QUESTION 1 Describe the characteristics of the Core

Fig below shows the structure of the Earth.  6371km thick

 Rocks consist of iron and nickel
 Composed of the inner core and the outer core
 Outer core is kept in semi molten state
 Inner core is solid

 A=Core B=Mantle C=Crust

Write down A.B. C as a list and name the features labelled on the diagram

Describe the characteristics of the feature labelled C. (crust)

 Outer layer, thin layer
 It is brittle, can be cracked
 SIMA/Oceanic crust, SIAL/ Continental crust
 Oceanic heavy/more dense (3.0)
 Continental light (2.7)
 Basalt, igneous, granitic rocks  A-Oceanic
 About 40-60 km thick  B-Continental
Describe the characteristics of the Mantle  C-Mantle
 Middle layer/beneath the Crust
 2900 km thick
 Composed of very dense rocks rich in Olivine,silicate,iron and
magnesium
 Temperature s reach 5000 deg

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CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY- By Alfred Wegener (1972)
 Earth had one super continent by the name Pangaea.
 Pangaea later broke into two parts called Laurasia and Gondwanaland,
which later formed the present day continents.
Evidence to support the theory:
 Different coastlines on the opposite side of continents fit like jig saw
puzzle when put together.
 Similar rock types and structure are found in Brazil and West Africa
 Rocks of the same age are found along western coasts of Africa and
eastern coasts of Southern America.
 Remains of dead plants and animals of the same type and age are found
along the eastern coats of America and west coast of Africa.

PLATE TECTONIC THEORY:

 Explains the movements of plates resulting in the formation of land
forms.
 The theory suggests that Continents and ocean floors are constantly in
motion such that they move towards each other by the force of
compression or away from each other by the force of tension.
PLATE MOVEMENTS.
 Destructive plate boundary- result in the formation of fold
mountains
e.g (Oceanic and continental plates converge)
(Collision, convergence of two continental plates)
(Two Oceanic plates converge)
 Constructive plate boundary- result in the formation of the mid-
Atlantic ridge.
(Divergence of Oceanic plates)
Destructive plate boundary: plates converge
Continental plate and Oceanic plate converge
e.g. Nazca (oceanic) is forced under the South American (continent) plate.
 Plates move towards one another because of the force of compression/
plates converge/collision
 Oceanic plate converge with Continental plate
 Continental plate is less dense than Oceanic plate/ Oceanic plate is more
dense
 Oceanic plate will sink/continental plate will override oceanic plate at the
zone of subduction
 A trench /geosyncline/depression is formed
 Sedimentary rocks are formed/sedimentation
 Accumulated sediments uplift/folding

 Conservative plate boundary/transform plate movement

(Plates slide past each other/move side along each other).

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Write A B as a list and name the types of plates labelled.
 Neither plate is forced under the other, as they are of similar density, they
are both light.
 Formation of trench/geosyncline
 Land between the continents is squeezed up to form fold mountains e.g.
the Himalayas/crumpling of sediments
 E.g.Indo Australian plate meets the Eurasian plate:
 Earthquakes also occur

Oceanic plate converge with another Oceanic plate

 Two Heavy oceanic plate s converge
 One of the plates will sink, creating a trench (subduction zone)
 E.g. the world’s deepest trench, called Mariana trench, was formed by the
convergence of Pacific and Philippine plate.
 Creation of volcanic islands e.g. island arc

Collision boundary/Destructive plate movement.

 Two continental plates converge due to the force of compression



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Constructive plate movement: Divergence of oceanic plates
Write down A, B, and C as a list and name each type of volcanic cone shown.
 Oceanic plates diverge
 A gap is crated between the plates
 Hot magma swells up to fill the gap created
 As the magma reaches the water, it solidifies into islands.
 Mid-Atlantic Ridge which runs beneath the Atlantic Ocean was formed
in this way.(North American plate moves away from Eurasian plate)  A-Composite/intermediate cone
 B-Acid lava cone
Conservative plate boundary/transform plate boundary  C-Basic lava/Shield cone

With the aid of Fig. , explain the differences between volcanic cones B and C.

B (Acid lava) C (basic lava)

 Highly Viscous lava Highly fluid lava that

that flows short flows long distance
distance and form and forms gentle
steep slopes slopes

 Violent eruption, that  Quiet, gentle eruption
throws volcanic
bombs or pyroclasts.
 Light in colour  Dark in colour
 Rich in silica  Rich in iron and
magnesium/poor in
silica
 Plates slide past each other/move side along each other.  Form spine or plug  Form shield or dome
 There is friction between the rocks of the two plates.
 Pressure build up, rocks break up.
 Earthquakes are common in this area.
 At the San Andreas Fault in California, the Pacific and North American
plates are sliding past each other and there are regular earthquakes.

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 Examples of old fold mountains.
 Urals,Welsh,Cape ranges, Appalachians: they have gentle slope,
lower, less rugged, bare rocks, forested
Describe the distribution of young fold mountains

Describe the physical features of young fold mountains on the figure

 They have steep slopes
 High/great vertical heights
 They have peaks/rugged
 Presence of valleys
 Ice capped
 Forested
 Presence of lakes, pass, col , saddle, ridges
 Narrow gorges
 Parallel ranges
 Sources of rivers
How are Fold Mountains formed?
 A-Fold mountains  Earth movements/zone of instability
 B-Trench/zone of subduction  Plates move towards one another because of the force of compression/
 C-Zone of subduction/Trench plates converge/collision
Explain why slopes of some volcanoes have few or no settlements.  Oceanic plate converge with Continental plate
 Active volcano/dormant-people tend to avoid such areas as it  Continental plate is less dense than Oceanic plate/ Oceanic plate is more
will lead to more deaths. dense
 Steep slopes- difficult to settle on/ farming is difficult  Oceanic plate will sink/continental plate will override oceanic plate at the
 Acidic soils/ thin soils-not suitable for farming, crop growth zone of subduction
 Rarefied air  A trench /geosyncline/depression is formed
 Cold  Sedimentary rocks are formed/sedimentation
 Little rain/ Leeward side makes agriculture difficult  Accumulated sediments uplift/folding
Give an example of a range of young fold mountain.
 Atlas in North Africa
 Himalayas north of India
 Rockies in north America
 Alps in Southern Europe
 Andes,

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Explain the importance of Fold Mountains to the people.  Ancient crystalline rocks, old rocks
 Provide forests for lumbering  The area is stable, no plate margin
 Formation of rivers for water supply, irrigation  The area is located away from the plate boundaries or plate margins
 Attracts tourists, thus promoting tourism  No folding since hercynian period
 Defence purpose
 Source of minerals, thus promoting mining
 Research/education
 Wind breaker
 Recreation/sports e.g. mountain climbing
Explain the disadvantages of Fold Mountains
 Mountains act as barriers to transport and communications e.g. difficult TYPES OF FOLDS (folding=bending of crustal rocks)
to construct roads, railways.
 Mountains usually have steep slopes, making it difficult for human
settlement.
 Mountains may bring landslides and mud flows that may bury people.
 Some volcanoes e.g. mount Cameroon is active and may lead to loss of
life.
 Climate barriers: creates uneven distribution of rainfall, shadow effect.

A=Simple fold /symmetrical fold

X=Anticline/up fold
 B=Asymmetrical
Y=Syncline/Down fold
 C=Over fold
 D=Thrust fold/over thrust/Nappe

Label: A, B, C, D
Suggest three reasons why there are no fold mountains in some areas
 Absence of sedimentary rocks for folding

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS ARE SHOWN BELOW DIAGRAM OF A COMPOSITE VOLCANIC CONE

Faulting=cracking/breaking of crustal rocks, A fault is a fracture or crack in

rock layers that cause the movement of rocks .A fault is caused by Tension or
Compression forces

P= normal fault Q= reverse fault R=tear fault

C= tear fault  A= crater

D= reverse fault E=normal fault  B=Conduit/pipe
 C=parasitic cones
Explain why the interiors of most continents do not experience earth  D=lava flow
movements.  E=Earth crust/earth surface
 Stable /rigid
 Located away from plate boundaries.

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COMPOSITE VOLCANIC CONE Explain how a caldera is formed.

FORMATION THROUGH FORMATION THROUGH

EXPLOSION SUBSIDENCE
Violent eruption Reduction in supply of magma
Top of volcano blown off Empty chamber forms below the
volcano
Crater enlarged Faults develop due to weights of
volcano
Volcano collapses into chamber

Importance of a Caldera
 X-Ash layer  Attracts tourists
 Y-Dyke  Source of water for irrigation, domestic use,etc
 Z-Pipe/conduit  Fishing
 Recreation
Name examples of composite volcanic cones from anywhere in the world.  HEP production
 MtKilimanjaro,Cameroon,Etna,Stromboli,Krakatoa,Kenya
Using Fig above, describe physical features of a composite volcanic cone.
 Steep sides
 Alternate layers of lava and ash
 Small conelets on the sides
 Crater form at the top
 Caldera may develop with time

A= Plug dome B=Caldera

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Caldera
Volcanic eruption

Describe the formation of volcanoes.

 Earth movements
 Reservoir of molten rock , magma from mantle/ zone of instability within
the crust
 Pressure build up and is released
 Faulting occurs/crack
 Magma rises through the vent/fissure/ pipe. Sometimes there is explosive
eruption
 Eruption of cinders, broken rocks
 Accumulation of lava flow
 Formation of dykes,parasitic ,secondary cones, conelet,crater

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 Define the term
Define the following terms: Intrusive features: Volcanic features formed below the crust, formed from
Active volcano: erupts frequently magma
Dormant volcano: sleeping volcano, it has the chances of erupting, it erupts after Extrusive features: volcanic features that are formed on the surface, they are
a very long time formed from l
Extinct Volcano: dead volcano, it has no chances of eruption, it has not erupted
in its history
What Evidence of volcanic activities is found in Africa? WORLD TECTONIC PLATES AND DISTRIBUTION OF VOLCANOES
 Hot springs/geysers
 Volcanic eruption
 Gases/fumes e.g. mount Cameroon
 Earth tremors
 Intrusive features eg sill, batholith
Examples of volcanoes in Africa
 Mount Kilimanjaro-Tanzania
 Mount Kenya-Kenya
 Mount Cameroon-Cameroon
 Mount Elgon-Kenya
 Mount Nyiragongo-DRC
 Mount Nyamlagira

INTRUSIVE FEATURES OF VOLCANOES

What type of plate boundary occur at X and Y?

