WRITING TAST 1

7 DẠNG BIỂU ĐỒ TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:

WITH DATA WITHOUT DATA
Line graph. Map.
Bar chart. Process.
Pie chart.
Table.
Mixed charts.
MORE COMMON: 80% - 90% LESS COMMON: 10% - 20%
DYNAMIC CHARTS:
- Time: More than 1 year/months…
- Describe trends & Make comparison
STATIC CHARTS:
- Time: One year/month … or no time is
mentioned
- Make comparison

3 CẤU TRÚC CÂU MÔ TẢ XU HƯỚNG TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:

Example: LINE GRAPH
The graph below shows average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per person in the United
Kingdom, Sweden, Italy and Portugal between 1967 and 2007.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant.

Step 1: Xác định dạng biểu đồ (Dynamic? Static?)

Step 2: Xác định thì (Hiện tại? Quá khứ?)
STUCTURE 1:
The amount of CO2 which was produced per person in the UK decreased gradually from
about 11 to under 9 tons between 1967 and 2007.
SUBJECT VERB ADV NUMBER TIME
Describe data Describe trends Degree / speed of Prepositional phrase
changes

STRUCTURE 2:
There was a gradual decrease in the amount of CO2 produced per person in the UK from
about 11 to under 9 tons between 1967 and 2007.
THERE BE NOUN PHRASE IN S NUMBER TIME
Article + adj + noun Prepositional phrase

STRUCTURE 3:
The period between 1967 and 2007 witnessed a gradual decrease in the amount of CO2
produced per person in the UK from 11 to under 9 tons.
TIME VERB NOUN PHRASE IN S NUMBER
Noun phrase Witness Article + adj + noun
Record
Experience
Undergo
…

 3 cấu trúc đều được tạo từ 5 thành phần giống nhau:

SUBJECT NOUN/VERB ADJ/ADV NUMBER TIME
Describe data. Describe trends. Degree / speed of Specify data Specify time
(Có thể đứng ở CT1: sd VERB changes
đầu câu như CT2, CT3: sd NOUN (Nếu sd ĐT → ADV)
CT1 hoặc giữa (Nếu sd DT → ADJ)
câu giống CT2,
CT3)

TỪ VỰNG MÔ TẢ XU HƯỚNG:
4 TRENDS:
- Increase (Cao nhất)
- Decrease (Thấp nhất)
- Constant change
- No change
INCREASE:
VERBS + TRẠNG TỪ TÍNH TỪ + NOUNS
(Nguyên mẫu – QK – Phân từ)
• Rise – Rose – Risen • A rise
• Go up – Went up – Gone up. • 0
• Increase (d) • An increase
• Grow – Grew – Grown • A growth
VERBS (Tăng mạnh không thêm ADV) NOUNS (Tăng mạnh không thêm ADJ)
• Soar (ed) • A soar
• Jump (ed) • A jump
• Rocket (ed) • A rocket
• Boom (ed) • A boom

DECREASE:
VERBS + TRẠNG TỪ TÍNH TỪ + NOUNS
• Drop (ed) • A drop
• Fall – Fell – Fallen • A fall
• Decline (d) • A decline
• Decrease (d) • A decrease
VERBS (Giảm mạnh không thêm ADV) NOUNS (Giảm mạnh không thêm ADJ)
• Dive (d) • A dive
• Plummet (ed) • A plummet
• Slump (ed) • A slump

NO CHANGE:
VERBS TÍNH TỪ
• Level off • No change
• Remain - (constant / Stable / Steady / • Stability (Uncountable)
Unchanged)
• Maintain the same level

CONSTANT CHANGE:
VERBS TÍNH TỪ
• Fluctuate • A fluctuation
• Oscillate • An oscillation
• Be erratic (cần có ĐT tube đằng trc)

(ADJ / ADV: Chỉ cung cấp thông tin về mức độ chứ không phải tốc độ của sự thay đổi)
REACH THE HIGHEST AMOUNT OR LEVEL: REACH THE LOWEST AMOUNT OR LEVEL:
VERB: (Cao nhất) VERB: (Thấp nhất)
• Peak • Bottom out.
• Reach a/the peak. • Reach the bottom.
• Reach the highest point. • Reach the nadir.
• Reach/hit a high
TO BE OPPOSITE OF WHAT IT WAS:
VERB: (Mô tả xh giảm, trái ngước trc đấy)
• (the trend) reverses

ADJECTIVES (ADJ) AND ADVERBS (ADV) FOR DEGREE OF CHANGE:

INTENSIVE (ADJ/ADV) AVERAGE (ADJ/ADV) SMALL (ADJ/ADV)
Dramatic/Dramatically Noticeable/Noticeably Slight/Slightly
Substantial/Substantially Moderate/Moderately Minimal/Minimally
Significant/Significantly Marked/Markedly Marginal/Marginally
Considerable/Considerably
Remarkable/Remarkably

ADJECTIVES (ADJ) AND ADVERBS (ADV) FOR SPEEB OR CHANGE:

QUICK (ADJ/ADV) SLOW (ADJ/ADV) UNEXPECTED (ADJ/ADV)
Sharp/Sharply Steady/Steadily Sudden/Suddenly
Rapid/Rapidly Gradual/Gradually Abrupt/Abruptly
Steep/Steeply

Example:
1. Average CO2 emissions per person in Sweden increased moderately from under 9
to over 10 tonnes in the first decade.
2. Then, the trend reversed; this figure dropped dramatically to approximately 7
tonnes in 1987.
3. During the period from 1987 to 2007, there was a gradual fall in the production of
CO2 per head in Sweden, to more than 5 tonnes.

14 ĐT MÔ TẢ XU HƯỚNG TĂNG, GIẢM “XỊN” TRONG IELTS TASK 1

INCREASE DECREASE
Double (x2) Bounce back. Swell Halve (Giảm Shrink Collapse
Triple (x3) Recover Escalate còn 1 nửa) Lessen (Giảm mạnh,
Quadruple (x4) (nảy lại, tang Diminish giảm đột
Multiply (xn) lại) Lower ngột)
NO CHANGE
Plateau (Cao, bằng phẳng chứ không dùng cho TH thấp)
CÁCH XÁC ĐỊNH CHỦ NGỮ TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
Example: The amount of CO2 which was produced per person in the UK
THE AMOUNT OF NOUN RELATIVE CLAUSE
Amount phù hợp phụ thuộc vào đơn vị đo lường của số liệu xuất hiện trong bài:

1. ĐƠN VỊ PHẦN TRẮM:

THE AMOUNT OF NOUN RELATIVE CLAUSE
Percentage Both countable
Proportion and uncountable
*Rate: (dung cho cụm từ có nouns
tính cố định)
Example 1:
The charts below give information on the ages of the populations of Yemen and Italy in
2000 and projections for 2050.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant.
The percentage of people in Yemen who
were aged 0 – 14 in 2000.
The percentage of 0 – to – 14 – year – old
people in Yemen in 2000.
(gạch nối để tạo ra tính từ ghép)

Example 2:
The proportion of people who migrated to
the UK for the reason of definite jobs.
The percentage pf people who entered the
UK because of definite jobs.
The proportion of immigrants to the UK in
order to pursue definite jobs.
 2. ĐƠN VỊ KHÁC: KG, $, …
THE AMOUNT OF NOUN RELATIVE CLAUSE
Quantity/ amount Uncountable noun
Quantity/ number Countable noun (plural form)

Example 1:
The chart below shows the number of men and women (in thousand) in further education
in Britain in three periods and whether they were studying full-time or part-time.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant.
The number of men who studied higher
part – time in 1970/71.
The quantity of males who were in
higher part – time education in 1970/71.

Example 2:
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the
USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
The amount of petrol and oil which were
consumed in 1980.
The quantity of petrol and oil which were
used in 1980.
The consumption of petrol and oil in
1980.
Meaning: the act of using energy, food or
materials; the amount used

3. SOME WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE DATA.

• Production • Earnings • Spending
• Consumption • Salary • …
• Income • Sales
 4. TỪ THAY THẾ CHO CN ĐÃ MÔ TẢ TRƯỚC ĐẤY:
THE AMOUNT OF NOUN RELATIVE CLAUSE
The / this figure

Example 1:
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the
USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
The amount of petrol and oil which were
consumed in 1980 was 35 quadrillion
units, which was the highest.
The figure then declined slightly in the
following five years to about 30
quadrillion units.
The figure for nature gas was much
lower, at 20 quadrillion units in the same
year.

