Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

Candidate
Name

Class 10IG
Roll Number

Subject : GEOGRAPHY Max Marks : 75

Syllabus & Component : 0460/12 Date :
Examination : Duration : 1 Hour 45 minutes
Academic Year :

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

General Instructions: For Teacher's Use
• Write your candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Question Mark
Subject Specific Instructions:
1
• Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
• If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of 2
this booklet. 3
• The question number(s) must be clearly shown.
4
• Answer three questions, one from each section.
5
• The Insert contains 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 for Question 2 and 3.2 for Question 3 and
4.2, 4.3 for Question 4 and Photographs D, E and F for Question 5, and Fig. 6
9 for Question 6. Total
• The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
• Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an
answer.
• At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
• The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part
question.
• Any rough working should be done on this question paper.

Definition
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries
NICs – Newly Industrialised Countries

This document consists of 29 pages.

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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

QUESTION 1

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about population growth in three countries.

Country Birth rate Death rate Natural population

(per 1000) (per 1000) growth (per 1000)
Chile 13.8 6.0 7.8
France 12.4 9.2
Hungary 9.3 12.7 –3.4

Fig. 1

(i) Define the term natural population growth.

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(ii) Calculate the natural population growth of France. You should show your calculations in
the box below.

.................. per 1000

[2]

(iii) Suggest reasons why the population is declining in countries such as Hungary.

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(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about the infant mortality rate in Bangladesh and
Pakistan (LEDCs in Asia) between 1980 and 2015.

140 140

120 120

100 100

infant mortality infant mortality

rate 80 80 rate
(per 1000) (per 1000)
Pakistan
60 60

Bangladesh
40 40

20 20

0 0
1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015
year

Fig. 2

(i) Compare the changes in the infant mortality rates of Bangladesh and Pakistan between
1980 and 2015. You should use statistics in your answer.

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(ii) Suggest reasons why infant mortality is high in many LEDCs.

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(iii) Explain why countries with high infant mortality are likely to have high birth rates.

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(c) For a named country you have studied, describe a population policy or policies which has
been used to influence its growth rate.

Name of country .........................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), which shows information about urbanisation.

(i) Define the term urbanisation.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, name:

– the continent which has most cities with a population of 10 million or more

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– the continent where there are no cities with a population of over 5 million.

............................................. [2]

(iii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the distribution of areas with over 80% of their population
living in urban areas.

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(iv) Explain why the percentage of the total population living in cities in LEDCs is likely to
continue growing rapidly.

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(b) Study Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 (Insert), which are photographs taken in part of the urban area of
Mumbai, India (an LEDC).

(i) Describe three features of the buildings in the area shown in Fig. 2.2.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain why the quality of life of some people who have moved to areas like those shown
in both Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 may be worse than in the rural areas they moved from.

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(c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe what has been done to reduce the
problems caused by urban growth.

Name of urban area ..................................................................

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[Total: 25]
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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows the Earth’s tectonic plates and their boundaries.

North American
Eurasian Plate Eurasian
Arabian
Plate Plate
Plate
Juan de
ean
Philippine Fuca Plate a r ibb
C te
Plate Pla
African
Fiji Plate
Plate Cocos
Plate
Nazca
Pacific Plate South
Indian-Australian Plate
American
n Plate
iaSo Plate
nd uth
s tI ea
e e st
w g
u th Rid
S o

Antarctic Antarctic
Plate Plate

overriding
Key plate
subducting
plate
direction of conservative divergent convergent complex or uncertain
plate movement boundary boundary boundary plate boundary

Fig. 3.1

(i) At which type of plate boundary do plates move away from each other?

Circle your answer.

Conservative Convergent Divergent

(Destructive) (Constructive)
[1]

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(ii) Explain why boundaries where plates move towards each other are known as destructive
boundaries.

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(iii) Explain why volcanoes form at places where plates move away from each other.

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(iv) Draw a diagram of a strato-volcano (composite cone) in the box below and label its main
features.

[4]

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(b) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), which shows information about an eruption of Mauna Loa volcano in
Hawaii.

(i) Compare the flow of lava from Mokuaweoweo crater (labelled M on Fig. 3.2) with the
flow from Pu’u Ula’ula crater (labelled P).

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(ii) Explain why more deaths and injuries are caused by earthquakes than by volcanic
eruptions.