 X=Constructive: plates diverge
 Y=Destructive: plates converge

Describe the movement and activity taking place in the earth crust at
 X= Plates diverge, faults or cracks develop, magma swells up to
fill the gap
 Y=Plates collide/ move towards each other, oceanic plate
submerges and is destroyed/ Continent override, geosyncline,
formation of sedimentary rocks, uplifting

X=Sill Y=Batholith Z=Dyke

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 Name five areas where most of the volcanoes are located
 East of Asia
 Plate boundaries
 Zone of subduction
 Pacific ring of fire/pacific ocean
 Mid Atlantic Ocean
 Madagascar
 Western side of North and South America
Name the features shown
 Caribbean islands
 Eastern parts of east Africa/east African rift valley
 East of Asia/ SE of Asia eg, Indonesia
 Japan
 New Zealand
Explain why slopes of some volcanoes have few or no settlements.
 Active volcano/dormant-people tend to avoid such areas as it
will lead to more deaths.
 Steep slopes- difficult to settle on/ farming is difficult
 Acidic soils/ thin soils-not suitable for farming, crop growth
 Rarefied air
 Cold  D –Block mountain
 Little rain/ Leeward side makes agriculture difficult  E-Fault
Describe positive ways in which volcanic activity affects human beings Explain how Block Mountains influence human activities.
 They produce fertile soils for cultivation
 Bring valuable minerals near to the surface With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe how the rift valley is formed.
 Source of rivers for irrigation
 Volcanic eruption are spectacular to watch, this encourage tourism
 Formation of caldera lead to irrigation, fishing FORCE OF COMPRESSION FORCE OF TENSION
Impact of volcanoes on the natural environment (a) (b)
 Destruction of the vegetation Earth movements Earth movements
 Loss of wild animals Plates converge Plates diverge/move apart
 Acidic soils/thin soils Parallel faults develop Parallel faults develop
 Acid rain Side block thrust up to form block Middle block sink to form a rift
 Fires mountains/horsts valley
Middle block forms rift valley Side block remain standing to
 Pollution/emission of toxic gases
form block mountains/horst
 Mud flows/lahars
Steep sides removed by erosion
 Land slides

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over a period of time

MAP OF EAST AFRICAN VALLEY

Describe the features of the east African valley

 Lakes eg lake Malawi, Tanganyika, albert
 Rivers
 Block mountains
 Two main rifts
 Volcanic mountains/craters/caldera
 Steep slopes/fault scarps/fault escarpment
 Fault lines
 Deep valley

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 Name Countries in Africa where rift valleys are found.
 Mozambique,Malawi,Zambia,Tanzania,Kenya,Ethiopia,DRC,Sudan,Rwa
nda,burundi

Examples of Block Mountains:

 Usambara in Tanzania,
 Aberdare in Kenya
 Ruwenzori in Uganda
 Mbeya and Uluguru

RD
Botswana experienced a strong earthquake on 3 April 2017, measured 6.5
on Richter scale. Epicentre was in Moiyabana (central), its depth was 29km

Explain how the rift valley might benefit the people living in and around it.
 Fertile for arable farming Explain how earthquakes occur.
 Pasture for pastoral farming  Earth movements by the force of compression or tension/plate
 Minerals for mining movements/zone of instability
 Rivers, lakes for water supply,irrigation,fishing  Faulting, folding occurs.
 Scenic beauty of mountains for tourism  The crust is weakened
 Rain on windward side for water supply  Pressure is released at the focus, volcanic eruption may occur
 Forests for lumbering  Shock waves radiate outwards towards the epicentre
 Geothermal,HEP production  Vibrations are felt
 Hot springs/Geysers for Geothermal power  Minor vibrations cause tremors while major vibrations cause earthquakes

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 Describe the effects of earthquakes on the landscape and the people living in
the area.

A= Focus B= Epicentre C=Shock waves/Seismic waves

What does a Richter scale measure?

 It measures the magnitude, strength of an earthquake
Define the terms  Buildings collapse
 Focus: Point in the interior of the earth where the earthquake starts  People are killed
 Epicentre: Point on the surface where the shock waves or earthquake  Destruction of infrastructure eg bridges, roads
first hit the surface.  Telecommunications are cut
 Shortage of water, food
 Gas mains are shattered
 Fires break out
 Outbreak of diseases
 Huge cracks/fissures open up on the ground
 Floods/tsunami/tidal waves, disturbance of sea floor.
 Landslides/mud flow
 Displacement of crustal rocks
 Displacement of sea floor
 Displacement of people, people are left homeless

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Suggest ways by which the effects of earthquakes could be minimized. QUESTION 2
 Re enforce buildings with steel/ use of earthquake resistant materials
 Early warning systems/forecasting/use of seismic stations WEATHER AND CLIMATE
 Evacuation teams/Rescue teams Weather: The condition of the atmosphere in 24hrs.
 Increase education on the effects of earthquakes Climate: The condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time, 34 years
 Relocation and above
State the factors that may vary the impact of earthquake from one place to
another.

 Population density: more deaths in highly populated areas, fewer deaths

in low populated areas.

 Type of buildings: fewer deaths in earthquakes resistant buildings, more

deaths in weaker buildings

 Technology: More deaths in areas with no technology to forecast, less

deaths in areas with technology Cup anemometer-Wind speed

 Time of the day: more deaths at night, less deaths during the day.

 Availability of rescue teams: Fewer deaths in areas where rescues teams

are available compared to areas with no rescue teams.

 Strength of an earth quake: more damage in areas with high strength

compared to areas that experienced minor earthquake.
 Distance from epicentre. More damage experienced in areas closer to
the epicentre, compared to areas far away from the epicentre.

How does the instrument work?

 When the wind blows the cups rotate
 The meter/dial records the speed in km per hour
Where the instrument should be placed?
 On top of buildings
 Open space/away from tall trees and buildings/free from obstructions
 to avoid drag/ friction from the ground
 Placed to avoid gusts

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 WIND VANE- Wind direction
WIND ROSE

Describe the information shown by the windrose

How does the instrument work? Wind blows from:
 When the wind blows,  North for 5 days
 The arms swings, until the pointer faces to the direction where the wind  NE for 7 days
is blowing from  E for 4 days
 Winds are named after the direction from which they blow from  SE for 2days
Where the instrument should be placed?  S for 3 days
 In an open space  SW for 1 days
 Away from tall trees and buildings to avoid obstruction  W for 3 days
 At least 10M high above the ground  NW for2 days
 3 calm days
 Prevailing Wind directions is NE(most of the time, wind blows from NE

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Identify frontal systems A and B.
 A=Cold front
 B=warm front
Why does the wind blow from C to D?
 High pressure to low pressure
 Cooler to warmer area
 Rotation of the earth/coriolis force
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STEVENSON SCREEN
Special features of Stevenson screen
 Painted white- to reflect heat/insulation
 Louvres-free air circulation
 Sloping roof – to shed rain water
 Doubled roof –insulation
 1.2 m high above the ground to reduce heat radiation from the ground
 Door faces –to avoid direct contact with the sun
 Wooden box-insulation
List the instruments that are kept in the Stevenson screen.
 MAX/MIN thermometers
 WET/DRY bulb thermometers
 Six’s THERMOMETER- Temperature

P=Aneroid barometer-records pressure

Q=Six’s thermometer/Max /min thermometer-records temperature

Explain how instrument labelled P works. CALCUALTIONS

Mean Daily temperature (MAX+MIN)
From the information given on the diagram labelled Q, calculate the temperature __________
range for the day. Show your working. 2

Daily temperature range (MAX-MIN)

Mean monthly temperature (Sum of Mean Daily Temp. for 1 month)

____________________________
No of days in that Month

(Sum of mean annual temp.for 1 year)

____________________________

Annual temperature range = (Highest temp-lowest temp in a year)

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 Rain gauge –measures rainfall

 A-Glass tube
 B-Muslin bag/Wick Which of the positions A, B, C, and D is the most suitable for locating rain
 C-Distilled water gauge?
Define the term relative humidity  D
 Amount of water vapour in the air compared to what it could hold, Give reasons for your choice above
expressed as percentage.  It is in an open space, to avoid obstructions
How to calculate RH, using tables. For each of other sites, give a different reason why it was rejected
 Take dry bulb readings  A-paved area lead to more surface runoff, the water may flow into the
 Subtract wet bulb reading from dry bulb (depression) rain gauge
 Look up in tables  B-it is located closer to the trees, the rain gauge will drips from trees
 Temperature of dry bulb plotted against depression  C-It is closer to the buildings, therefore the water from roof will collect
Explain how instrument Y works/ Why does wet bulb thermometer show a into the rain gauge
lower reading?
 Evaporation from muslin cloth
 Wet bulb is cooled, latent heat is used up
 Mercury contracts, wet bulb thermometer shows lower reading
 Dry bulb thermometer measures normal temperature


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 Aneroid Barometer: Measures Atmospheric pressure

 X=Funnel
 Y=Collecting copper can
 Z=Collecting jar/glass bottle
Describe a suitable site where the instrument should be located.
 Away from trees and tall buildings to avoid water from roofs and drips
from trees
 Open space
 Height should be 30cm high above the ground to avoid run off
 On soft grassy area to avoid terminal velocity of falling rain
 Flat land for stability and accuracy in collection
Explain how you would take the readings.
 Pour the from the jar into the measuring cylinder How does an aneroid barometer work?
 Melt ice  If the pressure increases, the metal box lid collapses/moves inwards
 Put the measuring cylinder on flat surface  The lever system is activated
 Take the readings below the meniscus  The pointer moves to the right/ upwards to register high pressure
 Record the rainfall in MM  If the pressure decreases, metal box lid moves outwards
How does an aneroid barometer work?  The pointer moves to the left to register low pressure
 If the pressure increases, the metal box lid collapses/moves inwards
 The lever system is activated
 The pointer moves to the right/ upwards to register high pressure
 If the pressure decreases, metal box lid moves outwards
 The pointer moves to the left to register low pressure

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Mercury barometer

Label
 E-Glass tube
 F-Container
 G-Mercury
Describe how the Mercury barometer works
When pressure increases
 Force of pressure is exerted on the mercury in the container
 Level of mercury rises along the glass tube (to high pressure),to
compensate for the additional pressure exerted on the exposed mercury.
When pressure decreases
 less force is exerted on the mercury in the container
 Mercury column in the glass tube drops to low pressure.

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 INFLUENCE OF ALTITUDE ON PRESSURE Winds and planetary patterns

 P=Temperate low
 Q=Doldrums/Equatorial low
With the help of Fig explain how altitude influences air pressure  R=Polar high
 Pressure is high at low latitude/low at high altitudes What is the name of the force that causes variations in pressure and wind
 At low altitudes air is dense direction?
 More molecules are exerting force in dense air./Spread over a small area  Coriolis force
 Greater pressure is felt Name the winds that blow between the sub-tropical high and temperate low
in the southern hemisphere?
 At high altitude air is less dense
 North westerly
 Molecules move further apart/Spread over a larger area
With the aid of diagram explain how latitude influences temperature
 Less pressure is felt.
 Sun almost always directly overhead the equator
Give factors which cause air pressure to differ from one place to another.
 Solar rays travel shorter distance to the equator
 Temperature
 Reach the earth at right angle/ direct angle/concentrated heat/small
 Latitude
surface area heated
 Earth rotation
 High temperatures received at the equator
 When solar rays travel away from the equator, they travel longer
distances towards the poles.
 They reach the earth’s surface at oblique low angles covering large
surface area.
 Low temperatures are received at the poles

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 EFFECT OF LATITUDE ON TEMPERATURE With the aid of labelled diagrams, explain how distance from the sea affects
temperatures at different seasons in the year.
 Sea absorbs heat slowly (summer)
 Sea loses heat slowly (winter)
 Land absorbs heat quickly(summer)
 Land loses heat quickly(winter)
 Coastal areas affected by cool breeze in summer
 Continents are hot
 Coastal areas affected by warm breeze in winter
 Continents are cold
Explain why the rainfall amount decreases from the east coast to the west
coast of southern Africa.