CÁCH MÔ TẢ THỜI GIAN TRONG WRITING TASK 1:

A POINT OF TIME A PERIOD OF TIME
The consumption of oil reached the The consumption of oil fell from 100 to 60
highest point of 80 units in 2000. units between 1990 and 1999.
The crime rate increased to 10% in 1990. The crime rate plateaued at 10% during
The amount of CO2 produced per head in the following five years.
the UK stood at 100 tonnes in January. The amount of CO2 produced per head in
the UK doubled to 100 tonnes from January
to March
A YEAR/MONTH … MORE THAN 1 YEAR/MONTH …

A POINT OF TIME:
Example 1:
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the
USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
The consumption of petrol and oil stood
at 35 quadrillion units in 1980. Then, this
figure went down minimally to about 30
quadrillion units in 1985 before bouncing
back to the beginning level in 1990.

(The year) 1980 recorded 35 quadrillion

units of petrol and oil (which was)
consumed.

A PERIOD OF TIME:
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE NOUN PHRASE
From … to … The period + from … to …
Between … and … The time + between … and …
• During the first years • Remove prepositions
• For the following decade
• In the 1990s
• Over the 10 – year period

Example 1:
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the
USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
The amount of petrol and oil used
increased suddenly from 1990 to 2020,
reaching around 45 quadrillion units.
The period/time from 1990 to 2020
experienced a sudden increase in the
amount of petrol and oil used, to around
45 quadrillion units
Example 2:
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the
USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
The amount of petrol and oil used
increased suddenly for the following 30
years, reaching around 45 quadrillion
units.
The following years/ The next three
decades experienced a sudden increase
in the amount of petrol and oil used, to
around 45 quadrillion units.

COMMON PHRASES TP DESCRIBE TIME:

- Over the period shown
- From that time on/onwards
Example 1:
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the
USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
The line graph compares the consumption
of six types of energy in the US from 1980 to
2030. Overall, the amounts of petrol and oil,
natural gas and coal consumed rose over
the period shown ......
(Over the period shown = from 1980 to
2030.)
Example 2:
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the
USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
The consumption of petrol and oil
fluctuated between 30 and 35 quadrillion
units in the first 15 years. From that time
on/onwards, this figure climbed gradually
and is predicted to peak at 50 quadrillion
units at the end of the period.
(From that time on/onwards = từ 1995 trở về
sau)
EXAMPLE FINAL:
The line graph compares the consumption of six different kinds of energy in the USA from
1980 to 2030.
Overall, more fossil fuels are used in comparison with alternative energy sources. The
general trend for energy consumption is upward over the period shown.
The consumption of petrol and oil fluctuated between 30 and 35 quadrillion units in the
first 15 years. From that time on, this figure climbed gradually and is predicted to peak at
50 quadrillion units at the end of the period, by far the highest figure. In 1980, less coal
and gas were used, at about 16 and 20 quadrillion units. Over the following 4 decades,
the figures were erratic, but the former is anticipated to outnumber the latter in 2030, at
approximately 32 and 25 quadrillion units respectively.
Initially, the amounts of three kinds of alternative energy consumed were the same, at
about 4 quadrillion units each. A larger amount of nuclear is used over time, ending at
under 10 quadrillion units. The consumption of solar/wind and hydropower, after some
minor fluctuations until 2010, increased marginally and stayed unchanged respectively.
They are estimated to finish at around 5 and 2 quadrillion units.

CÁCH MÔ TẢ SỐ LIỆU TRONG WRITING TASK 1:

PREPOSITIONS ADVERBS NUMBERS UNITS

PREPOSITIONS: (GIỚI TỪ):

XU HƯỚNG TĂNG/GIẢM: XU HƯƠNG GIAO ĐỘNG:
• ST increase from … to … • ST fluctuate between … and …
• ST increase by … • ST fluctuate around …
• ST experience an increase from … to …
• ST experience an increase of …
XU HƯỚNG GIỮ NGUYÊN KHÔNG ĐỔI: ĐIỂM CAO/THẤP NHẤT:
• ST stay unchanged at … • ST peak at … (Highest)
• ST stand at … • ST reach the highest point of …
• ST start at … • ST reach a peak of …
• ST end at … • ST bottom out at … (Lowest)
• ST finish at … • ST reach a nadir of …

ADVERBS: (TRẠNG TỪ CHỈ SẤP XỈ):

• About • Nearly • Just over
• Around • Just under • Well over
• Approximately • Well under • Higher than
• Roughly • Lower than
• Below
UNITS (after numbers):
PERCENT OTHERS
• 10 percent • 10 metric tonnes
• 10% • 10 kilograms
• 10 dollars
• 10 pounds
VIETNAMESE ENGLISH
• 10.000.000 • 10,000,000
• 12,5% • 12.5%
You say a, one, two, etc. thousand without a final "s" on "thousand."
Thousands (of...) can be used if there is no number or quantity before it.
Always use a plural verb with thousand or thousands, except when an amount of money is
mentioned.
• Four thousand (people) are expected to attend.
• Two thousand (dollars) was withdrawn from the account.
Example:
The consumption of fish and chips increased from 10 kilograms to 20 kilograms.
=> The consumption of fish and chips increased from 10 to 20 kilograms.
The interest rate decreased from 7% to 5%.
The interest rate decreased from 7 to 5 percent.
The number of students who worked part-time after graduation was 12,000.

PRACTICE TOGETHER:
The bar graph shows the global sales (in
billions of dollars) of different types of
digital games between 2000 and 2006.
In 2000, worldwide sales of handheld games
stood at around 11 billion dollars, while
console games earned just under 6 billion
dollars. No figures are given for mobile or
online games in that year. Over the next 3
years, sales of handheld video games rose
by about 4 billion dollars, but the figure for
consoles decreased by 2 billion dollars.
Mobile phone and online games started to
become popular, with sales reaching around
3 billion dollars in 2003.
In 2006, sales of handheld, online and
mobile games reached peaks of 17, 9 and 7
billion dollars respectively. By contrast,
turnover from console games dropped to its
lowest point, at around 2.5 billion dollars.
CÁCH CHIA THÌ CỦA ĐỘNG TỪ TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
NO TIME TIME IS MENTIONED
Present simple Time in the past Past simple
Time in the present Present simple
Time in the future Prediction
Time from the past to the future Present simple

PREDICTION (DỰ ĐOÁN):

CÂU TRÚC:
Something is/are predicted to + verb.
It is predicted that something will + verb.
The prediction is that something will + verb.
According to the prediction, something will + verb
TỪ THAY THẾ:
• predict(ed) • prediction
• anticipable(d) • anticipation
• estimate(d) • estimation
• forecast • forecast

Example:
The graph below shows the
proportion of the population
aged 65 and over between 1940
and 2040 in three different
countries.
Summarize the information by
selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons
where relevant.
The line graph compares the percentage of people
aged 65 or more in three countries over a period of 100
years.
It is clear that the proportion of elderly people
increases in each country between 1940 and 2040.
Japan is expected to see the most dramatic changes in
its elderly population.
In 1940, around 9% of Americans were aged 65 or over,
compared to about 7% of Swedish people and 5% of
Japanese people. The proportions of elderly people in
the USA and Sweden rose gradually over the next 50
years, reaching just under 15% in 1990. By contrast, the
figures for Japan remained below 5% until the early
2000s.
Looking into the future, a sudden increase in the
percentage of elderly people is predicted for Japan,
with a jump of over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to
2040. By 2040, it is thought that around 27% of the
Japanese population will be 65 years old or more,
while the figures for Sweden and the USA will be
slightly lower, at about 25% and 23% respectively.
CÁCH SỬ DỤNG TỪ NỐI TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
WITHIN A SENTENCE BETWEEN SENTENCES
To connect clauses, nouns, verbs ... in a sentence. To connect two sentences

SHOW A DIFFERENCE (THỂ HIỆN SỰ KHÁC BIỆT):

BUT WHILE WHEREAS
Clause, but clause While/ whereas clause, clause
Subject + verb1 but verb2 Clause while whereas clause.

