GATE | PSUs

Since 2011

CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Hydrology
Text Book : Theory with worked out Examples
and Practice Questions

HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | DELHI | BHOPAL | PUNE | BHUBANESWAR | BANGALORE | LUCKNOW

PATNA | CHENNAI | VISAKHAPATNAM | VIJAYAWADA | TIRUPATHI | KOLKATA
 9 Hydrology
(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)

80  90 60 70 
PIII   
01. Precipitation 3  60 75 100 
PIII = 80 cm

01. Ans: (d)

04. Ans: 1093.43
Sol: Existing no.of rain gauge stations m = 6
NP  PQ P P 
Average depth of rainfall P  92.8 cm Sol: PP    R  S
m  N Q N R N S 
Standard deviation of rainfall  = 30.7 cm
Allowable error (E) = 10% 780  930 1010 PS 
860   
Optimum no. of rain gauge stations, 3  850 920 980 

C  Ps = 1093.43 mm
n v
E
100  100  30.7 05. Ans: (b)
CV    33.08%
P 92.8 Sol:
2 2
C   33.08 
n V    10.94  11 No’s
 E   10 
>47 cm
depth
02. Ans: (b) 47 cm 3 day = t2
1 day =t1
Sol: n = 5; CV = 33%
104 km2 Area
2 2
C   33 
 n   V   5    For 3day storm
 E  E
Average depth > depth of one day storm
E = 14.758%
> 47 cm
% Accuracy = 100% error
= 10014.758 = 85.24%
06. Ans: (c)
03. Ans: (c)
Sol: Missing rain fall @ station PIII = ?
Missing rainfall
N III  PI P P 
PIII    II  IV 
m  N I N II N IV 

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 2 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

1
02. Mean Precipitation Calculation A1  A 2   2  2  2 km 2
2

01. Ans: (a)

1 1 3
P A  PB A B  PC A C  PD A D A3  A5   2 2    4 2  4.309 km 2
Sol: P  A A 2 3 4
AA  AB  AC  AD
3  75  5  125  4  150  6  150 1 3 2
 A4   4  2.308 km 2
75  125  150  150 3 4
= 4.7 cm A 6  8  8  8 km 2

02. Ans: (b) P1A1  P2 A 2  P3 A 3  P4 A 4  P5 A 5  P6 A 6

P
A A A A A
Sol: P  PA  A  PB  B  PC  C  PD  D
A A A A 8  2  13  2  4.8  4.309  3.2  2.309  5.4  4.309  9.4  8
P
AD A A A  22.928
 1  A  B  C  P  7.35 cm
A  A A A 
= 1(0.1+0.2+0.3) = 0.4
04. Ans: (c)
P  10  0.1  15  0.2  20  0.3  25  0.4
Sol: P1 = 45 cm,
= 20 cm
P2 = 55 cm,
P3 = 65 cm
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: 3.2  P  P2   P  P3 
A1  1   A2  2 
A4 P  2   2 
A5 A3 A
5.4 4.8  45  55   55  65 
100   150  2 
9.4   2   
100  150
A6
= 56 cm
A2
8 A1 13

3 2
A  4 4  4  22.928 km 2
4

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 3 Hydrology

05. Ans: (b) 03. Frequency of Point Rainfall &

Sol: Probability
P  P  P  P 
A1  1 2   ......  A n 1  n 1 n 
P  2   2  01. Ans: (i) 2.5, (ii) 2, (iii) 1.25
A
Sol: Return period (T) for a magnitude listed at
1512 12  9  9  6  6  3  3 1
92
2  128 2  120 2  175 2   85 2  a position “m” in a total of ‘n’ entries is
P          
600 n 1
T
= 7.4 cm m
Arrange all flood data in descending order
06. Ans: (b) and allot rank to each flood (i.e)
Sol: Annual peak flood
Rank
 12  10   10  8  (m3/s)
30  12  140     80   
 2   2  130 1
8 6 6  4 120 2
 180     20 
 2   2  100 3
P
30  140  80  180  20
80 4

= 8.84 cm 75 5
Note: Formula same as earlier problem 70 6
60 7
07 Ans: (b) 50 8
40 9
08 Ans: (c) 9 1
(i) Return period of flood 80 m3/sec =
4
10
 = 2.5
4
9 1
(ii) Return period of flood 75 m3/sec = =2
5
9 1
(iii) Return period of flood 50 m3/sec =
8
10
 = 1.25
8