Explain why place T has a lower average temperature than place S

 Sun travels longer distance through the atmosphere, much heat is lost
before reaching place T
 Sun rays reach place T at tilted angle
 Solar insolation heats up at a larger area at place T
FACTORS THAT AFFECT TEMPERATURE
 Altitude; Temperatures decreases with increase in height.(temperatures
decreases by 6.5 for every 1000m=lapse rate.)
 Distance from sea
 Latitude
 Ocean currents
 Distance from sea/Continentality
 Winds/Ocean currents
 Aspect/slope
 Cloud cover/Humidity
 Length of the day
 Amount of dust in the air.
 Natural vegetation/Soils

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What is the name of the lines that join places of equal pressure?
 Isobars/isopleth

Write down X, Y as a list and name the fronts labelled.

 X=Cold front
 Y=Warm front
Describe the weather experienced at A
 Half cloudy, 4/8 cloud cover
 Rain shower
 Low pressure
 Wind at knots/moderate breeze
 Temperatures are cool, cold(4°c)
Descibe how frontal rainfall is formed.
 Warm moist air meet cold air masses
 Warm air is less dense, it expands and rises over cold air mass
 Cools
 Condensation takes place/saturation
 Clouds form, rain falls

What is the pressure at Valley and Lossiemouth?

 Valley=996mb
 Lossiemouth=992mb
Describe the pressure experienced at A.
 Low pressure
 Describe the weather conditions experienced at culdrose.
 Warm temperatures
 Low pressure
 Complete cloud cover, overcast sky
 Strong wind
 Raining
The figure shows some of the characteristics of a tropical storm

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 Suggest why the impact caused by the tropical storms varies from one
country to another.
 Some people may refuse to be evacuated
 Lack of rescue efforts/rescue efforts made difficult by the extensive
damage.
 No protective measures for some houses because people cannot afford.
 Poor communications delayed rescue teams
 Lack of electricity made rescue difficult
 Poor medical facilities
 Lack of technology

CLOUD COVER
ISONEPHS; Lines that join places of the same amount of Cloud Cover.
With the aid of the figure, explain how a tropical storm develops.
Clouds are classified according to:
 Heated moist air rises from the ocean
 Appearance
 Low pressure is created at the surface
 Form
 More moist air moves in to replace the risen air
 Height.
 Air then rises very rapidly
Instruments: Observation, satellites
 Thick cumulus clouds are formed 4 GROUPS OF CLOUDS
 Very heavy rain falls 1. High Clouds (6000m-12 000m)
 The air cools at high levels and sinks, forming the eye in the centre of the Cirrus: Wispy, fibrous looking, which often indicate fair weather.
storm. Cirrocumulus-thin cloud, often globular and rippled
 The air becomes very calm Cirrostratus; Looks like a thin white sheet which causes sun and moon to have
 Condensation haloes.
 Air rises even faster 2. Medium Clouds (2100m-6000m)
 Low pressure becomes even more Altocumulus: globular bumpy looking clouds
 Wind rushes into the low pressure centre even faster Alto stratus: greyish watery looking clouds.
 Thick Cumulonimbus clouds form 3. Low Clouds (below2100m)
 Very intense heavy rain falls Stratocumulus: low rolling bumpy looking clouds which have a pronounced
Explain the destruction that can be caused by tropical storms wavy form.
 Destruction of buildings/property Nimbostratus: Dark grey layered Cloud which looks rainy, which often brings
 Telecommunications cut/power lines damaged. rain.
 Destruction of vegetation Stratus; fog like low cloud near ground which brings dull weather, accompanied
 Rail/roads damaged by drizzle.
4. Clouds of great vertical extent
 Floods
Cumulus: A round topped, and flat based cloud which forms a whitish grey
 Many deaths
globular mass, indicating fair weather.
 Landslides/mudslides/erosion

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Cumulonimbus: special type of cumulus clouds, black globular masses, whose Define the term Lanina
round top spread out to form an anvil, or cauliflower  Upwelling of cold water to the ocean surface along the western coast of
south America that often occurs following El nino
Describe the effects of La nina
 Flooding/high amount of rainfall
 Crops rot
 Leaching
 Soil erosion

TYPES OF RAINFALL
 Convectional
 Relief/orographic
 Frontal/Cyclonic
Explain the formation of convectional rainfall
 The ground is heated
 Warm air expands, rise, cools
 Reaches dew point/saturation point/RH is 100%
Name the type of cloud
 Drops coalesce
 cumulonimbus
 Fall when heavy enough/precipitation
Which type of rainfall is associated with this type of rainfall?
What are the characteristics of the convectional rainfall?
 Convectional
 Lightning,thunder,intense,heavy,torrential, big drops, cumulonimbus
clouds
What is meant by rainfall variation?
With the help of diagram, explain how relief or orographic type of rainfall is
 The differences in the amount of rainfall from season to season.
formed.
Define the term Elnino
 Abnormal, warm condition over the pacific ocean due to the suppression On the wind ward side
of upwelling of cold currents.
 Warm moist air is less dense
 Extreme warming of cold currents in the Pacific Ocean
 Air masses will rise, expand, and pressure decreases
Describe the effects of elnino
 Cools, temperature decreases
 Drought/ no rainfall/very low rainfall
 Condensation takes place/reaches dew point
 Low humidity
On the leeward side
 Clear skies
 Descending air cool dry air
 warm winters
 Air contracts, pressure increases, air is more dense
 Crop failure/shortage of food/people are starved
 Air is warmed/ increase in temperature
 Animals die
 Farmers lose income
 Rural urban migration

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 DIAGRAM OF RELIEF/OROGRAPHIC RAINFALL Write down G and H as a list and name the types of clouds shown.
A-Cirrus
B-Cumulonimbus
Describe the Weather associated with cloud type G.
Fine/fair weather
Gentle breeze

climate graph for a region in Africa.

Fig. Shows two types of clouds.

Name the type of climate experienced at this station

 Mediterranean
In which hemisphere is the station?
 Northern hemisphere
Give characteristics of the climate shown
 Onshore winds bring winter rain
 Offshore winds bring dry summer
 Warm or hot summer(temperature range of 21°c)
 Cooler, mild winters(temp range of 10°c)
 Moderate rainfall of about 500-900mm
 Clear skies/sunny

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Give reasons why this station experiences these climatic conditions.
 Hot local winds which blow from Sahara towards Mediterranean in
summer
 Cold winds blow in winter season
What is name of the vegetation type?
 Evergreen open forest/Open woodland
State the human activities practised in the Mediterranean
 Orchard farming/Viticulture
 Cereal crop production
 Market gardening, flowers and fruits
 Olives production
 Nuts cultivation
How is the vegetation adapted to survive in this region?

FEATURES ADAPTATION

Small spiny leaves To reduce transpiration

Few leaves To reduce transpiration
Waxy leaves To reduce transpiration
Name the type of natural vegetation shown
Xerophytes Drought resistant plants
 Equatorial(tropical) rainforest/ selvas
Bulbous roots To store water
Long tap roots To reach underground water
Describe the location of the equatorial Climate.
Seeds lie dormant During summer drought waiting to
germinate
 Occurs between 5 deg and 10 deg North ansd South of the equaoter

Name two regions where this type of vegetation is found

 Congo basin, Amazon basin, Sothern Ivory Coast, South central
Ghana, Western coastal Nigeria, east coastal Malagasy

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 Describe how the natural vegetation has adapted to the climate Explain how the cutting down of the rainforests has affected the
environment.
Features Adaptation

Tall trees Great heat and rain to reach

sunlight
Continuous growth Hot and wet all year
Thick large leaves, leathery leaves To increase transpiration in hot
wet and withstand strong
sunlight Suggest measures that can be taken to protect the rain forests
Little undergrowth Insufficient sunlight
Canopy Competition for sunlight
Rapid growth Great heat and rain
Smooth trunk No need to protect from cold
Many stomata Increase transpiration in hot wet
climate
Lianas, climbers To reach sunlight
Evergreen forest Hot and wet throughout/no
seasonal change
Aerial roots Much moisture in the air
Drip tips Shed rain water What type of rainfall is common in the above climate?
Dense forests Great heat and rain  Convectional rainfall
Epiphytes/saprophytes High moisture

How do people benefit from the natural vegetation shown?

 Lumbering/timber
 Source of medicine/ herbal plant
 Source of raw material
 Attract tourists, promote tourism/ recreation
 Provide fire wood
 Encourage craft work

Destruction human activities that have led to the destruction of rainforests

 Clearing land for shifting cultivation
 Lumbering
 Veld fires
 Mining

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  Sunny summers
 Annual rainfall between 500-900mm
 Annual temperatures ranges from 10° to 20°
Name of vegetation: Mediterranean evergreen forests/open woodlands

VEGETATION AND ITS ADAPTATION

DESCRIPTION ADAPTATION
Small spiny leaves To reduce transpiration
Few leaves Reduce transpiration
Waxy leaves Reduce transpiration
xerophytes Drought resistance plants
Bulbous roots Store water
Long tap roots Reach underground water
Seeds lie dormant During summer time, waiting to
germinate

HUMAN ACTIVITIES
 Viticulture/Orchard farming
 Cereal crop production
 Market gardening, flowers and fruits
 Sweet smelling herbs
 Olives production
What type of climate is shown in figure  Nuts culti
 Mediterranean
Describe the location of the Mediterranean climate

 Occurs between 30 deg and 45 deg North and South of the equator

What evidence in Fig.4 suggests that the information is from a weather

station in the Southern hemisphere?
 It experiences southern winters(may,june,july)

With the aid of Fig. describe the characteristics of the climate shown.
 Cool wet winters
 Hot warm, dry summers
 Strong winds in summer
 Cyclonic rainfall

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 Fig shows savannah type of vegetation Explain how Savannah benefits the local people.
 Fertile soils for farming
 Pastures for pastoral farming
 Minerals for mining
 Lakes for water supply
 Scenic beauty of mountains for tourism
 Rain on windward side for water supply.