IN/BY CONTRAST HOWEVER

Sentence. However / By contrast or In contrast, Sentence

SHOW A SIMILARITY (THỂ HIỆN SỰ TƯƠNG ĐỒNG):

AND
clause, and clause (also)

SIMILARLY LIKEWISE
Sentence. Similarly / Likewise, Sentence

LINK TIME (MQH VỀ THỜI GIAN)

BEFORE AFTER THEN
Clause before clause After clause, clause S + V but then / and then V
S + V before V-ing/ Noun After V – ing/Noun, S +V

AFTER THAT THEN

FOLLOWING THAT
Sentence. After that, Sentence.

Example:
The graph below shows the amounts of
waste produced by three companies over
a period of 15 years.
COMPABY A
The waste production of company A started at 12 tonnes in 2000. Then, this figure went
down steadily to hit about 8 tonnes in 2015.
COMPABY C
In contrast, the amount of waste created by company C showed a moderate rise, from a
low of about 4 to a peak of around 10 tonnes over the period shown.
COMPABY B
As for company B, the waste production climbed from around 8 to 10 tonnes in the first
five years but then dived to only 3 tonnes in 2015.

COMPABY B
As for company B, there was a climb from around 8 to 10 tonnes in the first five years but
then dived to only 3 tonnes in 2015.
→ As for company B, there was a climb from around 8 to 10 tonnes in the first five years
but then a dive to only 3 tonnes in 2015.

As for company B, the first five years showed an increase in its waste production from
around 8 to 10 tonnes before plummeting to only 3 tonnes in 2015.
→ As for company B, the first five years showed an increase in its waste production from
around 8 to 10 tonnes before a plummet to only 3 tonnes in 2015.
→ As for company B, its waste production increased from around 8 to 10 tonnes in the
first five years before plummeting to only 3 tonnes in 2015.
SO SÁNH HƠN NHẤT TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
4 COMPARISONS (4 CÁCH SO SÁNH)
SUPERLATIVE: SO SÁNH HƠN NHẤT
COMPARATIVE: SO SÁNH HƠN
MULTIPLE NUMBERS COMPARISON: SO SÁNH GẤP
EQUAL COMPARISON: SO SÁNH BẰNG

SUPERATIVE
To describe the highest/ lowest figures
EXAMPLE:
The table below shows the amount of waste produced (in millions of tonnes) in six
different countries over a twenty-year period.

1980: US (131)

1, SUBJECT TO DESCRIBE DATA

The amount of waste which was produced in the US in 1980
SUBJECT BE HIGHEST NUMBER
largest at with ….
lowest accounting for ...%
smallest constituting ...
making up ...%
Note: Nếu sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất không có danh từ thì không có mạo từ ở phía
đằng trước và ngược lại
In 1980, the amount of waste which was produced in the US was highest, at 131 million
tonnes
SAME MEANING
PARAPHRASING DIFFERENT WORDS (SYNONYMS)
DIFFERENT STRUCTURES (GRAMMAR)
2, DIFFERENT WORDS
quantity by Americans
In 1980, the amount of waste which was produced in the US was highest, at 131m …
Initially, created
In the first year, generated
the waste production

3, DIFFERENT STRUCTURES
In 1980, the amount of waste which was produced in the US was highest, at 131 million
tonnes

EXAMPLES
- In 1980, the amount of waste which was produced in the US was highest, at 131
million tonnes
- In 1980, the waste production of the US was largest, with 131 million tonnes
- The year 1980 recorded the highest waste production by Americans, at 131 million
tonnes
- The US was the largest waste producer in the first year of the period, with 131
million tonnes Initially, 131 million tonnes of waste was generated by Americans,
which ranked top.

COMPARATIVE: SO SÁNH HƠN

ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS NOUNS
S + be + short adj +er + than + ... more + noun (countable or uncountable)
s + be + more/less + long adj + than + ... ... + than ...
S + verb + short adverb + er + than + ... fewer + noun (countable)... + than ...
S + verb + more/less + long adverb + than + ... less + noun (uncountable) ... + than ...
COMPARATIVE
To compare 2-3 numbers
EXAMPLE:
The chart shows survey results concerning
why MBA graduates chose their degree.
1, superlative: better job opportunities (65%)
2, comparative: ability to do job better (15%) ~ personal development (12%)
3, superlative: ability to help others (8%)
ability to do job better (15%) - personal development (12%)
1, SUBJECT TO DESCRIBE DATA
The percentage of MBA graduates who state that ability to do job better is the major
reason choosing this degree.
the figure for personal development
SUBJECT 1 BE HIGHER/ LOWER THAN SUBJECT 2 NUMBER
by far at/ with ...
significantly accounting for ...%
slightly constituting ...%
marginally making up ...%
number
at ... for the former and ….
for the latter
at ... and …. respectively
The percentage of MBA graduates who state that ability to do job better is the major
reason choosing this degree is slightly higher than the figure for personal development,
accounting for 15% and 12% respectively.

2, DIFFERENT WORDS
- The percentage of MBA graduates who state that ability to do job better is the major
reason choosing this degree.
- The proportion of interviewees deeming ability to do job better to be the reason for
choosing this major.
- The percentage of MBA graduates whose driving force is ability to do job better.

3, DIFFERENT STRUCTURES
- The percentage of MBA graduates who state that ability to do job better is the
major reason choosing this degree is slightly higher than the figure for personal
development, accounting for 15% and 12% respectively.
- The proportion of people who get MBA degrees to do jobs better is marginally higher
than that of people whose stimulus is to develop themselves, at 15% and 12%
respectively.
- More MBA graduates choose this degree to improve their ability to do job than for
personal development, constituting 15% and 12% respectively.
 - The ability to do a job better is the impetus of 15% of MBA graduates, which is 3%
higher than the figure for personal development.
- Ability to do job better is a more common driving force than personal development,
with 15% for the former and 12% for the latter.
- 15% of interviewees deem ability to do job better to be their reason for choosing this
degree, higher than the percentage of MBA graduates for the reason of personal
development by 3%.

EQUAL COMPARISON: SO SÁNH BẰNG

STRUCTURE 1:
The percentages of be (roughly) equal , at/ with ...
The amounts of A and B be (nearly) the same , accounting for …%
The numbers of exactly, precisely, approximately , constituting ... %
STRUCTURE 2:
The percentage of be (roughly) equal to that of B , at/ with ...
The amount of A be (nearly) the same as the figure for B , accounting for... %
The number of exactly, precisely, approximately , constituting ... %

MULTIPLE NUMBERS COMPARISON: SO SÁNH GẤP

STRUCTURE 1:
The percentage of be (nearly) double that of B , at/ with ... respectively
The amount of A be (exactly) triple the figure for B , accounting for ...% (for the former
The number of be (precisely) quadruple , constituting ... % and ... for the
Latter)
STRUCTURE 2:
The percentage of be twice
The amount of A be three times as high as that of B , number
The number of be exponentially higher than the figure for B

PRACTICE:
The graphs show changes in spending habits of people in the UK between 1971 and 2001
In 1971,
• superlative: food (44%), multiple numbers: cars (22%)
• equal comparisons: petrol (10%) ~ furniture (9%); restaurants (7%) ~ books (6%)
• superlative: computers (2%)
In 2001,
• decline: food > furniture > petrol > books
• increase: car > computers > restaurants
In 1971, 44% of spending of people in the UK went on food, which was highest and
precisely double the expenditure on cars. The percentages of money paid for petrol and
furniture were relatively equal, at 10% and 9% respectively, and the spending on
restaurants was also nearly the same as the figure for books, with 7% and 6%. Only 2% of
the spending of people in this nation was on computers.
After 30 years, the expenditure on food went down dramatically to only 14%, equal
to restaurants. Repeating the same trend, the figures for furniture and petrol dropped
insignificantly to the same level of 8% each, compared to a fall to only 1% in spending on
books. In contrast, cars' spending recorded an almost twofold increase to 43% and
became highest. Despite a moderate rise, spending on computers and restaurants was
still low, at 12% for the former and 14% for the latter.

