Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

Candidate MARKING SCHEME

Name

Class 10IG
Roll Number

Subject : GEOGRAPHY Max Marks : 60

Syllabus and component : 0460/12 Date :
Examination :
Academic Year :

This document consists of 19 pages.

Question Answer Marks

1(a)(i) Growth/change/increase in population as a result of difference in number of 1

births and deaths/births minus deaths/where birth rate is higher than death
rate;

1(a)(ii) 12.4 – 9.2 (per 1000) (1 mark) 2

= 3.2 (per 1000) (2nd mark)

2 × 1 mark

1(a)(iii) Ideas such as; 3

• birth rates/fertility rates are low/decreasing/death rate higher than birth
rate;
• availability/affordability/use of contraception/family planning;
• contraception/family planning – education about it;
• modern attitudes to family size/people want small families/less
children/expensive to have children;
• women/people have careers/are career orientated/focus on careers
rather than families;
• emancipation of women;
• impact of secular society;
• low infant mortality rates;
• abortions available/legal;
• late(r) marriages/wait a long time to have children;
• same sex partners;
• outward migration/negative net migration;

3 × 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

1(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Rates fall more rapidly in Bangladesh/fall less rapidly in Pakistan/Bangladesh
has largest fall (entire period or any years);
Rates fall evenly in Pakistan, steeply in Bangladesh at first but levels off;
Rates are higher in Bangladesh up to 1990/1991/1992 and after that they
become lower than Pakistan/rates lower in Pakistan;

RESERVE 1 mark MAX for stats – both countries needed plus statistics for
any two years which illustrate change (either 4 figures or two years with total
change calculated) Note: per 1000 not needed.

Example statistics, but note any two years showing change can be used:

(per 1000) 1980 2015 Difference

Bangladesh 130 34 –96
Pakistan 112 56 –56
Tolerance: ± 1

3 × 1 mark

1(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 4

Poor health care/clinics/hospitals;
Lack of doctors/nurses;
Lack of vaccinations;
Lack of medicines/cure for diseases;
Lack of education about healthcare/sanitation/diet;
Poor food supply/malnourishment/starvation/no food/famine/deficiency
disease/crops fail;
Water is not clean/water shortage/no water/drought;
Waterborne diseases/cholera/typhoid/malaria;
Sanitation/hygiene poor;
HIV/Aids;
War/conflict;
Cultural neglect of girls;

4 × 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

1(b)(iii) Ideas such as: 5

People are likely to have many children/large families/want lots of children;
As they think that many will not live long/hope some survive/to replace
children who die/lots of babies die;
They want children to help on the land/farming;
They want children to help in the home/look after siblings;
They want children to fetch water/collect wood;
They want children to go out and earn money/to work/for labour;
To look after them/take care of them in old age;
As there are no pensions/state benefits for elderly (e.g. of development)

5 × 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

1(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)
Statements including limited detail which describe a population policy used to
influence growth rate.
e.g. One child Policy;

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

More developed statements which describe how a population policy is used
to influence growth rate NOT the impacts.

Note: Credit different approaches within a policy, so for example, when

marking a China One Child Policy answer, ideas will often cover the
following:
Incentives;
Penalties;
Exceptions;
Enforcement;

Note: Credit only 1 L2 mark for each of these four ideas above, although
credit should also be given for other ideas such as developing the idea such
as applying to have a child/increasing the age of marriage which do not fit the
four ideas above.

e.g. one child policy and free education L2;

one child policy and use of fines if more than one child L2;
one child policy and parents not penalized if they have twins or a child is
disabled L2
one child policy and Granny police check if couples are conforming to law L2

Note: If another country is given generally apply the same principle, but other
ideas in the Content Guide will be relevant e.g. gender equality acts or
educating women etc.

(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific
reference which can be named parts of the chosen country,
Population data, reference to a specific named policy/specific details about it
etc.

Content Guide:
Answers can refer to anti-natal policy, pro-natal policy or migration
programmes and could include ideas such as:
e.g. China
one child policy/limit number of babies/restrict number children
make (free) contraceptives available
examples of specific incentives (e.g. free education, free health care)
examples of disincentives (e.g. if have a 2nd child e.g. fines, lose jobs reduce
benefits for people having children e.g. reduced maternity leave/child
benefit/child tax credits)
forced sterilization

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Question Answer Marks

1(c) free goods e.g. radios in India

marriage regulations e.g. late marriage/seek permission

Other ideas:
educate people about contraception
legalise abortion
introduce pensions for elderly
educate women to encourage them to take jobs or careers
gender equality acts
advertise the benefits of small families

(The reverse ideas would apply to pro-natal policies)

Note: Development should refer to the policy itself not reasons or

explanations for it.