CLIMATIC GRAPH

Describe the location of savannah climate

 Occurs between 5 deg and 15 deg North and South of the equator.
Describe the climate of Savannah
 Summers are hot,tempreatures reach 32deg
 Winters are cooler, temperatures reach 21deg
 Annual temperature range is 11 deg

With the help of fig. Describe the characteristics of the natural vegetation
shown.
Name the climate shown by the climatic graph above.
 Tall grasses  Hot desert/tropical desert
 Scattered trees Describe the location of the hot desert
 Umbrella shapped tops  Occurs between 15 deg and 30 deg North and South of the equator.
 Thick bark or thick stem Name the vegetation type in this area.
 Long roots  Scrub/ desert vegetation
 Small leaves Calculate the annual temperature range
 Shed leaves during dry season  38°c-14°c=24
Describe the climatic conditions represented by the graph

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  High summer temperatures  I-Percolation/Infiltration/Seepage
 Cool warm winters  J-Transpiration
 High annual range of temperature  K-Surface runoff/Overland flow
 High temperatures during the day/hot days  L-Evaporation
 Cold nights/Low temperatures at night
 Little or no rainfall Define the following terms:
 Dry offshore winds  Evaporation-process whereby liquid changes to water vapour
 Desiccating winds  Evapotranspiration-process where plants lose water, as well as water loss
 Lack of cloud cover from water bodies.
 Condensation- process where water vapour changes to liquid
 Seepage-Water sinks /infiltrates.
How has the vegetation adapted to the climate?  Through flow-horizontal movement of infiltrated water within the soil to
FEATURES ADAPTATION the sea, lake, ocean.
 Transpiration- water loss from plants
Thorny, spiky leaves, small leaves Reduce transpiration  Perspiration-water loss from animals
Fleshy leaves Store water Explain how human activities have affected the water cycle.
Long roots Reach deep water  Deforestation/ destruction of vegetation: reduces transpiration
Waxy leaves Reduce water loss  Constructing dams across rivers: increased evaporation, reduces run off
Seeds lie dormant for years Waiting for rainfall to germinate  Pavement: Increases surface run off, reduced ground water
Bulbous roots Store water  Emission of gases / pollution: lead to formation of acid rain
Few, no leaves Reduce water loss  Increased irrigation lead to increased ground water
SECTION B Sources of ground water
Fig. Show the various stages involved in water cycle.  Boreholes,Wells,Springs
Describe the problems associated with the use of ground water sources in
Botswana.
 Pollution by pit latrines
 Over extraction/overexploitation of ground water
 Deep water/low recharge rate
 It is expensive to extract deep water
 Salty water caused by saline soil
 Amount of ground water differs from one area to another.(unevenly
distributed)
 Some sources are easily depleted./fossil rivers
Surface water sources
 Dams,lakes,Okavango delta
Problems facing surface water
Write I, J, K, L as a list and name each of the stages of the cycle.  High pollution

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  High temperatures lead to high evaporation Describe the physical factors associated with shortage of water in the south
 Over abstraction western part of Botswana.
Explain why water is considered scarce and costly to obtain in Botswana.  Low and unreliable rainfall
 Low and unreliable rainfall/recurring droughts  Sandy soils that have high infiltration rate
 High evaporation rate leading to more loss of water.  High temperatures that lead to high evaporation rate.
 Low ground water recharge making it expensive to extract ground water  Saline soils lead to salty water.
 Sandy soils have high infiltration rate  The area has seasonal rivers
 Salty water/saline reservoirs makes non potable water, it is also  Deep water is expensive to extract
expensive to make it potable What is being done to conserve water in Botswana?
 Shallow depression store less amount of water.  Re use water
The demand for water is greatest in urban areas and it has increased very  Re cycle water
rapidly with the growth of towns.  Reduce consumption
Suggest why the use of water in urban areas has increased.  Rain water harvesting/Use of catchment roof tanks
 Increase in population/ Urbanization  Construct more dams
 Increased industrialization  Increase tariffs
 Increased mining e.g. Selibe phikwe, Sowa town.  Introduce pre-paid meters
 Increased irrigation for horticulture, back yard gardening projects  Increase education on conservation of water.
 Increased construction of roads and other social amenities
Explain why the use of water in rural areas is low.
 Small population-low demand Wetlands in Botswana face great threats as population grows
 Fewer industries-low demand Define the term wetland:
 Low standard of living-low demand  Areas where water,marsh,fern,peatland occupy, such wetlands can be
 Few infrastructural development-low demand permanent or temporary, natural or man made
 Less irrigation-low demand  Areas which water sit on the surface of the soil for periods of time,
 Fewer services-low demand affecting the areas ecological characteristics.
 Limited supply-low demand Name any two wetlands in Botswana.
Suggest difficulties that the Government may face in an effort to provide  Okavango delta
water in the Country.  Names of(rivers,ponds,lakes,pans)eg Limpopo, Chobe, shashe
 Lack of capital  Dam eg Gaborone, Shashe, Letsibogo
 Lack of skill  Lakes eg Lake Ngami
 Vandalism of water infrastructure  Pan eg Makgadikgadi pan
 Land use conflicts  Sewage ponds
 poor planning  Swamps, marshes
 Population increase Describe the benefits that Batswana get from wetlands.
 Abundant water sources are far from the main demand centres  Source of water for different purposes eg irrigation
 Water sources are internationally shared.  Sources of food,eg fish
 Sources of raw materials such as building materials

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  Recreation  Maintain existing wetlands through sustainable use and improved
 Habitat for some species management
 Attracts tourists e.g Okavango delta  Recognise ecological,socio economic values of wetlands
 Pastures What were the aims of the Ramsar convention?
 Flood control  Conservation, management, wise use of wetlands
 transport  Prevent trans boundary pollution
Suggest threats that wetlands in Botswana are facing.  Encourage international cooperation on conservation of wetlands
 Pollution  Promote conservation of migratory species
 Deforestation  Prevent overfishing, damming of rivers
 Building of dams, reduces down flow of the river  To share ideas/expertise advise
 Siltation: accumulation of sediments in dams reduces the capacity of the  Develop wetland policies
dam to hold more water.  To avoid political conflict
 Over harvesting of resources such as grass, fish, sand, water.
 Overstocking will lead to overgrazing
What are the problems that the Okavango delta may bring to the DAMS IN BOTSWANA
communities who live around it?
 Flooding
 Pollution of water
 Water borne diseases, eg breeding of mosquitos
 Minor earth vibrations
 Introduction of some plant species that will destroy other species that
have been existing there.
 Barrier to communication networks
Describe the problems that may arise when Countries share wetlands
 Conflict e.g. Botswana and Namibia over Sedudu Island
 Dam construction may deny another Country their share of water Explain how the presence of a dam can negatively affect the environment
 Ecosystem disturbed  Floods, sometimes the dam wall breaks
 Deforestation  Reduces natural flow of water down stream
 Pollution from another Country may affect other Countries.  Presence water may lead to water borne disease
State the aims of Botswana’s wetland policy  Constructions of dams lead to deforestation or clearing of vegetation
 To promote conservation, wise use of wetlands  Presence of more water may lead to minor vibrations
 To identify problems facing wetlands and provide solutions  Dam will take the space that could be used for grazing, cultivation etc.
 Rehabilitate degraded wetlands. Define the term Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
 Increase education on conservation of wetlands  A process used to foresee the environmental consequences before
 Promote participation of the community in the management of wetlands the project is carried out
 Recognise wetlands of international importance
 Promote regional cooperation on wetland conservation

34
  An assessment of the possible impact (positive or negative that a ENERGY
proposed project may have on the environment (consisting of HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER (HEP)
natural, social, economic aspects. Source- Water

ADVANTAGES OF EIA DISADVANTAGES OF EIA

Advise on possible environmental Delays development
problem
Seek public opinion/get views Costly
Inform local communities/increase Needs specialist skills
education
Identify better approach to problems Obstacle to development
Lead to sustainable development Brings conflict
Determine possible impacts of the
project on the environment
Predict unforeseen problems

Examples of projects that may require the use of EIA

A=Reservoir
B=Penstock
 Dam, malls, power stations, roads, mines, power lines, hotels, C=Dam wall
sewage ponds, landfills etc. D=Power house/Turbine/Generator
PROCESS OF GENERATING POWER
 A reservoir is constructed a perennial river
 Water is allowed to come out of the reservoir with more pressure through
penstocks
 High pressured water will spin the turbine
 Turbine activates the generator (dynamo) which then produces
electricity.
FACTORS THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN LOCATING HEP
STATION
 Perennial river/constant flow of water
 Hard rock/firm rock base/strong impermeable rock/ non porous
rock/solid geological base
 Steep gradient/vertical descent of water
 Deep gorge/narrow valley
 Large market, large capital
Why is difficult to develop HEP stations in Botswana?
 Low and unreliable rainfall/drought

35
  Shallow valleys/ no deep valley/ no gorge/ no narrow valley  Katse-Lesotho
 Porous rocks  Koko-Ethiopia
 Flat terrain/ few dam sites/ no steep slopes/ no water fall  Kafue-Zambia
 Small market/ little industrialization/ little population  Aswan-Egypt
 Internationally shared rivers  Owen falls
 Most rivers are seasonal/ few perennial rivers LOCATION OF ASWAN DAM AND HEP STATION
 It is expensive to construct HEP stations

ADVANTAGES OF HEP DISADVANTAGES OF HEP

Pollution free/environmental Flooding of dams
friendly/clean
Water is renewable Takes up more land for farming
Water transports itself/ no transport costs Disturbs the natural flow of the
rivers
Produces cheap power Silting
Production capacity is easy to control
Reservoir is used for multi-purpose e.g.
recreation,fishing,irrigation,tourism etc.

BENEFITS/ IMPORTANCE OF HEP STATIONS TO COUNTRIES

 Create more employment opportunities/ more jobs, this will lead to
source of income, and improved standard of living
 Produces cheap power/Reduces power import/ the country will be self-
sufficient in power production, this will encourage industrialization
 Power may be exported to other countries, this will bring foreign
exchange
 The station attracts tourists, thus promoting tourism which brings more
revenues for the country. Using map evidence only, state factors that influenced the location of the
 Fishing is practised, it is source of income to the community, it also HEP station.
improves their standard of living  Consistent supply of water from Nile river
 Multipurpose e.g. provides recreation, water supply for different uses
 Controls flooding Describe the benefits of the dam to the people living in the surrounding areas.
 Prestige for the country  Fishing
EXAMPLES OF HEP STATIONS  Tourism
 Kariba dam-Zambia/Zimbabwe  Production of HEP
 Caborra bassa-Mozambique  Navigation/water transport

36
  Water supply for irrigation, domestic use Botswana has been experiencing a serious power shortage of power supply
 Control floods recently.
Suggest four socio economic problems that may result from a shortage of
Describe environmental problems that the construction of big lakes such as power.
Nasser may cause.  Industries will close down
 Water borne diseases  Less production
 Flooding  Crime increase
 Deforestation
 Less water downstream Suggest how Shortage of electricity may affect the economy of the Country?
 Silting  Industries close
 Loss of land for Agriculture  Loss of jobs
 Migration of wildlife  Low productivity
 Resettlement/Relocation of people
Explain what the Government of Botswana is doing in an effort to address
Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. the problem of power shortage in the country.
 Import power from other Countries
 Develop Solar Power stations
 Increase education on conservation
 Use of prepaid meters
 Load shedding/power cuts

State three physical factors that are necessary for the development of a
hydroelectric power scheme.

Explain how the people of China will benefit from the development of the
three gorges scheme, apart from power generation.
Suggest why scientists and environmentalists think the three gorges scheme
might become a night mare to china.

37
THERMAL POWER STATION MORUPULE POWER STATION

Source: Coal

Process of generating thermal power

 Coal is crushed into small particles and burnt in furnace
 Water is heated.
 Heated water changes to steam
 Steam drives the turbine
 Turbine activates the generator
Factors to be considered when locating thermal power station.
 Availability of coal, it has to be near coal mine
 Availability of water.
 Availability of road, rail for transporting coal
 Flat, large , strong area
 Near large populated area, industries for market

38
ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL
POWER
Coal is easily mined
Coal can be transported by road ,rail
DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL
POWER
Pollution/emission of greenhouse gases
Coal is non renewable
High maintenance costs
It is expensive to transport coal
Problem of disposing ash
Coal is a bulky, dirty raw material
Danger of explosion

CASE STUDY: Morupule power station (draw the map of Botswana)

Describe the factors that influenced the location of Morupule Power station
 Nearness to Morupule Colliery
 Availability of large flat land
 Availability of water form Paje boreholes
 Availability of labour form neighbouring villages like Palapye, Serowe
 Accessibility through road and rail transport.
 Availability of market form Palapye, and Botswana
Geographical features:-
 Gaborone to Francistown road/rail, Palapye village, Palapye to
 Serowe road
 Morupule colliery (mine)
 Lotsane river
Suggest how a power such as Morupule may negatively affect people living
near it.
 Pollution
 Risk to people’s health e.g. respiratory
 Exposed to high voltage transformers/Danger of explosion
 Relocation of people/Land use conflicts.

