Revision Notes

Class 11 Maths
Chapter 3 – Trigonometric Functions

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

1. The meaning of Trigonometry

Tri Gon Metron

  

3 sides Measure

As a result, this area of mathematics was established in the ancient past to measure
a triangle's three sides, three angles, and six components. Time-trigonometric
functions are utilised in a variety of ways nowadays. The sine and cosine of an
angle in a right-angled triangle are the two fundamental functions, and there are
four more derivative functions.

2. Basic Trigonometric Identities

(a) sin 2   cos2   1: 1 sin  1; 1 cos  1  R

(b) sec2   tan 2   1:| sec | 1  R

(c) cosec2   cot 2   1:| cosec | 1  R

Trigonometric Ratios of Standard Angles

Angles(In 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360

Degrees)

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Angles(In 0      3 2
radians) 6 4 3 2 2

Sin 0 1 1 3 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2

Cos 1 3 1 1 0 -1 0 1
2 2 2

Tan 0 1 1 3 Not 0 Not 1

3 Defined Defined

Cot Not 3 1 1 0 Not 0 Not

Defined 3 Defined Defined

Csc Not 2 2 2 1 Not -1 Not

Defined 3 Defined Defined

Sec 1 2 2 2 Not -1 Not 1

3 Defined Defined

The relation between these trigonometric identities with the sides of the triangles
can be given as follows:

 Sine (theta) = Opposite/Hypotenuse

 Cos (theta) = Adjacent/Hypotenuse

 Tan (theta) = Opposite/Adjacent

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  Cot (theta) = Adjacent/Opposite
 Cosec (theta) = Hypotenuse/Opposite

 Sec (theta) = Hypotenuse/Adjacent

The following are the signs of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants:

3. Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

We might calculate the trigonometric ratios of angles of any value using the
trigonometric ratio of allied angles.
sin( )   sin  cos( )  cos

   
sin      cos  and cos      sin 
2  2 

tan( )   tan  and cot( )   cot 

   
tan      cot  and cot      tan 
2  2 

cosec( )   cosec and sec( )  sec

   
sec      cosec and cosec      sec 
2  2 

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    
sin      cos  and cos       sin 
2  2 

sin(   )  sin  and cos(   )   cos

   
tan       cot  and cot       tan 
2  2 

tan(   )   tan  and cot(   )   cot 

   
sec       cosec and cosec      sec
2  2 

sec(   )   sec and cosec(   )  cosec

sin(   )   sin  and cos(   )   cos

 3   3 
sin       cos  and cos       sin 
 2   2 

tan(   )  tan  and cot(   )  cot 

 3   3 
tan      cot  and cot      tan 
 2   2 

sec(   )   sec and cosec(   )   cosec

 3   3 
sec       cosec and cosec       sec
 2   2 

 3   3 
sin       cos  and cos      sin 
 2   2 

sin(2   )   sin  and cos(2   )  cos 

 3   3 
tan       cot  and cot       tan 
 2   2 

tan(2   )   tan  and cot(2   )   cot 

 3   3 
sec      cosec and cosec       sec
 2   2 

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sec(2   )  sec and cosec(2   )   cosec

sin(2   )  sin  and cos(2   )  cos 

tan(2   )  tan  and cot(2   )  cot 

sec(2   )  sec and cosec(2   )  cosec

4. Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles

(a) sin(A  B)  sin Acos B  cos Asin B

(b) sin(A  B)  sin Acos B  cos Asin B

(c) cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

(d) cos(A  B)  cos Acos B  sin Asin B

tan A  tan B
(e) tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B

tan A  tan B
(f) tan(A  B) 
1  tan A tan B

cot A cot B  1
(g) cot( A  B) 
cot B  cot A

cot A cot B  1
(f) cot(A  B) 
cot B  cot A

(h) sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos2 B  cos2 A  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)

(i) cos2 A  sin 2 B  cos2 B  sin 2 A  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)

tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C

(j) tan( A  B  C ) 
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A

5. Multiple Angles and Half Angles

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  
(a) sin 2 A  2sin A cos A; sin   2sin cos
2 2

(b) cos 2 A  cos2 A  sin 2 A  2cos2 A 1  1  2sin 2 A

 
2cos 2  1  cos  , 2sin 2  1  cos 
2 2


2 tan
2 tan A
(c) tan 2 A  ; tan   2
1  tan 2 A 2
1  tan
2

2 tan A 1  tan 2 A
(d) sin 2 A  ;cos 2 A 
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 A

(e) sin 3 A  3sin A  4sin3 A

(f) cos3 A  4cos3 A  3cos A

3tan A  tan 3 A
(g) tan 3 A 
1  3tan 2 A

6. Transformation of Products into Sum or Difference of Sines & Cosines

(a) 2sin Acos B  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)

(b) 2cos Asin B  sin(A  B)  sin(A  B)

(c) 2cos Acos B  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)

(d) 2sin Asin B  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)

7. Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines

CD CD
(a) sin C  sin D  2sin cos
2 2

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 CD CD
(b) sin C  sin D  2cos sin
2 2