CÁC PHÉP SO SÁNH KHÁC TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:

1. LINKING WORDS
Examples:
• The percentage of people aged 65 and over in the US was highest, at 7%, while the figure
for Japan was lowest, at 2%
• Only 7% of university graduates were volunteers, but it was still higher than the
percentage of unemployed people by 2%
• Whereas 40% of emigrants left the UK for formal study, the figure for immigrants for the
same reason was a half

2. COMPARED TO/ WITH

Meaning: to examine or look for the difference between two or more things
Structure: Clause compared to/ with + Noun phrase
Examples:
• The number of people who applied for the course was 120 compared with an initial
estimate of between 50 and 100.
• The waste production of company A was 100 tonnes compared to 80 tonnes produced
by company B
 3. BY/IN COMPARISON (WITH SOMEBODY/SOMETHING)
Meaning: when compared with somebody/something
Structure: Clause in/by comparison with + Noun phrase
Sentence 1. In/ By comparison, sentence 2
Examples:
• The unemployment rate was high, at 10%, in comparison with the 1990s' figures.
• The unemployment rate in the UK increased significantly to 10% in 2000. In
comparison, the figure for the US climbed marginally to 8% in the same period.

4. FOLLOWED BY/ AHEAD OF

Meaning: further advanced than somebody/something
Structure: Clause, followed by/ ahead of + Noun phrase
Examples:
• The water consumption in the US for industry is 40%, ahead of 30% for agriculture use +
• Playing football is the most popular leisure activity, accounting for 56%, followed by
38% who like badminton

5. A SIMILAR/OPPOSITE PATTERN
Structure: a (quite/ relatively...) similar/opposite pattern is/was repeated for/seen in...
Examples:
• In California, the highest water consumption goes to agriculture, at 69%, which is exactly
triple the figure for industrial use. Only 8% of water is to cater for domestic use. A similar
pattern is seen in San Diego, which uses 70% of total water for agriculture, 25% for
industry and a mere 5% domestically.
THE OPPOSITE (BE) TRUE FOR...

BỐ CỤC BÀI VIẾT IELTS WRITING TASK 1:

INTRODUCTION:
Explain in your own words what the chart(s)/ graph(s)/ diagram(s) is showing.
OVERVIEW:
Tell what main features are.
BODY ½:
Explain these features in detail.
Note:
• Data should be grouped into two body paragraphs
• No conclusion is needed.
CÁCH VIẾT INTRODUCTION TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
INTRODUCTION:
Explain in your own words what the chart(s)/ graph(s)/ diagram(s) is showing.
• Only 1 sentence
• Paraphrase the question

NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN

- The line graph(s) /chart(s) - show(s) - the In… - from... to ...
- The bar graph(s) /chart(s) - indicate(s) percentage (s) On… - between ...
- The pie graph(s) / chart(s) - illustrate(s) of ... At… and ...
- The table (s) - compare(s) - the - in ... (years/
- The chart(s) - give(s) number(s) of months)
information ...
on

Example:
The table below gives information on visitor statistics for 1996, 1998 and 2000 for various
World Heritage sites in Australia.

NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN

- The number of people who visited four different World Heritage sites.
- The quantity of visitors to four World Heritage sites
 The table shows the quantity of visitors to four World Heritage sites from 1996
to 2000.
 The table indicates the number of people who visited four different World
Heritage sites in three years: 1996, 1998 and 2000.
Example:
The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California and the rest of the
world.

NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN

- Water consumption for residential, industrial and agricultural purposes
- The percentage of water used for three purposes.
- The proportion of water consumed by residents, industry and agriculture.
 The pie charts show water consumption for residential, industrial and
agricultural purposes in San Diego County, California and the rest of the world.
 The pie charts illustrate the proportion of water consumed by residents,
industry and agriculture in two American states, namely San Diego County and
California, and the remaining parts of the world.

CÁCH VIẾT OVERVIEW TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:

OVERVIEW:
Tell what main features are
• Signposts: Overall, .... / It is clear that .../ Obviously.../ Generally, ....
• 2 main features (equivalent to two sentences)
• no data

DYNAMIC CHARTS:
The table below gives information on visitor statistics for 1996, 1998 and 2000 for various
World Heritage sites in Australia.
TRENDS:
increase in GBR, BM and TW, decrease in CERR.
HIGHEST/ LOWWEST:
highest: GBR
OVERVIEW:
Overall, visitor statistics for Great Barrier Reef, Blue Mountains and Tasmania Wilderness
increased, but fewer people visited Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve over the period
shown. Among four sites, Great Barrier Reef was the most attractive tourist destination.

STATIC CHARTS:
The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California and the rest of the
world.

3 PURPOSES OF USING WATER: highest/ lowest

biggest/ smallest gap
SDC & C: residential use is highest while WW: agriculture.
3 PIE CHARTS: highest/ lowest
biggest/ smallest gap
California: smallest gap
OVERVIEW:
Overall, residential use is the main purpose of consuming water in San Diego County and
California while most water in the rest of the world is used for agricultural activities.
California shows minor/ trivial discrepancy in the percentage of water used for different
purposes.
CÁCH MÔ TẢ BIỂU ĐỒ DYNAMIC CHARTS TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
The table below gives information on visitor statistics for 1996, 1998 and 2000 for various
World Heritage sites in Australia.

INTRODUCTION:
The table indicates the number of people who visited four different World Heritage sites in
three years: 1996, 1998 and 2000.
OVERVIEW:
Overall, visitor statistics for Great Barrier Reef, Blue Mountains and Tasmania Wilderness
increased, but fewer people visited Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve over the period
shown. Among four sites, Great Barrier Reef was the most attractive tourist destination.
BODY ½:
Explain these features in detail.
1. BASED ON TIME:
BODY 1 THE STARTING POINT
• make comparisons
• from the highest to lowest figures
Practice:
In 1996,
• GBR: highest, double ... CERR
• BM > TW
In 1996, 1,670,000 visitors went to Great Barrier Reef, which was highest and roughly
double the figure for Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve, with 810,000. Blue Mountains
welcomed relatively fewer tourists, at 526,000, compared to 450,000 to Tasmania
Wilderness.

BODY 2 THE MIDDLE + FINAL POINTS

• make comparisons & describe trends
Practice:
From that time to 2000,
• GBR: increase almost twofold + was still highest / maintained highest
• BM + TW: repeat the same trend but to a lesser extent
• In contrast, CERR: decline (20,000 every two years)
From that time to 2000, the number of visitors to Great Barrier Reef rose almost twofold to
3,200,000 and maintained highest. Blue Mountains and Tasmania Wilderness repeated
the same trend but to a lesser extent, reaching 581,000 and 483,000 respectively. In
contrast, this period recorded a fall of 20,000 every two years in the figure for Central
Eastern Rainforest Reserve, ending at 770,000.

2. BASED ON SITES:
BODY 1 HIGHER NUMBERS
Practice:
• GBR: increased twofold, was always highest
• CERR: declined by 20,000 every two years, second highest
In 1996, 1,670,000 visitors went to Great Barrier Reef, which then increased almost
twofold to end at 3,200,000, and this place always had the highest visitor statistics.
The reverse was true for Central Eastern Rainforest Reserve whose figure went down by
20,000 every two years to finish at 770,000 and constantly ranked second.

BODY 2 LOWER NUMBERS

Practice:
• BM > TW in 1996
• the former increased moderately to ... while the latter rose marginally to...
Initially, more people visited Blue Mountains than Tasmania Wilderness, at 526,000 and
450,000 respectively. Four years later, while the former climbed moderately to 581,000,
the latter rose marginally by 33,000, but both figures were still far lower than Great Barrier
Reef's.
CÁCH MÔ TẢ BIỂU ĐỒ STATIC CHARTS TRONG IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California and the rest of the
world.

