Maths_12th_Exemplar_Chp_4

4
CHAPTER
DETERMINANTS
Chapter Objectives
This chapter will help you understand :
¾¾ Determinants : Introduction, Types of determinants, Properties of determinants, Area of triangles, Minors and co-factors,
Adjoint and inverse of a matrix and Application of determinants and matrices.
Quick Review
The Wronskian of solutions of a linear ODE is a
determinant. It plays a central role in spectral theory
(Hill’s equation with periodic co-efficients), and TIPS…
therefore in stability analysis of travelling waves in Along with numerical, some theories and concepts
PDEs. are also important in this chapter.
Perron’s eigen value of an irreducible non-negative
matrix is a very nice use of the multi-linearity of the Properties of determinants are very important,
determinant. especially properties number 6 mentioned in
The nth root of the determinant is a concave function NCERT.
over the n × n Hermitian positive definite matrices.
This is at the basis of many developments in modern
In expansion of determinants, decide well before
analysis, via the Brunn-Minkowski inequality. solving about one style expansion by row or column.
In control theory, the Routh-Hurwitz algorithm,
which checks whether a system is stable or not, is
based on the calculation of determinants. TRICKS…
As mentioned by J.M., Slater determinants are used You could always do the calculation twice, once
in quantum chemistry. with the top row as a starting point and one (say)
with the bottom row.
Know the Links If the matrix is structured so that a certain row or
☞☞
www.sosmath.com/matrix/determ0/determ0.html column has a lot of zeros in it then you must be
☞☞
https://www.math.drexel.edu/~jwd25/LM_SPRING_07/ sure to take advantage of this.
lectures/lecture4B.html You might consider Pivotal Condensation. Pivotal
☞☞
https://www.ironsidegroup.com/.../determinants-the- condensation can be extremely tedious; it may-or-
answer-to-a-framework-manager-... may-not be time-effective in solving problems.
Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ 2x 2 − 40 = 18 + 14 (1 mark each)

⇒ 2x = 32 + 40
2
2x 5 6 −2 72
Q. 1. If = , then the value of x is ⇒ x2 = = 36
8 x 7 3 2
(a) 3 (b) ±3 ∴ x = ±6
(c) ±6 (d) 6
a−b b+ c a
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 24, Page 80]
Ans. Correct option : (c) Q. 2. The value of determinant b − a c + a b is
Explanation : Given that c−a a+ b c
2x 5 6 −2 (a) a3 + b3 + c 3 (b) 3bc
∴ = ,
8 x 7 3 (c) a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3 abc (d) None of these
⇒ 2x 2 − 40 = 18 + 14
Ans. Correct option : (d)
⇒ 2x 2 = 32 + 40
Explanation : We have
72
⇒ x2 = = 36
2
∴ x = ±6
bc − ac c − a ab − a c( b − a) c − a a(b − a)
b b−c c
= ( b − a )2 a a − b b
c c−a a
108 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII [On taking ( b − a) common
from C1 and C3 each]
a−b b+c a a+c b+c+a a b−c b−c c
b−a c+a b = b+c c+a+b b = (b − a) a − b a − b b
2
c−a a+b c c+b a+b+c c c−a c−a a
[ C1 → C1 + C2 and C2 → C2 + C3 ] [ C1 → C1 − C3 ]
=0
a+c 1 a [Since, two columns C1 and C2 are identical, so the
= (a + b + c) b + c 1 b value of determinant is zero.]
c+b 1 c Q. 5. The number of distinct real roots of
[Taking ( a + b + c ) common from C2 ] sin x cos x cos x
π π
cos x sin x cos x = 0 in the interval − ≤ x ≤
a−b 0 a−c 4 4
cos x cos x sin x
= (a + b + c) 0 0 b−c
c+b 1 c is
(a) 0 (b) 2
[ R2 → R2 − R3 and R1 → R1 − R3 ] (c) 1 (d) 3
= ( a + b + c ) – [( b − c ) ( a − b )] [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 28, Page 81]
Ans. Correct option : (c)
[Expanding along R2 ] Explanation : We have,
= ( a + b + c )( b − c )( a − b ) sin x cos x cos x
Q. 3. The area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0), (3, 0) cos x sin x cos x = 0
and (0, k) is 9 sq. units. Then, the value of k will be
(a) 9 (b) 3 cos x cos x sin x
(c) –9 (d) 6 Applying C1→C1+C2+C3
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 26, Page 80] 2 cos x + sin x cos x cos x
Ans. Correct option : (b)
2 cos x + cos x sin x cos x = 0
Explanation : We know that, area of a triangle with
vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by 2 cos x + cos x cos x sin x
x1 y1 1 On taking ( 2 cos x + sin x ) common from
1
∆ = x2 y2 1 the C1 , we get
2
x3 y3 1 1 cos x cos x
−3 0 1 ⇒ ( 2 cos x + sin x ) 1 sin x cos x
1
∴ ∆= 3 0 1 1 cos x sin x )
2
0 k 1 [ R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 ]
[Expanding along R1 ] 1 cos x cos x
1 ⇒ ( 2 cos x + sin x ) 0 sin x − cos x 0 =0
9 = [ −3( − k ) − 0 + 1(3k )]
2 0 0 (sin x − cos x )
⇒ 18 = 3k + 3k = 6k Expanding along C1,
18 ( 2 cos x + sin x )[1.(sin x − cos x )2 ] = 0
∴ k= =3
6 ⇒ ( 2 cos x + sin x )(sin x − cos x )2 = 0
b2 − ab b − c bc − ac Either 2 cos x = − sin x
Q. 4. The determinant ab − a2 a − b b2 − ab is equal 1
⇒ cos x = − sin x
2
bc − ac c − a ab − a2 ⇒ tan x = −2
to
But here for, we get − 1 ≤ tan x ≤ 1. So,
(a) abc ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b )
no solution is possible and for
(b) ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b )
(sin x − cos x )2 = 0, sin x = cos x
(c) (a + b + c ) ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b ) p
(d) None of these ⇒ tan x = 1 = tan ...(i)
4
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 27, Page 80] π
∴ x=
Ans. Correct option : (d) 4
Explanation : We have Thus, one distinct real root exists.
b 2 − ab b − c bc − ac b(b − a) b − c c(b − a) Q. 6. If A, B and C are angles of a triangle, then the
ab − a 2 a − b b 2 − ab = a(b − a) a − b b(b − a) −1 cos C cos B
bc − ac c − a ab − a 2 c(b − a) c − a a(b − a) determinant cos C −1 cos A is equal to
b b−c c cos B cos A −1
= ( b − a )2 a a − b b
(a) 0 (b) –1
c c−a a
(c) 1 (d) None of these
[on taking (b – a) common from(bC−1 aand
[On taking C3 each]
) common [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 29, Page 81]
from C1 and C3 each]
b−c b−c c
= ( b − a )2 a − b a − b b
DETERMINANTS | 109
Ans. Correct option : (a) 1 1 1
−1 cos C cos B ∆= 1 1+sinq 1
Explanation : We have, cos C −1 cos A 1+cosq 1 1
cos B cos A −1 [Applying C1→C2–C3 and C2→C1–C3]
Applying C1→aC1+bC2+cC3,
0 0 1
− a + b cos C + c cos B cos C cos B = 0 sin q 1
a cos C − b + c cos A −1 cos A cosq 0 1
a cos B + b cos A − c cos A −1
= − sin q .cosq
Also, by projection rule in a triangle, we know that 1
a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C and c = − .2 sin q .cosq
2
= a cos B + b cos A 1
= − sin 2q
Using above equation in column first, we get 2
− a + a cos C cos B 0 cos C cos B 1
So, maximum value of ∆ is when sin 2q = −1
b−b −1 cos A = 0 −1 cos A = 0 2
c − c cos A −1 0 cos A −1 0 x−a x−b
[Since, determinant having all elements of any Q. 9. If f ( x ) = x + a 0 x − c , then
column or row gives value of determinant as zero] x+b x+c 0
cos t t 1 (a) f(a) = 0 (b) f(b) = 0
f (t ) (c) f(0) = 0 (d) f(1) = 0
Q. 7. If f(t)= 2 sin t t 2t , then lim 2 is equal to
t →0 t
sin t t t [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 32, Page 82]
(a) 0 (b) –1
Explanation : Given that,
(c) 2 (d) 3
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 30, Page 81] 0 x−a x−b
Ans. Correct option : (a) f (x) = x + a 0 x−c
Explanation : We have, x+b x+c 0
cos t t 1
0 x−a x−b
f (t ) = 2 sin t t 2t ,
f (x) = x + a 0 x−c
sin t t t
x+b x+c 0
Expanding along C1,
0 0 a−b 0 0 a−b
= cos t ( t 2 − 2t 2 ) − 2 sin t ( t 2 − t ) + sin t ( 2t 2 − t )
⇒ f ( a) = a + a 0 a − c = 2a 0 a−c
= −t 2 cos t − ( t 2 − t ) 2 sin t + ( 2t 2 − t ) sin t
a+b a+c 0 a+b a+c 0
= – t 2 cos t − t 2 .2 sin t + t.2 sin t + 2t 2 sin t – t sin t
= [( a − b ){2 a.( a + c )}] ≠ 0
= −t 2 cos t + t sin t
0 b−a b−b 0 b−a 0
f (t ) ( −t 2 cos t ) t sin t
∴ lim = lim + lim 2 ∴ f (b ) = b + a 0 b−c = b+a 0 b−c
t →0 t 2 t → 0 t2 t →0 t
sin t b+b b+c 0 2b b + c 0
= − lim cos t + lim
t →0 t →0 t = (b − a)[ 2b(b − c )]
= −1 + 1 = 2b(b − a )(b − c ) ≠ 0
 sin t  0 − a −b
 lim = 1 and cos 0 = 1
 t →0 t  ∴ f ( 0) = a 0 −c
=0 b c 0
1 1 1
= a (bc) – b(ac)
Q. 8. The maximum value of ∆ = 1 1 + sin θ 1
= abc – abc
1 + cos θ 1 1 = 0
is (θ is real number)
2 λ −3
1 3
(a) (b) Q. 10. If A = 0 2 5 . Then A–1 exist if
2 2
1 1 3
2 3 (a) λ = 2 (b) λ ≠ 2
(c) 2 (d)
4 (c) λ ≠ –2 (d) None of these
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 31, Page 81] [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 33, Page 82]
Ans. Correct option : (a) Ans. Correct option : (d)
Explanation : Given that, Explanation : Given that,
110 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
2 l −3 x 1 1
A= 0 2 5 ⇒ 0 y 1 =0
1 1 3 −z −z 1 + z
Expanding along R1, Expanding along R1
A = 2 ( 6 − 5 ) − l ( −5 ) − 3 ( −2 ) ⇒ x[ y(1 + z) + z] − 0 + 1( yz) = 0
= 2 + 5l + 6 ⇒ x( y + yz + z) + yz = 0
We know that A–1 exists, if A is non-singular matrix, ⇒ xy + xyz + xz + yz = 0
i.e., |A|≠0 xy xyz xz yz
∴ 2 + 5l + 6 ≠ 0 ⇒ + + + =0
xyz xyz xyz xyz
⇒ 5l ≠ −8 [On dividing (xyz) from both sides]
−8 1 1 1
∴ λ≠ ⇒ +1+ + = 0
5 x y z
−8 1 1 1
So, A−1 exists if and only if λ≠
. ⇒ + + = −1
5 x y z
Q. 11. If A and B are invertible matrices, then which of ∴ x −1 + y −1 + z −1 = −1
the following is not correct?
Q. 13. The value of the determinant
(a) adj. A = A . A−1
x x + y x + 2y
( )
(b) det A−1 =  det ( A ) 
−1
x + 2y x x + y is
x+y x + 2y x
( AB ) = B−1 A−1
−1
(c)
(a) 9x ( x + y)
2
(b) 9y 2 ( x + y )
( A + B ) = B −1 + A −1
−1
(d)
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 34, Page 82] (c) 3y ( x + y )
2
(d) 7x 2 ( x + y )
Ans. Correct option : (d) [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 36, Page 82]
Explanation : Since, A and B are invertible matrices, Ans. Correct option : (b)
so, we can say that Explanation : Given that,
( AB)−1 = B −1 A −1 ...(i) x x + y x + 2y
1 x + 2y x x+y
Also, A −1 = ( adj A )
A x + y x + 2y x
⇒ adj A = A −1 .| A | ...(ii) Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 and C3 → C3 − C2
Also, −1
det( A ) = [det( A )] −1 3( x + y ) x + y y
1 3( x + y ) x y
⇒ det( A )−1 =
[det( A )] 3( x + y ) x + 2 y −2 y
⇒ det( A ).det( A )−1 = 1 ...(iii) 1 (x + y) y
From equation (iii), we conclude that it is true. = 3( x + y ) 1 x y
1 1 ( x + 2 y ) −2 y
Again, ( A + B)−1 = adj ( A + B)
|( A + B)| [Taking 3(x + y ) common from first column]
⇒ −1
( A + B) ≠ B + A −1 −1
...(iv) 0 y 0
Q. 12. If x, y and z are all different from zero = 3( x + y ) 1 x y [Applying R1 → R1 − R2 ]
1 ( x + 2 y ) −2 y
1+ x 1 1
and 1 1+ y 1 = 0, then value of Expanding along R1
1 1 1+ z = 3( x + y )[ − y( −2 y − y )]
= 3y 2 .3( x + y )
x –1 + y –1 + z –1 is
= 9y 2 (x + y)
(a) xyz (b) x–1y–1z–1
Q. 14. There are two values of a which makes
(c) –x – y – z (d) –1
1 −2 5
Ans. Correct option : (d) determinant, ∆ = 2 a –1 = 86. Then sum of
Explanation : We have, 0 4 2a
1+ x 1 1 these numbers is
(a) 4 (b) 5
1 1+ y 1 = 0, (c) –4 (d) 9
1 1 1+ z [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 37, Page 83]
Applying C1→C1–C3 and C2→C2–C3
Explanation : We have,
DETERMINANTS | 111
1 −2 5 Q. 17. Which of the following is correct?

(a) Determinant is a square matrix.
=∆ 2= a –1 86
(b) Determinant is a number associated to a matrix.
0 4 2a (c) Determinant is a number associated to a square
Expanding along first column matrix.
⇒ 1( 2a 2 + 4) − 2( −4a − 20) + 0 =86 (d) None of these. [NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 16, Page 121]
⇒ 2a 2 + 4 + 8a + 40 =86 Ans. Correct option : (c)
Explanation : We know that every square matrix,
⇒ 2a 2 + 8a + 44 − 86 =
0 A = [aij] of order n. We can associate a number
⇒ a 2 + 4a − 21 =
0 called the determinant of a square matrix A, where
aij = (i , j ) element of A.
th
⇒ a 2 + 7 a − 3a − 21 = 0
⇒ ( a + 7 )( a − 3) =
0 Thus, the determinant is a number associated to a
square matrix.
∴ a =−7 , 3
Q. 18. If area of triangle is 35 sq. units with vertices (2,
Required sum =−7 + 3 =−4 –6), (5, 4) and (k, 4). Then k is
x 2 6 2 (a) 12 (b) –2
Q. 15. If = then x is equal to (c) –12, –2 (d) 12, –2
18 x 18 6
[NCERT Ex. 4.3, Q. 5, Page 123]
(a) 6 (b) ±6
Ans. Correct option : (d)
(c) −6 (d) 0
Explanation : The area of the triangle with vertices
[NCERT Ex. 4.1, Q. 8, Page 109]
(2, −6), (5, 4) and (k, 4) is given by the relation,
Ans. Correct option : (b)
Explanation : Given that, 2 −6 1
1
x 2 6 2 ∆= 5 4 1
= 2
18 x 18 6 k 4 1
1
⇒ x 2 − 36 = 36 − 36 = [ 2( 4 − 4) + 6(5 − k ) + 1( 20 − 4k )]
2
⇒ x 2 – 36 =
0 1
= [30 − 6k + 20 − 4k ]
⇒ x2 = 36 2
⇒ x= ±6 1
= [50 − 10k ]
Q. 16. Choose the correct answer 2
Let A be a square matrix of order 3 × 3, then kA = 25 − 5k
is equal to It is given that the area of the triangle is ±35.
(a) k A (b) k 2 A Therefore, we have
⇒ 25 − 5k = ±35
(c) k 3 A (d) 3k A
⇒ 5(5 − k ) = ±35
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 15, Page 121]
Ans. Correct option : (c) ⇒ 5 − k =±7
Explanation : We know that, A be a square matrix When 5 − k =− 7 , k =5 + 7 =12.
of order 3 × 3 When 5 − k =7 , k =5 − 7 =− 2.
 a1 b1 c1  Hence,= k 12, − 2.
Let A=  a2 b2 c 2 
a11 a12 a13
 a3 b3 c3 
Q. 19. If ∆ = a21 a22 a23 and Aij is cofactors of aij, then
 ka1 kb1 kc1  a31 a32 a33
Then, kA=  ka2 kb2 kc 2  value of D is given by
 ka3 kb3 kc3  (a) a11 A31 + a12 A32 + a13 A33
 ka1 kb1 kc1  (b) a11 A11 + a12 A21 + a13 A31
∴ kA =  ka2 kb2 kc 2  (c) a21 A11 + a22 A12 + a23 A13
 ka3 kb3 kc3  (d) a11 A11 + a21 A21 + a31 A31
a1 b1 c1 [NCERT Ex. 4.4, Q. 5, Page 126]
3 Ans. Correct option : (d)
=k a2 b2 c2
Explanation : We know that :
a3 b3 c3 Δ = Sum of the product of the elements of a column
[Taking out common factor k from each row] (or a row) with their corresponding co-factors
= k 3 | A| =∴ ∆ a11 A11 + a21 A21 + a31 A31
∴ | kA |= k 3 | A | Hence, the value of Δ is given by the expression
given in alternative D.
Q. 20. Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 × Q. 22. Choose the correct answer.
3. Then |adj A| is equal to If a, b, c, are in A.P., then the determinant
(a) A (b) A
2
x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
(c) A
3
(d) 3 A x + 3 x + 4 x + 2b
[NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 17, Page 132] x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c
Ans. Correct option : (b) (a) 0 (b) 1
Explanation : We know that, (c) x (d) 2x
| A | 0 0  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 17, Page 143]
( adj A ) A =| A | I =  0 | A | 0  Ans. Correct option : (a)
 0 0 | A | Explanation : Given that,
| A| 0 0 x + 2 x + 3 x + 2a
⇒ |( adj A ) A |= 0 | A | 0 ∆ = x + 3 x + 4 x + 2b
0 0 | A| x + 4 x + 5 x + 2c
1 0 0 x+2 x+3 x + 2a
⇒| adj A || A | − | A | 0 1 0 − | A |3 ( I )
3
= x + 3 x + 4 x + (a + c)
0 0 1 x+4 x+5 x + 2c
∴ | adj A |=| A |2 [ 2b = a + c as a , b and c are in A.P.]
Q. 21. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then Applying R1 → R1 − R2 and R3 → R3 − R2 , we have
( )
det A–1 is equal to −1 −1 a−c
∆ = x + 3 x + 4 x + (a + c)
1
(a) det ( A ) (b) 1 1 c−a
det( A)
(c) 1 (d) 0 Applying R1 → R1 + R3 , we have
[NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 18, Page 132] 0 0 0
Ans. Correct option : (b) ∆ = x + 3 x + 4 x + (a + c)
Explanation : Given that A is an invertible matrix,
1 1 c−a
1
A −1 exists and A −1 = adj. A. Here, all the elements of the first row (R1) are zero.
| A|
Hence, we have Δ = 0.
a b  Q. 23. Choose the correct answer.
As matrix A is order of 2, let A =  
c d  If x, y, z are non-zero real numbers, then the
 d −b   x 0 0
Then, | A |= ad − bc and adj. A =    
 −c a  inverse of matrix A =  0 y 0  is
Now,  0 0 z 
 d −b   x −1
| A | | A | 0 0   x −1 0 0 
1    
A −1 = adj. A =   (a)  0 y −1 0  (b) xyz  0 y −1 0 
| A|  −c a   0
| A | | A |  0 z −1   0
 0 z −1 
 
d −b x 0 0 1 0 0
1   1  
| A| | A| (c) 0 y 0 (d) 0 1 0
∴ | A −1 |= xyz  xyz 
−c a  0 0 z   0 0 1 
| A| | A| [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 18, Page 143]
Ans. Correct option : (a)
1 d −b Explanation : As we know that from the given
=
| A |2 − c a question,
1
= ( ad − bc ) x 0 0
| A |2 A =  0 y 0 
=
1
.| A |
 0 0 z 
| A |2
∴ | A |= x( yz − 0) = xyz ≠ 0
1
= Now, A11 = yz , A12 = 0, A13 = 0
| A|
1 A21 = 0, A22 = xz , A23 = 0
∴ det( A −1 ) =
det( A ) A31 = 0, A32 = 0, A33 = xy
 yz 0 0 
∴ adj. A =  0 xz 0 
 0 0 xy 
1
∴ A −1 = adj. A
∴ | A |= x( yz − 0) = xyz ≠ 0
Now, A11 = yz , A12 = 0, A13 = 0
A21 = 0, A22 = xz , A23 = 0
DETERMINANTS | 113
A31 = 0, A32 = 0, A33 = xy
 yz 0 0   1 sin θ 1 
∴ adj. A =  0 xz 0  Q. 24. Let A =  − sin θ 1

sin θ  where 0 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 π ,
 0 0 xy   −1 − sin θ 1 
1 then
∴ A −1 = adj. A
| A| (a) det ( A ) = 0
 yz 0 0  (b) det ( A ) ∈ ( 2 , ∞ )
1 
= 0 xz 0  (c) det ( A ) ∈ ( 2, 4 )
xyz 
 0 0 xy  (d) det ( A ) ∈ [ 2, 4 ]
 yz  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 19, Page 143]
 0 0  Ans. Correct option : (d)
 xyz  Explanation : As we know that from the question,
 xz 
= 0 0   1 sin q 1 
 xyz 
 A =  − sin q 1 sin q 
xy 
 0 0   −1 − sin q 1 
 xyz 
∴| A |= 1(1 + sin 2 q ) − sin q ( − sin q + sin q ) + 1(sin 2 q + 1)
1 
 0 0 = 1 + sin 2 q + sin 2 q + 1
x 
 1  = 2 + 2 sin 2 q
= 0 0
y = 2(1 + sin 2 q )
 