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 4 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

02. Ans: (d) 05. Ans: (c)

Sol: For 6 cm rain fall Sol: Risk = 20% = 0.2; n = 10yrs, T =?
Rank m = 6 Risk = 1(q)n
n = 10 0.2 = 1(q)10 q = 0.9778
P = 1q = 0.022
(i) Hazen formula, 1 1
T   45.45  45 yrs
n P 0.022
T
m  0.5
06. Ans: (d)
10 10 20
T   Sol: T = 100 yr
6  0.5 5.5 11
n=2
(ii) By Weibull Formula
1 1
n  1 10  1 11 P   0.01
T   T 100
m 6 6
q = 1P=10.01= 0.99
Risk = 1(q)n = 1(0.99)2 = 0.0199 = 1.99%
03. Ans: (d)
Sol: T = 20 years 
07. Ans: (i) 0.025, (ii) 0.397, (iii) 0.975
1 1
p   0.05 Sol T = 40 years
T 20
1 1
n = 12 years (i) p    0.025
T 40
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.025 = 0.975
Probability of occurring at least once
(ii) At least once in next 20 years
= 1  q n  1  0.9512 = 45.96% ≈ 46%.
 
Risk = 1  q n  1  0.975 20
= 0.3973
04. Ans: (a)
R = 39.73%
Sol: n = 50 yrs
(iii) Probability of occurring of flood
T = 100 yrs
magnitude less than 4000 m 3 / sec
1 1
P   0.01 Probability of not occurring a flood of
T 100
q =1P = 10.01 = 0.99 magnitude ≥ 4000 m 3 / sec

Risk = 1(q)n = 1(0.99)50 q = 0.975

= 0.395 = 39.5% 08. Ans: (c)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 5 Hydrology

04. Evaporation & Evapotranspiration  6  30  24  60  60 

  1000  145
 5000  10 4

 6.5  30  24  60  60 
  1000  E  0
01. Ans: 5.157  5000  10 4

Sol: Depth of water removed, = 0.0581000
4.2  10 3 [456.04][336.96E] = 0.0581000
Z  1000  3.592 mm
 E = 61.08 mm
1.22 2

4  Evaporation loss in that month

Pan evaporation E = 61.08 mm
E = P  Z = 8.75  3.592 = 5.157 mm
04. Ans: (d)
02. Ans:11.94 mm & 8.35 mm Sol: I  O = S
Sol: Depth of water added Plan area of reservoir = 1 km2
3
Z  8.75  10  1000  7.736 mm = 1100 = 100 ha

1.22 
 10 
3  
 100  20 
12  0.7 
 100  seepage
4 100 100
   
Pan evaporation, E = pZ
 20
= 4.2+7.736   100
100
= 11.936 mm (+Z  water added inflow  Pr ecipitation   outflow  Evaporation  seepage
 Z  water removed) Ha.m  Ha.m  Ha.m  Ha.m  Ha.m 
= change in storage
(Actual evaporation = CP  pan evaporation)
(Ha.m)
= 0.711.936
= 8.35 mm [10 + 3][20 + 8.4 + seepage] = 20
 seepage loss = 4.6 Ha.m
03. Ans: 61.08 Note: All values substitute in above
Sol: Increase in storage equation in ha-m
= 103.258103.2=0.058 m
IO =  S = +S 05. Ans: (a)
(∵ + increase) Sol: R = 200 watt/m2
[I+P][O+E+S] = +S L = 2441 kJ/kg
= 2441103J/kg;

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 6 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

w = 997 kg/m3 08. Ans: (c)