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(c) For a named area which you have studied, explain the causes of an earthquake.

Name of area ..................................................................

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[Total: 25]

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4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows a map of an upland area, and Fig. 4.2 (Insert), which is a
photograph of a waterfall.

N
A

Key
C
hard
D rock
river
0 5 10 15 direction
of flow
km

Fig. 4.1

(i) Which location A, B, C or D is the most likely position of the waterfall shown in Fig. 4.2?

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(ii) Identify features X and Y in Fig. 4.2.

X ........................................................................................................................................

Y ................................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Explain why a gorge may form downstream of a waterfall.

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(b) Study Fig. 4.3 (Insert), which is a map of an area in Asia where river flooding occurred.

(i) Describe the location of the areas shown in Fig. 4.3 where flooding occurred.

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(ii) Suggest reasons why the rivers flooded in the areas shown in Fig. 4.3.

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(iii) Suggest the methods which could be used in the area shown in Fig. 4.3 to prevent
flooding.

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(c) Describe the changes which occur along a river and its valley from its source to its mouth.
You should refer to processes and landforms.

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[Total: 25]

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

QUESTION 5

5 (a) Study Fig. 7, which is a graph showing information about the average employment structure
of LEDCs and MEDCs, along with Photographs D, E and F (Insert).

20

%
80
tor

em
sec

plo
40
ary

yed
nd

60

in t
eco

ert
in s

60

iary
yed

sec
40
plo

tor
em

80
%

MEDCs
20

LEDCs
LEDC

80 60 40 20
% employed in primary sector

Fig. 7

(i) Plot a cross on Fig. 7 to show the following information about the average employment
structure of NICs:

Primary 20%;
Secondary 30%;
Tertiary 50%. [1]

(ii) Match Photographs D, E and F (Insert) with the descriptions in the table below.
Write the letter of a photograph alongside the correct description.

Letter (D, E or F)
Primary industry in an LEDC
Secondary industry in an MEDC
Tertiary industry in an NIC
[2]

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(iii) Using information from Fig. 7 only, compare the average employment structure of an
LEDC and MEDC.

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(iv) Suggest reasons for the difference in employment structure between LEDCs and
MEDCs.

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(b) Study Fig. 8, which is a map showing information about Ferrero, a transnational corporation
(TNC) which produces Nutella chocolate spread.

Stadtallendorf,
Germany

France Belsk,
Poland Vladimir,
Brantford, (sugar and Russia
Canada vanillin)
vanilla)
Villers-Écalles,
France
Turkey (hazelnut)
Alba and Sant’Angelo
dei Lombardi, Italy

Nigeria (cocoa)
Malaysia (palm oil)
Brazil (sugar)
Poҫos de Caldas,
Los Cardales, Brazil
Lithgow,
Argentina Australia

Key
headquarters
main raw materials
factories
main sales offices

Fig. 8

(i) Using information from Fig. 8 only, explain how the TNC (Ferrero) shows evidence of
globalisation.

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(ii) Explain why globalisation has occurred.

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(c) For a named example you have studied, describe the impacts of a transnational corporation
(TNC) on an LEDC.

Name of transnational corporation (TNC) .........................................

Name of LEDC .........................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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QUESTION 6

6 (a) Study Fig. 9 (Insert), which is a map showing information about industry in Panama (an LEDC
in Central America).

(i) What is meant by manufacturing?

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(ii) Identify the following from Fig. 9:

- A food processing industry in Colón; ................................................

- A crop grown around Puerto Armuelles. ................................................ [2]

(iii) What evidence on Fig. 9 suggests that raw materials influence the location of
manufacturing industry in Panama?

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(iv) Suggest other factors which may have influenced the location of manufacturing industry
in Panama.

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(b) Study Fig. 10, which shows information about industry.

INPUTS

manufacturing

OUTPUT
consumer
distribution

Fig. 10

(i) State three different types of input of a manufacturing industry.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ....................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Name a type of manufacturing industry. Identify the main output and describe the
processes which take place in the industry.

Type of manufacturing industry .........................................................................................

Main output .......................................................................................................................

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(c) For a farm or agricultural system in a named area you have studied, explain how the land use
is influenced by natural factors.

Name of area .........................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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Additional Pages

If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question
number(s) must be clearly shown.

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