 1 Now,
 0 0 z  0 ≤ q ≤ 2p
 x −1 0 0 ⇒ −1 ≤ sin q ≤ 1

 
= 0 y −1 0
0 0 z −1 

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 or 2 mark each)
Q. 1. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then |3A| = _______. Q. 4. If cos 2θ = 0, then

[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 38, Page 83] 0 cos θ sin θ
2
Ans. 3 A = 3 × 3 × 3 A = 27 A . [1] cos θ sin θ 0 = ________

Q. 2. If A is invertible matrix of order 3 × 3, then |A–1|
is equal to _______. sin θ 0 cos θ
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 39, Page 83] [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 41, Page 83]
−1 1 Ans. Given that, cos 2θ = 0
Ans. | A |= [Since, |A |.| A −1|=1] [1]
| A| p
⇒ cos 2q = cos
Q. 3. If x, y, z ∈ R, then the value of determinant 2
(2 x + 2 − x )2 (2 x − 2 − x )2 1 p
⇒ 2q =
(3 x + 3 − x )2 (3 x − 3 − x )2 1 is equal to _______. 2
p
(4 x + 4 − x )2 (4 x − 4 − x )2 1 ⇒ q=
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 40, Page 83] 4
Ans. We have, p 1 p 1
∴ sin = and cos =
4 2 4 2
( 2x + 2− x )2 ( 2x − 2− x )2 1 ( 2.2x )( 2.2− x ) ( 2x − 2− x )2 1
2
(3x + 3− x )2 (3x − 3− x )2 1 = ( 2.3x )( 2.3− x ) (3x − 3− x )2 1 1 1
0
( 4x + 4− x )2 ( 4x − 4− x )2 1 ( 2.4x )( 2.4− x ) ( 4x − 4− x )2 1 2 2
[ ( a + b ) − ( a − b ) = 4ab]
2 2 1 1
∴ 0
[ C1 → C1 − C2 ] 2 2
1 1
4 ( 2 x − 2 − x )2 1 0
= 4 (3x − 3− x )2 1
2 2
Expanding along R1 ,
4 ( 4 x − 4 − x )2 1
2
=0  1  1 1  1 
= −   + − 
[Since, C1 and C3 are  2 2 2  2 
2
proportional to each other.]  −2 
[2] = 
2 2 
2
 1 
= − 
 2
1
Expanding along R1 ,
2
 1  1 1  1 
= −  + − 
 2  2 2  2 
114 |
2
OSWAAL −2  SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
=  NCERT

2 2 
2
 1  z−x x−z
xyz
= − 
 2 = z−x y−z0
1 z−x z−y 0
=
2
[2] [Taking ( z − x ) common from column first]
Q. 5. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then (A2)–1 1 xyz x − z
= ________.
= ( z − x) 1 0 y−z
Ans. A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then (A2)–1 =(A–1)2 . [1] 1 z−y 0
Q. 6. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then number of Expanding along R1 ,
minors in determinant of A are ________. = ( z − x )[1.{−( y − z)( z − y )} − xyz( z − y ) + ( x − z)( z − y )]
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 43, Page 83] = ( z − x )( z − y )( − y + z − xyz + x − z)
Ans. A are 9 [Since, in a 3 × 3 matrix, these are 9
= ( z − x )( z − y )( x − y – xyz)
[2]
elements.] [1]
Q. 7. The sum of the products of elements of any row (1 + x )17 (1 + x )19 (1 + x )23
with the co-factors of corresponding elements is Q. 10. If f ( x ) = (1 + x )23 (1 + x )29 (1 + x )34 = A + Bx
equal to _________.
(1 + x )41 (1 + x )43 (1 + x )47
Ans. + Cx2 + ....., then A = ______
a11 a12 a13 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 47, Page 84]
Let ∆ = a21 a22 a23 (1 + x )17 (1 + x )19 (1 + x )23
a31 a32 a33 Ans. Given that, f ( x ) = (1 + x )23 (1 + x )29 (1 + x )34
Expanding along R1 , (1 + x )41 (1 + x )43 (1 + x )47
Now,
∆ = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 [1]
1 (1 + x )2 (1 + x )6
= Sum of products of elements of R1with their
corresponding co-factors. f ( x ) = (1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x ) 1 (1 + x )6 (1 + x )11 = 0
17 23 41
x 3 7 1 (1 + x )2 (1 + x )6
Q. 8. If x= –9 is a root of 2 x 2 = 0 then other two [Since R1 and R3 are identical.]
7 6 x [1] A=0
roots are __________. Q. 11. State True or False for the statement :
( ) ( )
−1 3
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 45, Page 83] A3 = A−1 where A is a square matrix and |A|

x 3 7 ≠ 0. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 48, Page 84]
Ans. Since, 2 x 2 = 0
( ) ( )
−1 n
Ans. True, since, A n = A −1 where n ∈ N. [2]
7 6 x Q. 12. State True or False for the statement :
Expanding along R1 , 1
( aA)−1 = A−1 , where a is any real number and A is
⇒ x ( x 2 − 12 ) − 3 ( 2 x − 14 ) + 7 (12 − 7 x ) = 0 a
a square matrix.
⇒ x 3 − 12 x − 6x + 42 + 84 − 49 x = 0
⇒ x 3 − 67 x + 126 = 0 …( i ) Ans. False, since, we know that, if A is a non-singular
Here, 126 × 1 = 9 × 2 × 7 square matrix, then for any scalar a (non-zero). aA
is invertible such that
For x = 2 ,
1   1
⇒ 23 − 67 × 2 + 126 = 134 − 134 = 0 ( aA )  A −1  =  a ,  ( A. A −1 )
 a   a
Hence, x = 2 is a root.
1  1
For x = 7, i.e., ( aA ) is inverse of  A −1  or ( aA )−1 = A −1 ,
a  a
⇒ 73 − 67 × 7 + 126 = 469 − 469 = 0
where ' a ' is any non-zero scalar.
Hence, x = 7 is also a root. In the above statement, a is any real number. [2]
[2]
Q. 13. State True or False for the statement :
0 xyz x − z –1
A–1 ≠ A , where A is non-singular matrix.

Q. 9. Evaluate y − x 0 y − z = ________
z−x z−y 0 –1
Ans. False, A ≠ A , where A is non-singular
–1
matrix. [2]
0 xyz x−z
Ans. Given that, y − x 0 y−z If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |A| = 5, |B|
z−x z−y 0 = 3, then
Applying C1→C1–C3, we get |3AB| = 27 × 5 × 3 = 405.
DETERMINANTS | 115
Ans. True Ans. True,
We know that, sin A cos A sin A + cos B
AB = A . B Since, sin B cos A sin B + cos B
3 AB = 27 AB sin C cos A sin C + cos B
= 27 A . B sin A cos A sin A sin A cos A cos B
= 27 × 5 × 3 = sin B cos A sin B + sin B cos A cos B
= 405 [2] sin C cos A sin C sin C cos A cos B
sin A cos A cos B
If the value of a third-order determinant is 12, then
the value of the determinant formed by replacing = 0 + sin B cos A cos B
each element by its co-factor will be 144. sin C cos A cos B
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 52, Page 84] [Since, in the first determinant C1 and C3
Ans. True, let A is the determinant. are identicals.]
∴|A|= 12
sin A 1 1
Also, we know that, if A is a square matrix of order
n, then adj A =| A |n −1 = cos A.cos B sin B 1 1
sin C 1 1
For n = 3,| adj A |=| A |3−1 =| A |2
[Taking cos A common from C2 and cos B common
= (12)2 = 144 [2] from C3]
=0 [Since, C2 and C3 are identical] [2]
x+1 x+2 x+a Q. 19. State True or False for the statement :
x+2 x+3 x+b =0 x+a p+u l+ f
x+3 x+4 x+c If the determinant y + b q + v m + g splits
where a, b and c are in A.P. z+ c r + w n+ h
into exactly K determinants of order 3, each
Ans. True,
element of which contains only one term, then the
Since, a, b and c are in AP, then 2b = a + c
value of K is 8.
x +1 x + 2 x + a
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q.56, Page 84]
∴ x+2 x+3 x+b =0 Ans. True,
x+3 x+4 x+c x+a p+u l+ f
[  R1→R1+R3] Given that, y + b q + v m + g
2x + 4 2x + 6 2x + a + c z+c r+w n+h
⇒ x+2 x+3 x+b =0
x p l a u f
x+3 x+4 x+c
⇒ y+b q+v m+ g + y+b q+v m+ g
[  2b = a + c ]
z+c r+w n+h z+c r+w n+h
2( x + 2) 2( x + 3) 2( x + b )
[Spliting first row]
⇒ x+2 x+3 x+b =0
x p l x p l
x+3 x+4 x+c
⇒ y q m + b v g
⇒ 0=0
z+c r+w n+h z+c r+w n+h
[Since Rl and R2 are proportional to each other.]
[2] a u f a u f
Q. 17. State True or False for the statement : + y q m + b v g
| adj. A|=| A|2 where A is a square matrix of order z+c r+w n+h z+c r+w n+h
two. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 54, Page 84] [Spliting second row]
Ans. False,
If A is a square matrix of order n, then Similarly, we can split these 4 determinants
in 8 determinants by splitting each one in two
| adj. A |=| A |n −1
determinants further. [2]
⇒| adj. A |=| A |2 −1 =| A | [ n = 2] [2] Q. 20. State True or False for the statement :
a p x p+ x a+ x a+ p
sin A cos A sin A + cos B
Let ∆ = b q y = 16, then ∆ 1 = q + y b + y b + q = 32
The determinant sin B cos A sin B + cos B is\ c r z r+ z c+ z c+r

sin C cos A sin C + cos B
equal to zero. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 57, Page 85]
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 55, Page 84] Ans. True,
a p x 2 4
Q. 22. Evaluate the determinants
We have ∆ = b q y = 16 −5 −1
c r z [NCERT Ex. 4.1, Q. 1, Page 108]
Ans. 2 4 [1]
p+x a+x a+p = 2( −1) − 4( −5)
−5 −1
and we have to prove, ∆1 = q + y b + y b + q = 32
= − 2+20
r+z c+z c+r
=18
Applying Cl → C1 + C2 + C3 Q. 23. Evaluate the determinants
2 p + 2x + 2a a + x a + p cos θ − sin θ
(i)
∆1 = 2q + 2 y + 2b b + y b + q sin θ cos θ
2r + 2 z + 2 c c + z c + r
(ii) x − x + 1 x − 1 [NCERT Ex. 4.1, Q. 2, Page 108]
2
[Taking 2 common from C1 and then x+1 x+1

C1 → C1 − C2 , C2 → C2 − C3 ]
Ans. (i) cosq − sin q
p x−p a+p = (cosq )(cosq ) − ( − sin q )(sin q )
sin q cosq
=2 q y−q b+q
= cos2 q + sin 2 q
r z−r c+r
=1
p x a+p p p a+p x2 − x + 1 x − 1
(ii)
=2 q y b+q − q q b+q x +1 x +1
r z c+r r r c+r
= ( x 2 − x + 1)( x + 1) − ( x − 1)( x + 1)
[Since, two columns C1 and C2 are identicals]
= x 3 − x 2 + x + x 2 − x + 1 − ( x 2 − 1)
p x a+p
= x3 + 1 − x 2 + 1
=2 q y b+q −0
[2] = x3 − x 2 + 2
r z c+r
 1 2
[Since, Cl and C3 are identical in second determinant Q. 24. If A =   then show that 2 A = 4 A .
and in first determinant, C1 ↔ C2 and then C1 ↔ C3 ] 4 2
[NCERT Ex. 4.1, Q. 3, Page 108]
p x a p x p Ans. The given matrix is
=2 q y b +2 q y q
1 2
r z c r z r A=
 4 2 
a p x
1 2 2 4
=2 b q y +0 ∴ 2A = 2  =
4 2   8 4 
c r z
2 4
= 2 16 [  ∆= 16] LHS = 2 A =
= 32 8 4
Hence proved. [2] = 2× 4 − 4×8
= 8 − 32
1 1 1
= −24
The maximum value of 1 1 + sin θ 1
1 2
1 1 1 + cos θ Now, A =
4 2
1
is . [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 58, Page 85] = 1× 2 − 2 × 4
2
Ans. True, = 2−8
Since, = −6
1 1 1 ∴ RHS = 4 A = 4 × ( −6) = −24
0 sin q 0 [ R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 ] ∴ LHS = RHS [2]
Q. 25. Evaluate the determinants
0 0 cosq
On expanding along third row, we get the value of 3 −1 −2 3 −4 5
the determinant (i) 0 0 −1 (ii) 1 1 −2
= cosq .sin q 3 −5 0 2 3 1
1
= sin 2q 0 1 2 2 −1 −2
2
1 (iii) −1 0 −3 (iv) 0 2 −1
=
2 −2 3 0 3 −5 0
when q is 45° which gives maximum value. [2] [NCERT Ex. 4.1, Q. 5, Page 108]
1 1−3 −3 2 2−3 −3 2 DETERMINANTS
21 1 | 117
A =A1 = 1 −1 −1 − 2− 2
4 4−9 −9 5 5−9 −9 5 54 4
3 −1 −2 = 1(=−91(+−912+)12 − 1)(− 181( −+18 − 2) (−82−(85)− 5)
15+)15
Ans. (i) Let A = 0 0 −1 = 1(=3)1(−31)(− 31()−−32) (−3)2(3)
3 −5 0 = 3 =+ 3 +− 36 − 6
It can be observed that in the second row, two = 6 =− 6 − 6
entries are zero. Thus, we expand along the second = 0= 0 [2]
row for easier calculation. Q. 27. Find values of x, if
−1 −2 3 −2 3 −1 2 4 2x 4
A = −0 +0 − ( −1) (i) =
−5 0 3 0 3 −5 5 1 6 x
= ( −15 + 3)
(ii) 2 3 = x 3 [NCERT Ex. 4.1, Q. 7, Page 109]
= −12 [2] 4 5 2x 5
3 −4 5
Ans. (i) 2 4 2x 4 [1]
(ii) Let A = 1 1 −2 =
5 1 6 x
2 3 1
⇒ 2 × 1 − 5 × 4 = 2x × x − 6 × 4
By expanding along the first row, we have
⇒ 2 − 20 = 2x 2 − 24
1 −2 1 −2 1 1
A =3 +4 +5 ⇒ 2x 2 = 6
3 1 2 1 2 3
⇒ x2 = 3
= 3(1 + 6) + 4(1 + 4) + 5(3 − 2)
= 3( 7 ) + 4(5) + 5(1) ⇒ x=± 3
= 21 + 20 + 5 (ii) 2 3 x 3 [1]
=
= 46 4 5 2x 5
[2]
⇒ 2 × 5 − 3 × 4 = x × 5 − 3 × 2x
0 1 2
⇒ 10 − 12 = 5x − 6x
(iii) Let A = −1 0 −3
⇒ −2 = − x
−2 3 0
⇒ x=2
By expanding along the first row, we have Q. 28. Using the property of determinants and without
0 −3 −1 −3 −1 0 x a x+a
A =0 −1 +2
3 0 −2 0 −2 3 expanding, prove that y b y + b = 0
= 0 − 1( 0 − 6) + 2( −3 − 0) z c z+c
= −1( −6) + 2( −3) [NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 1, Page 119]
=6−6 x a x+a x a a x a x
=0 [2] Ans. y b y+b = y b b + y b y =0+0=0
2 −1 −2 z c z+c z c c z c z
(iv) Let A = 0 2 −1 Here, the two columns of the determinant are
3 −5 0 identical. [2]
Q. 29. Using the property of determinants and without
By expanding along the first column, we have
a−b b− c c− a
2 −1 −1 −2 −1 −2 expanding, prove that b − c c − a a − b = 0
A =2 −0 +3
−5 0 −5 0 2 −1 c− a a−b b− c
= 2( 0 − 5) − 0 + 3(1 + 4) [NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 2, Page 119]
= −10 + 15
a−b b−c c−a
=5 [2] Ans. Let we assume that ∆= b − c c − a a − b = 0
 1 1 −2  c−a a−b b−c
 