R 200 Sol: Indian standard pan
E 
 w L 997  2441  10 3  CP = 0.8
= 8.218108 m/sec Pan evaporation = 4.0 cm
Actual evaporation from reservoir
≃ 7.1 mm/day
= Cppan evaporation
= 0.8 4=3.2 cm
06. Ans: (c)
Volume of water evaporated = plan area of
Sol: P = 7.2%,
reservoir actual evaporation loss
Tm = 18C,
3.2
K = 0.7 = 100   10 4  3.2  10 4 m 3 / day
100
Consumptive use
KPTm
= PET   2.54 cm / month 09. Ans: (d) 10. Ans: (a)
100
0.7  7.2  1.8  18  32  mm
PET   25.4
100 month 05. Infiltration
= 82.44 mm/month
consumptive use 01. Ans: (a)
Sol: f < fc when i<fc
82.44
PET   2.74 mm / day
30
02. Ans: (b)
07. Ans: (a) Sol: Hydraulic conductivity of soil
consumptive use fc = 0.2 cm/hr
Sol: K 
pan evaporation
i = 0.5 cm/hr [∵ i>fc]
consumptive use
0.52  fa = fc = 0.2 cm/hr
9 .5
Consumptive use= 9.50.52
03. Ans: (d)
= 4.94 cm/month
Sol: ft = fc+(f0fc) ekt
January no.of days} = 31
ft = 1.34+(7.621.34)e4.182t
Consumptive use
10 f2 = 1.34+(7.621.34)e4.1822 = 1.34
= 4.94  ≃ 1.6 mm/day
31 f2 = fc

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 7 Hydrology

 steady state attained 06. Ans: (d)

Total infiltration in 2hrs Sol: Runoff = Area of hyetograph above IC
f0  fc curve
 fc  t  20
K

mm/hr
Runoff
7.62  1.34 10 10
 1.34  2   4.18 cm
4.182

04. Ans: 4.375 0 1 2 3

Sol: Area of hyetograph above IC curve

f0 = 2 cm/hr; fc = 0.5 cm/hr; K = 4hr 1 Total area of hyetograph Area below IC 

   curve between 1hr to 3hr 
 between 1hr to 3hr   
fo  fc
Infiltration in 8hr = f c  t   20  1  10  1  1 f t .dt
3
K
1.5
 30    6.8  8.7e t dt 
3
 0.5  8   4.375 cm
4  1 
3
05. Ans: 40320 m3 
 30  6.8  t 1 
3 8 .7  t 
1
e   
Sol: In 24 hrs Rainfall = 10 cm  1
In 24 hrs evaporation = CPpan 
 30  6.8  3  1  8.7 e 3  e 1  
evaporation = 13.63 mm
= 0.70.6
f 0  fc 07. Ans: (b)
In 24 hrs infiltration = f c  t 
K Sol:   index  0.5cm / h
1  0.3
 0.3  24  P = 2 cm; T = 6 hour
5
Given, Uniform rate R = ?
 7.34 cm
P  R  losses
Run off = PEI Windex =
t
Runoff (R) = 10(0.70.6)7.34=2.24 cm 2R 0
0.50 =
Depth of runoff = 2.24 cm 6
Volume of runoff R = -1 cm
= Area of catchment  depth of Runoff Runoff = 0 cm
2.24
 1.8  1000 
2

100
= 40320 m3

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 8 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

08. Ans: (d) 11. Ans: (d)

Sol: The total observed runoff volume Sol: R2 = 8.4 cm ;  = 1.2 cm/hr; te = 8hr
Pe 2  R 2 Pe 2  8.4
= 25.2106m3    Pe 2  18 cm
2 te2 8
Area of basin = 280 km
Rainfall intensity = 4hr P 18
Intensity    2.25 cm / hr
Duration of rain = 4 hr t 8

Total rainfall in 4hr, P = 2.84 = 11.2 cm 12. Ans: (c)

Runoff depth (R) Sol: P = 7 + 18 + 25 + 17 +11 +3
25.2  10 6 P = 81cm
  100  9 cm
280  1000 P  R  losses
2
Windex =
Average infiltration t
P  R 11.2  9 81  39
   0.55 cm/ hr   7 mm / hr
t 4 6
= 5.5 mm/hr  index > Windex
8 mm/h > 7mm/h
09. Ans: (a)  index = 8 mm/h
Pe1  R 1 Pe 2  R 2
Sol:  index  
t e1 t e2 13. Ans: (b)
Sol: Windex :
4  2 10  R 2
   R2 = 6 cm
4 8 P   ii  t i

30
Linked answer questions for 10 & 11 P  1.6  3.6  5  2.8  2.2  1  8.1cm
60
10. Ans: (a)
t = 3hr; R = 3.6cm
Sol: Storm – I
P  R  losses 8.1  3.6  0
ie = 2 cm/hr Windex  
t 3
te = 5 hr, R = 4 cm
= 1.5 cm/hr
Pe = iete = 25 = 10 cm
Index:
P  R 10  4
 index  e   1.2 cm / hr index > Windex
te 5
30
Pe  1.6  3.6  5  2.8  2.2  7.6 cm
60

