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Students' Suicide in India

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 Research Article
International Journal

Students’ Suicide in India

of Politics, Law, and
Management
ISSN: 2583-4908
Vol. 01, No. 07
November 2022: 12-21
© The Author(s) 2022
Website: https://ijplm.com/

Aniza KB1

Abstract

Suicide has been a concern of the society since a long time. Recently, suicide as a whole has been
increasing. In general, suicide is attempted by all types of people. It can be attempted by any person
despite their age, gender, caste, religion, class, nationality etc. In India, we have come across
suicide by women due to dowry, sexual abuse etc. We have seen suicide by farmers who are
financially stressed and more. Suicidal thoughts can come across anyone’s minds and can have
number of factors affecting the person. In India, especially student suicide has been drastically
increasing. Student in this study means a person studying in an educational institution in India and
limited to the age group of 13 to 25 years. This also includes the students of the same age group,
who are not studying in educational institutions but preparing for entrance examinations to get into
one. There are numerous reasons why a student might take this step. It can go from exam fear to the
number of circumstantial experiences. The material used for reference includes analysis and
statistics from (WHO) World Health Organization, (NCRB) National crime records bureau, (IPC)
Indian penal code etc. Information from websites of newspapers such as, The Hindu, Indian express
etc. This study talks about the various factors leading to suicidal thoughts, which includes
coronavirus pandemic to mental and physical abuse, how the pandemic and other experiences the
students go through can affect them. Further, out of the mentioned factors, few important ones that
need instant attention have been explained in detail. How to prevent suicide? And Who can prevent
suicide? What is the role of students’ guardian or parents in preventing suicidal thoughts that might
occur? How can educational institutions contribute to prevention? This paper also answers questions
like what has been the pattern of student suicide in India, before and during the pandemic. The legal
status of suicides in India has also been discussed, which brings the question of decriminalizing
suicides. Whether decriminalizing will decrease the number of deaths from suicide or not. Further,
talks about the sociologist, Emile Durkheim’s view on student suicide and which type of suicide is
student suicide according to his theory. Various articles and journals have been mentioned in the
study to discuss the matter in detail. This project's idea is to make people aware of this issue, which
is slowly becoming the new normal. The project takes the reader from introduction of suicide, to
factors affecting suicide, to how to prevent it. The study should be used to understand what student
suicide is, and to realize how much it needs our attention.

Introduction
Suicide, has transformed into a not-so-rare subject. Suicide means intentionally trying to end or to
end your own life. This step is taken by people trying to escape reality or the hardships that they are
going through. But, in any case, suicide should not be an option. It is not a solution. There are several
causes of suicide which can include ailments, PTSD (Post traumatic stress disorder), schizophrenia,

1 Alliance School of Law, Alliance University, Bengaluru

International Journal of Politics, Law, and Management
an International Peer Reviewed (Refereed), Open Access Journal
ISSN: 2583-4908 / Vol. 01, No. 07

mental and physical disorders and depression (being the most common one). Student suicides is the
most common one and has been growing tremendously given the educational and academic stress,
pressure from parents, career concerns at a young age, uncertainty of the future, bullying etc. In
India, all of the above has been a cause of suicide including alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse or
intoxication if not taken care of, at the right time, it can lead to depression and therefore
automatically towards suicidal thoughts and actions.

Psychologists say that due to staying indoors and the isolation during Covid-19, students have been
exposed even more towards the problem. Global Report of Disease addresses that, suicide is the
leading cause in India, especially between ages 15 & 39 . Everyone has a different opinion, but
what’s necessary is the root cause or the initial stage. Therefore, before eliminating any factor, one
has to know the ground of it or in other words, the social factor. The study of suicide in society
reveals that the complex problem is the fusion of social, legal, and medical phenomenon. Further,
few common methods used for self-harm include hanging, harmful chemicals, overdosing etc .

Research Problem
The research problem of this study is the leading cause of student suicides in India, and that
becoming the new normal. Students in this research are of the age group – 13 to 25 years. This
problem is staying unnoticed by many. The study focuses on raising awareness and putting forward
prevention ideas for few of the factors of suicide.