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Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) Increasing proportion of/more people living in urban 1

areas(towns/cities)/large amounts of people moving from rural to urban
areas (countryside to cities), etc.

1 mark

2(a)(ii) Continent which has most cities with population of 10 million or more = Asia. 2

Continent where there are no cities with a population of over 5 million =

Australasia
2 @ 1 mark

2(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

Uneven;
Widespread;
North America or South America or `the Americas/(northern)
Europe/Australasia/Middle East (any 2 for 1 mark);
Western hemisphere/the west

3 @ 1 mark

2(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

Rural to urban migration;
More work available in cities/high paid jobs;
more investment taking place in cities;
health care provision in cities;
education in cities;
water supply;
electricity supply;
better availability of food;
drought/desertification;
mechanization of farms, etc.

Note: Accept urban pulls or rural pushes but no double credit.

4 @ 1 mark

2(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Several storeys/two storeys/varying heights/homes on top of each other;
Corrugated iron roofs/roofs covered by plastic sheets;
Flat roofs;
Close together/tightly packed/high density/cramped;
Concrete/stone/brick/solid structure;
Mixture of homes/shops/workshops;
Small windows/balconies;
Various colours (or examples of 2 or more colours);
Satellite dishes, etc.

3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

2(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Living spaces are small;
They have nowhere to grow food/lack of food/high prices of food;
Children have no space to play;
Disease might easily spread;
Noise;
Air pollution;
Dangerous/congested/poorly made roads;
Unemployment;
Exploitation/low pay/specified problem of working in informal sector;
Lack of water/dirty or polluted water;
High crime rates;
Lack of electricity;
Rubbish/litter;
Poor sanitation/sewage disposal;
Lack of privacy/security;
Cannot afford/expensive rents/cost of houses, etc.

Note: Answers could refer to urban or rural areas – comparison not needed
but do not double credit ideas.

5 @ 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

2(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)
Statements including limited detail which describe what has been done to
reduce the problems caused by urban growth.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.

More developed statements which describe what has been done to reduce
the problems caused by urban growth.
(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific
reference.

Content Guide:
Candidates are likely to refer to solutions to problems such as:
(Traffic congestion), e.g. ring roads
(Unemployment), e.g. attract TNCs
(Lack of housing/squatter settlements), e.g. site and services schemes
(High crime rates), e.g. employ more police
(Air pollution), e.g. legislate against pollution from factories

Description of problems = 0
Explanation of how/why the solution is appropriate =0

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Named parts of the chosen settlement/ detail of solutions/statistics
etc.
Examples can be MEDC/LEDC city/town in any country.

Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) divergent 1
1 mark

3(a)(ii) Ideas such as; 2

(Edges of) the plates/crust destroyed;
Rock is melted/turned into magma/lava/goes into the mantle/crumpled, etc.

2 @ 1 mark

3(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

Gap/space created/opens up;
Magma/lava fills the gap/passes through cracks/fissures;
Magma/lava rises to surface/escapes/is released;
New land/islands/ocean floor/crust created/lava solidifies, etc.

3 @ 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

3(a)(iv) One mark for showing typical strato-volcano shape (pyramid/triangle shape 4
with steep sides).

Three further marks to be awarded for labelling of features such as:

Crater;
Parasitic cone/secondary cone;
Layers of lava and ash;
Magma chamber;
Vent/(magma) pipe, etc.

4 @ 1 mark

3(b)(i) Ideas such as the flow from Mokuaweoweo: 3

Did not last for as many days;
Travelled a shorter distance/10 km cf 25 km/covered a smaller area;
Did not descend as far down/to 3500 metres cf 900 metres;
Does not split into several flows like the one from Pu`u Ula`ula, etc.

Or vice versa for Pu`u Ula`ula but no double credit.

