI ES
D y ast y
n . Ca p ital . Mo dr e n N me a .
T H E OL D E M P IRE .
T h i n i te Th is
T hi n i te This
M em p hite M em p h is j kl i t r a /z en ny
M em p hi te M em p his M i tr a /z en ny
M em p h ite M em p his M i tr a /z en ny
Elephan ti n e El eph a n ti n é Gez i r et -A ssou a n
M em ph ite M em p his i ll i t r a /zen ny

M em phite M em p his M i t r a /z en ny
H era kl eo pol i te H era kl eo po l i s A nn a s el M ed -
i n e/z
H era kl eo po l i te H era k l eo po l i s A li n a s cl M ed -
i n c/i
D i ospo li ta n hebes
T L u xor , etc .
TH E M I D D L E E M P I R E .
T hebes L xo u r , etc .
T hebes L x u or , et c .
X oi s S l /ca a e
T H E S H EP H E R D K I N G S .
T a is (Zoa )
n S n a n
T a isn S a n
T hebes L x u or , etc .
T a isn S n a
T hebes L xo u r , et c .
T H E N EW E M P I R E .
T hebes L x u or , et c .
T a is n S a n
B u b a st i s Tel B a st
a is
T n
S ais Sa cl - H a ga r
N apata M ou n t B a r /é a l
S ais S a cl H a ga r -
Perse p olis
S ais S a el H a ga r -
M e des
n E s/z m u n er
R on z ci n
S ebe n n y tos S em en /z tl d
B el B an i
-
his son
A ssur -
suma -
e si r
Uras tukl a t A ssu ri his son ( contemporary of M ur

- -
gas Sipak of B a b ylonia )

-
’
Erba R immon -
A ssur -
nadin akh i h is son -
Assur bil nisi su ( contemporary of K ara indas of

- - - -
B a b ylonia )
B u z ur A ssur -
( contemporary of B urna b u rya s -

of
B a b yloni a )
1
A ssur yu b -
a ll i dh
Bel n i ra ri hisson
Pu di l u h is son
R immon n i ra ri I his son (contemporary of N a z i
Urus of B a b ylonia)
Shalmaneser I his son ( the founder of C alah )
—
T i gl a th Uras I his son 2
1 ccordi g to the S y chro ni stic T ablet Bu ur Assur w as a

A n n z -
con
temporary i B ur a b ury of Babylo ia d si ce t w o of the royal cor

o n -
as n , an n
res po de ts fA me ophis IV K h
n n o A te of E gypt as w e lear from
n u - en - n , n
the ew ly discovered cu eiform tablets of T l l A mar a w ere A ssur

n -
n e e - n ,
y b ll i dh of A ssyria
u a d B ur a b y s of Babylo ia it is probable that
an n ur a n
-
,
As sur y b lh dh w as the successor of B ur A ssur

-
u a A ccordi g to the uz -
. n
“
S y chro istic T ablet
n A ssur y b ll idh
n dau g hter M b l li dh t—Serua
”
-
u a
'
s u a a
w as the mother of K ara—U r s k i g of Babylo ia w ho w as murdered d n , n n , a n
succeeded by us rper N a i bu g as N a i bugas hi mself had to make

a n u z -
. z -
w ay for K g l the you ger the

ur -
of Bur a b y
a zu n ,
"
son n -
ur as .
A seal belo g i g to T i gl th U ras w as carried to B abylo

2
n n B C 9 a -
n . . 1 2 0
a nd recovered by S e acherib 6 years later U fortu ately w e do t
nn 00 . n n no
k o w w he t her the seal w as carried a w ay duri g the lifeti me of T i gl th

n n a
U ras or after his death I y case his date must be earlier tha B C. n a n n . .
1 2 90 .
L IS T OF K IN GS OF A S S YR IA 207
A ssurnarara -
1
N ebo da n his son
'
-
B el ku du rra
- -
u tsu r
Uras pil eser-
2
A ssur dan I -
son h IS
M u ta ggi l N ebo his son -
3
A ssur ris isi his son
- -
4
T i gl a th pil eser I his son
-
Assur b il — kala his son