Existing Legal Situation

Existing legal framework for jurisdiction of suicides in India comes from: 1) Article 21 of the Indian
constitution that states “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to
procedure established by the law”. The Indian constitution doesn’t provide the “Right to die”. 2)
Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) clearly states as follows: “Whoever attempts to commit
suicide and does any act towards the commission of such offence, shall be punished with simple
imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine or both.” The Mental Health
Care Bill, 2013, still under consideration in the Rajya Sabha, has proposed that tried suicide ought to
now no longer be criminally prosecuted. Recently, the judgement of Kerala HC quashing a criminal
case registered against a village officer for attempting suicide has brought to the fore again the need
for decriminalizing the offence under section 309 of IPC. The court considers it to be an insult to
human dignity . The court stated that under section 115(1) of the Mental Healthcare Act 2017,
anyone who attempts suicide is presumed to be suffering from extreme stress unless proven
differently and is not subject to a trial or punishment under the code.

Despite the fact that Section 309 is still in force, the Mental Healthcare Act (enacted in July 2018)
has limited its scope. Any attempt at suicide shall be deemed, unless proven otherwise, to be the
result of severe stress, and shall not be prosecuted or punished in accordance with section 309 of the
Indian Penal Code, according to the relevant provision of the new act. There is an attempt to
decriminalize attempt to suicide.

Decriminalization is a more humane way of dealing with suicide compared to prosecution. Right
now, the Kerala court said that the majority of the state have agreed on decriminalizing suicide. It
may not be considered as an offence against the state. On the contrary, the state itself may be
indirectly responsible for the plight of the victim who is left with no other alternative, except to end
his life. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the state to provide a safe environment to the person at
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International Journal of Politics, Law, and Management
an International Peer Reviewed (Refereed), Open Access Journal
ISSN: 2583-4908 / Vol. 01, No. 07
least after the attempt to suicide if not before. They should not only consider decriminalizing suicide
but also what to keep their next step as to provide help.

Literature Review
1) Pandey Vinita, Students’ Suicides in Institutions of Higher Education in India: Risk Factors and
Interventions, 5 International Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice, 29, 29-34 (2017)

Students’ suicide is a growing problem. The author’s main objective is to understand what are the
aspects that lead to students taking such decisions, decisions to end their life! The author wants to
make it known that suicides is not a solution. The aspects leading to suicide are not just limited to
educational institutions but more. The risk factors discussed include complex socio-economic
factors, Psycho- cultural etc.

The risk factors discussed are examination centric education system, depression, the caste factor,
ragging and bullying, sexual orientation, financial pressure, emotional neglect, forced career, not
speaking up etc. Further, the interventions to minimize these factors are discussed by the author.

The author expressed clearly that suicide is never a instant decision and is largely dependent on more
than one factor. When we dig deeper, we see that suicide, as Emile Durkheim suggests, is more of a
sociological problem than psychological. Students’ suicide in India can be avoided more efficiently
if we address the problem right from the initial stage i.e. educational institutions and more factors
that affect students directly and more primarily, rather than attempting to control the situation when
it’s too late.

2) Underwood Julie, Under the law: Student Suicide and School Liability, 101 Phi delta kappan, 64-
65 (2019)

Educators’ responsibility for student safety goes from physical to mental and emotional harms, such
as harassment, ragging, bullying, mental health issues, self-harm and suicide. The author’s objective
was to deduce that horrible things can and do happen even after identifying the aspects to prevent
further anguish and trauma. School are questioned when they do happen and their employees are
held legally responsible, of course, depending on the facts involved in the case.

The author cites various school liabilities in students’ suicides with the help of cases. Author says
that the questions of responsibility in cases of suicide are never clear, legal remedies are generally
not emotionally satisfying for anyone involved in that particular case.

Author clearly states that even though school do have a responsibility to provide a developing and
safe environment for the students, further, also the responsibility to provide any aid or provisions to
help the student during emotional or mental issues, but if they responsibly do so, they shall not be
held legally responsible.