Q. 26. If A =  2 1 −3  Find |A|. Applying R1→R1+R2, we have
 5 4 −9 
a−c b−a c−b
[NCERT Ex. 4.1, Q. 6, Page 109]
∆= b−c c−a a−b
1 1 −2 
Ans. Let A =  2 1 −3 −( a − c ) −(b − a) −( c − b )
 5 4 −9  a−c b−a c−b
By expanding along the first row, we have = b−c c−a a−b
1 −3 2 −3 2 1 ( a − c ) (b − a) ( c − b )
A =1 −1 −2 Here, the two rows R1 and R3 are identical.
4 −9 5 −9 5 4
Therefore, △=0 [2]
= 1( −9 + 12) − 1( −18 + 15) − 2(8 − 5)
= 1(3) − 1( −3) − 2(3)
= 3+3−6
1 0 1
1
∆= 6 0 1
2
4 3 1
118 | OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONS – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS1 : Class-XII
= [1( 0 − 3) − 0( 6 − 4) + 1(18 − 0)]
2
Q. 30. Using the property of determinants and without 1
= [ −3 + 18]
2 7 65 2
expanding, prove that 3 8 75 = 0 15
= square units
5 9 86 2 [2]
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 3, Page 119] (ii) The area of the triangle with vertices (2, 7), (1, 1)
Ans. and (10, 8) is given by the relation,
2 7 65 2 7 63+2 2 7 1
1
3 8 75 = 3 8 72+3 ∆= 1 1 1
2
5 9 86 5 9 81+5 10 8 1
1
2 7 63 2 7 2 = [ 2(1 − 8) − 7(1 − 10) + 1(8 − 10)]
2
= 3 8 72 + 3 8 3
1
5 9 81 5 9 5 = [ 2( −7) − 7( −9) + 1( −2)]
2
2 7 9(7) 1
= [ −14 + 63 − 2]
= 3 8 9(8) + 0 2
5 9 9(9) 1
= [ −16 + 63]
[Two coulmns are identical.] 2
47
2 7 7 = square units
2 [2]
=9 3 8 8
(iii) The area of the triangle with vertices (−2, −3), (3, 2)
5 9 9 and (−1, −8) is given by the relation,
=0 −2 −3 1
1
[Two coulmns are identical.] [2] ∆= 3 2 1
2
Q. 31. Using the property of determinants and without −1 −8 1
1 bc a( b + c ) 1
expanding, prove that 1 ca b( c + a) = 0 = [ −2( 2 + 8) + 3(3 + 1) + 1( −24 + 2)]
2
1 ab c( a + b) 1
= [ −2(10) + 3( 4) + 1( −22)]
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 4, Page 119] 2
1 bc a( b + c ) 1
= [ −20 + 12 − 22]
Ans. Let we assume that, ∆ = 1 ca b( c + a ) = 0 2
30
1 ab c( a + b ) =−
2
By applying C3→C3+C2, we get
= −15 square units
1 bc ab + bc + ca
Hence, the area of the triangle is |–15|=15 square
⇒ ∆ = 1 ca ab + bc + ca = 0 units. [2]
1 ab ab + bc + ca 1 2
Q. 33. Find adjoint of each of the matrices  .
1 bc 1 3 4
⇒ ( ab + bc + ca ) 1 ca 1 = 0 [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 1, Page 131]
1 ab 1 1 2 
Ans. Let A =  .
Here, two columns C1 and C3 are proportional. 3 4 
⇒ Δ=0 [2] We have,
Q. 32. Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point A11 = 4, A12 = −3, A21 = −2, A22 = 1
given in each of the following A12  '  4 −2
A
(i) (1, 0), (6, 0), (4, 3) ∴ adj. A =  11  =  −3 1  .
A
 21 A 22    [2]
(ii) (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8)
(iii) (–2, –3), (3, 2), (–1, –8) Q. 34. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)
[NCERT Ex. 4.3, Q. 1, Page 122]  2 −2 
4 3  .
Ans. (i) The area of the triangle with vertices (1, 0), (6, 0)   [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 5, Page 132]
and (4, 3) is given by the relation,
Ans.  2 −2
1 0 1 Let A =  .
1 4 3 
∆= 6 0 1
2 We have
4 3 1
| A | = 6 + 8 = 14
1 Now ,
= [1( 0 − 3) − 0( 6 − 4) + 1(18 − 0)]
2
A11 = 3, A12 = −4, A21 = 2, A22 = 2
1
= [ −3 + 18]
2
15
= square units
2
DETERMINANTS | 119
 A11
'
A12   3 2  Thus, A–1 exists.
∴ adj. A =  =  Therefore, the given system of two equations will
 A21 A22  −4 2 
be consistent. [2]
1 1  3 2 Q. 38. Examine the consistency of the system of
∴ A−1 = adj. A =  
| A| 14−4 2  equations.
[2]
x + 3y =5
Q. 35. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)
2x + 6y = 8 [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 3, Page 136]
 −1 5 
 −3 2  . [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 6, Page 132] Ans. The given system of equations is
 
x + 3y =5
 −1 5 
Ans. Let A =  . 2x + 6 y =
8
 −3 2  The given system of equations can be written in the
We have, form of AX = B, where
| A |=−2 + 15 =13 1 3 x  5 
= A =  , X =  and B  
Now, 2 6 y 8 
A11 =
2, A12 =
3, A21 =
−5, A22 =
−1 Now,
'
A A12   2 −5 |=
A | 1( 6) − 3( 2)
∴ adj
= . A  11 =  
 A21 A22   3 −1 = 6−6
1 1 2 −5 =0
∴ A= −1
adj=
.A  ∴ A is a singular matrix.
| A| 13  3 −1 [2] Now,
Q. 36. Examine the consistency of the system of  6 −3
equations. ( adj. A ) =  
x + 2y = 2  −2 1 
 6 −3 5 30 − 24   6 
2 x + 3y = 3 [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 1, Page 136] =
( adj. A )B  =
   =   ≠0
 −2 1  8  −10 + 8  −2 
Ans. The given system of equations is : Thus, the solution of the given system of equations
x + 2y = 2 does not exist. Hence, the system of equations is
inconsistent. [2]
2x + 3y =3 Q. 39. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix
The given system of equations can be written in the method.
form of AX = B, where 5x + 2y = 3
1 2  x  2 3x + 2y = 5 [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 10, Page 136]
A=  , X=  y  and B=  3  Ans. The given system of equations can be written in the
2 3    
form of AX = B, where
Now,
5 2  x   3
| A |=1(3) − 2(2) A=  , X=  y  and B= 5
 3 2     
=3 − 4
=− 1 ≠ 0 Now,
Hence, A is non-singular. |A|= 10 − 6 = 4 ≠ 0
Thus, A–1 exists. Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse
Therefore, the given system of two equations will exists. [2]
be consistent. [2] Now A11 = 2, A12 = –3, A21= –2, A22 = 5
'
\ Adj. A =  A12  =  2
Q. 37. Examine the consistency of the system of A -2 
equations.
A11 A   -3 5 
 21 22 
2x − y = 5 1
x+y= 4 [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 2, Page 136] ⇒ A–1 = ( adj A ) = 1  -23 -2 
5 
A 4
Ans. The given system of equations is : 1 1
2x − y =5  − 
2 2
x+y= 4 =
 −3 5 
The given system of equations can be written in the 
 4 4 


form of AX = B, where X =A B–1
 2 −1 x  5 1 −1 
= A = , X =  and B  4   
1 1  y
    2 2 3
= −3 5  
Now,   5 
| A=| 2(1) − ( −1)(1) 
 4 4 

= 2 +1  -1
X= 4
= 3≠0  
Hence, A is non-singular. x = 1, y = 4
1 x y 0 xy 2 xz 2
Q. 40. Evaluate 1 x + y y Ans. We have, x 2 y 0 yz 2
1 x x+y x 2 z zy 2 0
[NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 10, Page 142] Taking x 22 , y 22 and z 22 common from C11 , C22
Ans. 1 x y and C33 , respectively.

∆= 1 x+y y 0 x x
1 x x+y =x y z y 0 y
22 22 22
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we have z z 0

1 x y Applying C22 → C22 − C33
∆= 0 y 0 0 0 x
0 0 x = x y z y −y y
2 22 22
2
Expanding along C1 , we have z z 0

∆ = 1( xy − 0) = xy [2] = x 22 y 22 z 22 [ x( yz + yz)]
Q. 41. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate = x 22 y 22 z 22 .2 xyz
x2 − x + 1 x − 1 = 2 x 33 y 33 z 33 [2]
x+1 x+1
Q. 44. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 1, Page 77] x+4 x x
Ans. We have, x − x + 1 x − 1
2
x x+4 x
x +1 x +1 x x x+4
.
Applying C1 → C1 − C2 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 5, Page 77]
x 2 − 2x + 2 x − 1 x+4 x x
0 x +1 Ans. We have, x x+4 x
On expanding, we get x x x+4
=(x 2 − 2x + 2).( x + 1) − ( x − 1).0 Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
=x 3 − 2x 2 + 2x + x 2 − 2x + 2 3x + 4 3x + 4 3x + 4
= x3 − x 2 + 2 [2] = x x+4 x
Q. 42. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate x x x+4
a+ x y z
1 1 1
x a+ y z .
= (3x + 4) x x + 4 x
x y a+ z
x x x+4
Applying C1 → C1 − C2 , C2 → C2 − C3
a+x y z
0 0 1
Ans. We have x a+y z
= (3x + 4) −4 4 x
x y a+z
0 −4 x + 4
On applying R1 → R1 – R2 and R2 → R2 – R3
= 16(3x + 4) [2]
a −a 0
Q. 45. Using the properties of determinants, prove that
= 0 a −a
a2 + 2 a 2 a + 1 1
x y a+z
2 a + 1 a + 2 1 = ( a − 1)3
Applying C2 → C2 + C1
3 3 1
a 0 0 .
= 0 a −a [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 9, Page 78]
Ans. Given that,
x x+y a+z
a 2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
= a( a 2 + az + ax + ay )
2a + 1 a+2 1 = ( a − 1)3
= a2 (a + z + x + y)
[2] 3 3 1
Q. 43. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate
Applying R1 → R1 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R3
0 xy 2 xz 2
2
x y 0 yz 2 a2 − 1 a − 1 0
x 2 z zy 2 0 . = 2a − 2 a − 1 0
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 3, Page 77] 3 3 1

Taking (a − 1) common from R1 and R2
a +1 1 0
= ( a − 1) 2 2
1 0
Applying R1 → R1 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R3
a2 − 1 a − 1 0
= 2a − 2 a − 1 0  2 −3 DETERMINANTS | 121
Given, A =  
3 3 1  −4 7 
Taking (a − 1) common from R1 and R2
−1 1 7 3  1 7 3 
a +1 1 0 ⇒ A −1 =  =  
14 − 12  4 2  2  4 2 
= ( a − 1)2 2 1 0 Now,
3 3 1
LHS=2A −−11
Expanding alone R3
7 3 
= ( a − 1)2 [1.( a + 1) − 2] =2. 1  
2 4 2 [2]
= ( a − 1)3 [2]
Q. 46. If a1, a2, a3, ..., av ...are in G.P., then prove that the 7 3 
= 
ar + 1 ar + 5 ar + 9 4 2
a ar + 11 ar + 15 is independent RHS=9I − A
determinant r +7
of r. ar + 11 ar + 17 ar + 21 1 0   2 −3 
=9  − 
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 14, Page 78] 0 1   −4 7 
a = AR( r +1) −1 = AR r  9−2 0 − ( −3)
Ans. We know that, r +1 = 
where r = rth term of a GP, A = First term of a GP 0 − ( −4) 9 − 7 
and R = Common difference of GP 7 3 
= 
a r +1 a r + 5 a r + 9
4 2
We have, ar + 7 ar +11 ar +15 Since, LHS=RHS
ar +11 ar +17 ar + 21 Hence proved. [2]
AR r AR r + 4 AR r + 8  3 −1
= AR r + 6 AR r +10 AR r +14 Q. 49. If |A| = 3 and A =  5 2  then write the adj. A.
−1
− 
AR r +10 AR r +16 AR r + 20  3 3 
1 R4 R8 [CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2017]
 3 −1
= AR r . AR r + 6 . AR r +10 1 R 4 R8  9 −3
Ans. adj. A = 3  5 2  =  [1]
1 R6 R10 −   −5 2 
 3 3 
[Taking AR r , AR r + 6 and AR r +10 common from the
row R1 , R2 and R3 , respectively] 1 1 1
=0 [Since, R1 and R2 are identicals] Q. 50. Find the maximum value of 1 1 + sin θ 1 .
[2]
Q. 47. Show that the points (a + 5, a – 4), (a – 2, a + 3) and 1 1 1 + cos θ
(a, a) do not lie on a straight line for any value of a. [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2016]
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 15, Page 78] Ans. Let we assume that,
Ans. Given, the points are
1 1 1
( a + 5, a – 4 ) , ( a – 2, a + 3) and ( a, a )
∆ = 1 1 + sin q 1 = sin q .cosq [½]
a+5 a−4 1
1 1 1 1 + cosq
∆= a−2 a+3 1
2 1  1
a a 1 = sin 2q ∴ Maximum value = 2  [½]
2  
Applying Rl → R1 − R3 and R2 → R2 − R3
x sin θ cos θ
5 −4 0
1 Q. 51. Write the value of x. If − sin θ − x 1 = 8,
= −2 3 0
2 cos θ 1 x
a a 1 write the value of x.
1 [CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2016]
= [1(15 − 8)]
2 Ans. On expanding we get
7 ⇒ x[ − x 2 − 1] − sin θ [ − x sin θ − cosθ ] + cos θ [ − sin θ
= ≠0
2 + x.cos θ ] = 8
Hence, given points form a triangle, i.e., points do
not lie in a straight line. [2] ⇒ − x 3 − x + x.sin 2 q + sin q .cosq − sin q .cosq
 2 −3  −1 + x.cos2 q = 8
Q. 48. Given A =   Compute A and show that
 − 4 7  But we know that cos2q + sin 2 q = 1
−1
2 A = 9 I − A. [CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2018] So,
Ans.
⇒ −x 3 − x + x = 8
 2 −3
Given, A =   ⇒ x 3 = −8
 −4 7 
⇒ x = −2 [1]
1 7 3  1 7 3 
⇒ A −1 =  =  
14 − 12  4 2  2  4 2 
Now,
−1
Short Answer Type Questions (3 or 4 marks each)
1 0 1 Q. 3. Using the property of determinants and without

  − a2 ab ac
Q. 1. If A =  0 1 2  then show that 3 A = 27| A |.
 0 0 4  expanding, prove that ba − b2 bc = 4 a2 b2 c 2 .
[NCERT Ex. 4.1, Q. 4, Page 108] ca cb − c 2
1 0 1  [NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 7, Page 120]
  Ans. Taking LHS and we get
Ans. The given matrix is A = 0 1 2 
0 0 4  −a 2 ab ac
It can be observed that in the first column, two ∆ = ba −b 2 bc
entries are zero. Thus, we expand along the first
ca cb −c 2
column (C1) for easier calculation.
1 2 0 1 0 1 −a b c
| A|= 1 −0 +0 = abc a −b c
0 4 0 4 1 2
=1(4 − 0) − 0+0 a b −c
=4 [Taking out factors a , b , c from R1 , R2 and R3 ]
Therefore, 27|A|=27(4)=108 ...(i) −1 1 1
1 0 1   3 0 3 =a 2b 2 c 2 1 −1 1
Now, 3A=3 0 1 2  = 0 3 6  1 1 −1
0 0 4  0 0 12  [Taking out factors a , b , c from C1 , C 2 and C3 ]
3 6 0 3 0 3 Applying R2→R2+R1 and R3→R3+R1 we have
Therefore, |3A|=3 +0 +0
0 12 0 12 3 6 −1 1 1
=3(36 − 0)=3(36)=108 ...(ii) ∆= 0 0 2
From equations (i) and (ii), we get 0 2 0
|3A|= 27| A| 0 2
= a 2b 2 c 2 ( −1)
Hence proved. [3] 2 0
Q. 2. Using the property of determinants and without = − a 2b 2 c 2 ( 0 − 4)
0 a −b =4a 2b 2 c 2
expanding, prove that − a 0 − c = 0 Hence proved. [3]
b c 0 Q. 4. (i) Find equation of line joining (1, 2) and (3, 6)
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 6, Page 120] using determinants.
Ans. We have, (ii) Find equation of line joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using
determinants. [NCERT Ex. 4.3, Q. 4, Page 123]
0 a −b
Ans. (i) Let P(x, y) be any point on the line joining
∆ = −a 0 −c = 0 points A(1, 2) and B(3, 6). Then, the points A, B and
b c 0 P are collinear. Therefore, the area of triangle ABP
Applying R1 → cR1 , we get will be zero.
0 ac −bc 1 2 1
1 1
∆= − a 0 − c ∴ 3 6 1 =0
c 2
b c 0 x y 1
1
Applying R1 → R1 − bR2 , we get ⇒ [1(6 − y ) − 2(3 − x ) + 1(3y − 6x )] = 0
2
ab ac 0 ⇒ 6 − y − 6 + 2x + 3y − 6x = 0
1
∆= − a 0 − c ⇒ 2 y − 4x = 0
c
b c 0 ⇒ y = 2x
b c 0 Hence, the equation of the line joining the given
a points is y = 2x. [3]
= −a 0 −c
c (ii) Let P(x, y) be any point on the line joining points
b c 0
A(3, 1) and B(9, 3). Then, the points A, B and P are
Here, the two rows R1 and R3 are identical. collinear. Therefore, the area of triangle ABP will be
So, Δ = 0. [3] zero.
DETERMINANTS | 123
3 1 1 5 3 8
1
∴ 9 3 1 =0 Ans. The given determinant is ∆ = 2 0 1
2
x y 1 1 2 3
1 We have,
⇒ [3(3 − y ) − 1(9 − x ) + 1(9 y − 3x )] = 0 3 8
2
M21= = 9 − 16 = −7
⇒ 9 − 3y − 9 + x + 9 y − 3x = 0 2 3
⇒ 6 y − 2x = 0
Therefore, A21 = co-factor of a21 = ( −1)
2 +1
M21 = 7
⇒ x − 3y = 0
5 8
Hence, the equation of the line joining the given M22= = 15 − 8 = 7
1 3
points is x − 3y = 0. [3]
2 + 2
Q. 5. Write Minors and Co-factors of the elements of M22 = 7
following determinants : 5 3
2 −4 a c M23 = = 10 − 3 = 7
(i) (ii) 1 2
0 3 b d
2 + 3
M23 = −7
[NCERT Ex. 4.4, Q. 1, Page 126]
We know that Δ is equal to the sum of the product
Ans. (i) The given determinant is 2 −4 of the elements of the second row with their
0 3 corresponding co-factors.
Minor of element aij is Mij . Therefore, ∆ = a21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23
Therefore, = 2 ( 7 ) + 0 ( 7 ) + 1( −7 )
M11 = Minor of element a11 = 3 = 14 – 7
M12 = Minor of element a12 = 0 = 7 [3]
M21 = Minor of element a21 = − 4  1 −1 2 
M22 = Minor of element a22 = 2 Q. 7. Find adjoint of each of the matrices  2 3 5 
Co-factor of aij is Aij = ( −1) i + j Mij .  −2 0 1 
Therefore, [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 2, Page 131]
A11 = ( −1)
1 +1
M11 = ( −1) ( 3) = 3
2  1 −1 2 
Ans. Let we assume that, A =  2 3 5 
A12 = ( −1) M12 = ( −1) ( 0 ) = 0
1+ 2 3
 −2 0 1 
A21 = ( –1) M21 = ( −1)3 ( −4 ) = 4
2 +1
We have,
A22 = ( −1) M22 = ( −1) ( 2)
2 + 2 4
2 3 5
[3] A11 = = 3−0 = 3
0 1
a c
(ii) The given determinant is 2 5
b d A12 = − = −( 2 + 10) = −12
Minor of element aij is Mij . −2 1
Therefore, 2 3
A13 = =0+6=6
M11 = Minor of element a11 =d . −2 0
M12 = Minor of element a12 = b −1 2

A21 = − = −( −1 − 0) = 1
M21 = Minor of element a21 = c 0 1
M22 = Minor of element a22 = a 1 2
A 22 = =1+ 4 = 5
−2 1
Co-factor of aij is Aij = ( −1)
i +j
Mij .
1 −1
Therefore, A23 = − = −( 0 − 2) = 2
−2 0
A11 = ( −1) M11 = ( −1) ( d ) = d
1+1 2
−1 2
A 31 = = −5 − 6 = −11
A12 = ( −1) M12 = ( −1) ( b ) = − b
1+ 2 3
3 5
A21 = ( −1) M21 = (1) ( c ) = − c
2 +1 3
1 2
A32 = − = −(5 − 4) = −1
2 5
A22 = ( −1) 2 + 2 M22 = ( −1) ( a ) = a
4
[3]
1 −1
Q. 6. Using Co-factors of elements of second row, A 33 = = 3+ 2 = 5
5 3 8 2 3
evaluate ∆ = 2 0 1  A11 A21 A31 
1 2 3 Hence, adj. A=  A12 A22 A32 
[NCERT Ex. 4.4, Q. 3, Page 126]  A13 A23 A33 
 3 1 −11
=  −12 5 −1 
 6 2 5 
 A11 A21 A31 
 