-
Samsi R immon I his brother

-
A ssur -
ra b bur i -
T igl a th pil eser I I -
Assur dam I I his -

son
R immon n i ra ri I I his son -
T i gl a th Uras I I his son -
A ssur n a t si r pal his son

- -
S halmaneser I I his son

Assur dain — pal his son ( rebel ki n g)
S amsi R immon I I his b rother
R immon n i ra ri I I I his son -
S halmaneser I I I
A ssu r dan I I I -
A ssur n ira ri -
T i gl a t h pi l e s er I I I Pulu ( Pu l Poros ) u surper ,
S halmaneser IV Ulula usurper .
S argon ( P J areb ) usurper
1 hese t w o ki g s w ere co temporaries of the B abylo ia ki g R immo

T n n n n n n
suma t i for w hom f R d fti P t w S 1 p 6

-
na s r, o .
4 ecor s o ze a s , ne er .
, . . 1 ,
no . 2 .
A co tem porary of the B abylo ia ki g Za m m

2
n adi sumi R d n n n a a -n n- , ecor s,
n w S
e 1 p er6 .
7
, . . 1 , no . 2 .
3 A co tem p orary of the B abylo ia

n ki g N ebo k d t n n n -
u urra -
u sur .
4 D efeated by M erodach di kh i of Babylo i a i B C 6 accord -

na n ~a n n . 1 1 0
.
i g to S e
n acherib see R d ew S i p 8 7
nn ec or s, n er .
, . . .
S ennacherib his son

E sar haddon I his son
A ssur b an i pal ( Sardanapallos )
- -
his son
A ssur etil ilani yu ki n n i h is son
-
1
S i n sarra i sku n
-
E sar haddon I I ( Sa ra ko s)
-
D estruction of N ineveh
1
He w as still rei g i g over Babylo ia i his
n n n n 4 th year .
E G Y PTI A N C A LE N DA R
lexa dri e
gi
1
sa A
i he
’ec n n
M o n ths .
Y ea ns ear beg i s
Y n
Thoth J uly 2 0 A ugust 2 9

Pa o ph i A ugust 1 9 Septem b er 2 8
A th yr S eptem b er 1 8 Octo b er 2 8
K hoiak October 1 8 N ovem b er 2 7
Ty b i N ovem b er 1 7 D ecember 2 7
M ek h i r Decem b er 1 7 J anuary 2 6
Ph a m e n o th J anuary 1 6 February 2 5
Pharmuth i Fe b ruary 1 5 March 2 7
Pa kh o n s March 1 7 A pril 2 6
Payni A pril 1 6 May 2 6
E pe i ph i May 1 6 J un e 2 5
Mesor e J une 1 5 J uly 2 5
The E pa go m en a A ugust 2 4 2 8 -
1
Th e A lexa dri e year beg a
n n n B C
. . 2
5 .
’
BAG S T E R S
C O M PR E H E NS IV E T EAC H E R S B I
’
B LE .
Pr ofes s or S AY CE . It i s a marvel of com p le te n ess . N othi ng seems

to be w an ti n g .
R ev . R . BR UCE, D D Congr ega ti on a l Un i on of

. .
( C/za i r ma n qf t/ze
E gl a n d a d Wa l es )
n It is a n ex qu i site g em of w orkman shi p
n .
,
the hel p s for stude n ts a n d teachers are most com prehe n s i ve a n d

i n valuable
”
.
R ev J . . CLIFFOR D, D D . .
( Pr es iden t of tb e B a pti st Un i on ) . su p It
p lies the precise in formati o the teacher asks for a
n n d should have .
”
R ev A MA C KEN N AL, D D
. . Congr ega ti on a l U i on )
. .
( E x-
C/z a i r nz a n, n .
Th e w ork is admirabl y do n e for ful n ess accurac y a n d p rese n t , ,
day i n telli g e n ce I do n o t k n o w a n y com p e n dium e qual to i t