Explain how the burning of power for power production may be dangerous
to the environment.

39
 Uses of Solar power:
 Lighting
 Heating up/warming up water

Which site X Y Z is the most suitable for the location of the power station? ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR
 Site y POWER POWER
Give reasons why you chose the site above. Clean/pollution free Produces limited power when its cloudy
 Flat land/gentle slope Renewable Solar panels are easily broken/ fragile
 Near river for water supply Readily available Solar panels are easily stolen/theft
 Near Coal mines Can be installed anywhere/ movable Expensive equipments
 Away from populated areas. station
Giving a different reason for each, state why you rejected the other site? Cheaper to maintain
 X-on highland/steep slope
 Z-Near town/populated area What are other types of energy used in Botswana?
Far away from the mine.  Bio gas/cow dung
 Wind
SOLAR POWER  Fire wood
 Natural gas
Source: Sun What are the disadvantages of using firewood as a source of energy?
 Deforestation
Describe how electricity is produced in a solar power station.  Deforestation leads to soil erosion
 Solar energy is received by solar panels  Soil erosion lead to desertification
 Photo voltaic/ Pv cells covert solar energy to electrical energy  Extinction of some tree species
 Electricity is stored in batteries
 Power invertor changes DC to AC/ increases voltage

40
Describe problems associated with production of solar power  Drought/low rainfall
 Use fragile equipment  High temperatures
 Expensive equipment  Infertile soils
 Sun raise varies with seasons  Salinization
 Limited production What are the effects of rangeland degradation on the environment?
 Theft/vandalism  Global warming
Explain why there is little solar energy used in Botswana when conditions are  Loss of biodiversity/imbalance in the ecosystem
ideal for its production.  Soil erosion
 Bare soils
RANGELANDS  Desertification
Define the following terms: Suggest strategies that can be used to conserve rangelands.
Renewable resources-Resources that are replaceable, e.g. solar energy, water.  Ranching/fencing
Non-renewable resources: Resources that non replaceable e.g. minerals  Supplementary feeding
Sustainable utilisation-Wise use of natural resources to benefit the present
 Controlled stocking rate
generation, as well as the future generation.
 Paddocking/Rotational grazing
Veld-Area mostly dominated by grass, has fewer trees.
 Education/Research
Rangeland: Areas that have vegetation that can be grazed by livestock/ Areas that
supply forage.  Zero grazing
A range may consists of  Construction of fire breakers
 Shrubs  Afforestation
 Grassland  Seeding
 woodland How do NGOs help in promoting sustainable use of veld products?
Rangeland Degradation: Destruction carried out on rangelands/Unsustainable  Increased education on proper harvesting methods
use of rangelands/Permanent decline in quality and quantity of vegetation/forage.  Finance projects on conservation of veld products
 Conduct more research on native plants
A large proportion of Botswana’s rangelands are protected in national parks and  Identification of markets/Advertising
game reserves. The pressure on these areas is increasing because of conflicting  Promote and support Government policies
land uses
Veld products
Explain how climate change and human activities cause rangeland Give examples and state their uses
degradation.  Sengaparile-medicine ….etc. etc.
Describe the importance of veld products to local communities.
State human factors that cause rangeland degradation  Create employment/source of income
 Deforestation  Source of food
 Overharvesting grass  Source of medicine
 Overstocking  Decoration/ornament
 Veld fires  Promote scale industries.
Suggest Physical factors that cause rangeland degradation 

41
Describe the challenges that local communities could face as the veld  Veld fires
products decline.  Expansion of settlements
 Loss of income/loss of jobs/increases unemployment  Mining
 Poverty  Industrialization
 Community development decline
 Possible extinction Explain how the mismanagement of forests may affect the environment.
 Deforestation-extinction of plant species, soil erosion, less oxygen,
 Shortage of veld products
increased surface runoff (increased carbon dioxide)
 Encroachment of wildlife into human settlement  Veld fires-bare land, little or no grass
 Migration of animals  Pollution-health hazard, imbalance in atmospheric gases

Describe the environmental problems associated with overharvesting veld

products and forests
 Depletion/extinction Describe how the government of Botswana protects forests
 Deforestation Suggest why it is important to conserve natural resources such as forests and
 Deforestation leads to soil erosion wildlife
 Veld fires
 Destruction of animal habitat Suggest how Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOS) such as the forestry
 Imbalance of the ecosystem/carbon dioxide increase Association of Botswana may help in the sustainable use of forests.
 Increases education, awareness on conservation of forest
 Finance projects that aim at conserving forests
FORESTS RESERVES IN BOTSWANA  Plant more trees/Afforestation
‘Forests are important in the protection of the environment; however, they are in  Conduct more research on conservation of forests.
danger of being destroyed by human beings.’  Identify market.
Names of forest reserves of Botswana Suggest activities that Forest Conservation of Botswana can fund in order to
 Kazuma, Maikaelelo,Sebuyu, Chobe, Kasane(they have Mukwa, Mukusi conserve forests.
tree species)  Tree planting/Afforestation
Explain why forests are mainly found in the northern part of Botswana.  Construction of fire breakers.
 High rainfall  Forest seeding
 High temperatures  Campaigns/Public education
State the benefits of forests.  Research
 Source of timber  Essay competitions on conservation
 Sources of medicine Explain how activities funded through the Forest Conservation Of Botswana
 Source of firewood can help to protect the forests.
 Habitat for some species eg birds  Promote awareness
Describe human activities that lead to the destruction of forests  Prevent spread of fires
 Deforestation  Encourage community involvement

42
  Protection of soil from erosion  Wildlife destroy crops in the fields, little compensation is given to the
 Prevent extinction/depletion of plant species. farmers
 Wildlife e.g. lions prey on livestock, little compensation is given to the
farmers.
WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND TOURISM
 More land is allocated for wildlife conservation than for arable and
Define: pastoral farming.

Selective tourism: fewer tourists visit the country, but more profit is made. (It
helps to minimise the negative impact on the environment)

Mass tourism: More tourists visit, therefore more impact on the environment.

Wildlife Management Area (WMAs): Areas next to game reserves and national
parks rich in wildlife

Controlled Hunting Area (CHAs): Areas inside the wildlife management areas
that can be used for hunting by the communities.

Consumptive use of Wildlife: involves killing wildlife for meat and trophies,
live capture, and export of live animals.

Non consumptive (also called photographic tourism): use of wild animals without
killing them e.g.

 Photography/filming
 Educational tours
 Totems

Why is there need to protect or conserve wildlife in Botswana?

 Wildlife attracts tourists, thus promoting tourism.

 Wildlife is protected for trophies e.g. rhinos, elephants
 Some species are endangered e.g. rhinos.
Label
Describe the factors that lead to Human wildlife conflict
 G-Chobe National Park

43
  H-Khutse Game reserve  Seeds are spread
 Elephants waste water in ponds
Name sources of water that can be used by wild animals.
 Chobe river/Okavango river Suggest three ways in which nongovernmental organizations (e.g. Kalahari
 Pan Conservation Society-KCS) help in sustainable use of wild animals.
How do local communities benefit from Game reserves closer to them?
 Promote tourism  Educate the communities on wildlife conservation
 Education
 Encourage research
 Research
 Work with the Government in formulating and promoting policies on
 Promote conservation
 Create employment opportunities/income conservation
 Source of food/meat  Finance projects that aim at conserving wild animals, through CBNRM.
 Source of raw material
 Source of medicine According to national development plan 9, the number of wildebeests has shown a
Describe the negative impacts of the construction of Veterinary fences on significant decline between 1999 and 2001. The government therefore encourages
wildlife: the conservation and sustainable use of wildlife.
Suggest five reasons for a decline in the number of animals, such as
 The fences trap and kill wild animals wildebeests, between 1999 and 2001.
 Poaching has increased
 Fences block free migratory routes (wildlife corridors) for wild animals
 Encroachment of settlements into wildlife areas
 Fences enclose pastures which could be grazed by wild animals  Frequent outbreak of diseases
 Fences enclose water point  Frequent drought
 Increase in veld fires
State three land uses other than national parks and game reserves, which are  Some animals have migrated to other areas.
competing with rangelands. Describe efforts by stakeholders to sustain wildlife population.
 Use of hunting licences
Suggest why conflicts might arise between local communities and wildlife
 Declare hunting seasons
management.
 Drill more boreholes
 Wild animals destroy crops
 Create more game reserves and national parks.
 Wild animals kill domestic animals
 Use of anti-poaching units
 Spread of diseases
 Increase education on conservation
 Depletion of water sources
 Use of policies/ laws
 Competition for land e.g settlement, grazing areas
Describe three negative effects of wild animals on the environment.
List tourist attractions in Botswana:
 Deforestation, especially elephants
 Wildlife in game reserves and national parks
 Overgrazing  Rock paintings at tsodilo hills
 Soil erosion  Okavango delta

44
  Sand dunes at Kalahari desert Eco tourism (also known as green tourism): responsible travel to tourist
 Cultural sites/ historical sites eg domboshaba ruins, matsieng foot prints destinations, promotes conservation, and sustains the wellbeing of the local
 Museum and art gallery communities.
 Makgadikgadi salt pans
 Gcwihaba caves Coastal tourism: tourism practised where the sea or ocean meets the land.
Explain why tourism is growing rapidly in Botswana.
 Increased advertising
 Improved tourist accommodation in hotels, lodges
 Reduced, discounted flights rates/ holiday packages
 Trained or skilled tour guides
Describe the problems/ disadvantages associated with the growth of tourism.
 Increased pollution/littering
 Increased soil erosion
 Poaching increases/illegal hunting
 Increase in social ills, e.g. spread of diseases, prostitution, drug Map of South Africa, showing areas of Coastal tourism
trafficking,
 Spying
 Erosion of local culture
What are the benefits of tourism to the economy of Botswana?
 Create more employment opportunities/source of income
 Earn foreign exchange
 Development of infrastructure eg roads, air ports
 Promotes craft industries eg basketry
 Promotes conservation of natural resources eg wildlife
 Prestige

What are the problems facing the development of tourism in Botswana

 Lack of capital
 Poor infrastructure eg poor roads.
 Poaching/ illegal hunting
 Overharvesting of some wildlife species
 Land use conflicts, eg conflicts with pastoral farmers, mining, human
settlement
 Little advertising
Define:
Inland tourism: tourism practised in the interior of the continent, away from the
sea or coast.