124 | Hence, adj .
OSWAAL NCERT A=  A12SOLUTIONS
A22 A32  – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
 A13 A23 A33 
 3 1 −11 Q. 10. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)
 12 5 1  1 0 0 
=  − − 
 6 2 5   
3 3 0 .  [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 8, Page 132]
[3]
Q. 8. Verify A(adj. A) = (adj A) A = |A|I.  5 2 −1
2 3 Ans. Let we assume that,
 -4 –6  1 0 0 
[NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 3, Page 131]
Ans. Let we assume that, A = 3 3 0 
2 3 5 2 −1
A=  We have,
 −4 −6 
We have, A =1( −3 − 0) − 0 + 0 =−3
|A |=−12 − ( −12) =−12 + 12 =0 Now,
1 0  0 0  A11 =−3 − 0 =−3, A12 =−( −3 − 0) =3, A13 =6 − 15 =−9
∴ A=I 0 =    A21 =−( 0 − 0) =
0, A 22 =−1 − 0 =−1, A 23 = −( 2 − 0) =−2
0 1  0 0 
A31 =0 − 0 =0, A32 =−( 0 − 0) =0, A 33 =3 − 0 =3
Now,
A11 =−6, A12 4, A21 =
= −3, A22 =
2  −3 0 0 
∴ adj. A =  3 −1 0 
 −6 −3
∴ adj. A =
4 2  −9 −2 3
 
 −3 0 0 
Now, 1 1
∴ A −1 = adj. A = −  3 −1 0 
 2 3   −6 −3 |A| 3
A( adj. A )=     −9 −2 3
[3]
 −4 −6   4 2 
Q. 11. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)
 −12 + 12 −6 + 6 
=  2 1 3
 24 − 24 12 − 12  
4 −

1 0 . [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 9, Page 132]
0 0 

=   −7 2 1 
0 0  Ans. Let we assume that,
 −6 −3  2 3 
Also, ( adj. A ) A =     2 1 3
 4 2   −4 −6  =A  4 −1 0 
 −12 + 12 −18 + 18  −7 2 1 
=
 8−8 12 − 12  We have,
0 0  A = 2( −1 − 0) − 1( 4 − 0) + 3(8 − 7 )
= 
0 0  =2 ( −1) − 1( 4) + 3(1)
Hence, A( adj. A ) = ( adj. A ) A = A I = − 2 − 4+3
[3]
Q. 9. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists) =− 3
1 2 3 Now,
  A11 =−1 − 0 =−1, A12 =−( 4 − 0) =−4, A13 =8 − 7 =1
0 2 4  .
 0 0 5  [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 7, Page 132] A21 =−(1 − 6) =5, A22 =2 + 21 =23, A23 =−( 4 + 7 ) =−11
Ans. Let we assume that, A31 =0 + 3 =3, A32 =−( 0 − 12) =12, A33 =−2 − 4 =−6
 1 2 3  −1 5 3
− 
A = 0 2 4  ∴ adj. A = 4 23 12 
0 0 5  1 −11 −6 
We have,  −1 5 3
1 1
A = 1(10 − 0) − 2(0 − 0) + 3(0 − 0)= 10 ∴ A −1 = adj. A = −  −4 23 12 
|A| 3
Now, [3]  1 −11 −6 
A11 =10 − 0 =10, A12 =−(0 − 0) =0, A13 =0 − 0 =0 Q. 12. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists)
A21 =−(10 − 0) = −10, A22 =−
5 0= 5, A23 = −(0 − 0) =0  1 −1 2 
A31 =8 − 6 =2 , A32 =−( 4 − 0) =−4 , A33 =2 − 0 =2  
 0 2 −3  . [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 10, Page 132]
10 −10 2   3 −2 4 
∴ adj. A =0 5 −4 
 Ans. Let we assume that,
 0 0 2 
1 −1 2 
10 −10 2 
1 1  =A 0 2 −3
∴=A −1 =
adj .A 0 5 −4 
|A| 10   3 −2 4 
[3]  0 0 2 
By expanding along C1 , we get
A = 1(8 − 6) − 0( −4 + 4) + 3(3 − 4)
=2 − 3
1 −1 2 
=A 0 2 −3
 3 −2 4  DETERMINANTS | 125
By expanding along C1 , we get This system of equations can be written in the form
AX = B, where
A = 1(8 − 6) − 0( −4 + 4) + 3(3 − 4)
1 1 1  x  1 
=2 − 3 
=A = 2 3 2  , X  y  and B=  2 
  
=− 1
 a a 2a   z   4 
Now,
Now,
A11 =8 − 6 =−2, A12 =−( 0 + 9) =−9, A13 =0 − 6 =−6
A = 1( 6a − 2a ) − 1( 4a − 2a ) + 1( 2a − 3a )
A21 =−( −4 + 4) =0, A22 =( 4 − 6) =−2, A23 =( −2 + 3) =1
= 4a − 2a − a = 4a − 3a = a ≠ 0
A31 = 3 − 4 = −1, A32 = −( −3 − 0) = 3, A33 = 2 − 0 =2
∴ A is non-singular.
 2 0 −1
  Therefore, A-1 exists.
∴ adj. A =−  9 −2 3  Hence, the given system of equations is consistent.
 −6 −1 2  [3]
 2 0 −1  −2 0 1  Q. 15. Examine the consistency of the system of
1
∴ A −1 = adj. A = −1  −9 −2 3  =
 9 2 −3
 equations.
|A| 3x − y − 2 z = 2
 −6 −1 2   6 1 −2 
[3] 2 y − z =−1
Q. 13. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it 3 x − 5y = 3 [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 5, Page 136]
1 0 0  Ans. The given system of equations is :
exists)  0 cos α sin α  .

3x − y − 2 z = 2
 0 sin α − cos α  2 y − z =−1
[NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 11, Page 132] 3x − 5 y = 3
Ans. Let we assume that, This system of equations can be written in the form
1 0 0  of AX = B, where
A = 0 cosα sin α   3 −1 −2  x 2
0 sin α − cosα  A 0 2 −1 ,=
= X  y  and B=  −1
We have,  3 −5 0   z   3 
A = 1( − cos2 α − sin 2 α ) Now,
| A|=3(0 − 5) − 0 + 3(1 + 4) =−15 + 15 =0
= − ( cos2 α + sin 2 α )
∴ A is a singular matrix.
=− 1 Now,
Now,  −5 10 5 
A11 = − cos2 α − sin 2 α = −1, A12 = 0, A13 = 0  
( adj. A )=  −3 6 3
A21 = 0, A22 = − cosα , A23 = − sin α  −6 12 6 
A31 = 0, A 32 = − sin α , A33 = cosα  −5 10 5   2   −10 − 10 + 15  −5
 −1 0 0  ∴ ( adj. A )B =  −3 6 3  −1 =  −6 − 6 + 9  =  −3 ≠ 0
∴ adj. A =  0 − cosα

− sin α   −6 12 6   3   −12 − 12 + 18  −6 
 0 − sin α cosα  Thus, the solution of the given system of equations
does not exist. Hence, the system of equations is
 −1 0 0 
1  inconsistent. [3]
∴A = −1
.adj. A = −1  0 − cosα − sin α  Q. 16. Examine the consistency of the system of
A
 0 − sin α cosα  equations.
1 0 0  5x − y + 4 z = 5
= 0 cosα s in α  2 x+3 y + 5 z = 2
0 sin α − cosα  5x − 2y + 6 z = −1
[3]
[NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 6, Page 136]
Q. 14. Examine the consistency of the system of
Ans. The given system of equations is :
equations.
5x − y + 4 z =5
x+y+ z= 1
2x+3y + 5z = 2
2 x + 3y + 2 z = 2
5x − 2 y + 6 z =
−1
ax + ay + 2 az = 4
[NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 4, Page 136] This system of equations can be written in the form
of AX = B, where
Ans. The given system of equations is :
x+y+z= 1  5 −1 4  x  5
= 
A 2 =  
3 5  , X = y  and B  2 

2x + 3y + 2 z =2
ax + ay + 2az = 4  5 −2 6   z  1 
Now,
A= 5(18 + 10) + 1(12 − 25) + 4( −4 − 15)
= 5( 28) + 1( −13) + 4( −19)
 5 −1 4  x  5
A =  2 3 5  , X =  y  and B =  2 
   
 5 −2 6   z  1 
Now, Q. 19. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix
A = 5(18 + 10) + 1(12 − 25) + 4( −4 − 15) method.
4 x − 3y = 3
= 5( 28) + 1( −13) + 4( −19)
3 x − 5y = 7 [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 9, Page 136]
= 140 − 13 − 76
Ans. The given system of equations can be written in the
= 51 ≠ 0 form of AX = B, where
∴ A is non-singular.
 4 −3 x  3
Therefore, A–1 exists. A=  , X =  y  and B = 7 
Hence, the given system of equations is consistent.  3 −5     
[3] Now,
Q. 17. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix A = −20 + 9 = −11 ≠ 0
method.
5x + 2y = 4 Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse
exists.
7 x + 3y = 5 [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 7, Page 136] Now,
1 1  −5 3  1 5 −3
form of AX = B, where A −1 = ( adj. A ) = −  =  
| A| 11  −3 4  11 3 −4 
5 2 x  4
A=  , X =   and B=   1 5 −3  3 
7 3  y 5 ∴ X = A −1B =   
11 3 −4  7 
Now, A = 15 − 14 = 1 ≠ 0
 −6 
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse  x  1 5 −3  3  1 15 − 21 1  −6   11 
exists. ⇒ =    =  =  = 
Now,  y  11 3 −4  7  11  9 − 28  11  −19   −19 
 11 
1 −6 −19
A −1 = ( adj. A) Hence, x = and y = .
| A| [3] 11 11
 3 −2  x sin θ cos θ
∴ A −1 =  
 −7 5  Q. 20. Prove that the determinant − sin θ − x 1 is
 3 −2   4  cos θ 1 x
∴ X = A −1B =    independent of θ.
 −7 5   5  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 1, Page 141]
 x   12 − 10   2  Ans. We know that,
⇒   = − +  = − 
 y   28 25  3 x sin q cosq
Hence, x = 2 and y = −3 [3] ∆ = − sin q −x 1
Q. 18. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix cosq 1 x
method. = x( − x 2 − 1) − sin q ( − x sin q − cosq ) + cosq ( − sin q + x cosq )
2 x − y = −2
= − x 3 − x + x sin 2 q + sin q cosq − sin q cosq + x cos2 q
3x + 4y = 3 [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 8, Page 136]
= − x 3 − x + x(sin 2 q + cos2 q )
= −x 3 − x + x
= − x 3 (Indenpendent of q )
 2 −1 x   −2 
A=  , X =  y  and B=  3  Hence, Δ is independent of θ. [3]
 3 4      Q. 21. Without expanding the determinant, prove that
Now,
a a2 bc 1 a 2 a3
|A |=8+3=11 ≠ 0
b b2 ca = 1 b2 b3 .
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse
exists. c c 2 ab 1 c 2 c 3
Now, [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 2, Page 141]
1 1  4 1 Ans. Taking LHS, we get
A −1 = adj. A =  
|A 11  −3 2 
a a2 bc
1  4 1   −2 
∴ X = A −1B =    LHS = b b 2 ca
11  −3 2   3 
c c2 ab
 −5 
 x  1  −8 + 3 1  −5  11  a2 a3 abc
⇒  =  =  =  1 2
 y  11  6 + 6  11 12   12  = b b3 abc
 11  abc 2
c c3 abc
−5 12
Hence, x = and y = [ R1 → aR1 , R2 → bR2 , and R3 → cR3 ]
11 11 [3]
a2 a3 1
1
= .abc b 2 b3 1
abc
c2 c3 1
c c ab α α β +γ
a 2
a 3
abc ∆ =( β − α )(γ − α ) 1 β + α −1
1 2 0 γ −β 0
= b b3 abc
abc 2
c c3 abc Expanding along R3 , we have
DETERMINANTS
∆ =( β − α )(γ − α )[ −(γ − β )( −α − β − γ )]
| 127
[ R1 → aR1 , R2 → bR2 , and R3 → cR3 ]
a2 a3 1 =–( β − α )(γ − α )( β − γ )(α + β + γ )]
1 = (α − β )( β − γ )(γ − α )(α + β + γ )
= .abc b 2 b3 1
abc Hence proved. [3]
c2 c3 1
Q. 24. Using properties of determinants, prove that
[Taking out factor abc from C3 ] 1 1+ p 1+ p+ q
a2 a3 1 2 3 + 2 p 4 + 3 p + 2q = 1.
= b2 b3 1 3 6 + 3 p 10 + 6 p + 3 q
c2 c3 1 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 14, Page 142]
Ans. Taking LHS,
1 a2 a3
1 1+ p 1+ p + q
= 1 b2 b3
= ∆ 2 3 + 2 p 4 + 3p + 2q
1 c2 c3
3 6 + 3p 10 + 6 p + 3q
[Applying C1 ↔ C3 and C2 ↔ C3 ] Applying R2 → R2 − 2R1 and R3 → R3 − 3R1 , we have
Hence proved. [3] 1 1+ p 1+ p + q
cos α cos β cos α sin β − sin α
∆= 0 1 2+p
Q. 22. Evaluate − sin β cos β 0
0 3 7 + 3p
sin α cos β sin α sin β cos α
Applying R3 → R3 − 3R2 , we have
[NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 3, Page 141]
1 1+ p 1+ p + q
Ans. Given that,
∆= 0 1 2+p
cosα cos β cosα sin β − sin α
0 0 1
∆= − sin β cos β 0
Expanding along C1, we have
sin α cos β sin α sin β cosα
1 2+p
Expanding along C3, we have ∆= 1 = 1(1 − 0=
) 1
0 1
∆ = − sin α ( − sin α sin 2 β − cos2 β sin α )
Hence proved. [3]
+ cosα (cosα cos2 β + cosα sin 2 β ) Q. 25. Using properties of determinants, prove that
= sin 2 α (sin 2 β + cos2 β ) sin α cosα cos(α + δ )
+ cos2 α (cos2 β + sin 2 β ) sin β cos β
cos( β + δ ) =
0
= sin α (1) + cos α (1)
2 2 sin γ cos γ
cos(γ + δ )
=1 [3] [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 15, Page 142]
Q. 23. Using properties of determinants, prove that Ans. We are taking LHS
sin α cos α cos(α + δ )
α α2 β + γ
∆ = sin β cos β cos( β + δ )
β β 2 γ + α = (β − γ )( γ − α)(α − β )(α + β + γ ).
sin γ cos γ cos(γ + δ )
γ γ2 α + β
sin α sin δ cos α cos δ cos α cos δ − sin α sin δ
[NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 11, Page 142] 1
= sin β sin δ cos β cos δ cos β cos δ − sin β sin δ
Ans. Let we assume that, sin δ cos δ
sin γ sin δ cos γ cos δ cos γ cos δ − sin γ sin δ
α α2 β +γ
Applying C1 → C1 + C3 , we have
= ∆ β β2 γ +α
cos α cos δ cos α cos δ cos α cos δ − sin α sin δ
γ γ2 α +β 1
∆= cos β cos δ cos β cos δ cos β cos δ − sin β sin δ
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we have sin δ cos δ
cos γ cos δ cos γ cos δ cos γ cos δ − sin γ sin δ
α α2 β +γ Here, two columns C1 and C 2 are identical.
∆= β − α β −α2 α − β
2
∴ ∆=0
γ −α γ 2 −α2 α −γ Hence proved. [3]
α2 α β +γ Q. 26. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate
3x −x + y −x + z
=( β − α )(γ − α ) 1 β + α −1
x−y 3y z−y
1 γ +α −1
x−z
y− z 3z
Applying R3 → R3 − R2 , we have
α2 α β +γ Ans. We have,
∆ =( β − α )(γ − α ) 1 β + α −1 3x −x + y −x + z
0 γ −β 0 x−y 3y z−y
Expanding along R3 , we have x−z y−z 3z
∆ =( β − α )(γ − α )[ −(γ − β )( −α − β − γ )] Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ,
=–( β − α )(γ − α )( β − γ )(α + β + γ )] x + y + z −x + y −x + z
= (α − β )( β − γ )(γ − α )(α + β + γ ) = x+y+z 3y z−y
x+y+z y−z 3z
3x −x + y −x + z y2z2 yz y+z
x−y 3y z−y 2
zx 2
zx z + x
x−z y−z 3z x2y2 xy x + y
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , [Multiplying R1 , R2 , R3 by x , y , z respectively]
x + y + z −x + y −x + z xy 2 z 2 xyz xy + xz
1 2 2
= x+y+z 3y z−y = x yz xyz yz + xy
xyz 2 2
x+y+z y−z 3z x y z xyz xz + yz
1 −x + y −x + z [Taking (xyz ) common from C1 and C2 ]
= (x + y + z) 1 3y z−y yz 1 xy + xz
1 2
1 y−z 3z = ( xyz ) xz 1 yz + xy
xyz
[Taking ( x + y + z ) common from column C ] xy 1 xz + yz
l
Applying C3 → C3 + C1
1 −x + y −x + z
yz 1 xy + xz + zx
= (x + y + z) 0 2y + x x − y
= xyz xz 1 yz + xy + zx
0 x − z 2z + x
xy 1 xz + yz + zx
[ R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 ]
[Taking (xy + yz + zx ) common from C3 ]
Now, expanding along first column, we get
yz 1 1
= ( x + y + z ).1[( 2 y + x )( 2 z + x ) − ( x − y )( x − z )]
= xyz( xy + yz + zx ) xz 1 1
= ( x + y + z )( 4 yz + 2 yx + 2xz + x 2 − x 2 + xz + yx − yz ) xy 1 1
= ( x + y + z )(3yz + 3yx + 3xz ) =0 [  C2 and C3 are identical]
[3]
= 3( x + y + z )( yz + yx + xz )
[3] Q. 29. Using the properties of determinants, prove that
Q. 27. Using the properties of determinants, evaluate y+ z z y
a−b− c 2a 2a z z+ x x =4 xyz.
2b b− c− a 2b . y x x+y
2c 2c c−a−b [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 8, Page 77]
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 6, Page 77] Ans. y+z z y
Ans. We have,
z z+x x
a−b−c 2a 2a
y x x+y
2b b−c−a 2b
[Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
2c 2c c−a−b
2( y + z ) z y
Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
=2( z + x ) z + x x
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
2( y + x ) x x+y
= 2b b−c−a 2b
y+z z y
2c 2c c−a−b
=2 z + x z + x x
[Taking (a + b + c ) common from the first row]
y+x x x+y
1 1 1
[Applying C1 → C1 − C2 ]
= ( a + b + c ) 2b b − c − a 2b
y z y
2c 2c c−a−b
= 2 0 z+x x
[Applying C1 → C1 − C3 and C2 → C2 − C3 ]
y x x+y
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) 0 −( a + b + c ) 2b
y z 0
a+b+c a+b+c c−b−a
= 2 0 z+x x
Expanding along R1 , y x x
= ( a + b + c )[1 × 0 + ( a + b + c )2 ] [Applying R3 → R3 − R1 ]
= ( a + b + c )3 [3] z y0
Q. 28. Using the properties of determinants, prove that = 2 0 z+x x
y 2 z 2 yz y + z 0 x−z x
z 2 x 2 zx z + x =0 = 2 y[( z + x )x − x( x − z )]
x 2 y 2 xy x + y = 2 y( 2xz )
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 7, Page 77] = 4xyz [3]
Ans. y2z2 yz y + z Q. 30. If A + B + C = 0, then prove that
z 2x 2 zx z + x 1 cos C cos B
x2y2 xy x + y cos C 1 cos A = 0
cos B cos A 1
[Multiplying R1 , R2 , R3 by x , y , z respectively]
xy 2 z 2 xyz xy + xz
1 2 2
= x yz xyz yz + xy
xyz 2 2
x y z xyz xz + yz
DETERMINANTS | 129
1 cos C
cos B Ans. We have,
Ans.
cos C cos A =
1 1(1 − cos2 A ) − cos C(cos C 11 11 sin sin 33qq
cos B cos A 1 −44 33 cos
− cos 22qq == 00
− cos A.cos B) + cos B(cos C.cos A − cos B) 77 − −77 −
−22
= sin 2 A − cos2 C + cos A.cos Expanding along
Expanding along C C3 ,, we
we getget
3
B.cos C + cos A.cos B.cos C − cos2 B sin q × − −