, .
”
R ev . P E . . CLAR K ( B ost on , US
. .
, Fou n der of t il e You ng Peopl e s ’
S oci ety f Ch r i sti a n

o hop e that w e S hall be a b l e
.
E n dea vou r ) . I
to bri g i t to th e n o t ic eZfour y ou n g p eop le every w here
n o .
”
M i s s M AR IANN E FAR N IN G HAM Th C om p rehe n s i ve T eacher s

’
. e
B ible will he ceforth al w ay s li e o n m y librar y table for refere n ce

n
a d hel p
n .
BOOK S ELLER . ot h i n g shor t of a n exhaustive

N a
ppa r a tu s cr i ti cu s
is p laced in the han ds of the i structor n .

”
C HR IS TI
AN AGE . Th e most com p rehe n sive a n d com p lete w ork of
the ki n d .
METHODIST TIME S ( R ev H ug/z Pr i ce H ugfies ) . . A vas t am ou n t

of i format o n of the g reates t value to B ible stude n ts
n i .
”
S UNDAY S CHOOL TIM ES — “

A p er fec t hel p to B ible stud y . Th e
best p rese n t .
FAM ILY CHUR CHM AN valuable to teachers than

. M ore a ny c o n
S im p l y p he n ome n al at the p rice

”
c orda n c e . .
In E l even E di ti on s, pr i ces fr om Four S /zi l l i ngs ea c/

z .
S A M U E L B A G S TE R S O N S , L I M I T E D , L O N D ON .
THE AR CHAIC CLAS S ICS .
As s yr i a n Gr a mm a r An E leme n tar y G rammar a n d R ead i n g Bo ok o f .

-
’
the A ssyrian L an g uag e i n the C u n ei form C haracter : con tai n i n g ,
the m ost com plete S yllabar y y et extan t a n d w hich w ill serve also ,
as a V ocabular y of both A ccadian a n d Assy rian S econ d E di t i on .

,
R ev i sed a n d Co rected B y the R ev A H S AY C E M A D e p uty r . . . .

, . .
,
esso r o fC om p arat i ve Ph ilolo g y Oxford 4 to C loth 75 6d

'
Pro f , . .
, . .
M Sayc s w A y ri Gram m ar will b fgr at valu —A tl

’
r. e ne m ss a n e o e e z ena 'u
W d ub t t th at this b k w ill b gladl y w lcom d all si d s —A d my

. .
e o no oo e e e on e . ca e .
Ass yr i a n Text s ei n g E xtrac ts from th e A n als of S halman eser II

. B n
S e acherib a n d A ssur ban i p al

nn W ith Ph i lolo g ical N otes b y
,
- -
.
E R N EST A B U D G E M R A S A ssy ria n E xhibi tio er C hrist C ol

.
,
. . . .
, n ,
le g e C ambri dg e 4to C loth extra 75 6d

, . .
,
. .
M Budg s b k f rm s p rt ft h u ful ri s k w as t h A rchaic C l ics ‘

’
’
r e oo o a o e se se e no n e a ss
wh hav alr ady m ast r d th

.
,
a nd c si ts fa r adi g b k i t d d f th
on s o e n l -
oo n en e or o se o e e e e e e e
m ts fA sy ri
en o g mm r T h t x ts hav b
s a n l ct d d dit d with gr at
ra a e e e e e n se e e a n e e e
c r vari t r adi gs b i g t d at th b tt m fth p g d th xpl t ry

.
a e, a n e n e n no e e o o o e a e, a n e e a na o
t s at h d r fl ct m uch cr dit up th auth r Th y will b f u d v ry h l p ful

no e t e en e e e on e o e e o n e e
r T y p d p p r l ave thi g t b d sir d W h p th t this

.
by th b g i e e nn e . e an a e e no n o e e e . e o e a
th r v lum fth s m s ri s will ttract i cr i g umb r fsch l rs