45
 What is the difference between manufacturing and processing industries?
 Processing: refinery of raw material into a finished good that
Name areas that practise coastal tourism in South Africa resembles the raw material used.
 Manufacturing: A combination of two or more raw materials to give a
 Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Robin Island, Mossel Bay new different product
Give examples of craft industries
Attractions at the coast:  Pottery
 Sandy beaches  Wood carving
 Fishing  Leather work
 Swimming  Basketry
 Table mountains  Hand spinning
 Coral reefs  Black smithing
 Series of hotels, casinos, cinemas Describe the characteristics of craft industries
 Surfing/water sports  Use of local raw material
Problems brought about by coastal tourism  Small scale production/few goods produced.
 Littering/ pollution of water  Use of simple hand tools eg knives
 Social ills eg prostitution, drug trafficking, theft  Mainly locate in rural areas
 People drown  Use of traditional skills
 People are attacked by shacks  Workers mainly women
Describe the problems experienced by craft industries in Botswana.
INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BOTSWANA  Lack of market
Industries can be classified as labour intensive and capital intensive.  Lack of capital
Define:  Lack of business or managerial skills
Labour intensive industries  Poor infrastructure
 Industries which use more workers and few machines  Competition with synthetic products
Capital intensive industries What are the factors that influence the location of industries?
 Industries which use more machines, more capital but few workers  Availability of raw materials
Industrial estate: Area reserved for the location of industries.
 Availability of large market
 Availability of large Capital
What are the advantages of an industrial estate?
 Availability of transport e.g. road, rail
 Access to water supply/power supply.
 Availability of water supply, power supply
 Access to a pool of skilled labour
 Availability of large flat serviced land
 Access to raw materials
 Access to large market
 Access to road /rail for good transport and communication LOCATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
 Attracts other industries/industrial linkages
 Economies of scale/reduction of costs.

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 2. Secondary- it deals with processing and manufacturing eg wheat processing
ind, BMC, KBL,etc
3. Tertiary- deal with provision of services eg banking, catering, accommodation,
insurance etc
4. Quaternary- deal with provision of information and expertise eg research,
computer engineering, design engineering

Which of the sites A B C D is the most suitable for an industrial estate?

 C
State reasons why the site chosen above is the most suitable
 Flat land
 Located next to the road, rail for transport
 On the outskirts of the town where there is more space for expansion
 Prevailing wind blow away the pollutants from the town
Giving a different reason for each, state why other sites were rejected
 A-Upland land/steep is not suitable for location, difficult to transport
 B-it will pollute the town, no space for expansion
 D-far from the town.
Describe the Government efforts to encourage development of industries Why are the new industrial estates usually located on the edges of towns or
 Financial assistance though CEDA cities?
 Increased education, business plans through LEA  Cheaper land values
 Improving infrastructure eg roads  Open space for expansion
 Imposing tariffs on imported goods  To avoid environmental pollution in the city centre
 Reduced tax  Near roads, rail
 Advertising abroad through BEDIA
 Provision of power supply/water supply Why do some industries locate next to their source of raw material?
 Providing market for finished goods  They use bulky raw material
 Development of industrial estate, and factory shells  To reduce transport costs
Classification of industries (4 types of industries)  There is need for immediate processing
1. primary- Deal with extraction of raw material eg fishing, lumbering, farming

47
What are the government schemes that provide financial assistance to  Risk of spread of disease
entrepreneurs in Botswana?  Maybe a dumping site for poor quality goods
 Botswana Development Corporation (BDC)  Political unrest /industrial strikes in Country of origin
 CEDA: Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency  Supply may be stopped if there is high demand in Country of origin
 NDB: National Development Bank
Explain why it would be beneficial for countries such as Botswana to create
more labour intensive industries.
 More people will get jobs, this will help to eradicate poverty
 High standard of living since more people will be employed
 More people will acquire skills and training, empowerment of local
people FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN BOTSWANA: BMC
 Diversification of the economy, sustainable development Name and locate on a sketch map of Botswana, one food processing industry,
Suggest the problems that Botswana face in an effort to industrialise. mark and label two geographical features which help to show accurately the
 Lack of capital position of the industry.
 Small domestic internal market because of small population
 Competition from abroad and neighbouring countries.
 Shortage of skilled manpower
 Expensive electricity and shortage of water, and power
 Botswana is a land locked country, far from sea ports
 Poor infrastructure e.g. roads
 Expensive urban land
 Lack of machinery, technology
 Late development of mining sector.
 Delayed Government policy

Explain how large scale industries could boost the economy of Botswana

Describe the problems associated with dependence on imported goods

 Expensive goods/no control over prices
 Lack of control over quality of goods

48
Describe the factors which influenced the location of lobatse BMC.
 Water supply from Nywane dam
 Availability of cattle from Lobatse,Gantsi and neighbouring
village
 Availability of labour from Lobatse and surrounding area
 Availability of power supply from Morupule BPC, and ESKOM
in South Africa
 Availability of North-South road/Rail for transporting cattle to
Lobatse.

 A-Morupule Coal Mine

 B-Letlhakane Diamond Mine
Other mines: Soda ash is mined at SuaPan/Sowa town
Copper Nickel was mined at Tati Nickel mines, next to Francistown.

49
Explain how diamonds are formed in Jwaneng
 Occur in kimberlite pipe/young sedimentary rocks
 Associated with volcanic activities MINING METHODS
 Carbon is crystallized by intense heat
Describe the mining method of shaft
 Vertical shaft
 Tunnels to the ore body
 Drilling
 Blasting/use of explosives
 Use of heavy machinery/mechanized
Describe the geological occurrence of copper
 Occur in basement rocks, igneous rocks
 1% mineral content
 Combination with nickel, cobalt
Name the rock types associated with the occurrence of each of the following
minerals  A-Shaft method=used to extract deep ore
 Diamonds-igneous rocks Was used to extract Copper Nickel in Selibe Phikwe BCL mine
 Coal-sedimentary
 Copper-igneous/metamorphic rocks  B-Open pit/open cast=used to extract ore that is closer to the surface
State the uses of: Still used to extract diamonds in Orapa, Letlhakane, and Jwaneng Mines.
 Diamonds: making jewellery, drilling bits
 Coal: source of heat at thermal power station  C-Box cut/Adit= Used to extract ore that occurs at horizontal
 Salt at Sowa town: livestock feeds, table salt, detergents layers/seams
 Copper nickel: copper used for electric cables, kitchen utensils, Used to extract Coal at Morupule Colliery
 Nickel: plating
Describe the dangers of A=SHAFT
 Cage accidents
 Rock falls
 Flooding
 Subsidence/rock collapsing
 Gas explosions
 Poor ventilation/lack of oxygen
 High temperatures
 Very dark/lack of lights

50
 How can the closures of mines affect the economy of the country?
 Loss of jobs/poverty
 Loss of revenue for the government/decline in GNP
 Closure of some businesses
 Development of ghost town/depopulation of towns
 Rise in inflation
Describe the dangers that miners may face due to the increased depth of the
mine.
 Collapse of mine/Subsidence
 Rock fall
 Flooding
 Poor ventilation may lead to suffocation
 Great heat
 Pressure bursts
Explain the factors which have influenced the exploitation of minerals in
Botswana
 Quantity of the mineral
 Quality of the mineral
 Geological occurrence
 Value of the mineral at market price
 Availability of water supply, power supply
 Availability of labour
 Availability of transport
 Government policy
 Availability of market
Explain how mining contributes to the economy of Botswana
 Job creation-better standard of living
 Improved infrastructure eg roads- improved service delivery
 Provides raw materials-attracts other industries
 Local people acquire skills-trained personnel
 Increased export-brings in foreign exchange
 Tax-generates revenue for the Government

51
 Projected Government revenues from diamonds 2017-2029(P
million, constant prices)

Suggest problems that may be faced by a country that relies on minerals

 Minerals are non-renewable resources/they get depleted
 Ghost town
 Loss of jobs/retrenchment
 Fluctuation of prices/ prices may fall
 Decline in living standards
 Skilled labour was lost as trained people migrated
 Investors may pull out
 Recession
 Slow development

The Middle East is important in the production of crude oil.

Explain how the economy of Botswana could be affected by the projected
government revenue from diamonds between 2022 and 2029 shown above.
State any uses of crude oil

Explain how crude oil has affected the politics of the Middle East countries.

Describe the impact that mines such as Jwaneng mine can have on the
environment
NEGATIVE IMPACT
 Mine dumps
Suggest ways in which the Government might deal with the economic  Creation of deep excavation holes
problems which are likely to affect Botswana between 2022 and 2029.  Deforestation increases, destruction of vegetation on the surface
 Deforestation leads to soil erosion
 Pollution increases
 Slime dams are created
 Subsidence

52
 Describe features of subsistence of arable farming
POSITIVE IMPACT: creation of roads, settlement expansion etc.
Suggest three ways in which the land may be reclaimed after mining.  Relies on rainfall
 Filling of pits with soil and rocks  Practise intercropping
 Plant trees  Mixed farming
 Establishment of national parks  Use of kraal manure
 Use of draught power e.g. Ox. Donkeys
 Use of family labour
 Producing for family consumption, surplus sold to generate income for
ARABLE FARMING the family.
State outputs of subsistence arable farming in Botswana.
Define: Subsistence arable farming  Maize, Sorghum, beans etc.
Describe problems experienced by people who practise arable farming.
 Growing of crops for family or home consumption  Drought/low rainfall
 Commercial arable farming: Cultivation on large scale to generate  High temperatures
more profit/for sale.  Crop pests and diseases
 Infertile soils
 Sandy soils that have high infiltration rate
Describe how arable farming may have a negative impact on the environment
 Continuous cultivation lead to loss of soil fertility
 Deforestation/clearing of fields/loss of habitat for some species
 Increased use chemicals, e.g. pesticide, herbicides of fertilizers lead to
pollution
 Excessive use of chemicals lead to resistant weeds
 Salination due to increased use of chemicals.

Explain how physical factors affect the environment.

 Drought/low , high rainfall-crops die
 High rainfall-crops die
 Low /High temperatures-crops die
 High altitude-crops die
 Steep slopes-thin soils for crops
 Fertile soils-rapid growth/plants die because of lack of nutrients
 Flat land favours use of machinery
 Poor water holding capacity-crops die

53
State programmes that are in place to assist arable farmers  Lack of farming equipment
 ISPAADD,CEDA,LEA,young farmers,NDB  Shortage of land
Describe benefits for farmers from such programmes.  Drought/ lack of rainfall
 Free fertilizers-to increase yields
 Farmers fields-
 Eradicate poverty COMMERCIAL ARABLE FARMING
 Increase food production Define:
 Provides market Commercial arable farming: Growing of crops to generate profit
 Artificial insemination State the human inputs into irrigated commercial farming.
 Free herbicides  Use of machinery
 Free vaccines  Use of hybrid seeds
Explain the impact of programmes such as NAMPAADD (National Master  Use of fertilizers
Plan for Arable Agriculture and Dairy Development).  Irrigation
 Tax/Government revenue  Insecticides, pesticides, herbicides
 Improvement in food security  Labour
 Increased agricultural output State economic problems faced by commercial arable farmers.
 Reduced reliance on imports  Lack of capital, machinery
 Creation of employment opportunities  Shortage of labour
 Increased rural income/poverty eradication  Low market
 Economic diversification  Low market prices for agricultural produce
 Low rainfall lead to harvest and people remain poor  Distant market facilities
 Some farmers misuse the programmes and money is lost  Lack of rods
 People become too much dependent on the Government and become  Lack of quality seeds
unproductive  Lack of water
 Government uses a lot of money that could be used for developments
What are the advantages of forming farmers associations? Name and locate on a sketch map of Botswana one area important for
 Combined efforts e.g. land, machinery, skills, seeds fertilizers. commercial arable farming. Mark and label two geographical features which
 Ability to get credit banks help to show accurately the position of the area.
 Buy in reduced prices/Buy in bulk
Geographical features include: named road, rail
 Government support.
Named settlements
Suggest strategies that Botswana can use in order to achieve self-sufficiency
Named rivers, hills
in food production.