INTRODUCTION:
The pie charts illustrate the proportion of water consumed by residents, industry and
agriculture in two American states, namely San Diego County and California, and the
remaining parts of the world.
OVERVIEW:
Overall, residential use is the main purpose of consuming water in San Diego County and
California while most water in the rest of the world is used for agricultural activities.
California shows minor/ trivial discrepancy in the percentage of water used for different
purposes.
BODY ½:
Explain these features in detail.
1. PURPOSES OF USING WATER
• high - low
• similar - different
Practice:
BODY 1:
• residential: highest in SDC and Cali but lowest in WW
• agricultural: highest in WW but lowest in SDC and Cali
Residential water consumption is highest among three sectors in San Diego County and
California, at 60% and 39%, but accounts for a trivial part in the rest of the world, with 8%.
By contrast, most water worldwide is to cater for agriculture, making up 69%, but this is
the least common purpose of using water in the two American states, constituting 17% in
San Diego County and 28% in California.
BODY 2:
• industry: always ranked second
• To be specific, 33% in Cali, 10% higher than in SDC and WW
The percentage of water consumed for industry always ranks second and does not show
significant differences. To be specific, 33% of water in California is used for this purpose,
10% higher than in San Diego County and worldwide.
 2. 3 PIE CHARTS:
• high - low
• similar - different
Practice:
BODY 1:
SDC and Cali share the same pattern of water use.
• residential - highest while agriculture - lowest
• industry: second
San Diego County and California share the same water consumption pattern. The main
purpose of using water is for residential activities, at 60% for the former and 39% for the
latter, while least water goes to agriculture, with 17% and 28% respectively. Industry
records the second highest water usage, at 23% and 33%.

BODY 2:
Worldwide: opposite
• agriculture: highest while residential: lowest
• industry: still second
The reverse is seen in worldwide water consumption, with the first rank belonging to
agriculture (69%) and the lowest water use going to homes (8%). The same as two
American states, the percentage of water for industry is second highest, at 23%.
LINE GRAPH IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
The graph shows the number of people taking part in 4 kinds of sports in a particular
region between 1985 and 2005.

STEP 1: ANALYZING
Type: Dynamic chart
Tense: Past simple
Unit: people
Subject:
• The number of people playing rugby
• The quantity of rugby players
• The rugby participation
STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
Explain in your own words what the chart(s)/ graph(s)/ diagram(s) is showing.
NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN
- The line graph(s) /chart(s) - show(s) - the In… - from... to ...
- indicate(s) percentage (s) On… - between ...
- illustrate(s) of ... At… and ...
- compare(s) - the - in ... (years/
- give(s) number(s) of months)
information ...
on
Example:
The line graph compares the participation of people in a particular place in four different
sports from 1985 to 2005.
OVERVIEW:
TRENDS
rugby: decreased; tennis: increased.
badminton & basketball: almost unchanged
HIGHEST/ LOWEST
1985-1995: rugby highest
1995-2005: tennis highest
Example:
Overall, the interest in rugby declined while the quantity of people playing tennis
increased, and the other sports showed almost no change over the period shown. in the
first decade, rugby was the favored sport, but during the second 10-year period, tennis
took the leading position.

BODY 1 THE STARTING POINT

• make comparisons
• from the highest to lowest figures
Practice:
In 1985:
• rugby highest
• tennis: lower than rugby, double basketball
• badminton: lowest
Example:
In 1985, under 250 people in this region played rugby, which was the highest. The number
of tennis players was 100 lower than that but still double the participation in basketball.
The least preferred sport was badminton which attracted only about 50 players.

BODY 2 THE MIDDLE + FINAL POINTS

• make comparisons & describe trends
Practice:
Rugby and tennis
• 1985-1995: rugby decreased; tennis increased. They were the same in 1995.
• 1995-2005: rugby plummeted, tennis rose and was highest
Basketball and badminton: almost unchanged
In the following ten years, the number of rugby players dropped moderately while the
reverse was seen in tennis, and they had involvement parity at 200 in 1995. After that, the
former plummeted to merely 50 while the latter kept climbing steadily to a peak of roughly
220. As for basketball and badminton, the figures stayed relatively static over the period
shown.
BAR GRAPH IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
DYNAMIC CHARTS:
The bar graph shows the global sales (in billions of dollars) of different types of digital
games between 2000 and 2006.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Type: Dynamic chart
Tense: Past simple
Unit: ... billion dollars
Subject:
• The global sales of mobile phone games
• Turnover from mobile phone games
• To earn + money + from mobile games
• The amount/quantity of money earned from selling mobile phone games
turnover: the total amount of goods or services sold by a company during a particular
period of time.
Example: an annual turnover of $75 million

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN
- The bar graph(s) - show(s) - the In… - from... to ...
/chart(s) - indicate(s) percentage (s) On… - between ...
- illustrate(s) of ... At… and ...
- compare(s) - the - in ... (years/
- give(s) number(s) of months)
information on ...
Example:
The bar chart compares the turnover in dollars from sales of video games for four different
platforms, namely mobile phones, online, consoles and handheld devices, from 2000 to
2006.
OVERVIEW:
TRENDS
increased: MPG, OG, HG
decreased: CG.
HIGHEST/ LOWEST
highest: HG
Example:
It is clear that sales of games for three out of the four platforms rose each year, leading to
a significant rise in total global turnover over the 7-year period. Sales figures for handheld
games were at least twice as high as those for any other platform almost every year.

BASED ON TIME:
BODY 1 THE STARTING POINT
• make comparisons
• from the highest to lowest figures
Practice:
• in 2000: HG higher (11), CG (6). No figures for MPG and OG
• In 2003: HG increased; CG decreased. MPG and OG become popular.
In 2000, worldwide sales of handheld games stood at around $11 billion while console
games earned just under $6 billion. No figures are given for mobile or online games in that
year. Over the next 3 years, sales of handheld video games rose by about $4 billion, but
the figure for consoles decreased by $2 billion. Mobile phone and online games started to
become popular, with sales reaching around $3 billion in 2003.

BODY 2 THE MIDDLE + FINAL POINTS

• make comparisons & describe trends
Practice:
In 2006:
• HG, OG and MPG: increased
• CG: continued to fall
In 2006, sales of handheld, online and mobile games reached peaks of 17, 9 and 7 billion
dollars respectively. By contrast, turnover from console games dropped to its lowest
point, at around $2.5 billion.
STATIC CHARTS:
The chart below shows the annual pay (thousands of US dollars) for doctors and other
workers in seven countries in 2004.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Type: Static chart
Tense: Past simple
Unit: ... thousand US dollars
Subject:
• The annual pay/ earnings/ income for/of doctors
• The amount quantity of money paid for doctors
• The amount/ quantity of money doctors earned/made
• each year, yearly, per year, a year, annual/ annually ....
wage/wages money that employees get for doing their job, usually paid every week or
every month.
salary money that employees earn for doing their job, usually paid every month.

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION:
NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN
- The bar graph(s) - show(s) - the In… - in ... (years/
/chart(s) - indicate(s) percentage (s) On… months)
- illustrate(s) of ... At…
- compare(s) - the
- give(s) number(s) of
information on ...
Example:
The bar chart compares the yearly earnings of doctors and other workers in different
nations in 2004.
OVERVIEW:
7 NATIONS
the US: highest for both doctors and other workers
2 GROUPS:
doctors > other workers in all nations
Example:
Us paid highest for both groups each year and also recorded the widest gap between
these two figures. Doctor was a better-paid job than others in every nation.

BASED ON NATIONS
BODY 1 HIGHER NUMBERS
• high - low
• similar - different
Practice:
• the US: doctors highest (120), triple OW
• Switzerland & France: doctors equal, OW in the former higher than in the latter
In 2004, annual pay for doctors in the US was 120 thousand US dollars, which was the
highest and nearly triple the amount of money those other workers in this country earned
per year. The figures for doctors in France and Switzerland were relatively equal, at about
70 thousand Us dollars, but other workers in the former were paid lower than in the latter,
at around 30 and 40 thousand dollars respectively.