’
a nd th e o e o es o e a e e e a a n n ea s n n e o o a
to th stu dy fA y ri
e I cl r l ti shi p t H br w c t b t cl ar up m a y
o ss a n. ts ose e a on o e e a n no u e n
b cur p i ts i H b r w p hil l gy si c w rds which ccur b t c tw ic i th ‘

o s e o n n e e o o n e o o u o n e or e n e
tl y fc mm ccurr c i th A yria t x ts
,
Ol d T stam t e t u fr qu en a r e no n e en o o on o en e n e ss n e
l g r p i bl d al w ith qu sti s f S m itic p hil l gy w ith ut

.
I fact it is
n no on e o ss e to e e on o e o o o
s m k wl dg at l ast fA yria alr ady b achi v d i th

,
o e no e B t what h
e e o ss n. u as e een e e n e
fi l d fA s y ri
e o d ci ph r m t is b t
s a t fwhat m y y t b achi v d i it
a n e e en u a n e r n es o a e e e e n .
T h harv st is ab u d t
e th
e l b ur rs l wa t d L t us h p th tn an e a o e a on e a re n e . e o e a
M B udg s b k w ill b am gst th rs t h m a s fgath ri g th m i

r. e
'
oo —Th e, on o e , e e n o e n e n .
”
e
G diua r A ugust 8 a n, 88 1 ,
1 0.
Ass yri a n La n gu a ge a n d S y l l a b ar y Lec t ures u p on t h e delivered to , ,
the S tude ts of the Archaic C lasses By the R e A H S A Y C E

n . v . . .
,
M A D ep ut y Professor of C om parat i ve Philolo g y Oxford

. .
, 4 to , . .
C loth extra 75 6d , . .
Egyp t i a n Gr a mm a r A E leme n tar y M an ual of the E g yp tia L n . n n a
g uag e By P L E PA G E R EN OU F .
4to C loth 75 6d.
, .
, . .
Egyp t i a n Text s Fo r the Us e of S tude n ts Part I T ext T ran s

. . .
,
l iteration a n d T ra slatio n Part II T ex t d Tran sliteration

, n . . an .
Part III T exts D issected for A n al y sis . Part IV D eterm i a . . n
t i es ; w i th L ist of S yllabic S i g s
v d L ist of C artouches of E gyp n , an
ti a S overei g s S electe d a n d E dited b y S B I R C H L L D 4to

n n . .
, . . .
C lo th 75 6 d , . .
SA M U E L B AG ST E R S O N S , L I M I T E D , LON D ON .
Th e Hi st ory h a ddon ( S n of S e n acherib) K i g of Assy ria
of Es a r o n ,
n ,
B C 68 1 668. T ra n slated from the C u n eiform I scri p tio n s u p on

.
-
. n
Cy li ders a n d T ablets i n the British M useum C ollection O igi l

n . r na
T exts to g ether wi th a G rammatical A alysis of each W ord E x

,
n ,
p la atio s of the Ideog rap hs by E xtracts from the B i L i gual

n n - n
Sy llabaries n d L ists of Ep o y ms etc By E R N E ST A B U D G E

, a n ,
. .
,
A ssyria E xhibitio n er C hrist C olle g e C ambrid g e n , , ,
M ember of the S ociety o fB iblical Arch aeolo g y 8 o C loth 1 0 5 6d . v .

, . .
S t u di es on t h e Ti m es of Ab r a h a m By th e R e H E N R Y G E OR G E . v.
T OM K I N S M ember of the S ociet y of B iblical A rch aeolo gy etc

, ,
.
Profusel y i llustrated i C hromolitho graph y a n d Ph o to ti n t 4 to n . .
C loth extra 1 65 , .
T his w ork is o t a n ew bio g rap hy of A braham but gives n accou t

n ,
a n
of the civilised w orld i w h i ch he lived from Elam o th e E ast n ,

n
to Eg yp t the W est dra w n from the exi sti g results of Egyp to

on ,
n
logi cal d A ss y ri olo g ical research d elucidates the true p osition

a n ,
an
d character of th e Patriarch
an T h e illustratio n s are chose n from .
a n eth o g ra p hi c p oi n t of vi e w as s p ecime n s of the leadi g races o f