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 9 Hydrology

te = 2.5 hr; R = 3.6 cm index :

Pe  R 7.6  3.6 Pe = 1.42+0.82=4.4 cm
 index    1.6 cm / hr
te 2 .5 te= 4 hr, R = 3.2 cm
Pe  R 4.4  3.2
 index  
14. Ans: (a) te 4
Sol: Windex : = 0.3 cm/hr
P = 1.6 + 5.4 + 4.1 = 11.1 cm 16. Ans: (c)
R = 4.7cm, t = 24hr, losses = 0.6 cm Sol: index = 10 mm/hr
P  R  losses 11.1  4.7  0.6 Pe = iete (ie i > index)
Windex  
t 24
= 281+121 = 40 mm
= 0.241 cm/h
te = 2 hr
index:
Pe  R 40  R
index > Windex  index   10  = 20 mm
te 2
Pe  5.4  4.1 9.5 cm
te = 16 hr 17. Ans:(1.816 cm, 1.616 cm)
Pe  R 9.5  4.7 Sol: ft = fc + (fo –fc) e–kt
 index    0.3 cm / hr
te 16 = 3+ e–2t
(i) Infiltration in 30 minutes (or) 0.5 hr
15. Ans: (c) 0.5

 3  e .dt
2 t

Sol: Windex : 0
P = iiti = 0.5+2.8+1.6 = 4.9 cm
R = 3.2 cm  3t 0 
0.5 e  2 t 0.5
0
2
P  R  losses 4.9  3.2  0
Windex 
t

6
 3  0.5  0.5 e 1  e 20  
= 0.283 cm/hr = 1.816 cm

2.8 1.4
(ii) Infiltration in 2nd 30 minutes
Rainfall cm

1.6 0.8
i cm/hr

0.5 0.25
First we have to calculate infiltration in

0 hr to 1 hr
1
0 1 2 3
Time (hr)
Time (hr)

  3  e 2 t dt 
0

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 10 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

 3t  
1 e  2 t 1
0
02. Ans: (b)
0
2 Volume of Runoff
Sol: Area of catchment=
= 3–0.5[e–2 –eo] depth of Runoff
=3.432 cm 4 hr
But in question he ask next 30 minutes so
we subtract
90 m3/sec
1st 30 min infiltration
= 3.432 cm–1.816 cm
70 hr
= 1.616 cm

 70  4 
06. Runoff  2   60  60  90
 599.4 km 2
2
 1000 
2

01. Ans: (d) 02. Ans: (a) 100

03. Ans: (a) 04. Ans: (a)

03. Ans: (d)
90(m3/s)
Sol:
70
07. Hydrographs 40
10
0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 0
0 20 30 50 90
01. Ans: (d) Time in hour
Sol: Volume of runoff = Area of DRH 1
A1   10  10  60  60 = 506060
1 2
=  80  200  60  60
2
10  70 
= 28.8 ×106 m3 A2    10  60  60  400  60  60
 2 
Volume of runoff
Runoff depth =  70  90 
Area of catchment A3    10  60  60  800  60  60
 2 
28.8  10 6
=  100  90  40 
1440  10 6 A4    20  60  60  1300  60  60
 2 
= 2 cm

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 11 Hydrology

1  06. Ans: 9.09 m3/sec

A 5    40  40  60  60  800  60  60
2  Sol:
A = A1+A2+A3+A4+A5 = 3350  60  60
2hr UHG 6hr UHG
Rainfall excess = Runoff
3350  60  60 QP
  100  4.02 cm 10 m3/sec
300  1000 
2

40 hr 44 hr

1 1
04. Ans: (c)  10  40  60  60  Q P  44  60  60
2  2
Sol: Volume of runoff = Area of DRH 1 1
1 100 100
=  48  300  60  60
2 10  40 = 44 Qp
6 3
= 25.92 ×10 m 10  40
QP   9.09 m 3 / sec
Volume of runoff 44
Runoff depth =
Area of catchment 07. Ans: (d)
25.92  10 6
Sol:
Area of catchment =
1
3 hr UHG 3 hr UHG
100 2
A1=235 km A1=?
= 2592 km2