sin 3q × ( 28 − 21) − cos 2q × (( −
3 ( 28 21 ) cos 2 q × −77 −
− 77 )) −
− 22((33 +
+ 44)) =
=
00
⇒ 7 sin 3 q + 14 cos 2
⇒ 7 sin 3q + 14 cos 2q − 14 = q − 14 =0
0
= sin 2 A − cos2 B + 2 cos A.cos
⇒ sin 33qq +
⇒ sin cos 22qq −
+ 22 cos − 22 =
= 00
B.cos C − cos2 C
⇒ sin qq −
⇒ ((33 sin sin 3 qq )) +
− 44 sin + 22((11 − sin 2 qq )) −
− 22 sin − 22 =
3 2
=00
= − cos( A + B).cos( A − B) + 2 cos
⇒ sin 3 qq −
⇒ 44 sin sin 2 qq +
− 44 sin sin qq =
+ 33 sin
3 2
= 00
A.cos B.cos C − cos2 C
⇒ sin qq (( 44 sin
⇒ sin sin 22 qq − sin qq +
− 44 sin + 33)) =
00
=
[ cos2 B − sin 2 A =cos(A + B).cos(A − B)]
= − cos( −C ).cos(A − B) ⇒ sin θ ( 4 sin 2 θ − 6 sin θ + 2 sin θ + 3) = 0
+ cosC( 2 cosA.cosB − cosC) ⇒ sin θ ( 2 sin θ + 1)( 2 sin θ − 3) = 0
= − cosC(cosA.cosB + sinA.sinB 1 3
⇒ sin θ = 0 or sinθ = − or sinθ =
2 2
− 2 cosA.cosB+ cosC)
 π 
= cosC(cosA.cosB − sinA.sinB − cosC) ⇒ θ = nπ or θ =mπ +( − 1)n  −  ; m, n ∈ Z
 6
= cosC[cos(A + B) − cosC] 3
= cosC(cosC − cosC) ⇒ sin θ = − is not possible.
2 [3]
[ As cosC=cos(A+B)]
4 - x 4+ x 4+ x
=0 [3] Q. 33. Find the value of x if, 4 + x 4 - x 4 + x = 0
Q. 31. If the co-ordinates of the vertices of an equilateral
4+ x 4+ x 4 - x
triangle with sides of length ‘a’ are (x1, y1), (x2, y2),
2
x1 y1 1 [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 13, Page 78]
3a4
(x3, y3),, then x2 y2 1 = . Ans. We have,
4
x3 y3 1 4−x 4+x 4+x
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 11, Page 78] 4+x 4−x 4+x =
0
Ans. The area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2),
4+x 4+x 4−x
and (x3, y3), is given by
x1 y1 1 [Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 ]
1 12 + x 12 + x 12 + x
∆ = x2 y2 1
2 ⇒ 4+x 4−x 4+x = 0
x3 y3 1
Also area of an equilateral triangle with side 4+x 4+x 4−x
a is given by [Taking (12 + x ) common from R1 ]
1 1 1
3 2
∆= a ⇒ (12 + x ) 4 + x 4 − x 4 + x =
0
4
x1 y1 1 4+x 4+x 4−x
1 3 2 [Applying C1 → C1 − C3 and C2 → C2 − C3 ]
∴ x2 y2 1 = a
2 4
x3 y3 1 0 0 1
Squaring both sides, we get ⇒ (12 + x ) 0 −2x 4 + x =
0
x1 y1 1
2 2x 2x 4−x
1 3 4 ⇒ (12 + x )[0 − ( −2x )( 2x )] =0
=⇒∆ =x2 y2 1 2
a
4 16 ⇒ (12 + x )( 4x 2 ) =
0
x3 y3 1
2 ∴ x =−12, 0 [3]
x1 y1 1
3a 4 Q. 34. Using matrix method, solve the system of
or x2 y2 1 =
4 equations
x3 y3 1 [3]
3x + 2y − 2 z =
3,
1 1 sin 3θ
x + 2y + 3z =6
Q. 32. Find the value of θ satisfying −4 3 cos 2θ =0
2x − y + z =2.
7 −7 −2
Ans. Given that system of equations is = 9[( − y )( − z ) − 0 + x( y + 3yz + z )]

3x + 2 y − 2 z =
3,
= 9[ yz + xy + 3xyz + xz]
x + 2 y + 3z =6
= 9(3xyz + xy + yz + zx )
2x − y + z = 2.
Hence proved. [4]
In the form of AX = B,
Q. 36. Using properties of determinants, prove that
3 2 −2   x  3 
1 2 3   y  = 6  x x+y x + 2y
    
 2 −1 1   z   2  x + 2y x x + y = 9 y 2 ( x + y)
x+y x + 2y x
For A −1 .
[CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2017]
A = 3(5) − 2(1 − 6) + ( −2)( −5)
Ans.
= 15 + 10 + 10
x x + y x + 2y
= 35 ≠ 0 x + 2y x x+y
∴ A11 = 5, A12 = 5, A13 = −5, A21 = 0, A22 = 7 , A23 x + y x + 2y x
= 7 , A31 = 10, A32 = −11 and A33 = 4 C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
5 5 −5 5 0 10 1 x + y x + 2y
∴ adj. A = 0 7 7 = 5 7 −11 =
3( x + y ) 1 x x+y
10 −11 4 −5 7 4 1 x + 2y x
5 0 10 R1 → R1 − R2 , R3 → R3 − R2
adj. A 1
Now, A −1 = = 5 7 −11 0 y y
A 35
−5 7 4 =
3( x + y ) 1 x x+y
0 2y − y
For X = A −1B
=−3(x + y)( − y 2 − 2 y 2 )
x  5 0 10  3 
 y  = 1 5 7 −11 6  = 9y 2 (x + y)
  35    [4]
 z   −5 7 4   2  Q. 37. Using properties of determinants, prove that
15 + 20 
1  a2 + 2 a 2 a + 1 1
= 15 + 42 − 22 
35 2a + 1 a + 2 1 = ( a − 1)3
 −15 + 42 + 8
3 3 1
35 1 .
1    [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2017].
= 35 = 1
35     Ans.
35 1
∴ x = 1, y = 1, z = 1 a 2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
[3]
Q. 35. Using properties of determinates, prove that ∆
= 2a + 1 a + 2 1
1 1 1 + 3x 3 3 1
1 + 3y 1 1 = 9(3 xyz + xy + yz + zx) R1 → R1 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R3
1 1 + 3z 1 a2 − 1 a −1 0
.
[CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2018] =
∆ 2( a − 1) a − 1 0
Ans. Given that, 3 3 1
1 1 1 + 3x a +1 1 0
1 + 3y 1 1 = ( a − 1)2 2 1 0
1 1 + 3z 1 3 3 1
Apply R1 → R1 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R3 On expanding, we get
1 1 1 + 3x −3y 0 3x =−
( a 1)2 .( a − 1)
1 + 3y 1 1 =3y −3z 0 = ( a − 1)3 [4]
1 1 + 3z 1 1 1 + 3z 1
Taking 3 common from R1 and R2 , we get
−3y 0 3x −y 0 x
3y −3z 0 = (3)(3) y −z 0
1 1 + 3z 1 1 1 + 3z 1
DETERMINANTS | 131
Long Answer Type Questions (5 or 6 marks each)
Q. 1. Using the property of determinants and without a p x

expanding, prove that ∆=2b q y
b+ c q+ r y+ z a p x
c r z
c+a r+ p z+ x =2 b q y
Hence proved. [5]
a+b p+ q x+ y c r z
Q. 2. By using properties of determinants, show that :
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 5, Page 119] 1 a a2
Ans. (i) 1 b b2 = ( a − b)( b − c )( c − a)
b+c q+r y+z
1 c c2
∆= c+a r+p z+x
a+b p+q x+y 1 1 1
b+c q+r y+z b+c q+r y+z (ii) a b c = ( a − b)( b − c )( c − a)( a + b + c )
= c+a r+p z+x + c+a r+p z+x a3 b3 c3
a p x b q y [NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 8, Page 120]
= ∆1 + ∆ 2 (say) …(i) Ans.
(i) Let we assume that
b+c q+r y+z
1 a a2
Now, ∆1 = c + a r + p z + x
∆ = 1 b b2
a p x
1 c c2
Applying R2 → R2 – R3, we have
b+c q+r y+z Applying R1→R1–R3 and R2→R2–R3, we have
∆1 = c r z 0 a − c a2 − c 2
a p x ∆ = 0 b − c b2 − c2
Applying R1 → R1 − R2 , we get 1 c c2
b q y 0 −1 −a − c
∆1 = c r z = ( b − c )( c − a ) 0 1 b+c
a p x 1 c c2
Applying R1↔R3 and R2↔R3 we have Applying R1→R1+R2 we have

a p x a p x 0 0 −a + b
∆1 = ( −1)2 b q y = b q y …(ii) ∆ = ( b − c )( c − a ) 0 1 b + c
c r z c r z 1 c c2
b+c q+r y+z 0 0 −1
∆2 = c + a r + p z + x = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) 0 1 b + c
b q y 1 c c2
Applying R1→R1–R3, we have
c r z 0 −1
∆ = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
∆2 = c + a r + p z + x 1 b+c
b q y = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , we get Hence proved. [2½]
(ii) Let we assume that
c r z
1 1 1
∆2 = a p x
∆= a b c
b q y
a3 b 3 c 3
Applying R1↔R2 and R2↔R3 we have
Applying C1→C1−C3 and C2→C2−C3 we have
a p x a p x
0 0 1
∆ 2 = ( −1)2 b q y = b q y ...(iii)
∆= a−c b−c c
c r z c r z
a3 – c 3 b – c c3
3 3
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have

0 0 1
= a−c b−c c
( a − c )( a 2 + ac + c 2 ) (b − c )(b 2 + bc + c 2 ) c 3
0 0 1
0 0 1
132 | ∆ = a − c b − c
OSWAAL NCERT SOLUTIONSc – Textbook + Exemplar – MATHEMATICS : Class-XII
a – c b – c c3
3 3 3 3
0 0 1  x yz x x2 
∆ = [( x − y )( z − x )( z − y )] ( −1) +1 
= a−c b−c c −1 z −1 − x − y
 
( a − c )( a 2 + ac + c 2 ) (b − c )(b 2 + bc + c 2 ) c 3
= ( x − y )( z − x )( z − y ) ( − xz − yz ) + ( − x 2 − xy + x 2 )
0 0 1
= −( x − y )( z − x )( z − y )( xy + yz + zx )
= ( c − a)(b − c ) −1 1 c
= ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )( xy + yz + zx )
−( a + ac + c ) (b + bc + c ) c 3
2 2 2 2

Hence proved. [5]
Applying C1→C1+C2 we have

0 0 1 (i) x + 4 2 x 2x
2x x + 4 2 x = (5 x + 4)(4 − x )2
∆ = ( c − a )( b − c ) 0 1 c
2x 2x x+4
( b − a ) + ( bc − ac ) ( b + bc + c ) c 3
2 2 2 2
(ii) y + k y y
0 0 1
y y+k y = k 2 (3 y + k )
= ( b − c )( c − a )( a − b ) 0 1 c
y y y+k
−( a + b + c ) ( b 2 + bc + c 2 ) c 3
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 10, Page 120]
0 0 1 Ans.
= ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( a + b + c ) 0 1 c (i) Let we assume that,
−1 ( b 2 + bc + c 2 ) c 3 x + 4 2x 2x
Expanding along C1, we have ∆ = 2x x + 4 2x
0 1 2x 2x x+4
∆ = (a− b)( b − c )( c − a )( a + b + c )( −1)
1 c
Applying R1→R1+R2+R3 we have
= ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( a + b + c ) 5x + 4 5x + 4 5x + 4
Hence proved. [2½]
∆ = 2x x + 4 2x
2x 2x x+4
x x 2 yz
1 1 1
y y 2 zx = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )( xy + yz + zx )
= ( 5x + 4 ) 2 x x + 4 2 x
z z 2 xy
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 9, Page 120] 2x 2x x+4
Ans. Let we assume that, Applying C2→C2−C1 and C3→C3−C1 we have
x x2 yz 1 0 0
∆ = y y2 zx ∆ = ( 5x + 4 ) 2 x − x + 4 0
z z2 xy 2x 0 −x + 4
Applying R2→R2−R1 and R3→R3−R1 we have 1 0 0
x x2 yz = (5x + 4)( 4 − x )( 4 − x ) 2x 1 0
∆ = y − x y2 − x2 zx − yz 2x 0 1
z − x z2 − x2 xy − yz Expanding along C3 we have
x x2 yz 1 0
∆ = (5x + 4)( 4 − x )2
= −( x − y ) −( x − y )( x + y ) z( x − y ) 2x 1
(z − x) ( z − x )( z + x ) − y( z − x ) = (5x + 4)( 4 − x )2
Hence proved. [2½]
x x2 yz (ii) Let we assume that
= ( x − y )( z − x ) −1 − x − y z y+k y y
1 z+x −y ∆= y y+k y
Applying R3→R3+R2 we have y y y+k
x x2 yz Applying R1→R1+R2+R3 we have
∆ = ( x − y )( z − x ) −1 − x − y z 3y + k 3y + k 3y + k
0 z−y z−y ∆= y y+k y
x x2 yz y y y+k
= ( x − y )( z − x )( z − y ) −1 − x − y z 1 1 1
0 1 1 = ( 3y + k ) y y + k y
Expanding along R3 we have y y y+k
DETERMINANTS | 133
Applying C2→C2−C1, C3→C3−C1 we have 1 x y
1 0 0 = 2( x + y + z ) 1 y + z + 2x y
∆ = ( 3y + k ) y k 0 1 x z + x + 2y
y 0 k
Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1, we have
1 0 0
1 x y
= k ( 3y + k ) y 1 0
2
∆ = 2( x + y + z ) 0 x + y + z 0
y 0 1
0 0 x+y+z
Expanding along C3 we have
1 0 1 x y
∆ = k 2 ( 3y + k ) = 2( x + y + z ) 0 1 0
3
y 1
0 0 1
=k 2 (3y + k )
Hence proved. [2½]
Q. 5. By using properties of determinants, show that : Expanding along R3, we have
a − b − c 2a 2a ∆ = 2( x + y + z )3 (1)(1 − 0) = 2( x + y + z )3
(i) 2 b b − c − a 2b = ( a + b + c )3
2c 2c c−a−b Hence proved. [2½]
x + y + 2z x y
(ii) z y + z + 2x y = 2( x + y + z )3 1 x x2
z x z + x + 2y
2
x 1 x = (1 − x 3 )2
2
x x 1
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 11, Page 120]
Ans. (i) Let we assume that, [NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 12, Page 121]
a − b − c 2a 2a Ans. Let we assume that,
∆ = 2b b − c − a 2b 1 x x2
2c 2c c−a−b ∆ = x2 1 x
Applying R1→R1+R2+R3, we have x x2 1
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3, we have
∆ = 2b b − c − a 2b 1 + x + x2 1 + x + x2 1 + x + x2
2c 2c c−a−b ∆ = x2 1 x
1 1 1 x x 2
1
=(a + b + c ) 2b b − c − a 2b 1 1 1
2c 2c c−a−b = (1 + x + x 2 ) x 2 1 x
Applying C2→C2–C1, C3→C3–C1, we have x x2 1
1 0 0 Applying C2 → C2 – C1 and C3 → C3 – C1, we have
∆ = ( a + b + c ) 2b −( a + b + c ) 0 1 0 0
2c 0 −( a + b + c ) ∆ = (1 + x + x 2 ) x 2 1 − x 2 x − x 2
1 0 0 x x2 − x 1 − x
= ( a + b + c ) 2b −1 0
3
1 0 0
2c 0 −1 = (1 + x + x 2 )(1 − x )(1 − x ) x 2 1 + x x
x −x 1
∆ = ( a + b + c )3 ( −1)( −1)
1 0 0
=( a + b + c )3
= (1 − x 3 )(1 − x ) x 2 1 + x x
Hence proved. [2½] x −x 1
(ii) Let we assume that,
Expanding along R1, we have
x + y + 2z x y
1+ x x
∆= z y + z + 2x y ∆ = (1 − x 3 )(1 − x )(1)
−x 1
z x z + x + 2y
Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3, we have = (1 − x 3 )(1 − x )(1 + x + x 2 )
2( x + y + z ) x y = (1 − x 3 )(1 − x 3 )
∆ = 2( x + y + z ) y + z + 2x y = (1 − x 3 )2
2( x + y + z ) x z + x + 2y Hence proved. [5]
Q. 7. By using properties of determinants, show that : a2 + 1 b2 c 2