BODY 2 LOWER NUMBERS

• high - low
• similar - different
Practice:
• Italy, Czech and Germany: doctors - equal, triple other workers'
• Finland: doctors earned least, annual pay of OW was higher
In Germany, Italy and Czech, doctors made roughly 60 thousand US dollars each year,
compared to the lowest pay for this job in Finland, with only 50 thousand US dollars.
Meanwhile, Finland offered higher annual pay for other workers, at 25 thousand US
dollars, than Italy, Czech and Germany where they were paid only roughly 20 thousand US
dollars yearly.
PIE GRAPH IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
DYNAMIC CHARTS:
The charts show the results of a questionnaire that asked visitors to the Parkway Hotel
how they rated the hotel's customer service. The same questionnaire was given to 100
guests in the years 2005 and 2010.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Type: Dynamic chart
Tense: Past simple
Unit: % ~ ... out of 100 guests
Subject:
• The percentage/ proportion of hotel guests/ visitors who rated/ described ... as
satisfactory
• The proportion of customer who was satisfied with the service
• The proportion of satisfactory ratings
• The percentage of people who thought that the service was satisfactory
• positive / negative feedback

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN
- The pie graph(s) / chart(s) - show(s) - the In… - from... to ...
- indicate(s) percentage (s) On… - between ...
- illustrate(s) of ... At… and ...
- compare(s) - the - in ... (years/
- give(s) number(s) of months)
information ...
on
Example:
The pie charts show visitors’ response to a survey about customer service at a hotel
named Parkway in two years: 2005 and 2010.
OVERVIEW
TRENDS
satisfaction increased.
HIGHEST/ LOWEST
highest in 2005 was 'satisfactory’ and in 2010 was 'good.'
Example:
Overall, customer satisfaction increased remarkably over the period shown. In the former
year, most hotel guests rated customer service as satisfactory while in the latter year, a
majority of survey participants described the service as good.

BASED ON TIME
BODY 1 THE STARTING POINT
• make comparisons
• from the highest to lowest figures
Practice:
• in 2005, 5% excellent, 14% good
• highest: satisfactory (45%)
• 21% poor and 15% very poor
In 2005, merely 5 out of 100 customers thought that the service was excellent, compared
to 14% giving good ratings. The highest proportion of customers were satisfied with the
service, at 45%. Negative feedback accounted for the lower percentages: 21% described
it as poor and 15% gave very poor ratings.

BODY 2 THE MIDDLE + FINAL POINTS

• make comparisons & describe trends
Practice:
In 2010:
• a boom in excellent and 'good ratings. satisfactory 17%
• a fall in negative feedback: 12% poor and 4% very poor
In 2010, the satisfaction of customers increased, demonstrated by a boom in excellent
ratings to 28% and good ratings to 39%. 17 out of 100 visitors asked said that the service
made them satisfied. As for negative feedback, both poor and very poor' ratings slumped,
to 12% and 4% respectively.
STATIC CHARTS:
The charts below show the percentage of water used for different purposes in six areas of
the world.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Type: Static chart
Tense: Present simple
Unit: %
Subject:
• The percentage of water used for ...
• The proportion of water consumed for ...
• The water use/ consumption for ...
• to be distributed for.../ to be used in ...

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN
- The pie graph(s) / chart(s) - show(s) - the In… - in ... (years/
- indicate(s) percentage (s) On… months)
- illustrate(s) of ... At…
- compare(s) - the
- give(s) number(s) of
information ...
on

Example:
The pie charts compare water consumption for three main purposes in different places in
the world.
OVERVIEW
3 PURPOSES
agricultural use is highest, except NA and E (industrial use)
6 PIE CHARTS
NA and E show wider gaps
Example:
Overall, the agriculture sector is the dominant water user in most of the countries
represented, except North America and Europe where most water is for industrial use.
These two areas also show wider discrepancies in water consumption for three purposes.

BASED ON REGIONS:
BODY 1 NORTH AMERICA + EUROPE
• high - low
• similar - different
Practice:
• industrial use: highest
• agricultural use > domestic use
Regarding North America and Europe, about half of water consumption in both areas is for
industry, taking up 48% and 53% respectively. Both record higher proportions of water
utilized in agriculture than going to homes, with 39% and 13% in the former and 32% and
15% in the latter.

BODY 2 THE FOUR OTHER REGIONS

• high - low
• similar - different
Practice:
• In Africa, Central Asia and South East Asia: agricultural use: highest (over 80%).
industrial and domestic consumption is < 20%
• In South America: smaller gap (71%-19%-10%)
Agricultural use makes up for the majority of water consumption in the remaining regions.
In Africa, Central Asia and South East Asia, agriculture contributes more than 80% of the
total water use whereas industrial and domestic water consumption takes up less than
20%. South America shares the same pattern but with a smaller gap: 71% of water in this
area is for agricultural purposes, compared with 19% for domestic use and 10% for
industrial use.
TABLE IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
DYNAMIC CHARTS:
The table below shows the production of milk annually in four countries in 1990, 2000 and
2010.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Type: Dynamic chart
Tense: Past simple
Unit: liters
Subject:
• The production of milk annually
• The yearly milk yields
• The amount of milk produced/ manufactured each year
• per year, annually, yearly, each year, a year
• milk producer

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN
- The table (s) - show(s) - the In… - from... to ...
- indicate(s) percentage (s) On… - between ...
- illustrate(s) of ... At… and ...
- compare(s) - the - in ... (years/
- give(s) number(s) of months)
information ...
on

Example:
The table compares the amount of milk produced each year in four nations from 1990 to
2010.
OVERVIEW
TRENDS
increased, except Australia.
HIGHEST/ LOWEST
Netherlands + Australia > Tanzania + Guatemala
Example:
It is clear that yearly milk production in Netherlands and Australia exceeded the others.
The general trend was upward, except Australia whose figure went down over the period
shown.

BASED ON TIME
BODY 1 THE STARTING POINT
• make comparisons
• from the highest to lowest figures
Practice:
In 1990, Netherlands and Australia were the two larger milk producers than the
counterparts, with just over 11.2 million liters. Meanwhile, Tanzania and Guatemala
produced much less milk, at 87 and 26 thousand liters per year.

BODY 2 THE MIDDLE + FINAL POINTS

• make comparisons & describe trends
Practice:
The yearly milk production in Netherlands and Australia decreased marginally by around
0.1 million liters in 2000. However, the period from 2000 to 2010 showed adverse changes:
Netherlands continued to increase its milk production to nearly 11.5 million liters a year,
which ranked top all the time, while Australia cut down its milk yield by about 2 million
liters. As for Tanzania and Guatemala, both figures escalated 20 years later, to 155 and 84
thousand liters.
STATIC CHARTS:
The table below shows the average weekly salaries of men and women working in different
occupations.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Type: Static chart
Tense: Past simple a
Unit: $
Subject:
• The average weekly salaries
• The weekly pay
• The amount/ quantity of money paid for SO per week
• The amount of money SO earned a week
• men/ women ~ males/ females ~ male/ female (adj)

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
NAME VERB WHAT WHERE WHEN
- The table (s) - show(s) - the In… - in ... (years/
- indicate(s) percentage (s) On… months)
- illustrate(s) of ... At…
- compare(s) - the
- give(s) number(s) of
information ...
on

Example:
The table compares the average weekly pay for men and women in different occupations
in the year 2015.
OVERVIEW
5 OCCUPATIONS
professional: highest while manual workers: lowest
2 GENDERS
men > women
Example:
Overall, in all jobs, men earned more each week than women. Comparing five job types,
professionals were best paid while the amounts of money paid for manual laborers a
week were lowest for both genders.

BASED ON OCCUPATIONS
BODY 1
Practice:
Male professionals were offered the highest weekly salary of $2000, only $100 more than
female counterparts. In contrast, in both genders, manual workers had the lowest pay, at
$1100 for men and $850 for women per week.

BODY 2
Practice:
Technicians had the widest discrepancy between salaries for two sexes:
$1400 was paid for men weekly, $500 higher than women in the same occupation. The gap
is less pronounced in administrative/ clerical workers and service workers. To be specific,
male administrative/clerical workers and service workers were paid $1350 and $1300
each week respectively, $350 more than females in the corresponding occupations.
MIXED CHARTS/MULTIPLE CHARTS IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
Definition:
The combination of two charts of different or the same types
Line graph + Table.
The graph and table below give information
about water use worldwide and water
consumption in two different countries.