30 m3/sec 90 m3/sec
05. Ans: (c)
Sol: Volume of runoff = Area of catchment B B
1 Same base but peak has increased to 90 m3/sec
=  Q  20
2 i.e., 3 times increase
= 10 ×Q  Area also increase to 3 times
Volume of runoff
Runoff depth = A2 = 3A1 = 3235 = 705 km2
Area of catchment
1 10  Q 08. Ans: a) 7.6 cm b) 40 m3/sec
= Sol: Peak flood resulting for 6hr storm
100 500  10 4
Q = 5000 m3/h = 150 m3/sec
Base flow = 6 m3/sec
Peak flood of 6hr DRH = 1506
= 144 m3/sec

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 12 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

Peak ordinate of 6hr UHG = 36m3/sec Base flow = 20 m3/sec

Peak ordinate of 6hr DRH Peak of 3hr DRH = Peak of 3hr FHG
= Peak ordinate of 6 hr UHG × R Base flow = 210 20
= 190 m3/sec
a) 144 = 36 R
Peak of 3hr
144
R  4 cm;   6 mm / hr Peak of 3hr DRH 190
36 UHG  
R 1.8
Pe  R P  40
 6 e  105.55 m / sec
3

te 6
 Pe  76 mm
Linked answers (10 & 11)
Pe =7.6cm = depth of storm rainfall
b) 15th hr 10. Ans: (b)
Sol: Area of catchment = 720 km2
Time interval 6hr UHG
Base flow = 30m3/sec
0 0
index = 1mm/hr
3 15
Pe = 4 cm, te = 4hr = 40 mm
6 36
9 30 4hr UHG
12 17.5
15 8.5
QP
6hr UHG ordinate at 15th hr = 8.5 m3/sec
6hr DRH ordinate at 15th hr
80 hr
= 6 hr UHG R
= 8.54 = 34 m3/sec ∵ UHG runoff depth = 1 cm
th 3
6hr storm flow at 15 hr = 34 + 6 = 40 m /sec Volume of runoff = Area of catchment 
Depth of runoff
09. Ans: (b) 1 1
 Q P  80  60  60  720  1000  
2

Sol: Pe = 2.7 cm, te = 3hr,  = 0.3 cm/hr 2 100

3
Pe  R QP = 50 m /sec
2 .7  R
  0 .3   R  1.8 cm
te 3
Peak of 3hr FHG = 210 m3/sec

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 13 Hydrology

11. Ans: (a) 13. Ans: (b)

Pe  R 40  R Sol: index = 0.4 cm/hr
Sol:  index  1
te 4
R  36 mm = 3.6 cm 60
 15
Peak ordinate of 4hr DRH = Peak ordinate 20
60
of 4hr UHG  R th
10th hr 15 hr
= 503.6 = 180 m /sec 3 15

Peak flood discharge = Peak DRH+ Base flow 10 20

= 180+30 = 210 m3/sec
At 15th hr time interval ordinate of 1 hr

Common data for Q 12 & 13 60

UHG   15  45 m 3 / sec
20
12. Ans: (c)
Pe  R 5.4  R
Sol: index = 0.4 cm/hr   0.4 
te 1
Base flow = 15 m3/sec
Ordinate of 1hr DRH
Volume of Runoff
Area of catchment = = ordinate of UHGR
depth of Runoff
= 45  5 = 225 m3/sec
1
 60  30  60  60
2 FHG ordinate at 15th hr
  324 km 2
1
 1000  = DRH + Base flow
2

100 = 225+15=240 m3/sec

Common data for Q 14 & 15

1 hr UHG
14. Ans: (b)
60 m3/sec Sol: Area watershed = 50 km2
Base flow = 10 m3/sec
30 hr
 Index = 0.5 cm/hr

1 hr UHG
QP

15 hr

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 14 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