1 + a − b 2 ab
2 2
−2 b 1
∆ = abc × −1 1 0
2 ab 1 − a 2 + b2 2 a = (1 + a2 + b2 )3 abc
−1 0 1
2b −2 a 1 − a 2 − b2
a2 + 1 b2 c 2
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 13, Page 121] = −1 1 0
Ans. Let we assume that, −1 0 1
1 + a 2 − b 2 2ab −2b
Expanding along R3, we get
∆ = 2ab 1 − a 2 + b 2 2a
b2 c2 a2 + 1 b2
2b −2a 1 − a2 − b2 ∆ = ( −1) +1
1 0 −1 1
Applying R1 → R1 + bR3 and R2 → R2 – aR3, we have = −1( − c 2 ) + ( a 2 + 1 + b 2 )
1 + a2 + b2 0 −b(1 + a 2 + b 2 ) = 1 + a2 + b2 + c 2
∆= 0 1 + a + b a(1 + a 2 + b 2 )
2 2
Hence proved. [5]
2b −2a 1 − a2 − b2 Q. 9. Show that points A ( a , b + c ) , B ( b , c + a ) , C ( c , a+b )
1 0 −b are collinear.
[NCERT Ex. 4.3, Q. 2, Page 123]
= (1 + a + b ) 0
2 2 2
1 a
Ans. Area of ∆ABC is given by the relation,
2b −2a 1 − a 2 − b 2 a b+c 1
1
Expanding along R1, we have ∆= b c+a 1
2
 1 a 0 1  c a+b 1
∆ = (1 + a 2 + b 2 )2 (1) −b 
 − 2 a 1 − a 2
− b 2
2b −2a  a b+c 1
1
= (1 + a 2 + b 2 )2 1 − a 2 − b 2 + 2a 2 − b( −2b ) ∆ = b−a a−b 0
2
c−a a−c 0
= (1 + a 2 + b 2 )2 (1 + a 2 + b 2 )
[Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 ]
= (1 + a 2 + b 2 )3
a b+c 1
Hence proved. [5] 1
= ( a − b )( c − a ) −1 1 0
Q. 8. By using properties of determinants, show that : 2
1 −1 0
a2 + 1 ab ac
a b+c 1
ab b + 1 bc
2
= 1 + a 2 + b2 + c 2 1
= ( a − b )( c − a ) −1 1 0
ca cb c +1
2
2
0 0 0
[NCERT Ex. 4.2, Q. 14, Page 121]
[Applying R3 → R3 + R2 ]
Ans. Let we assume that,
=0 [All elements of R3 are 0]
a 2 + 1 ab ac
Thus, the area of the triangle formed by points A,
∆ = ab b 2 + 1 bc
B and C is zero. Hence, the points A, B and C are
ca cb c2 + 1 collinear.
Taking out common factors a, b and c from R1, R2 Q. 10. Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 sq. units and
and R3 respectively, we have vertices are
(i) ( k , 0 ) , ( 4, 0 ) , ( 0, 2 )
1
a+ b c
a (ii) ( –2, 0 ) , ( 0, 4 ) , ( 0, k )
1 [NCERT Ex. 4.3, Q. 3, Page 123]
∆ = abc a b+ c
b Ans. We know that the area of a triangle whose vertices
1 are ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) and ( x3 , y3 ) is the absolute
a b c+ value of the determinant (∆), where
c
x1 y1 1
Applying R2 → R2 – R1 and R3 → R3 – R1, we have 1
∆ = x 2 y2 1
1 2
a+ b c x3 y3 1
a
1 1 It is given that the area of triangle is 4 square units.
∆ = abc − 0 Therefore, Δ=±4. [1]
a b
1 1 (i) The area of the triangle with vertices (k, 0), (4, 0)
− 0 and (0, 2) is given by the relation
a c
k 0 1
Applying C1 → aC1, C2 → bC2, and C3 → cC3, we 1
∆= 4 0 1
have 2
0 2 1
DETERMINANTS | 135
When − k + 4 = − 4, k = 8. A22 = Co-factor of a22 = ( −1 ) M22 = 1
2 + 2
When − k + 4 = 4, k = 0.
A23 = Co-factor of a23 = ( −1 )
2 + 3
M23 = 0
Hence, k = 0, 8 [2]
A31 = Co-factor of a31 = ( −1 )
3 +1
M31 = 0
(ii) The area of the triangle with vertices (−2, 0), (0, 4)
A32 = Co-factor of a32 = ( −1 )
3 + 2
and (0, k) is given by the relation M32 = 0
−2 0 1
A33 = Co-factor of a33 = ( −1 )
3 + 3
1 M33 = 1
∆= 0 4 1 [5]
2 1 0 4
0 k 1
(ii) The given determinant is 3 5 −1
1
= [ −2( 4 − k)] 0 1 2
2
=k − 4 By definition of minors and co-factors, we have
∴ k − 4 = ±4 5 −1
M11 = Minor of a11 = = 10 + 1 = 11
When k − 4 = − 4, k = 0 1 2
When k − 4 = 4, k = 8 3 −1
M12 = Minor of a12 = =6−0=6
Hence, k = 0, 8 [2] 0 2
Q. 11. Write Minors and Co-factors of the elements of 3 5
following determinants : M13 = Minor of a13 = = 3−0 = 3
0 1
1 0 0
(i) 0 1 0 0 4
M21 = Minor of a21 = = 0 − 4 = −4
0 0 1 1 2
1 4
1 0 4 M22 = Minor of a22 = = 2−0= 2
(ii) 3 5 −1 0 2
0 1 2 [NCERT Ex. 4.4, Q. 2, Page 126] 1 0
M23 = Minor of a23 = =1− 0 =1
1 0 0 0 1
Ans. (i) The given determinant is 0 1 0 0 4
M31 = Minor of a31 = = 0 − 20 = −20
0 0 1 5 −1
By the definition of minors and co-factors, we have 1 4
1 0 M32 = Minor of a32 = = −1 − 12 = −13
M11 = Minor of a11 = =1 3 −1
0 1 1 0
0 0 M33 = Minor of a33 = =5−0 =5
M12 = Minor of a12 = =0 3 5
0 1
A11 = Co-factor of a11 = (–1)1 + 1 M11 = 11
0 1 A12 = Co-factor of a12 = (–1)1 + 2 M12 = –6
M13 = Minor of a13 = =0
0 0 A13 = Co-factor of a13 = (–1)1 + 3 M13 = 3
A21 = Co-factor of a21 = (–1)2 + 1 M21 = 4
0 0
M21 = Minor of a21 = =0 A22 = Co-factor of a22 = (–1)2 + 2 M22 = 2
0 1 A23 = Co-factor of a23 = (–1)2 + 3 M23 = –1
1 0 A31 = Co-factor of a31 = (–1)3 + 1 M31 = –20
M22 = Minor of a22 = =1
0 1 A32 = Co-factor of a32 = (–1)3 + 2 M32 = 13
A33 = Co-factor of a33 = (–1)3 + 3 M33 = 5 [5]
1 0
M23 = Minor of a23 = =0 Q. 12. Using Co-factors of elements of third column,
0 0
1 x yz
0 0 evaluate ∆ = 1 y zx
M31 = Minor of a31 = =0
1 0 1 z xy
1 0 [NCERT Ex. 4.4, Q. 4, Page 126]
M32 = Minor of a32 = =0
0 0 1 x yz
1 0 Ans. The given determinant is ∆ = 1 y zx
M33 = Minor of a33 = =1
0 1 1 z xy
We have
A11 = Co-factor of a11 = ( −1 ) M11 = 1
1+1
1 y
M13 = =z−y
A12 = Co-factor of a12 = ( −1 )
1+ 2
M12 = 0 1 z
A13 = Co-factor of a13 = ( 1 ) M13 = 0 1 x
1+ 3
M23 = =z−x
1 z
A21 = Co-factor of a21 = ( −1 )
2 +1
M21 = 0
1 x 11 0 0 
M33 = = y−x
1 y = 0 11 0 
Therefore, 0 0 11
A13 = Co-factor of a13 = (–1)1 + 3 M13 = (z – y) Also,
A23 = Co-factor of a23 = (–1)2 + 3 M23 = – (z – x) = 0 3 2  1 −1 2 
(x – z)
∴ ( adj. A ) A =  −11 1 8  3 0 −2 
A33 = Co-factor of a33 = (–1)3 + 3 M33 = (y – x)
0 −1 3  1 0 3 
We know that Δ is equal to the sum of the product
of the elements of the second row with their 0 + 9 + 2 0+0+0 0−6+6 
corresponding co-factors.  
=  −11 + 3 + 8 11 + 0 + 0 −22 − 2 + 24 
Therefore, Δ = a13A13 + a23A23 + a33A33 0 − 3 + 3 0+0+0 0+2+9 
= yz ( z – y ) + zx ( x – z ) + xy ( y – x )
11 0 0 
= yz 2 − y 2 z + x 2 z + x 2 z − xz 2 + xy 2 – x 2 y  
= 0 11 0 
( ) ( ) (
= x 2 z – y 2 z + yz 2 – xz 2 + xy 2 – x 2 y ) 0 0 11
(
=z x –y 2 2
) + z ( y – x ) + xy ( y – x )
2
Hence, A ( adj. A ) = ( adj. A ) A = A I .
[5]
= z ( x – y )( x + y ) + z 2 ( y – x ) + xy ( y – x )
 2 −1 1
= ( x – y )  zx + zy – z 2 – xy  Q. 14. If A =  −1 
2 −1  Verify that A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I

= ( x – y )  z ( x – z ) + y ( z – x )   1 −1 2 
= ( x – y )( z – x ) [ − z + y ] =0 and hence find A–1.
= ( x – y )( y – z )( z – x ) [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 16, Page 132]
Ans.
Hence, ∆ = ( x – y )( y – z )( z – x )
[5]  2 −1 1
Q. 13. Verify A ( adj. A ) = ( adj. A ) A = A I . A =  −1 2 −1 
 1 −1 2   1 −1 2 
 
 3 0 −2   2 −1 1   2 −1 1
 1 0 3     
[NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 4, Page 131] A =  −1
2
2 −1   −1 2 −1 
Ans. Given that,  1 −1 2   1 −1 2 
1 −1 2  4 + 1 + 1 −2 − 2 − 1 2 + 1 + 2 
A = 3 0 −2  
=  −2 − 2 − 1 1 + 4 + 1 −1 − 2 − 2 
1 0 3   2 + 1 + 2 −1 − 2 − 2 1 + 1 + 4 
A = 1( 0 − 0) + 1(9 + 2) + 2( 0 − 0) = 11  6 −5 5 
 
1 0 0  11 0 0  =  −5 6 −5
∴ A I = 11 0 1 0  = 0 11 0   5 −5 6 
0 0 1  0 0 11  6 −5 5   2 −1 1
Now,   2 −1 
A 3 = A 2 A =  −5 6 −5  −1
A11 = 0, A12 = −(9 + 2) = −11, A13 = 0  5 −5 6   1 −1 2 
A21 = −( −3 − 0) = 3, A22 = 3 − 2 = 1, A23 = −( 0 + 1) = −1 12 + 5 + 5 −6 − 10 − 5 6 + 5 + 10 
A31 = 2 − 0 = 2, A32 = −( −2 − 6) = 8, A33 = 0 + 3 = 3 − − − −5 − 6 − 10 
=  10 6 5 5 + 12 + 5
0 3 2 10 + 5 + 6 −5 − 10 − 6 5 + 5 + 12 
∴ adj. A =  −11 1 8 

 22 −21 21 
0 −1 3   
=  −21 22 −21
Now,  21 −21 22 
1 −1 2  0 3 2 Now, A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I =0
  
A( adj. A ) = 3 0 −2   −11 1 8   22 −21 21   6 −5 5   2 −1 1 1 0 0
1 0 3  0 −1 3  =  −21 22 −21 − 6  −5 6 −5 + 9  −1 2 −1  − 4 0 1 0 
 21 −21 22   5 −5 6   1 −1 2  0 0 1 
0 + 11 + 0 3 − 1 − 2 2 − 8 + 6 
   22 −21 21   36 −30 30  18 −9 9   4 0 0
= 0 + 0 + 0 9 + 0 + 2 6 + 0 − 6 
=  −21 22 −21 −  −30 36 −30  +  −9 18 −9  − 0
 
4 0
0 + 0 + 0 3 + 0 − 3 2 + 0 + 9 
 21 −21 22   30 −30 36   9 −9 18  0 0 4 
DETERMINANTS | 137
 40 −30 30   40 −30 30  A21=8, A22=–10, A23=–6

A31=1, A32=3, A33=–5
=  −30 40 −30  −  −30 40 −30 
13 8 1
 30 −30 40   30 −30 40  −1 1 1  
∴
= A =
( adj .A) 5 –10 3 
0 0 0 A 34 
3 – 6 –5
= 0 0 0 
1 
0 0 0  13 8 1  
1   3
∴ X= A −1B = 5 –10 3   
Now, we will find the value of A −1 34  2
3 – 6 –5  
A 3 – 6 A 2 + 9 A – 4I =
0 9 
⇒ ( AAA ) A −1 − 6( AA ) A −1 + 9 AA −1 − 4IA −1 =
0 x  13 + 12 + 9   34 
  1   1 
[Post-multiplying by A −1 as| A |≠ 0] ⇒
=  y  34 5 – 15 = + 27  17 
34 
 z  3 – 9 – 45   –51
⇒ AA( AA −1 ) − 6 A( AA −1 ) + 9 AA −1 =
4( IA −1 )
4 A −1
⇒ AAI − 6 AI + 9I =  
 1
2
⇒ A − 6 A + 9I = 4A −1
 
1
1 = 
⇒ A −1= ( A 2 − 6 A + 9I ) ...(i )  2
4  3
– 
A2 − 6 A + 9I  2
1 3
 6 −5 5   2 −1 1 1 0 0 Hence,=
x 1=
,y and z = –
2 2
= −5 6 −5 − 6  −1 2 −1  + 9 0 1 0 [5]
Q. 16. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix
 5 −5 6   1 −1 2  0 0 1 
method.
 6 −5 5   12 −6 6  9 0 0 x−y+z=4
=  −5 6 −5 −  −6 12 −6  + 0 9 0  2x + y − 3z = 0
 5 −5 6   6 −6 12  0 0 9  x+y+z=2
[NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 12, Page 136]
 3 1 −1
=  1 3 1 form of AX = B, where
 –1 1 3 1 −1 1  x  4
From equation (i), we have =A  2 1 −3 , =
X  y  and =
B 0 
 3 1 −1  1 1 1   z   2 
1
A −1 =  1 3 1  Now,
4
 −1 1 3 A =1(1 + 3) + 1( 2 + 3) + 1( 2 − 1) =4 + 5 + 1 =10 ≠ 0
[5]
Q. 15. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse
method. exists.
2x + y + z =1
Now, A11=4, A12=–5, A13=1
3 A21=2, A22=0, A23=–2
x − 2y − z =
2 A31=2, A32=5, A33=3
3y − 5 z =
9
[NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 11, Page 136] 4 2 2
Ans. The given system of equations can be written in the −1 1 1  
∴ A =( adj. A ) = −5 0 5 
form of AX = B, where A 10
1 −2 3 
1 
2 1 1  x  3 4 2 2 4
    1 
A = 1 −2 −1 , X =  y  and B=   ∴ X= A −1B = −5 0 5  0 
 
2 10
0 3 −5  z  9  1 −2 3   2 
 
Now, x  16 + 0 + 4   20 
⇒  = 1  −20 + 0 + 10 = 1  −10 
|A|=2(10+3) –1(–5–3)+0  y  10   10  
=2(13) –1(–8)  z   4 + 0 + 6  10 
=26+8 2 
=34≠0 =  −1
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse
1 
exists.
Now, A11=13, A12=5, A13=3 2, y =
Hence, x = −1 and z =
1
[5]
Q. 17. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix 7 1 −3

method. 1 1
∴ A −1 = ( adj. A ) =  −19 −1 11 
2x + 3y + 3z = 5 A 4
x − 2y + z = −4  −11 −1 7 
3x − y − 2z = 3 7 1 −3 7 
[NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 13, Page 136] 1  
∴ X = A −1B =  −19 −1 11   −5
Ans. The given system of equations can be written in the 4
 −11 −1 7  12 
2 3 3  x  5  x   49 − 5 − 36  8 
  = 1  −133 + 5 + 132  = 1  4 
A = 1 −2 1  , X =  y  and B =  −4  ⇒ y
  4  4 
3 −1 −2   z  3   z   −77 + 5 + 84  12 
Now, 2
A = 2( 4 + 1) − 3( −2 − 3) + 3( −1 + 6) = 1 
3 
= 2(5) − 3( −5) + 3(5)
= 10 + 15 + 15 Hence, x = 2, y = 1 and z = 3
[5]
= 40 ≠ 0  2 −3 5 
 
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse Q. 19. If A =  3 2 −4  find A–1. Using A–1 solve
exists.  1 1 −2 
Now, A11=5, A12=5, A13=5  
A21=3, A22=–13, A23=11 the system of equations.
A31=9, A32=1, A33=–7 2 x − 3 y + 5 z = 11
3 x + 2 y − 4 z = −5
5 3 9 
1 1 
−1
∴ A = ( adj. A ) = 5 −13 1  x + y − 2 z = −3
A 40  [NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 15, Page 137]
5 11 −7 
5 3 9  5  Ans. Given that,  2 −3 5 
1   
  A =  3 2 −4 
∴ X = A −1B = 5 −13 1   −4 
40  1 1 −2 
5 11 −7  3   
x   25 − 12 + 27   40  ∴ A = 2 ( −4 + 4 ) + 3 ( −6 + 4 ) + 5 ( 3 − 2 )

⇒ y =  1  
25 + 52 + 3  =
1 
80  = 0 − 6 + 5 = −1 ≠ 0
40  40 
 z   25 − 44 − 21  −40  Now,
A11 = 0, A12 =2, A13 = 1
1 
  A21 = –1, A22 = –9, A23 = –5
=2 
A31= 2, A32 = 23, A33 =13
 −1
0 −1 2  0 1 −2 
Hence, x = 1, y = 2 and z = −1 1    
[5] −1
∴A = ( adj.A ) = −  2 −9 23 =  −2 9 −23
Q. 18. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix A 1 −5 13   −1 5 −13
method.    
x − y + 2z = 7 ...(i)
3x + 4y − 5z = −5 Now, the given system of equations can be written
2x − y + 3z = 12 in the form of AX = B, where
[NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 14, Page 136]  2 −3 5  x  11 
Ans. The given system of equations can be written in the  2     
A = 3 −4  , X =  y  and B=  −5
form of AX = B, where 1 1 −2   −3
 z 
1 −1 2  x  7     
A = 3 4 −5 , X =  y  and B =  −5
   
The solution of the system of equations is given
 2 −1 3   z  12  by X = A–1B
Now, X = A −1B
A = 1(12 − 5) + 1(9 + 10) + 2( −3 − 8)  x  0 1 −2  11 

    
= 7 + 19 − 22 ⇒  y  =  −2 9 −23  −5 [By using Eq. (i)]
  
=4≠0  z   −1 5 −13  −3
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse exists. 0 − 5 + 6 
Now, A11=7, A12=–19, A13=–11  
=  −22 − 45 + 69 
A21=1, A22=–1, A23=–1  −11 − 25 + 39 
A31=–3, A32=11, A33=7  
DETERMINANTS | 139
1  Q. 21. If a, b and c are real numbers, and
  b+ c c+ a a+ b
= 2
3  ∆= c + a a + b b + c = 0 .Show that either a +
  a+ b b+ c c+ a
Hence, x =1, y = 2 and z = 3 [5]
Q. 20. The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice b + c = 0 or a = b = c.
is Rs. 60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat and 6 [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 4, Page 141]
kg rice is Rs. 90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat Ans. Given that,
and 3 kg rice is Rs. 70. Find cost of each item per b+c c+a a+b
kg by matrix method.
[NCERT Ex. 4.6, Q. 16, Page 138] ∆= c + a a + b b + c
Ans. Let the cost of onions, wheat and rice per kg be a+b b+c c+a
` x, ` y and ` z respectively. Then the given situation
Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
can be represented as :
4x + 3y + 2 z = 60 2( a + b + c ) 2( a + b + c ) 2( a + b + c )
2x + 4 y + 6 z =90 ∆= c + a a+b b+c
6 x + 2 y + 3z =70 a+b b+c c+a
This system of equations can be written in the form
1 1 1
of AX = B, where
4 3 2 60  = 2( a + b + c ) c + a a + b b + c
x 
      a+b b+c c+a
= A 2 = 4 6  , X = y  and B 90 
6 2 3   z  70  Applying C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 , we have:
   
A = 4(12 − 12) − 3( 6 − 36) + 2( 4 − 24) 1 0 0
=0 + 90 − 40 =50 ≠ 0 ∆= 2( a + b + c ) c + a b − c b − a
Now, A 11 = 0, A12 = 30, A13 = −20 a+b c−a c−b
−5, A22 =
A21 = 0, A23 =10 Expanding along R1 , we have :
10, A32 =
A31 = −20, A33 =10 ∆ = 2 ( a + b + c ) (1) [( b − c )( c − b ) − (b − a)( c − a)]
0 −5 10  = 2( a + b + c )  − b 2 − c 2 + 2bc − bc + ba + ac − a 2 
 
∴ adj= . A 30 0 −20  = 2( a + b + c )  ab + bc + ca − a 2 − b 2 − c 2 
 −20 10 10 
  It is given that ∆ =0.
0 −5 10  ( a + b + c )  ab + bc + ca − a 2 − b 2 − c 2  = 0
1 1  
∴ A= −1
adj. A= 30 0 −20  ⇒ Either a + b + c= 0, ab + bc + ca − a 2 − b 2 − c 2= 0.
A 50 
−20 10 10 
  Now,
Now,
X = A–1B ab + bc + ca − a 2 − b 2 − c 2 =
0
0 −5 10  60  ⇒ −2ab − 2bc − 2ca + 2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 =
0
1    ⇒ ( a − b )2 + ( b − c )2 + ( c − a )2 =
0
=⇒ X 30 0 −20  90 
50 
−20 10 10  70  ⇒ ( a − b )2 = ( b − c )2 = ( c − a )2 = 0
  
[( a − b )2 ,( b − c )2 ,( c − a )2 are non-negative]
x   0 − 450 + 700 
  1   ⇒ (a − b ) = (b − c ) = ( c − a ) = 0
⇒
=  y  50 1800 + 0 − 1400  ⇒a=b=c
 z   −1200 + 900 + 700 
  Hence, if Δ = 0, then either a + b + c = 0 or a =
 250  b = c.[5]
1  
=  400  x+a x x
50 
400  Q. 22. Solve the equation x x+a x =
0, a ≠ 0
 
x x x+a
5 
  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 5, Page 141]
= 8 
8  Ans. Given that,
  x+a x x
∴ Hence, x = 5, y =8 and z = 8
x x+a x =0
Hence, the cost of onions is ` 5 per kg, the cost of
wheat is ` 8 per kg, and the cost of rice is ` 8 per kg. x x x+a
[5]
Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 , we get
a c a+c
3x + a 3x + a 3x + a = 2ab c a + b b a
2
x x+a x =0 1 1 0
x x x+a
Applying C2 → C2 − C1 , we have:
1 1 1 a c−a a+c
⇒ (3x + a) x x + a x =0 ∆ = 2ab c a + b − a
2
a
x x x+a 1 0 0
Applying C2 → C2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 , we have:
Expanding along R3, we have
1 0 0 ∆ = 2 ab 2 c [ a( c − a) + a( a + c )]
( 3x + a ) x a 0 = 0 = 2 ab 2 c[ ac − a 2 + a 2 + ac ]
x 0 a
= 2 ab 2 c [2 ac ]
Expanding along R1 , we have
= 4a2 b 2 c 2
( 3x + a ) 1 × a2  = 0 Hence, the given result is proved. [5]
⇒ a 2 (3x + a) = 0 Q. 24. If
But a ≠ 0 3 −1 1  1 2 −2 
   