Both flows were in a north east/east north east direction/ /Mokuaweoweo

flows to SW/SSW as well as NE/ENE but Pu`u Ula`ula only flows NE/ENE/
Mokuaweoweo spread in two directions rather than one

Note: Comparison needed – accept differences and similarities

3 @ 1 mark

3(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Volcanoes give warnings/earthquakes cannot be so easily predicted;
People have time to evacuate/escape before volcano erupts/lava moves
slowly;
Earthquakes can affect a large area/volcano only affects those areas close
to it;
Relatively few people live close enough to volcanoes to be affected by
them/earthquakes can affect very densely populated areas;
Earthquakes are much more common than volcanic eruptions, etc.

5 @ 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

3(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)
Statements including limited detail which explain the causes of an
earthquake.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example

Developed or linked statements which explain the causes of an earthquake.

(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example. Credit country names

to max.5)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific
reference.

Content Guide:
Answers can refer to conservative or destructive margin:
Location on plate boundary
Convection currents
Plate movement (slide alongside each other/together)
Pressure build up
friction
pressure release
Seismic waves/vibrations travel through crust, etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Locational details/named areas within earthquake zone,
Plate names (if not credited for L2)
Specific details of earthquake/date/time/magnitude
Statistical information

Note:
Conservative margin = 2 × L1
Subduction = L1
Conservative margin where plates slide past each other = L2
The boundary of plates X and Y (plate names must correctly match
example) = L2
Subduction of plate X under plate Y (as above)

Note: Only credit plate names once as development for L2

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Question Answer Marks

4(a)(i) C 1
1 mark

4(a)(ii) X = Plunge pool 2

Y = Overhang/outcrop/ledge/hard rock layer
2 @ 1 mark

4(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

Wearing of soft rock/undercutting of hard rock layer;
Collapse of overhang/hard rock;
Retreat of waterfall;
Gorge remains where waterfall was previously, etc.
3 @ 1 mark

4(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Close to/on flood plains/flat land around Sungari/Ussuri/Amur rivers;
Land below 200 metres;
In/close to Harbin City/Khabarovsk;
Downstream of/close to/around confluence/joining of rivers, etc.

3 @ 1 mark

4(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 4

Lack of/removal of vegetation/deforestation;
Large amount of/heavy rainfall;
Rainfall over a long period of time;
Saturated soil/rock/marshland;
Steep slopes/rapid run off;
Snow melt;
urban areas/impermeable areas;
land (alongside river) is flat/flood plain;
joining of tributaries results in more volume of water;
large/mountainous catchment area;
lack of river management or example (e.g. dams), etc.

4 @ 1 mark

4(b)(iii) Ideas such as: 5

Build dams/reservoirs;
Build/raise levees/banks/use sandbags;
Afforestation/reduce deforestation/grow mangroves;
diversion channels/spillways;
dredging/deepening channel;
flooding of meadow land/land use zoning,
flood barriers/sluice gates;
straightening river/canalization, etc.

Note: Dev must be about the method not explanation

5 @ 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

4(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Simple statements which describe the river and valley processes and/or
landforms at stated locations between source and mouth.

(e.g. wider, deeper, more discharge, faster, more gentle gradient)

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Developed or linked statements which describe or clearly imply the changes
in processes and/or landforms which occur along a river and its valley from
source to mouth.

(e.g. V shaped valley becomes wider and more open/gently sloping sides)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Accurate statements which describe the changes which occur along a river
and its valley from source to mouth with reference to processes and
landforms.

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
Width
Depth
volume
Long profile
Cross section
Discharge
Velocity
Load
Erosion….transportation…deposition
Named landforms in different parts of the course, etc.

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Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) On graph 1
Can be a cross or point, no need to label.
Do no credit if more than one plot = 0.

5(a)(ii) Primary industry in an LEDC = E 2

Secondary industry in an MEDC = F
Tertiary industry in an NIC = D

3 correct = 2 marks
1/2 correct = 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

5(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

More primary in LEDC or MEDC 10 and LEDC 80;
More secondary in MEDC or MEDC 20 and LEDC 7/8/9;
More tertiary in MEDC or MEDC 70 and LEDC 11/12/13;
MEDC mainly tertiary and LEDC mainly primary;
MEDC lowest in primary and LEDC lowest in secondary;

Note: Answer needs to be comparative unless using correct. Statistics.