n ,
n
the earl y w orld .
M T mki h r p r duc d a v ry vivi d d truthf l p ictur f h surr u di gs

o ns as o e e a n u e o t e o n n
fA br h m Th m gi w it h i t s i a j y t b h l d It will b s m ti m
.
o ar n ts no e s o o e o e o e e
b sup r d d —A d m y
a a e .
b f r such a b k
.
"
d its tilit y
e o e oo ca n e e se e . ca e .
“T h b k i a m um t fl b ri us d p ati t i v sti g ti n a on , a n u
; o an en e
is i cr a d b y drawi gs wh h g tl y s i st a c mp r h si f h t x t D i ly
e oo s on en o a o
”
n e se n rc r ea as o e en on o t e e . a
ust t m it t giv pp r i tiv w rd t th g at umb r f illustra e re n e o

T h y dd m uch t
no o o e a n a ec a e o o
ti s fr m ph t gr phs d fr m h h w dr w i g h t e a ut or s o
’ ‘
n a n s e a o t e
valu fa highl y t r sti g d i d d i mp rt t b k —L i t y C/ l m

on o o o a a n o .
”
e o In e e n a n n ee o an oo . er a i ncr c z a n.
Or i en t a l R ecor ds : M on u m en t a l a n d Hi s t ori c a l C on fi m t y of th e . r a or
O l d T estame n t S cri p tures A C ollect i o of the m ost i m p orta t . n n
rece t discoveries especiall y i Wester n Asia a n d Egyp t deri ved

n ,
n ,
from the hi g hest attai able a ti qui t y co firmator y a d illustrative n n n n
of th e stateme n ts of H ol y S cri pture Illustrated By W I LL I A M . .
H AR R I S R U LE D D C ro w 8 o C loth extra each 5 , . . n v .

, 5 .
T h v lum i l r d i t r ti g — L it y C/ l m ned a n n e es er a r zu rc z
S tud ts ft h S cri p tur s will fi d t h b k v ry us f l

e o e s ea n . a n.
"
L it y l V ld or
-
n oo e e u er a r
T h st yl i l ci d
en o e e e . .
d i mp l —I W t hm ’
e e l s u a n s e . sr a e s a c a n.
T h v l m f rm se v luabl c tri buti t

o u e st k fB i blic l lit ratur
o a a e on on o our oc o a e e .
R ock .
t w o volumes M on umen tal

Th e are disti n ct a nd
“H istorical .
G en es i s : wi t h a Ta l mu di c a l Comm en t a r y B y P I H E R S H ON . . . .
W ith I tro ductor y E ssay b y C a o n SPE N C E M A D em y 8 o

an n n , . . v .
C loth 5 60 pp 1 05 ,
.
, .
Th t x t fG i scatt r d thr ugh ut th tw lv v lum s f h T l mud t

hav b c f lly s rch d t d arr g d i h rd r i which w fi d th m i
e e s o enes s e e o o e e e o e o e a
e e en a re u ea e ou a n a n e n t e o e n e n e n
B i bl T ch i divi d l t x t i dd d t h i m m di t c t x t f u d i t h
A ft r m y f h t x t
ou r es. o ea n ua e s a e e e a e on e a s o n n e
T lm d d t h dir ct T l m udic l c m m t u p th mt
c ll d S y p tic l N t
a u e a n o e e s a n e e a a o en s on e ,
i tr duc d T h r f r t th p ri ci p l subj ts g
.
so- a e no a o e s a re n o e e se e e o e n a ec su
g t di h t xt j t c mm t d p y curi u d i t r ti g r m rk
.
es e n t e de us o en e u on , a n a n o s a n n e es n e a on
th bj ct c
e se s u t i d i h M ish
e s dG m r i
on a pp d d C r ful r f r c
ne n t e na a n e a a s a en e a e e e en es
p rtic l r tr ati p g d c lum i all cas s g iv —I t d t y

.
h ”
E y
t e a u a e se , a e, a n o n a re n e en . n ro u c or
ss a .
S A M U E L B A G S TE R S ON S , L I M I T E D , L O N D O N .