Line graph + Line graph.

The first chart below gives information
about the money spent by British parents
on their children's sports between 2008 and
2014. The second chart shows the number
of children who participated in three sports
in Britain over the same time period.

Bar chart + Pie chart

The charts below show reasons for travel
and the main issues for the travelling public
in the US in 2009.
INTRODUCTION
METHOD 1
The bar chart describes ... while the pie chart compares ....
METHOD 2
The two charts compare ... and ...
Example:
The bar chart describes major causes for travel in the US while the pie chart shows the
problems, they encountered in 2009.
The two charts give information on why US residents travelled and what travel problems
they experienced in the year 2009.
OVERVIEW
BAR CHART
to and from work: highest
PIE CHART
price of travel
Example:
It is clear that the primary reason why Americans travelled in 2009 was to commute to and
from work. Also in that year, the price of travel was stated to be their major issue.
DESCRIBE THE FIRST CHART
BODY 1: To describe the first chart.
Regarding ...
Looking at ...
With regard to ...
According to ...
Regarding the bar chart, 49% of the trips American people made in 2009 were for the
reason of commuting. Significantly fewer people traveled for personal purposes,
accounting for 19%, ahead of shopping which was cited to be the reason for 16% of all
travel. Only 10% of trips were for social and recreation reasons, and the remaining 6%
were to visit friends and relatives.
DESCRIBE THE SECOND CHART
BODY 2
To describe the second chart
Looking at the pie chart, price was the key issue for 36% of American travelers. This figure
was almost twofold as high as the percentage of travelers who had safety concerns.
Aggressive driving and highway congestion were the prime considerations for 17% and
14% of the travelling public. Just a minority of American travelers cited that they were
worried about access to public transport and space for pedestrians, at 8% and 6%
respectively.
MAP IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
Definition:
1-2-3 pictures which describe changes or developments occurring in a particular place (a
town, a city, a library, a movie theater...)
This type of question has become more common recently, but still less popular than line
graphs, bar charts, ...

Two types of maps:

WITH CHANGES OVER TIME
• 2-3 pictures
• describe changes of a place (ST appear,
disappear...)
• time can be past-past, past-present,
past- future, or present future
WITHOUT CHANGES OVER TIME
• 1 or 2 pictures
• no time or only one point of time is
mentioned
• candidates are required to describe
positions/ locations and make comparisons.

The maps below illustrate The maps below show a The maps show changes in the
how Frenton changed from bookstore in 2000 and village of Meadowside and the
1990 to 2012 now. town of Fonton from 1962 to now

The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new The graph below shows a typical
supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map American and a Japanese office.
shows two possible sites for the supermarket.
VOCABULARY FOR MAPS
POSITION
DIRECTION
CHANGES OVER TIME
HOW TO DESCRIBE MAPS
MAPS WITH CHANGES OVER TIME
MAPS WITHOUT CHANGES OVER TIME
B is directly opposite A
B is in front of A

A is behind B
A is at the back of B
B is in close proximity to A
B is in the vicinity of A
B is close to/ near/ next to/ by/ beside A

B is a long distance away from C

B is far from C
A is surrounded by C(s)
C(s) surround A
A is among C(s)

A is (halfway/ midway) between B and C

A is (sandwiched) between B and C

A is at right angles to B
A is perpendicular to B
A is parallel to C

A is in the middle center/ heart of B

A is on the left/ right (hand/ bank/ side) of B
over the bridge
along the road/ riverbank
across the road
through the town
• to the north/ south
• in the north/ south
• heading north
• slightly north of something
• just southeast of something
• (adj) northern/ southern
• (adj) north-eastern/south-eastern

The maps below illustrate In 1990, there was a high street bisecting Frenton from
how Frenton changed from northeast to southwest. On the right hand-side, a
1990 to 2012 spacious area for cafe and park is situated just close to
the street, and in the vicinity of it were residential areas
in the east and a theater and shops in the south.
Looking at the other side of the high street, playing fields
with trees were located in the far top while trees were
also planted in the bottom-left hand corner. Between
those greenery were a hospital and a library which lay
next to the street right in the middle of the town, and a
school and a bank which were in the west of Frenton.
APPEAR (XUẤT HIỆN):
• Houses/ Buildings:
Chủ động BUILD CONSTRUCT ERECT
Bị động be built be constructed. be erected.
Danh từ (noun) construction (noun) erection
• Trees / Vegetables:
Chủ động PLANT GROW
Bị động be planted be grown
• All:
CHỦ ĐỘNG DANH TỪ
APPEAR (noun) appearance
EMERGE (noun) emergence
MUSHROOM
SPRING UP
COME INTO BEING

DISAPPEAR (BIẾN MẤT):

• Houses/ Buildings:
Chủ động DEMOLISH KNOCK DOWN DESTROY
Bị động be demolished be knocked down. be destroyed
Danh từ (noun) demolition (noun) destruction
• Trees / Vegetables:
Chủ động CUT DOWN CHOP DOWN
Bị động be cut down be chopped down
• All:
Chủ động DISAPPEAR DEVASTATE VANISH
Bị động be devastated
Danh từ (noun) disappearance (noun) devastation

REPLACE: THAY THẾ

To remove A and put B in its place.
• B replace A  A be (is/are) replaced by B

• A be (is/are) devastated to make room/way for B

• A be (is/are) destroyed to give way to B

• A be (is/are) destroyed, and then B be (is/ are) built in its place

• The replacement of A by B
 TO MOVE TO A NEW PLACE: DI CHUYỂN ĐẾN MỘT NƠI MỚI
A be moved to / relocated to/ repositioned to ....

TO REPLACE A THING WITH ANOTHER: THAY THẾ MỘT THỨ BẰNG MỘT THỨ KHÁC
to swap A for B → A be swapped for B
A change places with B

NO CHANGE: KHÔNG THAY ĐỔI

remain/ stay unchanged be untouched.
experience no change be still in pristine condition.
be still there.

TO BECOME BIGGER: ĐỂ TRỞ NÊN LỚN HƠN:

CHỦ ĐỘNG BỊ ĐỘNG DANH TỪ
EXTEND • make longer/larger/wider. (noun)
• be extended extension
WIDEN • to become, or to make something greater in
width.
• be widened
ENLARGE • to become bigger or to make something bigger. (noun)
• be enlarged enlargement
BROADEN • to become wider, or to cause something to
become wider:
BE LARGER
BE MORE
SPACIOUS

TO BECOME SMALLER: TRỞ NÊN NHỎ HƠN

CHỦ ĐỘNG BỊ ĐỘNG DANH TỪ
NARROW • to become less wide or to make something less (noun) extension
wide.
• be narrowed
REDUCE (IN SIZE) • be reduced (noun) reduction
DIMINISH (IN SIZE) • be diminished (noun) diminution
SHRINK • to become smaller, to make something smaller (noun) shrinkage
• be shrunk
DWINDLE • (intransitive verb) to become gradually less or
smaller
BE LESS SPACIOUS
MAP WITH CHANGES OVER TIME IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in 2007 and in 2010.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Type: Maps with changes over time
Tense: Past simple

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION:
The two maps describe/ depict/ give information about changes in .... + time
Example:
The two maps depict the changes in road access to a city hospital in two years, 2007 and
2010.
The two maps describe/ depict/ give information about how + a place + change + time
Example:
The two maps give information about how the accessibility to a city hospital changed from
2007 to 2010.

OVERVIEW
Two sentences / two main features
Example:
Overall, the maps show significant modifications in road infrastructure and access points
surrounding the city hospital. Notably, new roundabouts were introduced to enhance
accessibility for both public transport and private vehicles.

BODY
Two paragraphs
Describe all the information on the maps.
Can group information based on:
+ Time
+ Geography
+ Changes
BODY 1
In 2007, this hospital was circled by a ring road. The first way for the public to reach this
site was by bus, with six bus stops placed along Hospital Road just south of the hospital,
within walking distance. For staff and the public who travel by private vehicles, they could
enter City Road, perpendicular to Hospital Road, and park on the right of this road, before
entering the hospital.