3) Menon V et al. Rising Incidence and Changing Demographics of Suicide in India: Time to
Recalibrate Prevention Policies? 25 Asian J. Psychiatr, 102983 (2021)

In this research paper, the author talks about the spike in suicides, addressing it as a major public
health issue in India. Out of which, suicides among those with secondary and higher secondary
education that is share of students registered a 7.4% in 2019 to 8.2% in 2020. The author explains
that these trends cannot be ignored and should be observed carefully. A rise in student suicide maybe
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an International Peer Reviewed (Refereed), Open Access Journal
ISSN: 2583-4908 / Vol. 01, No. 07
triggered by the pandemic and inadequate access to coping resources and vents due to school closure
may have triggered additional stress. According to NCRB (National crime record bureau), COVID-
19 has been a catalyst towards student suicides. The author suggested protocols or remedies to deal
with the situation, which included, talking openly about stress, forming school-community
collaborations, conduction of programs aimed at fostering life skills etc.

4) Deb sibnath, Academic stress, parental pressure, anxiety and mental health among Indian high
school students, 5 International Journal of Psychology and Behavioural Science, 26-34 (2015)

The author’s work investigates the academic stress and even the mental health of the students in
India. The author puts forward his research through data collection as well as General Health
Questionnaire. The author talks about parental pressure, academic stress, examination related
anxiety, psychiatric problems etc. All these are serious issues that affects the students in any way
possible. The research puts forward ways to combat the challenges mentioned above.

1.5. Scope And Limitation

The scope of this research paper is limited to student suicides and does not extend to other age
groups that happens under the preview and also limited to the study in India with reference to laws of
other countries, existing laws in India, theories by sociologists etc. In this study, student means a
person studying in an educational institution or studying to get into one of the age groups 13 to 25
years.

1.6. Objective Of The Study

The objectives of the study are as follows:

a) Understand the factors responsible for student suicide

b) Pattern of the suicides

c) legal status of suicide

d) How to prevent the problem

1.8. Research Questions

Q1) What is the factors leading to student suicides in India?

Q2) What is the pattern of student suicide in India?

Q3) What are the ways to prevent student suicide in India?

Q4) What type of suicide is student suicide on the basis of Emile Durkheim’s study?

1.9. Research Methodology

The research methodology adopted is of doctrinal form hence predominantly focusing on primary
sources such as legislations, statutes, statistical data etc. It also focuses on secondary sources like
articles and journals.

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an International Peer Reviewed (Refereed), Open Access Journal
ISSN: 2583-4908 / Vol. 01, No. 07

1.10. Significance Of The Research

This research will help in understanding the questions one might get regarding student’s
suicide in India, from “what is suicide” to “how to prevent it”. Students suicide is a problem that has
to be perceived and acted upon more than before. What is the responsibility of the people who stay
close to students?

How to address a student having suicidal thoughts etc. The research paper answers all those
questions and also argues why decriminalising suicide may turn out to be a better option.

Factors Affecting Student Suicide

There are numerous factors that can affect suicidal attempt or that can cause suicidal thoughts to
occur in a student. As discussed before, it goes from mental to physical factors. Few of the reasons
can be PTSD (Post traumatic stress disorder), depression, academic stress , uncertainty of future,
gender identification process, bullying and even alcohol abuse. It goes from a very common factor
called depression to various circumstantial experiences. Circumstantial experience basically means
any situation or experience a student goes through and how they react towards it, both during and
after it. These experiences can include death of someone dear to the student, the preparation process
of an entrance exam, any mishap with his/her friend, any open embarrassment that the student might
have gone through. This list can go on and on, therefore it is important to know that student are
people who are in a growing stage and come across various experiences every day, and it is very
important to know how they deal with them.

PTSD, Academic stress and bullying: Post traumatic stress disorder is basically the after effect of any
situation the student undergoes, which leads to stress, anxiety, therefore depression leading to
suicidal thoughts. In educational institutions, the main aspect can be the academic stress that the
students go through today. Moreover, the expectation from parents and teachers on top of the
increasing competition is problematic if not handled in a very positive way. It is important to make
the student understand that exams are not everything that they need in order to achieve something,
and that they can always improve and perform better with the help of their parents and
teachers/educational mentors. India has seen numerous cases where students suicide due to stress of
exam results, this is mainly because they are afraid to talk to the parents and teachers, and hence they
think that they have no option left if they do bad in exams. Entrance examinations like NEET, JEE
etc. has also been a major force in increasing stress among children.