Volume of Runoff = Area of water shed  6hr UHG

6hr 12hr 12 hr
Time lagged DRH UHG
Runoff depth ordinate
6hr UHG R=2 cm ordinate
1 1
 Q p  15  60  60  50  1000   
2 0 0 0 0
2 100 6 30 0 30 15
3 12 15 30 45 22.5
Qp = 18.52 m /sec
18 0 15 15 7.5
0 0 0
15. Ans: (d)
Sol: Pe = 5.5 cm
Peak discharge of 12hr UHG = 22.5 m3/sec
te = 1 hr
Peak discharge 12hr DRH
index = 0.5 cm/hr
= Peak discharge of 12 hr UHG R
Peak ordinate of 1hr UHG = 18.52 m3/sec
= 22.510 = 225 m3/sec
Peak ordinate of 1hr DRH
= Peak ordinate 1hr UHG  R
17. Ans: (c)
= 18.525 = 92.60 m3/sec
Sol: Area of catchment
Peak ordinate of 1hr SHG
Volume of Runoff
= DRH+ Base flow =
depth of runoff
= 92.60 + 10
1
= 102.6 m3/sec  30  18  60  60
 2  9720 ha
1
 10 4
Common data for Q 16 & 17 100
16. Ans: (b)
Sol: Pe = 16 cm, te = 12 hr 18. Ans: (d)
index = 0.5 cm/hr Volume of Runoff
Sol: Catchment area 
Pe  R 16  R depth of Runoff
 index   0.5 
te 12
0  0 
1  60  60   2  6  4  2  1
R = 10 cm  2 

1
 1000 
2
6 hr UHG
100
30 =5.4 km2
30 6
m3/sec 12

0 6 12 18
6 hr 12 hr
18 hr

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 15 Hydrology

19. Ans: (c) 21. Ans: 160 m3/sec

Sol: Sol: tp = 64 hours
1hr 2hr QP = 30 m3/sec
3 hr
1hr UHG delayed 1 delay Volume of runoff = Area of DRH
Time DRH
ordinate hr UHG 1hr
(hr) R = 3 cm 1
(m3/sec) ordinate UHG 3
  64  30  3600  3.456  10 6 m 3
(m /sec) 2
(m3/sec) (m3/sec)
0 0   0 Runoff depth = 1 cm = 0.01 m
1 2 0  2 Volume of runoff
Runoff depth 
2 6 2 0 8 Area of catchment
3 4 6 2 12
3.456  10 6
4 2 4 6 12 Area of catchment 
0.01
5 1 2 4 7
= 345.6 km2
6 0 1 2 3
0 1 1 A
Equilibrium discharge = 2.778
D
At time interval (t) = 3 hr 345.6
3 Q eq  2.778 
3hr DRH ordinate = 12m /sec ; R = 3 cm 6
3hr DRH ordinate Qeq = 160 m3/sec
3hr UHG ordinate 
R
12
  4 m 3 / sec
3
20. Ans: (c)
A
Sol: Qequi  2.778
D
A = 270 km2
D = 3 hr
270
Q  2.778   250 m 3 / sec
3

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 16 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

22. Ans: 256 m3/sec

Sol:
Time 4H UHG ordinate S-curve addition S-curve ordinate (SA)
0 0 0
2 6 6
4 33 0 33
6 90 6 96
8 119 33 152
10 103 96 199
12 79 152 231
14 50 199 249
16 25 231 256
18 7 249 256
20 0

Common data for 23 & 24

23. Ans: (c)
Volume of Runoff Area of UHG
Sol: Area of catchment  
depth of Runoff depth of Runoff

0  0 
1  60  60   3  8  6  3  2 
  2 
1
 1000 
2

100
= 7.92 km2

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 17 Hydrology

24. Ans: (a)

Sol:
Time 2hr S-curve S-curve 3hr lagged 3hr DRH 3hr UHG
(hr) UHG Additions Ordinates S-curve SASB S A  S B 2
Ordinate (m3/sec) (m3/sec) ordinate (m3/sec) 3
(m3/sec) (m3/sec) 3
(m /sec)
0 0 0  0 0
1 3 3  3 2
2 8 8  8 16/3
3 6 3 9 0 9 6
4 3 8 11 3 8 16/3
5 2 9 11 8 3 2
6 0 11 11 9 2 4/3
11 11 11 0 0

Pe = 6.6 cm = 66 mm
index = 2 mm/hr
Pe  R
te = 3 hr  index 
te
66  R
base flow = 5 m3/sec 2
3
 R = 60 mm = 6 cm
Peak ordinate of 3hr UHG = 6 m3/sec
Peak ordinate of 3hr DRH = Peak ordinate 3hr UHGR
= 66 = 36 m3/sec
Peak ordinate of 3hr SHG = Peak of 3hr DRH + Base flow
= 36+5
= 41m3/sec

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 18 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