0  , find ( AB ) .
−1
Therefore,we have : −1
A =  −15 6 −5 and B =  −1 3
3x + a = 0 5 −2 2   0 −2 1 
   
a
⇒ x=− [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 7, Page 141]
[5] 3
Ans. We know that ( AB)−1 = B −1 A −1
a2 bc ac + c 2 1 2 −2 
 
Q. 23. Prove that a + ab b
2 2
ac = 4 a 2 b2 c 2 B =  −1 3 0 
ab b + bc c
2 2 0 −2 1 
 
[NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 6, Page 141] ∴ B = 1 × (3 − 0) − 2(–1) – 2(2 – 0) = 3 + 2 − 4 = 5 − 4 = 1
Now, A11 = 3, A12 = 1, A13 = 2
a2 bc ac + c 2 A21 = 2 , A22 = 1, A23 = 2
∆ = a 2 + ab b 2 ac A31 = 6, A32 = 2 , A33 = 5
ab b 2 + bc c 2
3 2 6 
Taking out common factors a , b , c from C1 , C2 and  
∴ adj.B = 1 1 2 
C3 , we have 2 2 5 
 
a c a+c
Now,
∆ = abc a + b b a
1
b b+c c B −1 = .adj.B
|B|
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 we have 3 2 6 
a+c  
a c ∴ B−1 = 1. 1 1 2 
∆ = abc b b − c −c  2 2 5 
b−a b −a ∴ ( AB ) = B−1 A −1
−1
Applying R2 → R2 + R1 , we have 3 2 6  3 −1 1 
 
a c a+c = 1 1 2   −15 6 −5
∆ = abc a + b b a  2 2 5  5 −2 2 
b − a b −a 9 − 30 + 30 −3 + 12 − 12 3 − 10 + 12 

Applying R3 → R3 + R2 , we have = 3 − 15 + 10 −1 + 6 − 4 1 − 5 + 4 
6 − 30 + 25 −2 + 12 − 10 2 − 10 + 10 
a c a+c
9 −3 5 
∆ = abc a + b b a − 
= 2 1 0
2b 2b 0
1 0 2 
[5]
Now,
 −14 −11 5
1 
A −1 = −11 −4 3
13  DETERMINANTS | 141
5 3 1 
1 −2 1   14 11 5 
Q. 25. Let A =  −2 3   − 13 −
13 13 
 1 Verify that  
11 4 3
 1 1 5 = − −
 13 13 13 
–1
(i)  adj. A =adj. A–1 ( ) 
5 3 1

13 13 13 
(A )
–1
(ii) =A
–1
 4 9  11 15  33 20 
[NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 8, Page 142]  − 169 − 169 − − −  − + 
Ans. Given that,   169 169  169 169 
  11 15  14 25  42 55  
1 −2 1 ∴ adj. A −1  −  − −  − − − − +
 169 169  

A =  −2 3    169 169  169 169  
1
 33 20  42 55  56 121 
1 1 5 − + − − +  − 
 169 169  169 169  169 169 
∴ A = 1(15 − 1) + 2( −10 − 1) + 1( −2 − 3)
 −13 26 −13
=14 − 22 − 5 1  
= 26 −39 −13
= − 13 169 
 −13 −13 −65
Now,
A11 = 14, A12 = 11, A13 = –5  −1 2 −1
1  
A21 = 11, A22 = 4, A23 = –3 = 2 −3 −1
13 
A31 = –5, A32 = –3, A13 = –1  −1 −1 −5
[2]
14 11 −5
Hence, [ adj. A]−1 = adj.( A −1 ).
∴ adj. A = 11 4 −3 (ii)
(A )
–1
–1
=A
 −5 −3 −1
We have shown that,
1
∴ A −1 = ( adj.A ) 1
 −14 −11 5
A 
A −1 =  −11 −4 3
14 11 −5 13
5 3 1 
1 
=− 11 4 −3
13   −1 2 −1
 −5 −3 −1 1
and, adj. A =  2 −3 −1
−1
 −14 −11 5 13
 −1 −1 −5
=  −11 −4 3
1 
13 Now,
5 3 1  [1] 3
1
(i) [ adj.A ]
–1
= adj. A ( ) –1 A −1 =   [ −14( −13) + 11( −26) + 5( −13)]
 13 
3
adj. A = 14( −4 − 9) − 11( −11 − 15) − 5( −33 + 20) 1
=   ( −169)
= 14( −13) − 11( −26) − (5)( −13)  13 
1
= −182 + 286 + 65 =−
13
= 169
We have, adj. A −1
(A )
−1
−1
∴ =
 −13 26 −13 A −1
adj.( adj. A ) =  26 −39 −13  −1 2 −1
1 1 
 −13 −13 −65 = × 2 −3 −1
 1  13 
∴ [ adj. A]−1 =
1
( adj.( adj.A ))  − 13   −1 −1 −5
adj. A  
1 −2 1 
 −13 26 −13
1  =  −2 3 1 
= 26 −39 −13
169  1 1 5
 −13 −13 −65
=A
 −1 2 −1
( )
−1
1   Hence, A −1 =A
=  2 −3 −1 [2]
13
 −1 −1 −5 x y x+y
Now,
Q. 26. Evaluate y x+y x
 −14 −11 5
1  x+y x
−11 −4 3
y
A −1 =
13  [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 9, Page 142]
5 3 1 
 14 11 5 
 − 13 − 13 13 
 
11 4 3
= − −
x y x+y Q. 28. Using properties of determinants, prove that :

3a −a + b −a + c
=∆ y x+y x
− b + a 3b − b + c= 3( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca)
x+y x y
− c + a − c + b 3 c
Applying R1→R1+R2+R3, we have
[NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 13, Page 142]
2( x + y ) 2( x + y ) 2( x + y )
Ans. Taking LHS, we get
=∆ y x+y x 3a −a + b −a + c
x+y x y ∆ = −b + a 3b −b + c
1 1 1 −c + a −c + b 3c
=
2( x + y ) y x+y x Applying C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 , we have
x+y x y a + b + c −a + b −a + c
Applying C2→C2–C1 and C3→C3–C1, we have ∆= a + b + c 3b −b + c
1 0 0 a + b + c −c + b 3c
=
∆ 2( x + y ) y x x−y
1 −a + b −a + c
x + y − y −x
=( a + b + c ) 1 3b −b + c
Expanding along R1, we get
1 − c + b 3c
∆ 2( x + y )  − x 2 + y( x − y )
=
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we have
=
−2( x + y )( x 2 + y 2 − yx ) 1 −a + b −a + c
= −2( x 3 + y 3 ) [5] ∆= ( a + b + c ) 0 2b + a a − b
Q. 27. Using properties of determinants, prove that :
0 a−c 2c + a
x x 2 1 + px 3
y y 2 1 + py 3 = (1 + pxyz )( x − y )( y − z )( z − x ) ∆= ( a + b + c )[( 2b + a )( 2c + a ) − ( a − b )( a − c )]
2 3
z z 1 + pz , = ( a + b + c )[ 4bc + 2ab + 2ac + a 2 − a 2 + ac + ba − bc]
where p is any scalar
[NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 12, Page 142] = ( a + b + c )(3ab + 3bc + 3ca )
Ans. Let we assume that, = 3( a + b + c )( ab + bc + ca )
x x 2 1 + px 3 Hence proved. [5]
Q. 29. Solve the system of the following equations
=∆ y y 2 1 + py 3 2 3 10
z z 2 1 + pz 3 + + = 4
x y z
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we have 4 6 5
− + = 1
x x 1 + px
2 3 x y z
∆= y − x y − x p( y 3 − x 3 )
2 2 6 9 20
+ − =
2
z − x z 2 − x 2 p( z 3 − x 3 ) x y z [NCERT Misc. Ex. Q. 16, Page 142]
Ans. Given that,
x x2 1 + px 2 2 3 10
= ( y − x )( z − x ) 1 y + x p( y 2 + x 2 + xy ) + + = 4
x y z
1 z + x p( z 2 + x 2 + xz ) 4 6 5
− + = 1
Applying R3 → R3 − R2 , we have x y z
x x2 1 + px 3 6 9 20
+ − = 2
∆= ( y − x )( z − x ) 1 y + x p( y 2 + x 2 + xy ) x y z
0 z − y p( z − y )( x + y + z ) Then the given system of equations is as follows
2 p + 3q + 10r = 4
x x2 1 + px 3
4 p − 6q + 5r = 1
=( y − x )( z − x )( z − y ) 1 y + x p( y 2 + x 2 + xy )
6 p + 9q − 20r = 2
0 1 p( x + y + z )
Expanding along R3, we have This system can be written in the form of AX = B,
where
∆= ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )
 2 3 10  p 4
( −1)( p )( xy + x + x y ) + 1 + px + p( x + y + z )( xy )
2 3 2 3
A=  4 −6 5  , X = q  and B =
1 
     
= ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x ) 6 9 −20  r   2 
 − pxy 2 − px 3 − px 2 y + 1 + px 3 + px 2 y + pxy 2 + pxyz  Now, A 2 (120 – 45 ) – 3 ( –80 – 30 ) + 10 (36 + 36 )
=
=( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )[1 + pxyz] = 150 + 330 + 720
Hence proved. [5] = 1200
DETERMINANTS | 143
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse ⇒ (cos A − cos C )(cos B − cos C )
exists.
0 0 1
Now,
1 1 1 + cos C =
0
A11=75, A12=110, A13=72
cos A + cos C + 1 cos B + cos C + 1 cos2 C + cos C
A21=150, A22=–100, A23=0
A31=75, A32=30, A33=–24
⇒ (cos A − cos C )(cos B − cos C )
1 −1
∴ A = adj. A 0 0 1
A
0 1 1 + cos C =
0
75 150 75 
=
1 
110 −100 30 
 cos A − cos B cos B + cos C + 1 cos2 C + cos C
1200  Expanding along C1 , we get
72 0 −24 
Now, ⇒ (cos A − cos C )(cos B − cos C )(cos B − cos A ) =
0
X = A −1B ⇒=cos A cos C or= cos B cos C or= cos B cos A
p 75 150 75   4  ⇒=A C or= B C or= B A
  1    Hence, ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.
⇒= q
  1200  110 −100 30  1 
r  72 0 −24   2  [5]
300 + 150 + 150  0 1 1 
=
1  
440 − 100 + 60  Q. 31. Find A−1 if A =  1 0 1  and show that
 
1200   1 1 0 
 288 + 0 − 48  2
A − 3I
600  A −1 =
1  2
= 400  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q.17, Page 79]
1200 
 240  0 1 1 
 
1 Ans. Given that, A = 1 0 1 
2 1 1 0 
 
1
=  Co-factors are:
3 
  A11 = −1, A12 = 1, A13 =1
1 
 5  A21 = 1, A22 = −1, A23 = 1
1 1 1 A31 = 1, A32 = 1, A33 = −1
∴ p = , q = and r = T
2 3 5  −1 1 1   −1 1 1 
  = 
Hence,=
x 2= , y 3 and= z 5
[5] ∴ adj. A = 1 −1 1  1 −1 1 
Q. 30. Show that the ΔABC is an isosceles triangle if the 1 1 −1 1 1 −1
determinant A = 0 − 1( −1) + 1.1 = 2
1 1 1  −1 1 1 
adj. A 1 
∆ = 1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C = 0 ∴ −1
A = = 1 −1 1 
A 2
2 2 2
cos A + cos A cos B + cos B cos C + cos C 1 1 −1
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q.16, Page 78, Now,
CBSE Board, All India Region, 2016] 0 1 1  0 1 1   2 1 1 
A 2 = 1 0 1  1 0 1  = 1 2 1 
 
Ans. We have,
1 1 0  1 1 0  1 1 2 
1 1 1
∆ = 1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C = 0
1 1 1   2 1 1  3 0 0  
+ Bcos A 1 cos
1 + cos A cos 1 +Acos
2
+ cos CB + cos
2
= 0B cos C + cos C
2
A 2 − 3I 1   
=  1 2 1  − 0 3 0  
∆=
cos2 A + cos A cos2 B + cos B cos2 C + cos C
∴
[Applying C1 → C1 − C3 and C2 → C2 − C3 ] 2 2 
[Applying C1 → C1 − C3 and C2 → C2 − C3 ]
0 0 1
 1 1 2  0 0 3  
0 0 1
⇒ cos A −⇒ cos A − cos C cos B − cos C
cos C cos B − 1cos CC
+ cos = 0 1 + cos C =0−1 1 1 
1
cos2 A + coscos
A −2cos − cosA
A +C cos cosB2 +CcosB
C −cos − cos − cos2CB +cos
C C cos C +−
cos C 2 C − cos C C 1 −1 1  =
2 2 2 2
− cos cosB cos cos2 C + cos=
 A −1
2
[Taking (cosA–cosC) common from C1 and (cosB– 1 1 −1
cosC) common from C2] Hence proved. [5]
2 2 −4   1 −1 0 
1 2 0    and  
  Q. 33. Given A =  − 4 2 − 4  B = 2 3 4  find
Q. 32. If A =−  2 − 1 −2 
,  2 −1 5   0 1 2 
 0 −1 1 
BA and use this to solve the system of equations
Using A–1, solve the system of linear equations y +2z = 7, x – y = 3 and 2x + 3y + 4z = 17.
x– 2y=10, 2x – y – z = 8 and – 2y + z = 7. [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q.20, Page 79]
[NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q.18, Page 79] Ans. We have,
Ans. We have,
 2 2 −4  1 −1 0 
1 2 0   −4 2 −4  and B = 2 3 4
  A=    
A =− 2 −1 −2  ...(i)
 2 −1 5  0 1 2 
0 −1 1 
1 −1 0   2 2 −4   6 0 0
∴ A =1( −3) − 2( −2) + 0 =1 ≠ 0
=∴ BA  2 3 4   −4 2 = −4  0 = 
 6 0 6I
Now,
0 1 2   2 −1 5  0 0 6
A11 =
−3, A12 =
2, A13 =
2
 2 2 − 4
A21 =
−2, A22 =
1, A23 =
1 A 1
∴ B = =  −4 2 −4 
−1
....(i)
A31 =
−4, A32 =
2, A33 =
3 6 6
T  2 −1 5 
 −3 2 2   −3 −2 −4  Given system of equations is
∴ adj. A =−  =  
 2 1 1 2 1 2  y +2z = 7,
 −4 2 3   2 1 3  x–y=3
and 2x + 3y + 4z = 17
 −3 −2 −4 
or
adj. A 1  
∴ A −1= = . 2 1 2  ∴ AX = B
A 1
 2 1 3  1 −1 0   x  3 
 −3 −2 − 4      
−1    2 3 4  y  = 17 
⇒ A = 2 1 2  .....(ii) 0 1 2  z  7 
 2 1 3  ∴X = −1
A B
Also, we have the system of linear equation as −1
x–2y=10,  x  1 −1 0  3   2 2 −4 3 
2x – y – z = 8       1  
= ∴  y   2 3 4 17  =  −4 2 −4 17 
and – 2y + z = 7 6
 z  0 1 2 7   2 −1 5  7 
In the form of CX=D,
1 −2 0   x  10  6 + 34 − 28  12 
 2 −1 −1  y  = 8  1  1 
=  −12 + 34 − 28 =  −6
     6 6
0 −2 1   z  7  6 − 17 + 35   24 
1 −2 0  x  10  2 
       
where, C=  2 −1 −= =
1 , X  y  and D 8  =  −1
0 −2 1   z  7   4 
We know that, Hence, x = 2, y = −1 and z = 4
[5]
T −1 −1 T
(A ) = ( A ) a b c
1 2 0  Q. 34. If a + b + c ≠ 0 and b c a = 0, then prove that
T   a = b = c. c a b
∴ C = −2 −1 −2  =A [By using Eq. (i)]
0 −1 1  [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 21, Page 79]
a b c
∴ X=C −1D Ans. Given that, a + b + c ≠ 0 and b c a = 0,
 x   −3 2 2  10  c a b
⇒  y  =  −2 1 1  8 
   a b c
 z   −4 2 3  7  Let A= b c a
 −30 + 16 + 14 
c a b
=  −20 + 8 + 7 
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
 −40 + 16 + 21 = b c a [ R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 ]
0  c a b
 
=  −5 1 1 1
 −3
= (a + b + c) b c a
Hence, x = 0, y = −5 and z = −3 [5] c a b
1
⇒ − = −1
b
⇒ b =1 DETERMINANTS | 145
and
0 0 1 −3 − a
= ( a + b + c ) b − a c − a a [ C1 → C1 − C3 and C 2 → C 2 − C3 ] ⇒ =1
b
c−b a−b b ⇒ −3 − a = 1
Expanding along R1 , ⇒ a = −4
= ( a + b + c )[1( b − a )( a − b ) − ( c − a )( c − b )]
Hence, given determinant is divisible by (a + b + c)
= ( a + b + c )( ba − b 2 − a 2 + ab − c 2 + cb + ac − ab ) and quotient is
1
= − ( a + b + c ) × ( −2)( − a 2 − b 2 − c 2 + ab + bc + ca ) ( a3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc )[( a − b )2 + ( b − c 2 ) + ( c − a )2 ] [5]
2
Q. 36. If x +y +z =0, then prove that
1
= − ( a + b + c )[ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2ab − 2bc − 2ca + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ] xa yb zc a b c
2
1 yc za xb = xyz c a b
= − ( a + b + c )[ a 2 + b 2 − 2ab + b 2 + c 2 − 2bc + c 2 + a 2 − 2ca]
2 zb xc ya b c a
1
= − ( a + b + c )[( a − b )2 + ( b − c )2 + ( c − a )2 ] [NCERT Exemp. Ex. 4.3, Q. 23, Page 80]
2
Also, A = 0 Ans. Given that, x +y +z =0
1 xa yb zc a b c
⇒ − ( a + b + c )[( a − b )2 + ( b − c )2 + ( c − a )2 ] = 0
2 Now, yc za xb xyz c a b
⇒ ( a − b )2 + ( b − c )2 + ( c − a )2 = 0 [ a + b + c ≠ 0, given] zb xc ya b c a
⇒ a−b =b−c = c−a =0 Taking LHS, we get
⇒a=b=c xa yb zc
[5]
Hence proved. LHS = yc za xb
bc − a2 ca − b2 ab − c 2 zb xc ya
Q. 35. Prove that ca − b2 ab − c 2 bc − a2 is divisible
= xa( za.ya − xb.xc ) − yb( yc.ya − xb.zb ) + zc( yc.xc − za.zb )
ab − c 2 bc − a2 ca − b2
= xa( a 2 yz − x 2bc ) − yb( y 2 ac − b 2 xz ) + zc( c 2 xy − z 2 ab )
by (a + b + c) and find the quotient.
= xyza3 − x 3abc − y 3abc + b 3xyz + c 3xyz − z 3abc
bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2 = xyz( a3 + b 3 + c 3 ) − abc( x 3 + y 3 + z 3 )
Ans. Given that, ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 =xyz( a3 + b 3 + c 3 ) − abc(3xyz )
ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2 [ x + y + z = 0 ⇒ x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xz]
Let we assume that, = xyz( a3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc ) .....(i)
bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2 a b c
∆ = ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 Now, RHS = xyz c a b
ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2 b c a
bc − a 2 − ca + b 2 ca − b 2 − ab + c 2 ab − c 2 a+b+c b c
= ca − b 2 − ab + c 2 ab − c 2 − bc + a 2 bc − a 2 = xyz a + b + c a b [ C1 → C1 + C2 + C3 ]
ab − c 2 − bc + a 2 bc − a 2 − ca + b 2 ca − b 2 a+b+c c a
[ C1 → C1 − C2 and C2 → C2 − C3 ] 1 b c
= xyz( a + b + c ) 1 a b
( b − a )( a + b + c ) ( c − b )( a + b + c ) ab − c 2
1 c a
= ( c − a )( a + b + c ) ( a − c )( a + b + c ) bc − a 2
[Taking ( a + b + c ) common from C1 ]
( a − c )( a + b + c ) ( b − a )( a + b + c ) ca − b 2
0 b−c c−a
b − a c − b ab − c 2
= xyz( a + b + c ) 0 a − c b − a
= ( a + b + c ) c − a a − c bc − a 2
2
1 c a
a − c b − a ca − b 2
[ R1 → R1 − R3 and R2 → R2 − R3 ]
[T aking (a + b + c ) common from C1 and C2 each]
Expanding along C1 ,
0 0 ab + bc + ca − ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )
= xyz( a + b + c )[1( b − c )( b − a ) − ( a − c )( c − a )]
= ( a + b + c )2 c − b a − c bc − a 2
= xyz( a + b + c )( b 2 − ab − bc + ca + a 2 + c 2 − 2ac )
a − c b − a ca − b 2
= xyz( a + b + c )( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )
[ R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 ]
= xyz( a + b + c )( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )
1
⇒ − = −1 = xyz( a + b + c )( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca )
b
⇒ b =1 = xyz( a3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc ) ...(ii)
and From equations (i) and (ii), we get
−3 − a LHS=RHS
⇒ =1
b xa yb zc a b c
⇒ −3 − a = 1 ⇒ yc za xb = xyz c a b
LHS=RHS Therefore, we have AB = 67 × 61 − 87 × 47 =