Students scoring bad and not meeting the expectations of the educational institution (achievements,
attendance, participation in co-curricular activities) can get the negative idea of them not achieving
in the future as things like exams and extra activities are portrayed as the most important by schools
and colleges in order to be successful. The educational institutions should realise that each of the
students have different backgrounds and different ideas, and therefore should treat each one of them
with utmost care. Moreover, students feeling deprived for any reason possible in an educational
institution can be more prone to bullying. Students can feel deprived due to scoring less, due to
financial status of his/her family, due to lack of friends, due to a certain way he /she is being treated
due to his/her class, caste or gender.

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an International Peer Reviewed (Refereed), Open Access Journal
ISSN: 2583-4908 / Vol. 01, No. 07
Gender Identity: Another very important aspect, that is coming into picture more nowadays, is the
process of gender identification. Gender identity is an individual’s sense of their own gender
(example, Male, female, transgender, nonbinary etc.). Students have problems related to gender
expression that is basically presenting their gender to others through physical appearance and
behaviour-this may include, but is not limited to voice or movement. Being in an educational
institution during this process, gains unwanted or excess attention from other students and teachers.
It can be termed as unwanted or excess if it harms the student dealing with gender identity in any
way. Here again, the teachers and staff play a really important role in keeping the student safe from
any situation that might cause him/her distress in this aspect.

Alcohol abuse: Further, when students don’t find any help, they turn towards practices that aren’t the
best for them, mentally and physically. This usually happens when their cries for help are ignored or
are termed as “drama” by someone who could have been help to them, in their mind. Practices that
they turn towards might include but aren’t limited to intoxicants, alcohol etc. If not handled in a
balanced way, this can lead to alcohol abuse. Alcohol further deterring their performance mentally
and physically in educational institutions, which if kept unnoticed can lead to circumstances like
suicidal thoughts, as this leads to making the students not only physically tired but also mentally.

These were few factors affecting students and leading to suicidal thoughts and suicide if not taken
care of at the right time and the right way. Right way of preventing it is important, so as to not
aggravate the problem even more. For this a need of counsellors in every educational institution, for
the students, parents, and the staff, is necessary.

Pattern Of Student Suicide In India

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) facts are used to calculate annual suicide rates, stratified
with the aid of using sex and state were calculated to estimate the extent of change in suicide rates.
According to the NCRB’s accidental Deaths and Suicide in India (ADSI) reported 8.2% of students
in the country die by suicide. Suicide rates in India generally showed a decreasing trend from 2010
until 2017, with the trend reversing after this period, specially for males. Among males and females,
the highest increase post 2017 was notes in 2020 (Males: RR= 1.18 95 UI 1.17-1.19; females: RR=
1.05 95% UI 1.03-1.06) . With 1,834 deaths, Maharashtra had the most student suicides in 2021,
followed by Madhya Pradesh (1,308) and Tamil Nadu(1,246) .

The rate went drastically up during the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 and 2021. The coronavirus
pandemic can be one of the many reasons of suicide as the pandemic further ignited the existing
problems of a students, which they face in a daily basis. The existing problems include, less marks
due to lack of concentration, which increased during online classes. Moreover, the isolation that
everyone went through during the two years did hold the capacity to make teenagers and youngsters
feel sad and alone, as it is their age to be out socializing. This led to making the youngsters group
even more vulnerable. The research also revealed that while men made up 56.51 percent of all
student suicides, the ratio of female suicides was at a five-year low of 43.49 percent. According to
2012 Lancet report, suicide rates in India are highest in the 15-29 age group- the youth population.
The president of the Indian Psychiatric Society, Mrugesh Vaishnav, stated that "stress, anxiety
disorders, depression, and personality disorders all result in mental illness that causes suicide. This
occurs when a learner is unfamiliar with their immediate surroundings .

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an International Peer Reviewed (Refereed), Open Access Journal
ISSN: 2583-4908 / Vol. 01, No. 07

Ways To Prevent Student Suicides

In India, a leading problem is suicide. Suicide is preventable, even if it seems tough to stop or avoid
it given that it is rising daily. There are already a large number of organizations in India dedicated to
preventing suicide, including the Suicide Prevention India Foundation (SPIF), AARSA, and
numerous counselling NGOs. Additionally, there are helplines that people can call to ask for
assistance. Schools should instruct pupils on how to handle stress and anxiety. One of the solutions
has also been advised by the World Health Organization (WHO), called gatekeeper training. This
unique strategy for decreasing student suicide entails teaching people to serve as first responders to
someone who is experiencing mental distress and may be considering suicide .