Common Data for 25 & 26 27. Ans: 43.33m3/sec

Sol:
25. Ans: (b)
Storm I Strom II
Sol:
Pe1 = 3.8 cm Pe2 = 4.8 cm
Q  1  1  t e  t
te1 = 3 hr te2 = 3 hr
1
 1cm / hr  D =1hr  = 0.6  = 0.6
D
3.8  R 1 4.8  R 2
At t = , Q = Equilibrium 0.6  0.6 
3 3
Qequi = 1(1+)e = 1 m3/sec R1 = 2 cm R2 = 3 cm
A
But Q equi  2.778
D
A 10 10 m3/sec
1  2.778 3
1 3hr UHG
6
1 10
A  0.36 km 2 6
2.778 9
10
3
26. Ans: (c) 9
0 3 6 9 12 15
SA 15 hr
SB
S-curve 2hr DRH
Time 2 hr delayed
ordinates (SASB)
t
S-curve ordinate 3hr Ist storm IIndstorm 6hr H
Q= 1(1+t)e
Time UHG =UHGR1 =UHGR2 Ordinate
0 0  3
m /sec 3
m /sec 3
m /sec m3/sec
1 0.264 
0 0 0  0
2 0.593 0
3 5 10 0 10
0.80.264
3 0.8 0.264 6 10 20 15 35
= 0.536
9 6.66 13.33 30 43.33
12 3.33 6.66 20 26.66

2hr UHG ordinate 

S A  S B D  0.536  1 15 0 0 10 10
T 2   0 0
3
= 0.27 m /sec
Peak discharge of resulting
DRH = 43.33 m3/sec

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 19 Hydrology

28. Ans: 715 m3/sec

Sol: Ist storm IInd storm
te = 6hr te = 6hr
Pe = 3 cm Pe = 5 cm
index = 0.25 cm/hr index = 0.25 cm/hr
Pe  R 1 Pe  R 2
 
te te
3  R1 5 R2
0.25  0.25 
6 6
R1 = 1.5 cm R2 = 3.5 cm

IInd storm 12 hr DRH

Time 6hr UHG Ist storm UHGR1
UHGR2
0 0 0 - 0
6 20 30 0 30
12 60 90 70 160
18 150 225 210 435
24 120 180 525 705
30 90 135 420
36 66 99 315
42 50 75 231
48 32 48 175
54 20 30 112
60 10 15 70
66 0 0 35
0

24th hr 29. Ans: (d)

DRH ordinate = 705 m3/sec Sol: 6 hr UHG peak ordinate = 30 m3/sec
Base flow = 10 m3/sec Peak ordinate of 12hr UHG =?
Storm discharge = DRH + Base flow
= 705+10
= 715 m3/sec

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 20 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

Explanation: 08. Maximum Flood Estimation

6 hr
UHG 12 hr 01. Ans: (d)
UHG Sol: A = 90 ha
I = 4.5 cm/h = 45 mm/h
R = 0.40
Storms of shorter duration produce more AIR 90  45  0.40
Q= 
360 360
peak than storms of longer duration storm.
Q = 4.5 m3/sec
Peak of 12hr UHG<peak of 6hr UHG
 Peak ordinate of 12hr UHG < 30 m3/s
02. Ans: (b)
Sol: 30%  0.40
30. Ans: (c)
Sol: Time to peak for shorter duration storms 70%  0.60

occur much faster then time to peak for 30 70

 A  0.40   0.60  A
I= 100 100
longer duration storm.
A
6 hr I = 0.54
UHG 12 hr
UHG
03. Ans: (d)
Sol: A = 1.5 km2 = 150 Ha, I = 0.42
48
t1 R   60  102.86 mm/h
t2 28
t1 < t2
AIR
QP 
360
31. Ans: (d) 32. Ans: (c) 150  0.42  (48 / 28)  60

360
=18 m3/sec

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 21 Hydrology

04. Ans: 7.08 m3/s 10. Well Hydraulics

Sol: I = 0.30
A = 0.85km2= 85 ha 01. Ans: (b)
25 frequency  Culvert design for a rain Sol: A = 150Ha, n = 0.4, Sr = 0.15,
of 25 year frequency ΔGW  ?
Duration of storm = time of concentration
WT1 20 m
= 30 mins
depth of rainfall 50 WT2 30 m
R=  mm / min 3m
duration of rain 30
R = 100 mm/h
AIR 85  0.30  100 ΔGW  s y  volume of aquifer
Q= 
360 360
Q = 7.083 m3/sec. Sy = n – Sr = 0.4 – 0.15 = 0.25