Do not credit the word ‘only’ if the statistics are wrong

3 × 1 mark

5(a)(iv) Ideas such as: 4

Better education/more skills;
Lack of investment;
Availability/exhaustion of natural resources;
More technology/mechanization;
Demand for services;
Many people in LEDCs are subsistence farmers/grow their own food;
Export of RMs from LEDCs for processing in MEDC/Impact of colonialism on
resource development;

4 × 1 mark

5(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

It has links/factories/sales in many parts/all over the world/many countries
involved/every continent/worldwide;
Suppliers/raw materials/sugar/cocoa/palm oil are largely in LEDCs/S.
America/Africa/Asia;
Headquarters are in Europe/MEDC

3 × 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

5(b)(ii) Ideas such as: 5

Make more profit/seek new markets/make more money;
Improved/good transport/rapid growth in air-travel/easy movement of people
and goods across the globe.
Containerisation;
Reduced the costs of transport;
Making trade cheaper and more efficient;
Improved communications/technology/easier to communicate and
share information around the world/information spreads quickly;
e.g. internet;
Growth of multinational companies/TNCs;
Growth of global trading blocks;
Which have reduced national barriers;
e.g. European Union, NAFTA, ASEAN;
Reduced tariff barriers/free trade;
Firms exploiting gains from economies of scale;
To gain increased specialization;
Growth of global media/social media;
Improved mobility of capital;
Increased mobility of labour;
Cheaper labour in other countries/LEDCs;
Going to places with higher skill levels e.g. IT skills;
Government incentives/cheap taxes/free ports;

5 × 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

5(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which describe the impacts of a
transnational corporation on an LEDC.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.

More developed statements which describe the impacts of a transnational

corporation on an LEDC.

(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example – needs both the name

of the TNC and the LEDC)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific
reference.

Content Guide:
NOTE: Impact of the TNC rather than the product being produced.
Answers are likely to refer to:
Creation of jobs
Wealth creation
Infrastructural development
Development of communications network
Exploitation
Low wages
Specified pollution etc

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Specific details about TNC
Named areas where TNC operates
Statistical detail

=0

Global warming

Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) Manufacturing is the making of/producing of products/changing RMs to 1

products/processing raw materials

6(a)(ii) Food processing = meat/milk 2

Crop = bananas

2 × 1 mark

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Question Answer Marks

6(a)(iii) Ideas such as: 3

Several manufacturing industries are located close to their raw materials;
E.g. processing of shrimps near to shrimps/where shrimps are found;
Tanning close to areas where there are cattle;
Sugar refineries in/close to sugar cane areas;
Milk processing/dairy close to cattle;
Etc.

3 × 1 mark

6(a)(iv) Factors such as: 4

Road/rail transport;
Ports/navigable river/canal;
Airports;
Markets;
Labour supply;
Cost/availability of land/flat land;
Availability of energy/electricity/power/gas/coal;
Government policies/incentives (or example)
Water for cooling etc.

4 × 1 marks

6(b)(i) Ideas such as: 3

Raw materials/natural resources;
Components/parts;
Energy/fuel/power/electricity;
Labour/management;
Capital/money/investment;
Machinery;
Land;
Etc.

3 × 1 mark

6(b)(ii) Accept any secondary industry e.g. steel making, sugar manufacture, cars. 5

Reserve 1 mark for example and main output (both required). Example can
be type (e.g. car assembly) or the name of a firm (e.g. Volkswagen). If
industry is not correct or not stated credit can still be given for valid
manufacturing processes, but no credit for primary or tertiary industry.

4 marks for manufacturing processes relevant to chosen example with

development as appropriate from when the product comes into the factory.
Accept R&D and packaging but not e.g. marketing, designing, advertising,
delivery.

5 × 1 mark or development

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Question Answer Marks

6(c) Levels marking 7

Level 1 (1–3 marks)

Statements including limited detail which explain how the land use is
influenced by natural factors.
E.g. fertile soil L1, flat land L1.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)

Uses named example.
More developed statements which explain how the land use is influenced by
natural factors. Note: Crops and animals must be named where a land use is
mentioned and not e.g. arable for L2.

E.g. fertile soil to grow cereal crops L2

Flat land allows mechanisation L2

(Note: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example such as a country name)

Level 3 (7 marks)
Uses named example.
Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific
reference.

Content Guide:
Answers are likely to refer to:
relief,
precipitation
temperatures
sunshine
soils

Note: Crops or animals must be specified for L2. Do not credit negative
impacts of natural hazards on farming e.g. drought, but only credit positive
responses e.g. using drought resistant crops etc.

Place specific reference is likely to consist of:

Locational details;
Names of places within chosen area
Specific details/statistics of soil/climate
Statistics.

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