CD CD
(c) cos C  cos D  2cos cos
2 2

CD CD
(d) cos C  cos D   2sin sin
2 2

8. Important Trigonometric Ratios

(a) sin n  0;cos n  (1)n ; tan n  0 where n  Z

 3 1 5
(b) sin15 or sin   cos 75 or cos ;
12 2 2 12

 3 1 5
cos15 or cos   sin 75 or sin
12 2 2 12

3 1
tan15   2  3  cot 75
3 1

3 1
tan 75   2  3  cot15
3 1

 5 1  5 1
(c) sin or sin18  & cos36 or cos 
10 4 5 4

9. Conditional Identities
If A  B  C   then :

(i) sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C  4sin Asin Bsin C

A B C
(ii) sin A  sin B  sin C  4cos cos cos
2 2 2

(iii) cos 2 A  cos 2 B  cos 2C  1  4cos Acos Bcos C

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 A B C
(iv) cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4sin sin sin
2 2 2

(v) tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan Btan C

A B B C C A
(vi) tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
(vii) cot  cot  cot  cot  cot  cot
2 2 2 2 2 2

(viii) cot A cot B  cot B cot C  cot C cot A  1

10. Range of Trigonometric Expression

E  a sin   bcos

 b
E  a 2  b2 sin(   ),  where tan   
 a

 a
E  a 2  b2 cos(   ),  where tan   
 b

Hence for any real value of  ,  a2  b2 E a 2  b2

The trigonometric functions are very important for studying triangles, light, sound
or wave. The values of these trigonometric functions in different domains and
ranges can be used from the following table:

Trigonometric Functions Domain Range

Sin x R 1  sin x  1

Cos x R 1  cos x  1

Tan x R  {(2n  1) / 2, n  I R

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Cosec x R  {(n ), n  I R  {x : 1  x  1}

Sec x R  {(2n  1) / 2, n  I R  {x : 1  x  1}

Cot x R  {(n ), n  I R

11. Sine and Cosine Series

(a) sin   sin(   )  sin(  2 )  .  sin(  n  1 )

n
sin
 2 sin    n  1  
  
sin  2 
2

(b) cos   cos(   )  cos(  2 )    cos(  n  1 )

n
sin
 2 cos    n  1  
  
sin  2 
2

12. Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

a. y  sin x,

x  R; y [1,1]

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 b. y  cos x

x  R; y [1,1]

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(c) y  tan x

  
x  R  (2n  1) ; n  Z  ; y  R
 2 

(d) y  cot x

x  R  {n ; n  z}; y  R

(e) y  cosec x

x  R  {n ; n  Z}; y  (, 1]  [1, )

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(f) y  sec x

  
x  R  (2n  1) ; n  Z  ; y  (, 1]  [1, )
 2 

TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
13. Trigonometric Equations
Trigonometric equations are equations using trigonometric functions with
unknown angles.

e.g., cos  0,cos2   4cos  1 .

The value of the unknown angle that satisfies a trigonometric equation is called a
solution.

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 1   3 9 11
e.g., sin      or   , , , ,
2 4 4 4 4 4

As a result, the trigonometric equation can have an unlimited number of solutions

and is categorised as follows:

Principal solution
As we know, the values of sin x and cos x will get repeated after an interval of 2 .
In the same way, the values of tan x will get repeated after an interval of  .
So, if the equation has a variable 0  x  2 , then the solutions will be termed as
principal solutions.

Example:

3
Find the principal solutions of the equation sin x  .
2

 3
Solution: We know that, sin 
3 2

2  
Also, sin  sin    
3  3

Now, we know that sin(  x)  sin x .

2  3
Hence, sin  sin 
3 3 2

3  2
Therefore, the principal solutions of sin x  are x  and .
2 3 3

General solution
A general solution is one that involves the integer 'n' and yields all trigonometric
equation solutions. Also, the character ' Z ' is used to denote the set of integers.

3
Find the solution of sin x   .
2

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  3 3 
Solution: We know that sin  . Therefore, sin x     sin
3 2 2 3

   4
Using the unit circle properties, we get sin x   sin  sin      sin Hence,
3  3 3
4
sin x  sin
3

Since, we know that for any real numbers x and y,sin x  sin y implies
x  n  (1)n y , where n  Z .

4 
So, we get, x  n  (1)n  
 3 

14.1 Results

1. sin   0    n 


2. cos   0   (2n  1)
2

3. tan   0    n
 
4. sin   sin     n  (1)n  , where     , 
 2 2

5. cos  cos     2n   , where  [0,  ]

 
6. tan   tan     n   , where     , 
 2 2

7. sin 2   sin 2     n   .

8. cos2   cos2     n    .

9. tan 2   tan 2     n   .

10. sin   1    (4n  1)
2

11. cos  1    2n

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12. cos  1    (2n  1) .

13. sin   sin  and cos  cos     2n  

Steps to Solve trigonometric functions:

The following are the stages of solving trigonometric equations:

Step 1: Decompose the trigonometric equation into a single trigonometric ratio,

preferably the sine or cos function.

Step 2: Factor the trigonometric polynomial given in terms of the ratio.

Step 3: Write down the general solution after solving for each factor.

Note:
1. Unless otherwise stated, is treated as an integer throughout this chapter.

2. Unless the answer is required in a specific interval or range, the general solution
should be supplied.
3. The angle's main value is regarded as  . (The main value is the angle with the
least numerical value.)

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