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R EC O R DS O F T H E PA ST

By Pro f M AS P ER O M ember of the Institute

X . A KKA D I A NHY M N T O TH E S ETT I N G S U N . By

M B —T hose A ss y riolo g ists

I n the Introduction s and N otes W A I denotes Th e . . .

C u n eifor m In scr ipti on s of Wester n A s i a in ﬁve volumes

céoa ztx M on u men ts 1 8 6 4 pp 2 8 6

bea rs t h e n u m b e r 8 8 6 ( M a s p e ro G u z a e o u Vzs z teu r

R ecor ds ofl leo Pa s t p ri o r s e ri e s i i pp 1

8 5 ) a n d o f B ru g s c h ( Ges c/z zcnte A egypten s pp 9 5 1

4 9) i t h a s a g ai n bee n ed i ted w i t h t h e co rre cti o n s o f

A b y d o s ( E d e R o u g e R ec/zer cnes s u r l es M on u men ts

[R OY A L offering to OS I R I S the lord of B U S I R I S] in order

[of everything a thousand loaves ] a

a thousand oxen a thousand geese a thousand ducks a , , ,

thousa n d fo wls a thousan d birds a thousand cloths a

thousand [pieces of linen fo r] the prefect o t the country ,

of the south the guardian of N E KH N I the dictator of

youth] wearing the ﬁllet u nder the M aj esty of Teti an d 2

em ployed as superintendent of the treasu ry when I wa s ,

promoted 3 to the inspectorship of the irrigated lands o t

of Friend ( and ) controlling prophet of h is pyramid ; then

guardian of N E K H N I [for his heart] wa s satisﬁed with me ,

a b ove any other of h is servants I heard then all that .

happened I alone with a sa w clerk to the Porte in every

secret a f fa ir [and I executed all the writings] 4 which had

K a b , a ndto the s rrou di g cou try u n n n .

published by C ham pollio N t i vol ii p 6 97 T h ame of K i g

[kh t i ] literally I made i spe ctor

etc I i is used here i the same ma er as i the phrase i i t i m i t to

take a w ife to marry literally to m ke a w ife

to b e executed i n th e name of the king whether for the

his servants [An order wa s also issued ] b y the Majesty

of my lord that a sarcophagus of white stone should b e

slave in a boat with the soldiers [the he wers of the stone

the frame the t wo m iddle b locks and the threshold ; never

had a n ything like it been made for a n y other servant what

bei n g set ” guardian of N E K H N I his Majesty made me

sole Frie n d su peri n tendent of the irrigated lands of the

Pharaoh over the superintendents of the cultivated l a nds

wh o a re there and I acted to the satisfaction of his Majesty

b oth when I h a d to keep guard behind the Ph a raoh and

peers and I acted i n all this to the satisfaction of his

Maj esty a b ove everything When moreover one we n t to the .

royal harem to i n form against the great royal wife Am its i se ,

listen to b usiness no see” clerk of the Porte b ei n g there

nor any peer except myself alone b ecause of (my ) wisdom ,

of the S ix the pro ou i t referri g to the femi i e w ords S t pi t a d

the t A p h ti of ki g A ssi is see tra sporti g the sarcophagus of th i s

is so stre gthe ed as t to yield u der the w ei ght of the blocks of sto e

w ith w hich it is loaded .

[Pi i i literally the t w o great houses or palaces C om pare

the desi g atio of the S ublime —Porte

of his Maj esty wa s satis ﬁed with me it wa s I wh o wrote

N o w my employment wa s that of superintendent of th e

any of this rank wh o had heard the secrets of the royal

made me hear ( them ) b ecause my wisdom pleased h is ,

other of his m a m el o u ks more than any other of his serva n ts

When his M aj esty carried wa r to the district of the

of several m yriads levied throughout the entire S outh

south ward starting from E LE P H AN T I N E north ward starti n g ,

from the L ETOPOL ITA N n om e l in the country of the north , ,

i n the two conﬁ n es in their entirety in each station bet ween ,

the fortiﬁed stations of the desert in A R OTIT a country of ,