Why are most arable farmers in Botswana, still practising subsistence

farming?
 Lack of knowledge on commercial farming
 Lack of capital

54
 Suggest factors that might have influenced the location of commercial farm
you named above.

Name the crops grown on any of the commercial farms.

State the advantages of forming farmers association.

Examples of commercial arable farms.

 Pandamatenga, Explain how commercial arable farming has a negative impact on the
 Talana, environment.
 Chobe,
 Gaborone block,
 Lobatse block
 , Barolong,
 Mogobane.
 Mosesesdi farms

55
 COMMERCIAL PASTORAL FARMING IN BOTSWANA  Lack of capital
 Lack of skill
 Stock theft, low market prices
 Poor pastures
 Far from market
Explain how pastoral farmers in Botswana may solve the problems they face.
 Financial assistance/loans
 High penalties for thieves/ear tagging/bolus
 Use of electric fences, vaccination
 Rotational grazing/paddocking/limiting stocking rate
 Seeding/fertilizing pastures
 Import labour/manage own farm
 Drill boreholes/education
 Form cooperatives to share costs
 Supplementary feeding
Describe the impact that cattle rearing has on the environment
 Overgrazing increases
 Soil erosion increases
 Increase in soil erosion leads to desertification
 Depletion of water sources from small dams(heifers)
 Add manure(animal excretion) to the soil, thus improving soil fertility

Describe the distribution of Commercial pastoral farms shown in fig above.

 Eastern part of Botswana
 SW part of Botswana
Suggest how farmers may control the impact that cattle rearing has on the
 West part of Botswana
environment
 SW part of Botswana  Practise rotational grazing by the use of paddocks
 Along national boundaryGive reasons for the distribution shown
 Use of ranches
above.
 Supplementary feeding
 Availability of pastures
 Increase education, awareness
 Few pests and disease
 Practise correct stocking rate.
 High rainfall
 Use of Government policies,eg Tribal grazing land policy
 Availability of water
To what extent does pastoral farming contribute to the economy of
 Near market Botswana?
State problems faced by pastoral farmers in Botswana  Source of foreign exchange
 Drought/Low unreliable rainfall  Self-sufficient in meat production

56
  Improves standard of living State five steps that are taken by the Government of Botswana to improve
 Attract other industries e.g. leather work industries, butcheries etc livestock rearing in Botswana.
 Employment creation at BMC  Free vaccination and dipping of livestock
 People acquire skills training in industries  Subsidized livestock feeds
 Improvement of roads to transport cattle eg Lobatse improved because of  Bull subsidy schemes to improve breeding
BMC  Drilling of boreholes
What is a free hold farm?  Provision of market at BMC
What is a ranch?  Increased education through the media
List three inputs of the Molopo block cattle ranch mentioned in the extract.
PLANTATION FARMING
State the main output from the feedlot

Give the advantages of keeping cattle on ranches.

 Reduce overgrazing, by practising rotational grazing
 Easy to control breeding
 Easy to carry out supplementary feeding
 Reduces spread of livestock diseases such as foot and mouth
 Livestock cannot go astray
 Livestock theft is reduced.
State the main external market of Botswana’s beef industry.
 Europe

Explain why the beef industry in Botswana is not fully exploited.

 Distant markets lead to high transport costs
 Occurrence of diseases affects supply of raw materials and markets
 Strict Eu conditions result in low production
 Competition from other countries
 Shortage of land in Lobatse restrict expansion
 Shortage of water affects production
 Shortage of power supply slows down production
 Low market prices affect production
 Farmers mostly practise subsistence farming
 Drought/low and unreliable rainfall Name the cash crop in the plantation.
 Poor quality breeds  Tea
 Lack of capital With the help of fig, describe the features of a plantation.
 Nursery
 Large area cultivated

57
  Processing plant on site What are the factors that could have cultivation in the Gezira cotton
 Workers houses on site plantation?
 Social amenities eg schools, clinics  Gently sloping land
 Large area cultivated  Next to perennial water source
 Labour intensive  Water can flow by gravity avoiding expenses on pumping
 Capital intensive  Fertile silts from volcanic basalt
 Infrastructure e.g. railway  Clay beneath silt which reduces drainage of valuable water
 Little vegetation to be cleared
Describe the advantages that Botswana has for plantation farming.  Large area.
How can plantation farming benefit the people and the country where it is The natal province in South Africa is one of the sugar cane growing areas in
practised? Africa.
 Create jobs- source of income/improve the standard of living Name three outputs from a sugar cane plantation
 Source of food-reduces dependency on other countries
 Source of raw material- lead to more industrialization Describe the main characteristics of a sugar plantation.
 Source of foreign exchange- to increase government revenue
 Reduce import of food products-lead to self-sufficiency in food Explain why plantation farming may create problems for a country and its
production people.
 Local people acquire skills and training- to improve standard of living
 Develops rural people- reduce rural urban migration
 Large scale production-increase yield production
 Develop facilities e.g. schools, housing, health Name and locate on a sketch map an area important for sugar production in
What are the advantages and disadvantages of running plantations with South Africa.
multinational companies?
 These are companies that have branches in different countries Describe the climatic conditions that influence the growing of sugar cane in
ADVANTAGES OF DIADVANTAGES OF the area you named, in South Africa.
MULTINATIONALS MULTINATIONLS
Create more job opportunities Explain how plantations have an impact on the environment
Local labour is exploited
Describe the problems faced by plantation farmers in crop production.
Invest with their own capital More profit leaves the country
Bring skilled labour Company may pull out any time
Top jobs on the hands of the
foreigners

58
SECTION D
POPULATION STUDIES
Some countries in the world are overpopulated even though they have a low
population density.
Define:
Fertility rate: No. of births in a year per 1000 women of normal reproductive
age.
Number of young women of reproductive age per 1000 of the
poulation POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Population density: No of people per km²
Dependency ratio: number of dependents supported by every 1000 workers.

Life expectancy: Average number of years a person is expected to live.

Natural Increase: Difference between high birth rate and low death rate.

Birth rate: number of children born per 1000 in a year.

Death rate: Number of children who die per 1000 in a year.

Population growth rate: percentage increase in a country’s population in a year.

What can be done to reduce rapid population growth?

 Use of birth control measures/contraceptives

 Increase education on family planning
 Provide incentives for small families
 Legalise abortion/sterilization
 Women empowerment
 Improve standard of living Population distribution: how people are spread over an area
Describe the distribution of densely populated areas shown on the map.
 Improved diet
 East Asia
 Use of one child policy
 Western Europe eg UK, France
 Delayed marriage  West side of North America
 South East Asia
 East side of USA

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State the physical factors which have caused some areas to be sparsely
populated.
 Mountainous land
 Low rainfall
 Cold climates/hot climates
 Desert areas
 Dense forests
 Infertile soils
 Swamp/marshes

Describe and explain the physical and human factors that have led to a Describe the birth and death rate in stage 2
sparse population distribution in the western part of Botswana.  High birth rate
 Declining death rate
Describe the trend of the total population in each stage of the DTM.
 Stage 1-Fluctuate/constant
 Stage 2-Rapid increase
 Stage 3-Increase
 Stage 4-Fluctuate/constant
In which stage are developed countries likely to be?
 Stage 4
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL Suggest reasons why Botswana could be in Stage 3 of the DTM.
 Provision of clean piped water
 Education
 Provision of contraceptives
 Women empowerment/improved status of women
 Desire for material possession/accumulation of wealth
 Rapid decline in birth rate
 Low death rate
 Improved medical facilities
 Improved sanitation
 Improved diet

Give reasons for the high death rate in stage 1.

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 PYRAMID OF USA
 Outbreak of epidemic diseases
 Lack of medical facilities
 Poor nutrition/ lack of balanced diet
 Poor hygiene/poor sanitation
 Lack of access to clean piped water.
 Low standard of living/poverty
Why does the death rate decline as time goes on?
 Improved medical facilities/ immunization
 Access to balanced diet
 Access to clean piped water
 Improved sanitation/ improved hygiene
In which stages is a decrease in population sometimes shown?
 Stage 1 and 4
Explain why the birth rate is high in some stages of the model.
 Lack of use of contraceptives
 Lack of education on family planning/ lack of women empowerment
 Early marriage What evidence in the pyramid suggests that USA has a high number of old
dependents?
 Broad base
What problems might be experienced by countries in Stage 4? Describe the shape of the population pyramid for USA
 Ageing population  Broad base
 Decline in labour force  Middle part is broad
 Underutilised services, and natural resources  Narrow top
 Demand for pensions
 Illegal immigrants Give four reasons for the shape of the population pyramid
 Broad base-shows high number of children because of high birth rate
 Middle part is broad-shows high number of economically active group
POPULATION PYRAMIDS  Narrow top-shows high number of adults showing high life expectancy
Population structure- The composition of population according to age, sex.
Suggest problems that the countries with a population structure as that of
USA may face
Dependency ratio- Dependency ratio: number of dependents supported by every
1000 workers.  Ageing population
 Need for provision of clinics, hospitals.
 Pressure on social amenities because of high number of children
 Demand for pensions because of more adults

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  Need for adults home based care

Study the pyramids below

Describe the population shown by the pyramid above.

 Large number of children
 Few old people
Describe the differences shown by the two pyramids with reference to the  Few middle aged
following age group  Fewer working population
0-4 years more people in rural/fewer people in urban  Rapid fall in each age group
20-29 more people in urban/fewer people in rural  More dependants
More males in urban than rural/fewer males in rural than urban Population pyramids for Country X, Y
Small difference between female populations
60-64 more people in rural/few people in urban
More males in rural/few males in urban
No females in urban/ females in rural
Give reasons for the differences you described above.
0-4 high rural birth rate/women empowerment in urban areas
20-29 working age groups move to urban areas for
Males more migratory than women
60-64 urban rural drift at retiring age
Early retirement by females/late retirement by males.
Referring to urban population pyramid only, estimate the percentage of
population aged 0-4
 14-15%

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 Suggest the challenges that the government of Country x is likely to face in
the future.

Which pyramid represents a developing Country?

Describe the population structure of the Country represented by Pyramid

Y

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 State the natural factors that influence the population growth of a country
 Births
 Deaths
Describe the characteristics of an overpopulated area or country
 Shortage of housing/shortage of land/overcrowding
 Shortage of social amenities eg schools, clinics, etc
 High unemployment rate
 Crime increases, prostitution, street children
 Pollution increases
 Poverty increases
 Poor sanitation
 Development of squatter settlements
 Traffic congestion increases

The Indian government has introduced incentives to reduce the explosive

population growth, such as ‘get sterilised and get a car’ campaign.
Describe the benefits that countries such as India may get by reducing the
rate of population growth.

Suggest the problems that countries might face in the long term as a result of
reducing birth rates.