However, in order to prevent suicide earlier and more successfully, we need the help of those who
are close to the youngsters who are experiencing suicidal thoughts. Friends, parents, teachers, and
other educators can all be very helpful in this process. Suicidal thoughts may strike at any time.
Particularly for pupils who will experience new things in life. From exam stress to physical or mental
abuse. Simply raising awareness through workshops and camps in schools or other educational
institutions is another efficient strategy that will have a greater impact and spread quickly. When a
student is identified as being at risk for suicide, educational institutions can further train their staff
and faculty to take action. Additionally, those closest to the student, who are the ones playing a
crucial role in preventing suicidal ideation in students, should be informed of any strange behaviour
by the student that would suggest he harms himself. In this manner, we are able to alter or control the
circumstance on a personal level. Furthermore, it will be stopped long before things become out of
control. They should also alert the student's guardian so that the student's relatives or friends can
provide more extensive support. As a result, it is the duty of the professors and staff to both keep
kids safe and help them out of a bad situation. One of the simplest things parents can do to prevent
suicides is to listen to their children if they exhibit any signs of extreme stress that can put them at
risk for suicide.

Additionally, parents should attempt to avoid labelling their children's emotions as excuses, laziness,
teenage drama, etc. They should make sure that the experiences their children are going through are
not distressing them at a high level, we can say, this is just simply to be “updated” with their life. A
few situations that can lead young people to consider suicide include losing a loved one, bullying,
watching or experiencing violence or abuse, suicide, the loss of a friend or peer, being rejected
because of gender identity, etc. It is crucial to encourage the youngster to speak up and to let them
know that they are in a safe environment.

STUDENT SUICIDE W.R.T EMILE DURKHEIM’s VIEW

Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist and scientist who vigorously combined social theory and
practical study (empirical) in his methods. His famous theories include his theory on suicide too. It
was noticed that Durkheim for his study didn’t actually research the pattern and facts by going out in
the society, instead he took data from another sociologist, and put up his theory forward. Due to this
he is also known as “armchair sociologist”. Moreover, Durkheim’s study was limited to Catholics
and Protestants of that community.

Durkheim’s 1897 study of suicide was based on observations related to integration and regulation.
Emile Durkheim’s study was unique and has relevance even today. He was the one to point out that
suicide may be more of a sociological issue than psychological. His study of suicide was his first
work where he used empirical research. According to Durkheim suicide refers to death because of
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an International Peer Reviewed (Refereed), Open Access Journal
ISSN: 2583-4908 / Vol. 01, No. 07
change in the victim’s behavior, positive or negative, which he knows the result of. He said there are
four types of suicides, between the two social forces of social integration and moral regulation. The
four suicides were Egoistic Suicide, Altruistic suicide, Anomie suicide and Fatalistic suicide.

Egoistic suicide occurs, when social integration is absent. People who are social outcasts and feel
alone or outside the group commit it. Altruistic suicide happens when social group participation is
excessive. Technically speaking, altruistic suicide occurs in environments with strong integration.
People that have a high degree of group integration are willing to give their lives as a sacrifice for the
group, as in the case of martyrs. The absence of social control or regulation leads to anomic suicide.
It happens when there is a lot of tension or irritation. Anomic suicide is caused by abrupt and
unforeseen changes in circumstances. For instance, a pandemic or an economic depression. Fatalistic
suicide happens when people are subjected to strict control or tight regulation. These individuals are
placed under extreme rules or high expectations are set upon them, which removes a person’s sense
of self or individuality. Slavery can be an example of fatalistic suicide. Student suicide can be termed
as Egoistic suicide the best, as egoistic suicide means when there is low integration in the society. In
this the student feels deprived and hence feels he/she has no one to talk to, and hence sees suicide as
the only option to escape the situation.

Conclusion
Student suicides in India is a growing matter and should be given immense attention as soon as
possible. This study helps in understanding what is suicide, the factors affecting it, and ways to
prevent them.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this
article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for this article's research, authorship, and/or publication.

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