xa yb zc a b c 4087 − 4089 = −2
⇒ yc za xb = xyz c a b Also,
zb xc ya b c a 61 −87 
[5] adj.( AB) =  
Hence proved.  − 47 67 
3 7  6 8  1 1 61 −87 
∴ ( AB ) =
−1
Q. 37. Let A =   and B =   . Verify that .adj.( AB) = −  
2 5 7 9  AB 2 −47 67 
( AB ) = B−1 A−1
−1
 61 87 
[NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 12, Page 132] − 2 
= 2  ....(ii)
3 7   47 67
Ans. We have, A =   − 
2 5   2 2 
From (i) and (ii), we have
A = 15 − 14 = 1
(AB)–1 = B–1A–1.
Now, Hence, the given result is proved. [5]
A11 = 5, A2 = −2 3 1 
A21 = −7 , A22 = 3 Q. 38. If A =   show that A2 − 5 A + 7 I = 0 . Hence
 −1 2 
5 −7  find A–1.
∴ adj. A =  
 −2 3  [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 13, Page 132]
1 5 −7  Ans. Given that,
∴ A −1 = .adj. A = 1.   3 1 
A  −2 3  A= 
 −1 2 
6 8 
Now, let B =   3 1  3 1 
7 9  A 2 = A. A =   
 −1 2   −1 2 
B = 54 − 56 = −2 9 − 1 3+ 2 
=
Now,  −3 − 2 −1 + 4 
B11 = 9 , B12 = −8 8 5
B21 = −7 , B22 = 6 = 
 −5 3
9 −8  ∴ A 2 − 5 A + 7I
∴ adj.B =  
 − 7 6  8 5 3 1  1 0 
 9  =  − 5  −1 2  + 7 0 1 
− 4   −5 3     
−1 1 1 9 −8   2
∴B = .adj.B = − .   = 
A 2  −7 6   7 8 5 15 5  7 0 
−3 = − +
 2   −5 3  −5 10  0 7 
Now,
 −7 0  7 0 
 9  = +
 − 2 4  5 −7  0 −7  0 7 
−1 −1
B A =  
 7 − 2 3 0 0 
−3   = 
 2  0 0 
 45 63  Hence, A 2 − 5 A + 7 I = 0
 − 2 − 8 2 + 12 
=  ∴ A. A − 5 A = −7 I
 35 + 6 49
− − 9 ⇒ A. A( A −1 ) − 5 A. A −1 = −7 IA −1
 2 2 
[Post-multiplying by A −1 as A ≠ 0]
 61 87 
− 2 2  ⇒ A( AA −1 ) − 5I = −7 A −1
=  ...(i)
 47 67 ⇒ AI − 5I = −7 A −1
− 
 2 2  1
Then, ⇒ A −1 = − ( A − 5I )
7
3 7   6 8  1
AB=    ⇒ A −1 = ( 5I − A )
 2 5  7 9  7
18 + 49 24 + 63 1  5 0  3 1  
=  ⇒ A −1 =   − 
12 + 35 16 + 45  7  0 5   −1 2  
67 87  1  2 −1
=  ⇒ A −1 =  
 47 61 7 1 3 
[5]
DETERMINANTS | 147
3 2 Ans.
Q. 39. For the matrix A =   find the numbers a and
1 1 −1
 
1 1  A = 1 2 −3
b such that A2 +aA + bI = 0.  2 −1 3 
[NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 14, Page 132]  
Ans. 1 1 1  1 1 1 
3 2    
A= A 2 = 1 2 −3 1 2 −3
  2 −1 3   2 −1
1 1     3 

3 2  3 2 
∴ A 2 = A. A =    1 + 1 + 2 1 + 2 − 1 1 − 3 + 3  4 2 1 
1 1  1 1     
= 1 + 2 − 6 1 + 4 + 3 1 − 6 − 9  =  −3 8 −14 
9 + 2 6 + 2  2 − 1 + 6 2 − 2 − 3
=  2 + 3 + 9  7 −3 14 
3 + 1 2 + 1     
11 8  4 2 1  1 1 1 
=    
 4 3 A = A . A =  −3 8
3 2
−14  1 2 −3
Now, 7 −3 14   2 −1 3 
   
A 2 + aA + bI = 0 4 + 2 + 2 
4 + 4 −1 4−6+3
⇒ ( AA ) A −1 + aAA −1 + bIA −1 = 0  
=  −3 + 8 − 28 −3 + 16 + 14 −3 − 24 − 42 
[Post-multiplying by A −1 as A ≠ 0] 7 − 3 + 28 7 − 6 − 14 7 + 9 + 42 
 
( ) (
⇒ A AA −1 + aI + b IA −1 = 0) 8 7 1 
−1
⇒ AI + aI + bA = 0  
=  −23 27 −69 
⇒ A + aI = −bA −1 32 −13 58 
 
1
⇒ A −1 = − ( A + aI ) ∴ A 3 − 6 A 2 + 5 A + 11I
b
Now, 8 7 1  4 2 1 
   
1 1 1 −2  1 −2  =  −23 27 −69 − 6  −3 8 −14
A −1 = adj. A =  =  32 −13 58  7 −3 144 
A 1  −1 3   −1 3     
We have,
1 1 1  1 0 0
1 −2  1  3 2   a 0      
 −1 3  = −  1 1  + 0 a   +5 1 2 −3 + 11 0 1 0
  b     2 −1 3  0 0 1 
   
1 3 + a 2 
=−  8 1   24 12 6 
b 1 1 + a  
7
  
=  −23 27 −69 −  −18 48 −84
 −3 − a 2 
 b − 32 −13 58   42 −18 84 
= b     

− 1 −1 − a  5 5 −5  11 0 0 
 b b     
+ 5 10 −15 + 0 11 0 
Comparing the corresponding elements of the two 10
matrices, we have −5 15  0 0 11
   
1  24 12 6   6   0 0 0 
⇒ − = −1 24 12
b      
=  −18 48 −84 −  −18 48 −84 = 0 0 0 = 0
⇒ b =1  42 −18 84   42 −18 84  0 0 0
and      
−3 − a Thus, A3 – 6A2 +5A +11I =0
⇒ =1
b Now,
⇒ −3 − a = 1 A3 – 6A2 +5A +11I =0
⇒ a = −4 ⇒ ( AAA ) A −1 − 6( AA ) A −1 + 5 AA −1 + 11IA −1 = 0
Hence, −4 and 1 are the required values of a and b [Post-multiplying by A −1 as A ≠ 0]
respectively. [5]
⇒ AA( AA −1 ) − 6 A( AA −1 ) + 5( AA −1 ) = −11( IA −1 )
1 1 1 
  ⇒ A 2 − 6 A + 5I = −11A −1
Q. 40. For the matrix A =  1 2 −3  . Show that
1
 2 −1 3 
 
⇒ A −1 = −
11
(
A 2 − 6 A + 5I ) ...(i)
A3– 6A2 +5A +11I= 0. Hence, find A–1. Now,

[NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 15, Page 132] A2 – 6A+5I
4 2 1  1 1 1  1 0 0 0 −1 2  0 1 −2 
         
=  −3 8 −14  − 6 1 2 −3 + 5 0 1 0 ∴ A −1 = −1  2 −9 23 =  −2 9 −23
7 −3 14  2 −1 3  0 0 1 1 −5 13   −1 5 −13
         
4 2 1  6 6 6  5 0 0  We can write the given equation as AX = B
     
=  −3 8 −14  − 6 12 −18 + 0 5 0  2 −3 5   x  11 
7 −3 14  12 −6 18  0 0 5     
      3 2 −4   y  =  −5
1 1 −2   z   −3
9 2 1   6 6 6  5 0 0     
     
=  −3 13 −14  − 6 12 −18 + 0 5 0   x  0 1 −2  11 

7 −3 19  12 −6 18  0 0 5      
⇒  y  =  −2 9 −23  −5
     
 z   −1 5 −13  −3
9    
2 1  6 6 6 
     x  1 
=  −3 13 −14  − 6 12 −18
7    
−3 19  12 −6 18  ⇒  y  = 2
     z  3 
3   
−4 −5
  ∴ x = 1, y = 2 and z=3
=  −9 1 4  [6]
 −5 3 1   1 −1 0  2 
  2 −4
   
Q. 42. If A =  2 3 4  and B =  −4 2 −4  are two
From equation (i), we have 0 1 2  2 −1 5 
3 −4 −5  −3 4 5   
1  1  square matrices, find AB and hence solve the
A −1 = −  −9 1 4  = 9 −1 −4 
11  11 system of linear equations x – y = 3; 2x + 3y + 4z
−5 3 1  5 −3 −1 
= 17 and y + 2z = 7.
    [5]
[CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2017]
 2 −3 5  Ans.
  –1
Q. 41. If A =  3 2 −4  find A Use it to solve the 6 0 0 
1 1 −2   
  Getting AB = 0 6 0  = 6I
system of equations. 0 0 6 
2 x − 3 y + 5 z = 11  
3 x + 2 y − 4 z = −5 Given system of equations can be written as
x + y − 2 z = −3 1 −1 0   x  13 
    
[CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2018]  2 3 4   y  = 17 
Ans. Given that, 0 1 2   z  7 
   
 2 −3 5  1  1 
  i.e., AX = C ⇒ X = A −1C = BC  AB = 6I ⇒ A −1 = B 
A = 3 2 −4  6  6 
1 1 −2 
   2 2 −4  3   2 
1    
⇒ A = 2( −4 + 4) + 3( −6 + 4) + 5(3 − 2) =  −4 2 −4  17  =  −1
6    
= −6 + 5  2 −1 5  7   4 
= −1
⇒ x = 2, y = −1, z = 4 [6]
Now,
T yz − x 2
zx − y 2
xy − z 2
 −4 
( −1)
1 +1 2
( −1)1+ 2 3 −4 ( −1)1+ 2 3 2  Q. 43. Prove that zx − y 2 xy − z 2 yz − x 2 is divisible
 1 −2 1 −2 1 1  xy − z 2 yz − x 2 zx − y 2
 
adj. A = ( −1)2 +1 1 5 ( −1)2 + 2 2 5 ( −1)2 + 3 2 −3  by (x + y + z), and hence find the quotient.
 −3 −2 1 −2 1 1 
  Ans. Using C1 → C1 – C3 and C2→ C2 – C3 we get
 3 +1 −3 
( −1)
5 ( −1)3+ 2 2 5 ( −1)3+ 3 2 −3  Taking (x +y+ z) common from C1 and C2
 2 −4 3 −4 3 2 
y( z − x ) + z 2 − x 2 x( z − y ) + z 2 − y 2 xy − z 2
0 2 1 
T
0 −1 2  ∆ = z( x − y ) + x 2 − y 2 y( x − z ) + x 2 − z 2 yz − x 2
    x( y − z ) + y 2 − z 2 z( y − x ) + y 2 − x 2 zx − y 2
=  −1 −9 −5 =  2 −9 23
 2 23 13  1 −5 13  Taking (x + y + z) common from C1 and C2
   
DETERMINANTS | 149
2 Q. 45. A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of pens ‘A’, ‘B’
z − x z − y xy − z
and ‘C’. Meenu purchased 1 pen of each variety
⇒ ∆= ( x + y + z )2 x − y x − z yz − x 2
for a total of Rs. 21. Jeevan purchased 4 pens of
y − z y − x zx − y 2 ‘A’ variety, 3 pens of ‘B’ variety and 2 pens of ‘C’
R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 variety for Rs. 60. While Shikha purchased 6 pens
of ‘A’ variety, 2 pens of ‘B’ variety and 3 pens of ‘C’
0 0 xy + yz + zx − x 2 − y 2 − z 2
variety for Rs. 70. Using matrix method, finfd the
⇒ ∆= ( x + y + z ) x − y x − z yz − x 2 cost of each variety of pen.
y − z y − z zx − y 2 [CBSE Board, All India Region, 2016]
Ans. Let the cost of one pen of variety ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’
Expanding to get
be ` x, ` y and ` z respectively then the system of
∆ = (x + y + z)2 ( xy + yz +zx – x2– y2 –z2)2
equations is :
Hence ∆ is divisible by (x+ y+ z) and the quotient x+y+z= 21
is (x + y + z) ( xy + yz +zx – x2– y2 –z2)2 [6]
4x + 3y + 2 z = 60
Q. 44. Using elementary transformations, find the
8 4 3 6x + 2 y + +3z =70
  Matrix form of the system is :
inverse of the matrix A =  2 1 1  and use it to
 1 2 2  1 1 1  x   21
       
solve the following system of linear equations : = A.X B= , where A  4 3 2 = ; X=  y  ; B 60 
8x + 4y + 3z = 19 6 2 3   z  70 
   
2x + y + z = 5
x + 2y + 2z = 7 A =(5) − 1( 0) + 1( −10) =−5
[CBSE Board, Delhi Region, 2016] Co-factors of the matrix A are :
8 4 3  C11 =5; C21 = –1; C31 = –1
  C12 = 0; C22 = –3; C32 = –1
Ans. Given that, A =  2 1 1 
1 2 2  C13 = –10 C23 = 4; C33 = –1
  5
8
−1 −1
4 3  1 0 0  1 1  
    ∴= A −1
=
Adj .A 0 −3 2 
2 1 1  = 0 1 0 A A −5 
1 2 2  0 0 1  −10 4 −1
     
1 2 2 0 0 1  Solution of the matrix equation is X = A–1 B
    5
R1 ↔ R3 2 1 1 = 0 1 0 A x  −1 −1   21 5
8    1    
 4 3  1 0 0
 ⇒  y  =− 0 −3 2 − 1 60  =8  ∴ x =5, y =8, z =8
   5  70  8 
 z  −10 4
 −3 0 0  0 −2 1       [6]
   
R1 → R1 − 2R2 and R3 → R3 − 4R2  2 1 1  =0 1 0 A 1+ a 1 1
    Q. 46. If a, b and c are all non-zero and 1 1+ b 1 =
0 0 −1 1 −4 0  0
1 1 1+ c
1 0 0  0 2 / 3 −1 / 3 1 1 1
1     then prove that + + = 0
R1 → R1 and R3 → − R3  2 1 1  =0 1 2 /3 A a b c
3 0 0 1  1 4 
  
0

[CBSE Board, Foreign Scheme, 2016]
1 0 0  0 2 / 3 −1 / 3 1+ a 1 1
    Ans. Given that, 1
R2 → R2 − 2R1 0 1 1  = 0 −1 / 3 2 / 3  A 1+ b 1 0
=
0 0 1   −1 4 0  1 1 1+ c
   
1 0 0  0 2 / 3 −1 / 3 1 1 1
    +1
−1 / 3 2 / 3  A a b c
R2 → R2 − R3 0 1 0  = 1
0 0 1   −1  1 1 1
4 0 abc +1 0
=
    a b c
0 2 / 3 −1 / 3  1 1 1
  +1
A −1 = 1 −13 / 3 2 / 3  a b c
 −1 4 0  C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
 
 1 1 1 1 1 
AX =B ⇒ X = A −1B 1 + a + b + c b c 
 
0 2 / 3 −1 / 3 19  1  1 1 1 1 1 
x 
     ⇒ abc 1 + + + +1 0
=
   a b c b c 
=∴ y 1 = −13 / 3 2 / 3  5  2  
 z   −1 4  7  1  1 + 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 
+1
0
       a b c b c 
∴ x= 1, y= 2, z= 1 [6]
 1 1   cos α − sin α 0 
1 b c   
  A =  sin α cos α 0
1 1  0
 1 1 1
 +1 0 1 
⇒ abc 1 + + +  1 b c =0 
 a b c  1 1 

[CBSE Board, Foreign, 2016]
 +1
1 b c  Ans.
  A =1
 
R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R1 cosa sin a 0
 
 1 1 1 adj. A =  − sin a cosa 0
⇒ abc 1 + + +  = 0 0
 a b c 0 1
 
 a, b, c, ≠ 0 1 0 0 
1 1 1  
∴ 1+ + + = 0 A ( adj. A ) = 0 1 0  = I
a b c [6] 0 0 1 
Q. 47. Find adj.A and verify that A(adj.A) = (adj.A)A =  
|A|I3. If 1 0 0 
 
A I 3 = 0 1 0  = I
0 0 1 
  [6]
Some Commonly Made Errors

 Students do not write the formula when doing numerical.
 Students confuse in Inverse and Transpose of the matrix.
 Students do not put right sign convention when finding adjoint.
 Students get confuse in finding co-factor and minor of the matrix.
EXPERT ADVICE
☞ For the sums of Matrix Elementary Operation, do not change rows and columns together in the same sum.
☞ In the Determinant sums, to get full marks, students must use the properties of determinant.
☞ For row transformation, change only row, and for column transformation, change only column.
☞ Always Try to Use Direct Methods for the Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations.
OSWAAL LEARNING TOOLS

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Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ 2x 2 − 40 = 18 + 14 (1 mark each)

c−a a+b c c+b a+b+c c c−a c−a a

1 −2 5 Q. 17. Which of the following is correct?

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 or 2 mark each)

Q. 1. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then |3A| = _______. Q. 4. If cos 2θ = 0, then

Ans. 3 A = 3 × 3 × 3 A = 27 A . [1] cos θ sin θ 0 = ________

[Taking 2 common from C1 and then x+1 x+1

Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we have z z 0

Expanding along C1 , we have z z 0

Short Answer Type Questions (3 or 4 marks each)

1 0 1 Q. 3. Using the property of determinants and without

Therefore,  [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 2, Page 131]

M12 = Minor of element a12 = b −1 2

B.cos C + cos A.cos B.cos C − cos2 B sin q × − −

Ans. Given that system of equations is = 9[( − y )( − z ) − 0 + x( y + 3yz + z )]

Long Answer Type Questions (5 or 6 marks each)

Q. 1. Using the property of determinants and without a p x

Applying R1↔R3 and R2↔R3 we have Applying R1→R1+R2 we have

From (i), (ii) and (iii), we have

Q. 7. By using properties of determinants, show that : a2 + 1 b2 c 2

 40 −30 30   40 −30 30  A21=8, A22=–10, A23=–6

Q. 17. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix 7 1 −3

A = 1(12 − 5) + 1(9 + 10) + 2( −3 − 8)  x  0 1 −2  11 

x y x+y Q. 28. Using properties of determinants, prove that :

LHS=RHS Therefore, we have AB = 67 × 61 − 87 × 47 =

A3– 6A2 +5A +11I= 0. Hence, find A–1. Now,

Some Commonly Made Errors

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Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ 2x 2 − 40 = 18 + 14 (1 mark each)

Therefore, [NCERT Ex. 4.5, Q. 2, Page 131]