BODY 2
Three years later, two new roundabouts were added, one at the intersection of City Road
and Hospital Road and the other right before the hospital entrance, at the T-junction of
Hospital Road and the ring road. The bus station was relocated to the southwestern
corner, connecting these two roundabouts by two short branches. For private transport,
the staff of the hospital continued to park at the previous car park, but the public was
directed to a new car park erected on the right side of the hospital.

MAP WITHOUT CHANGES OVER TIME IELTS WRITING TASK 1:

The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town.
The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Туре: Maps without changes over time
Tense: Present simple

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
The two maps/ The map describe/ depict give information about..................
Example:
The map shows two potential locations (Sl and S2) for a new supermarket in a town called
Garlsdon.
OVERVIEW
Two sentences / two main features
Example:
The main difference between the two sites is that S1 is outside the town, whereas S2 is in
the town center. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and
their positions relative to three smaller towns.

BODY
BD1: Compare both sites in terms of their location.
Looking at the information in more detail, Si is in the countryside to the northwest of
Garlsdon, but it is close to the residential area of the town. S2 is also close to the housing
area, which surrounds the town center.

BD2: Compare both sites in terms of access to roads, railway and other towns.
There are main roads from Hindon, Brandon and Cransdon to Garisdon town center, but
this is a no traffic zone, so there would be no access to S2 by car. By contrast, Si lies on the
main road to Hindon, but it would be more difficult to reach from Bransdon and Cransdon.
Both supermarket sites are close to the railway that runs through Garlsdon from Hindon to
Cransdon.

BODY
BD1: All about ST
The first possible site for the supermarket (si) is located in an area of countryside to the
northwest of Garlsdon. It is close to the railway line and to a main road connecting
Garlsdon to the smaller town of Hindon. It is also situated near to the residential housing
area of Garisdon.

BD2: Mainly about S2, but make sure that you contrast with S1.
The second site (S2), by contrast, is in Garlsdon town centre. It is also accessible by rail,
but not by road because the town center is a non-traffic zone. Despite this, the main roads
to Cransdon, Bransdon and Hindon are not too far away. The distance to Garlsdon's
housing area is similar to the distance from Si to the same area.
PROCESS IELTS WRITING TASK 1:
MAN-MADE PROCESS NATURAL PROCESS
• A man-made process is the type of • a natural process is more closely linked to
process that is manufactured by humans. animals, the weather, growing trees or
• Present simple tense plants and marine life
• Passive voice • Present simple tense
• Active voice

MAN-MADE PROCESS:
The diagram below shows how coffee is produced and prepared for sale in supermarkets
and shops.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Туре: Man-made process
Product: Coffee
How many steps: 11
Describe briefly each step.

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
The provided diagram illustrates the step-by-step process involved in .......
Example:
The provided diagram illustrates the step-by-step process involved in transforming coffee
beans into finished coffee products.
The provided diagram depicts/ describes.
+ the process of producing A (verb)
+ the A-producing process • manufacture
+ the production of A • create.
+ how to produce A • generate.
+ how A is/are produced. (noun)
Example: The provided picture depicts the process of producing coffee.

OVERVIEW
1. SIGNPOST
+ Overall,
+ It is clear that ...
2. HOW MANY STEPS
+ There are .... steps in the production of A
+ The production of A includes/ involves in/ has/ comprises of consists of ... steps.
3. THE BEGINNING AND FINAL STEPS
+ ..., from ... to ...
+ ..., commencing with ... and ending with ...
Example:
Overall, there are eleven distinct steps, from the initial harvesting of beans to the final
packaging and distribution of coffee products.

BODY
Describe all steps, from the first to the last ones.
Divide information into 2 body paragraphs.
Example:
+ BD1: 1-2-3-4-5
+ BD2: 6-7-8-9-10-11

The process commences with + Ving/N

The process continues with + Ving/Noun
The process ends with + Ving/ Noun
The first/second/next... step is to Verb/ Ving/ Noun
Something is/are subjected to + Noun.

(1) The process commences with the picking of ripe coffee cherries from coffee plants.
(2) These cherries are then subjected to a thorough sun-drying process to reduce their
moisture content.
BODY
SEQUENCE O + BE + V(PP) FURTHER INFORMATON
1, At the first/ initial step, Purpose: in order to / so as to/ so that/
Firstly, Time: in/ on/ at / during/ over ...
Initially, Place: in/ on/ at
2, At the second/ third/ forth ... step, Temperature: at .... degrees Celsius
Secondly, .../ Thirdly, ...
Then.../ After that.../ Following that.../ Next....
At the next/ following step, ....
3, Finally, ...
Eventually,

BODY
(3+4) At the next steps, these beans are roasted, which plays a pivotal role in developing
the distinctive flavors and aromas of the coffee, then cooled rapidly.
(5) After that, the beans are ground into a fine powder, ready for brewing.

BODY
BD1: 1-2-3-4-5
The process commences with the picking of ripe coffee cherries from coffee plants. These
cherries are then subjected to a thorough sun-drying process to reduce their moisture
content. At the next steps, these beans are roasted, which plays a pivotal role in
developing the distinctive flavors and aromas of the coffee, then cooled rapidly. After that,
the beans are ground into a fine powder, ready for brewing.

BD2: 6-7-8-9-10-11
The next step is brewing the ground coffee with hot water to produce the desired beverage.
Following this, the mixture is strained and then the filtered material is frozen. In the
subsequent stage, the frozen mixture is ground once more and then the granules are dried
in a vacuum in order to completely remove all moisture. Finally, the dried coffee powder is
packed into jars and can now be transported to stores for sale.
NATURAL PROCESS:
The diagram illustrates the life cycle process of frogs in a pond.

STEP 1: ANALYSING
Type: Natural process
Product: Life cycle of a frog
How many steps: 11
a circular diagram, so it does not matter where you start.

STEP 2: WRITING
INTRODUCTION
The provided diagram illustrates + noun phrase.
Example: The diagram shows the life cycle of a frog
The provided diagram illustrates how + clause.
Example: The diagram shows how a frog develops through its life

OVERVIEW
1. SIGNPOST
+ Overall,
+ It is clear that ...
2. HOW MANY STEPS
+ There are .... steps in the life cycle of ...
+ The life cycle of A includes/ involves in/ has/ comprises of consists of ... steps.
3. THE BEGINNING AND FINAL STEPS
+ ..., from ... to ...
+ ..., commencing with ... and ending with ...

Example:
Overall, the life cycle of a frog consists of eleven steps, divided into three main
phases/stages: egg, larva, and adult.
BODY
Describe all steps, from the first to the last ones.
Divide information into 2 body paragraphs.
Example:
+ BD1: 1-2-3-4-5-6
+ BD2: 7-8-9-10-11
COHESIVE DEVICES
• The first stage is when + clause • This step involves + Ving/ Noun
• To begin with, clause • Then, clause
• The process commences with + • Atter that, clause
Ving/ Noun • The next stage in the cycle/ process is + Ving/
• Initially, clause Noun/ to Verb
• After the completion of this stage, the next step
• Subsequently, clause is + Ving/ Noun/ to Verb ...
• Once this stage is complete, clause • While As/ Once clause, clause
• Finally, clause
• Eventually, clause

LEXICAL RESOURCE
• Frog ~ amphibian
• Mature ~ adult ~ fully grown
• Young frog ~ baby~ small frog
• Frog spawn ~ fertilized eggs.
• Growing ~ developing ~ maturing
• Legs ~ limbs (front limb, hind limbs)

BODY1
Initially, the fertilized eggs grow into embryos from which very small tadpoles emerge and
shelter under vegetation in the pond. The tadpole is black in color and has a long tail and
short body. As it grows, external gills for breathing are produced, tail becomes longer, its
body elongates, and it begins to develop hind limbs.

BODY2
The baby frog lives from food stored in its tail, and at the next stage in the cycle, front
limbs grow while the tail shrinks, and the toad continues to enlarge significantly and
changes in color from black to dark green and eventually to bright green. Once the tail
has disappeared, the frog is supported on four limbs and continues to develop into a
full-sized amphibian. It is now ready to venture out onto land and, in time, repeat the life
cycle.