volume of aquifer = area of aquifer  drop

05. Ans: (c) 06. Ans: (c) in level of W.T.
ΔGW  0.25  150  23  20 
07. Ans: (a)
ΔGW =112.5 Ha.m
= volume of water extracted.
09. Flood Routing
02. Ans: (a)
3
01. Ans: 17.748 m /sec Sol: Volume of GW extracted = 3  10 6 m 3
3
Sol: t1 = 3 hr, t2 = 4 hr, I3 = 18 m /s,
area = 5km2
I4 = 42 m3/s, Co = 0.042, C1 = 0.538,
Drop in water table level =102  99 = 3m
Q3 = 15 m3/s, Q4 =?,
Specific yield, Sy = ?
C2 =1CoC1 = 10.0420.538 = 0.42
volume of G.W extracted
Q4 = Co I4 + C1 I3 + C2 Q3 Sy 
volume of aquifer
= 0.042  42 + 0.538  18 + 0.4215
3  10 6
= 17.748 m /s 3   0.2
5  10 6  3

02. Ans: (a)

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 22 CIVIL-Postal Coaching Solutions

03. Ans: (b) 05. Ans: (b)

Sol: n = 0.3, Sy = 0.2, Sol: dye
2
A = 100km , ΔWT  0.25m
Volume of GW extracted =?
Volume of aquifer
= 100  10 6  0.25  25  10 6 m3 K =30
50m m/day
Volume of GW extracted = Sy  Volume of 25 m
6 6 3 3
aquifer = 0.2  25  10 = 5  10 m = 5Mm

04. Ans: 0.105 1500 m

Sol: Darcy’s equation: 1500 m =Distance between wells.
Q = KiA h1= 50m, h2 = 25 m
V = Ki K = 30 m/day
V n = 0.25
Vd =
n Time of travel =?
A B
Tracer = Will not loose power & never
5.0 m
5.6m reacts with soil or water & it flows with

0.6 water.
Dis tan ce traveled by tracer
Time 
20m seepage velocity
15m
0.6 14.4m V
tan i  Va  , V = Ki,
290 n
50  25
290m i  0.0167
1500
(V = apparent or seepage velocity)
K = 300.0167 = 0.5 m/day
K = 4  10–3cm/sec.
0.5
Q(m3/day/m) width of aquifer = ? Va   2 m / day
0.25
Q = KiA 1500
Time =  750 days
4  10 3  10 2  5.6  5   14.4  15  2
=    1  
1  290   2  avg.ht

Q = 1.216  10–6 m3/s

Q = 0.105 m3/day/m

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad
 23 Hydrology

06. Ans: 12.2 m/day 2KbS1  S 2 

Q
Sol: H = 14.5m, r1 = 16m, r2 = 34m, s1 = 2.2m, r 
log e  2 
Q  925 lit / min  925  24  60  10 3  r1 
 1332 m 3 / day 2 TS1  S 2 
Q ; T = K.b
S1 = 2.45  r2 
log e  
S2 = 1.20m  r1 
K=? 2T 3  0.5
3916.8 
h1 = 14.5 – 2.45 = 12.05m – 2.2 = 9.85m.  100 
log e  
h2 = 14.5 – 1.20 = 13.3m – 2.2 = 11.1m.  10 

Q

πk h 22  h12  Transmissivity, T = 574.4 m2/day
lnr2 /r1 
ln34/16 1332 11. River Gauging
K  12.2 m/day

π  11.12  9.85 2 
01. Ans: (b)
2.2 m Sol: QT = 4 lit/sec = 4  10–3 m3/sec
CT = 500103 mg/lit

H = 14.522 Cmix = 4 ppm

= 12.3m
= 1 mg/lit
Qs =?
Qs Cs  Q T CT
C mix 
Qs  QT
07. Ans :( b)
0  4  500  10 3  10 3
Sol: Radius of well, 4
Q S  4  10 3
20
r=  10 cm  0.10 m QS = 500 m3/sec
2
Discharge, Q = 2720 lit/ min
= 3916.8 m3/day
At r1 = 10 m, draw down, S1 = 3 m
At r2 = 100 m, draw down S2 = 0.5 m

ACE Engineering Publications Hyderabad • Delhi • Bhopal • Pune • Bhubaneswar • Lucknow • Patna • Bengaluru • Chennai • Vijayawada • Vizag • Tirupati • Kolkata • Ahmedabad