Which age group makes the largest percentage of population in How can a country reduce its high population growth rate?
Indonesia:  Free provision of contraceptives
Japan.:  Increased education on family planning
What evidence in the pyramid suggests that:  Provision of incentives for smaller families
(a) People in Japan have a longer life expectancy than people in Indonesia.  Women empowerment
(b) Indonesia has a higher birth rate than Japan  Increased food production
State problems associated with an ageing population.
 Improve social services, and industrialization

POPULATION MOVEMENT-MIGRATION
Suggest reasons why Indonesia’s young dependants make up a large
Define
percentage of the population than those of Japan.
Immigration: movement of people into a country
Emigration: movement of people out of the country

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  Female headed families
Explain why some countries are against immigration
 Fear of increase in crime/xenophobia
 Competition for jobs
 Cultural disintegration
 Burden on social services eg health facilities, educational facilities
 Spread of diseases
 pollution
Explain why people migrate to other countries.
 Looking for better job opportunities
Name the type of migration shown in the figure above.  Seeking for refuge/wars/religious persecution
 Rural Urban migration  Better medical facilities
Suggest reasons why some people prefer to live in urban areas.  Better educational facilities
 Better services
 Tourism
 Better standard of living
 Natural disasters
 More employment opportunities
 Epidemic diseases
 More market opportunities Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.
 Better infrastructure
Six millions Afghans were forced by civil wars to leave for neighbouring Pakistan
and Iran.
Give reasons why people may find it difficult to migrate to cities
Name the type of migration where people move from their own country to
 Lack of accommodation in cities
another country.
 Lack of money
 International migration
 Lack of transport
Describe other factors that might force people to leave their place of origin
 Lack of skills
 Natural disasters, eg earthquakes
 Family ties
 Political unrest
 Marriage
 Hunger and starvation/famine
 Religion
 Poverty
Suggest reasons why village communities would be against movement of
 Religious persecutions
people from their villages to cities.
Suggest five measures that countries such as Pakistan and Iran should put in
 Decline in Agriculture
place in order to avoid the rate of emigration similar to that of Afghanistan.
 Decline in population lead to less developments
 Employment creation
 Sex imbalance/some people may never come back
 Improve infrastructure e.g. roads, air ports, power supply
 Aging population
 Improve health,educational,recreational facilities
 High dependency ratio
 Early warning for natural disasters
 Decline in birth rate
 Ensure peace and stability
 Increase in rural poverty
 Cultural disintegration

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Explain why people living in rural areas might be against the expansion of a
town into their area.
Explain why it is important for a country such as Botswana to reduce rural
urban migration
HIV AIDS
The HIV/AIDS Pandemic has resulted in the increased death rate in Botswana
 Increased education, awareness on HIV /Aids
SETTLEMENT STUDIES
Define the following terms
 Site: the actual ground on which a settlement stand
 Situation: The relationship of a settlement with its surroundings e.g. next
to a river.
 Settlement hierarchy: arrangement of settlements in size of
importance/the way in which settlements are ranked

HIV/AIDS is the failure of the body to fight infections, or the weakening of the State factors which may be used to change a village to a town
immune system such that it cannot withstand the attack of diseases.  Tourism
State two ways in which HIV/AIDS may be transmitted.  Mining
 Having unprotected sex with infected partners  Population increase
 From the infected mother to the unborn baby  Expansion of industries
 Blood transfusion(use of unsterilized sharp instruments)  Agricultural development
Give three factors, other than HIV/AIDS that may lead to the increased  Infrastructural development, eg schools
death rate.  Communication and transport
 Wars
 Famine Urbanization: increase in the proportion of people living in towns
 Natural disasters eg floods, earthquakes
 Road accidents  Urban morphology: Physical layout of towns and cities.
Suggest how HIV/AIDS may affect the economy of a Country?  Function of a settlement: main purpose of a settlement
 Loss of skilled labour/reduction of economically active people
 Reduced productivity at work places Name urban areas, and explain with a different reason, why each was
 Less money for development, as more money is diverted to health, to buy established.
ARV  Gaborone-Administration
 Scare away investors  Orapa/letlhakane/Jwaneng/Sowa town-Mining
 Financial burden on the stakeholders  Ghanzi –Agriculture
 Pressure on medical facilities/shortage of medical facilities  Lobatse-Commercial centre.
Describe the efforts that the government of Botswana is making to control the
disease. Settlement patterns evolve through time.
 Administers prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) (a)For one rural settlement you have studied,
 Provision of free condoms (i)Name the settlement eg Molepolole, Letlhakeng,Serowe etc
 Provision of free condoms (ii)Describe how the pattern of the settlement may have evolved over time
 Safe male circumcision
 Free counselling and testing in clinics and hospitals What factors are used to rank settlements?
 Population increase

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  Increases in social amenities
 Increase is infrastructure
 Tourism
 Mining
 Increase in industries
Draw labelled sketch diagrams of nucleated, dispersed, and linear patterns
 Linear-Homesteads are in a line
 Nucleated-homesteads are crowded, clustered LAND USE MODELS THAT EXPLAIN URBAN MORPHOLOGY
 Dispersed-homesteads are far away from each other

State three advantages of nucleated settlement pattern

 Easier to provide services A=multiple nuclei model: there are many malls in an urban area.
 Cheaper to provide services
 For administration purpose
 For defence purpose

B=concentric ring model: States that:

 The CBD is located in the centre of towns
 Buildings becomes newer with increase in distance from the city centre,
the occupants become wealthier with increase in distance from the CBD.

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C=Sector model: Urban areas developed in sectors along Transport routes into
and out of the city.

CONCENTRIC RING MODEL LAND USE IN NAIROBI

Name the type of urban land use model shown.

 Concentric ring model
Write P.Q, R as a list and name the different land use zones shown.
P=CBD Q=Industrial area/Transition zone R=High income area

Describe the problems that the people living in zone 3 are likely to
experience.
 Pollution
 Overcrowding State the type of urban land use model that the layout of Nairobi can fit into
Give reasons why zone 4 is away from the CBD
Suggest reasons why Governments are against the developments of squatters
settlements.

What problems are associated with a CBD?

 High cost of land

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  Lack of space  Buildings are mostly flats, tall buildings
 Traffic congestion  Buildings are of varied heights.
 High property rentals  Mainly made from glass
 Overcrowding  There is a mixture of old and new buildings
 Pollution  Buildings have elevators, air conditions, modern buildings
State services provided by the CBD
 Administration, Shopping, Banking, Accommodation, Recreation, Why the CBD does attracts a lot of people during the day?
Security, Communication.  Different services like shopping, education, health, entertainment, postal.
Describe the uses of buildings found in zone P  Banking
 Administration  Hawkers
 Shops  Looking for jobs
 Offices, banks  Work places
 Restaurants, hotels
 Cinema

GABORONE CBD (Central Business District)

SECTOR MODEL

X= Y= Z=

The diagram below shows sector model.

State three services which are provided in zone 2
Describe the buildings found in the CBD Describe each of the land use zones 1, 3, 5.

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Explain why the poor housing areas are located near the manufacturing  Covers about half of the city
areas.  Largest of the four shopping centres
Describe the problems experienced by people living in high density areas.  Extends to the east of the city
 Extends to the south of the city
 Extends to the South east of the city
State examples of services provided by towns and cities to other areas around
them.
SPHERE OF INFLUENCE  Administration from Government offices
 Recreation from stadium, golf course clubs,etc
 Security from Police
 Shopping from shops
 Banking from banks
 Communication from Post Office
 Accommodation from hotels, Lodges
 Education from Schools
 Health from Hospitals etc.

Old Naledi in Gaborone is an example of squatter settlement

What is meant by Sphere of influence?

 The relationship of a major settlement to its surrounding minor
settlement (hinterlands) eg the relationship of Gaborone with Tlokweng,
Gabane, Oodi etc/ catchment area
 Area served by a major settlement Why are squatter settlements found on the outskirts of cities?
Describe the sphere of influence of the hypermarket  Unoccupied land/empty land

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  High rental costs in the city centre
 Lack of housing in towns
 No land costs
 They want to be nearer to industries
State four characteristics of squatter settlements.
 Poor sanitation/dirty water running
 Pollution: air, noise, land
 Shacks are congested/crowded
 Shacks are small and poorly ventilated/ no windows
 Shacks are made from waste materials, e.g. tins
 No social services.
Why is the Government against the development of squatter settlements?
 Social ills
 Increase in crime
 Poor housing
 Lack of services
 High unemployment
 Poor sanitation
 Spread of diseases
 Lack of clean water
 Pollution
 Reduce beauty
Suggest the problems that people who live in settlement such as the one in the
 Pressure on natural resources e.g. firewood.
figure may face.
Outline factors that may influence change in the settlement pattern shown in
figure above.
Settlement pattern in Botswana in 1946.

How can squatter settlements be reduced?

 Relocate squatters
 Provide serviced land
 Develop rural areas to reduce movement to urban areas
 Use of housing schemes such as SHHA(self-help housing agency)
 Upgrade the conditions in squatters
 Demolish

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Suggest ways in which the problem of traffic congestion can be reduced.
 Increase traffic lights
 Use of fly overs
 Increase police patrol
 Use of overhead pedestrian bridges
 Use of one way streets, and by pass roads What would hinder the village from developing towards
 Use of dual carriage ways
West: hilly, steep slopes
 Increase usage of public transport
Southeast: forests

The figure below shows the possible sites for a rural settlement

Which of the places labelled A, B, C and D would make the best site for a
settlement?
Give three reasons for the choice of site given above
For each of the sites you rejected, give a reason why it is not suitable.

Describe the factors that might have influenced the site of the settlement
shown.

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  Deforestation or paving increases surface runoff. / increases seepage
 Construction of buildings leads to migration of animal species.
 Deforestation increases soil erosion
 Settlement creation leads to more pollution
 Settlement creation leads to extinction of certain tree species that are
used as source of fire wood.

One of the reasons why the government of Botswana formulated the national
Fig. shows an area in Gaborone that has changed over time. settlement policy was to reduce rural –urban migration.

Name three other reasons why the national settlement policy was formulated.
 To promote proper use of land
 To promote balanced development
 To regulate establishments of settlements
 To promote long term strategy for human settlement
 To promote conservation of natural resources
 To promote orderly transition from rural to urban settlement
 To provide guidelines for development of various regions of the world

Suggest why it might be difficult to implement the National Settlement policy.

Name a town or city in Botswana that you have studied.

Identify two land use changes that have occurred in the area shown.
 Construction of buildings, roads, filling stations etc. Describe the factors that may have influenced its development
Describe how the changes that occurred between photographs M, and N Explain how the town or city named above serves the surrounding areas.
might affect the animals, vegetation, and soil.

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Explain how the Government is trying to promote balanced development in
rural areas.

Suggest the problems that the Government may face in an effort to promote
balanced development in rural areas.

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 State the main function of the settlement in:
 FIG 7A-Agriculture
 FIG 7B-Industrial
State factors that have influenced the location of the residential areas in Fig
above.
 Road
 River
 Plantations
 Flat land
 Industries
 Park/open space
Using evidence form Fig 7A and 7B, Describe the land use changes that have
taken place in the settlement.
 Plantations replaced by industries,residential,park,telecoms
 Swamp replaced by industries,residential,park
 Hills replaced by industries, park
 grass area replaced by industries, telecoms
 Residential replaced by telecoms, industries
 Plantations /Swamp replaced by Jurong port
Land use conflicts/shortage of land for other uses
 Traffic congestion
 Destruction of the ecosystem/natural environment
 Rural Urban migration
 Flooding
 Overcrowding
 Pollution
 Resettlement
 Reduction in Agricultural production

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Fig below shows Land use pattern of a city in a developing Country

Describe the location of the new industrial areas in the City

State the physical barriers which might have prevented the city from expanding outwards

Suggest reasons why the low/medium density residential areas developed towards South West of the CBD.

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