CHAPTER

1
SECTION - A Angle In Standard Position :
ANGLE AND ITS UNITS
An angle is said to be in standard position if its vertex co-
(1) Angle

Consider a ray OA . If this ray incides with the origin O and the initial side coincides with
rotates about its end points O OX i.e. the positive direction of x-axis.
and takes the position OB, then B
the angle AOB has been
generated. Co–terminal Angles :
An angle is considered as the  = angle Two angles with different measures but having the same
O A
figure obtained by rotating a Initi al side initial sides and the same terminal sides are known as co-
given ray about its end-point.
terminal angles.
The initial position OA is called the initial side and
the final position OB is called terminal side of the angle.
Y
The end point O about which the ray rotates is called the
P P
vertex of the angle.
Sense of an Angle :
The sence of an angle is said to be positive or negative X M O X
M
according as the initial side rotates in anticlockwise or
clockwise direction to get to the terminal side.
Y
B Clockwise direction
O A
 = –ve
(2) SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE
 = +ve There are three system for measuring angles.
O A
Anti cloc kwise direction
B (i) Sexagesimal or English system
(ii) Centesimal or French system
Some Useful terms (iii) Circular system
Quadrant
Let XOX and YOY be two lines at right angles in the Some Important Conversion :
plane of the paper. These lines divide the plane of the paper
 Radian = 180º
into four equal parts which are known as
quadrants.The lines XOX and YOY are known as x-axis
 180  º
and y-axis respectively. Y
One radian =   
 
These two lines taken together
are known as regions XOY, II-q u adran t I-qu ad ran t
Relation between systems of measurement of angles
X X
YOX, XOY and YOX are O
III-q u adran t IV-q uad rant
known as the first, the second, D G 2C
 
the third and the fourth Y 90 100 
quadrant respectively.

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1.2 Theory and Exercise Book

SOLVED EXAMPLE EXAMPLE 3

If cosecA + cotA = 11/2, then find the value of tanA
EXAMPLE 1
Express 1·2 radians in degree measure. SOLUTION

SOLUTION 11
cosecA + cotA = ...(1)
180 2
180
1·2 radians = 1·2 × degrees = 1·2 ×
π 22 / 7 1 2
 =
22 cos ecA  cot A 11
[ = (approx).]
7
2
1·2 ×180 × 7  cosecA – cotA = ...(2)
11
= = 68·7272 = 68º (·7272 × 60)’ = 68º (43·63)’
22 (1) – (2)
= 68º 43’ (·63 × 60)” = 68º 43’ 37·8”
11 2 117
 2cot A = – =
2 11 22
EXAMPLE 2
Express 45°20'10" in rad measure (  = 3.1514) 44
 tanA = .
177
SOLUTION
10 10 1
10" = min = deg rees = degrees
60 60  60 360 EXAMPLE 4
20 1 5 sin θ – co sθ
20' = deg rees = deg rees If 5 tan = 4, then find the value of
60 3 sin θ + 3 co s θ
 1 1 SOLUTION
 45°20'10" =  45    degrees
 360 3  tan = 4/5
16200  1  120 16321 5 sin θ – 3 co s θ 5 tan θ – 3
= = =
360 360 sin θ + 2 co s θ tan θ + 2
 16321  16321 
Now   =  rad
 360  360 180 4
5× –3
16321 3 .1416 51274.054 5
 = 4 = 5/14
= = = 0.79 rad +2
360 180 64800
5
SECTION - B
BASIC DEFINATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO
EXAMPLE 5
In the right angled triangle OMP , we have base (OM) = x, If angle C of triangle ABC is 90°, then prove that
perpendicular (PM) = y and hypotenuse (OP) = r, then we
define the following trigonometric ratios which are known c2
as trigonometric function. tan A  tan B  (where, a, b, c are sides opposite to angles
ab
P y
sin =  P A,B,C respectively)
H r
B x
cos  =  r y SOLUTION
H r
Draw ABC with C  90
P y
tan =   A
B x a b
O x M tan A + tan B = +
B x b a
cot  = P=y c b

2 2 2
a +b c
H r = = B C
sec =  ab ab a
B x
H r
cosec = P  y

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 Trigonometry Ratio 1.3

SECTION - C
SOLVED EXAMPLE
SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
EXAMPLE 7
Y Simplify the expression

II-quadrant I-quadrant b-a

S
sinx
A all positive 1 a
sin and cosec . a + btan 2 x
b-a 2
are positive  b-a 
X X 1+  sinx 
III-quadrant IV-quadrant  a 
T C
tan and cot cos and sec where b > a > 0.
are positive are positi ve
SOLUTION
Y
After a few simple manipulations, this expression (for
brevity denote it by P) can be rewritten

sinx a + btan 2 x sinx a + btan 2 x

P= =
a + (b - a)sin 2 x acos 2 x + bsin 2 x
Some students handle this as follows:

sin 2 x acos 2 x + bsin 2 x

a + btan 2 x = 2
a+b=
cos x cosx
and get a wrong answer: P = tan x. In this
SOLVED EXAMPLE transformation what we actually have to simplify is the
EXAMPLE 6 expression cos 2 x which is equal to |cos x|. And so the
Which statement is true final result is P = sinx / |cos x|.
(A) tan 3 > cos 7 (B) cot 4 < cot 12
(C) sin 15 < sin 11 (D) None of these EXAMPLE 8
If tan  + cot  = a then find the value of
SOLUTION D 4 4
tan  + cot 
tan 3  IInd quadrant  – ve
cos 7  Ist quadrant  + ve
SOLUTION
sin 27  IInd quadrant  + ve 2 2 2 2 2
(tan + cot) = a  tan a + cot a = (a – 2)
4 4 4 2
SECTION - D  tan  + cot  = a + 4 – 4a – 2
4 2
FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES = a – 4a + 2
1
(a) sin = EXAMPLE 9
cosec
1 1 + sinθ π π
(b) cos = Prove that = sec + tan, - < θ < .
sec  1 - sinθ 2 2
1 cos  SOLUTION
(c) cot = 
tan  sin 
1 + sinθ 1 + sinθ 1 + sinθ
(d) 1 + tan2 = sec2 or, sec2 – tan2= 1 L.H.S. = =
1 - sinθ 1 - sinθ 1 + sinθ
1
2 2
(sec – tan) = (sec   tan ) 1 + sinθ  = 1 + sinθ 
= 2 2
(e) sin2 + cos2 = 1 1 - sin θ cos θ
(f) 1 + cot2 = cosec2  1+ sinθ 1 sinθ
= = + = sec + tan
1 cosθ cosθ cosθ
(cosec – cot) = = R.H.S
cos ec  cot 

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 CHAPTER
2
SECTION - A (2) General solution :
GENERAL SOLUTION The expression involving an integer ‘n’ which gives
all solutions of a trigonometric equation is
SOLUTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
called General solution.
EQUATIONS
A solution of trigonometric equation is the value of the (a) If sin  = sin    = n  + (1)n 
unknown angle that satisfies the equation.
 π π
where    - ,  , n  I .
1 π 3π 9π 11π
e.g. if sin  =  = , , , ,.......  2 2
2 4 4 4 4
Thus, the trigonometric equation may have infinite number (b) If cos  = cos    = 2 n  ± 
of solutions (because of their periodic nature) and can be where   [0 , ] , n  I .
classified as :
(1) Principal solution (c) If tan  = tan    = n  + 
(2) General solution
 π π
where   - ,  , n  I .
(1) Principal solutions :  2 2
The solutions of trigonometric equation which lie in the
interval [0, 2) are called principal solutions. (d) If sin²  = sin²    = n  ±  .
(e) cos²  = cos²    = n  ±  .
SOLVED EXAMPLE (f) tan²  = tan²    = n  ±  .
[Note :  is called the principal angle]
EXAMPLE 1
1
Find the Principal solutions of the equation sinx = . EXAMPLE 2
2
2
SOLUTION Solve sec 2 = –
3
1
 sin x =  there exists two values SOLUTION
2
2 3 5π
sec 2 = –  cos 2 = –  cos 2 = cos
3 2 6
5π 5π
 2 = 2n ± , n    = n ± , n 
6 12

EXAMPLE 3
Solve tan  = 2
π 5π 1
i.e. and which lie in [0, 2) and whose sine is SOLUTION
6 6 2
 tan  = 2 .....(i) Let 2tan 
1 π 5π  tan  = tan 
 Principal solutions of the equation sinx = are ,
2 6 6   = n + , where  = tan–1 (2), n 

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2.2 Theory and Exercise Book

EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 7
1 1
Solve cos2 = Solve the equation sin3 x cos x – sin x cos3x = .
2 4
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
The equation can be written as 4sinx cosx (sin2 x– cos2 x) = 1,
2
1  1   –2 sin 2x cos 2x = –sin 4x = 1
 cos2  = cos2  =  
2  2 π π
x=– +k. (k = 0, ± 1, ± 2,....)
π π 8 2
 cos2  = cos2  + n ± , n 
4 4 EXAMPLE 8
Find the general solution of the equation
EXAMPLE 5 1 + sinx + sin 2 x + sin 3 x + ...... + sin n x + .... 4
Solve 4 tan2 = 3sec2  = 2
2 3 n n
1- sinx + sin x - sin x + ..(-1) sin x + ... 1+ tan x
SOLUTION π
 4 tan2 = 3sec2  ...(1) where x  k + , k  I.
2
π SOLUTION
For equation (1) to be defined  (2n + 1) , n 
2 1 1
Nr of LHS = ; Dr of LHS =
4sin θ 2
3 1 - sinx 1 + sinx
 equation (1) can be written as : 2
= 1 + sinx 4
cos θ cos 2 θ hence = = 4 cos2x
1 - sinx sec 2 x
π = 4(1 – sin x)(1 + sin x)
 (2n + 1) , n 
2 1
 4 sin2 = 3  cos2  0 hence 4(1 – sin x)2 = 1 (1 – sin x)2 =
4
2
 3 π 1 1
 sin  = 
2   sin2  = sin2 (1 – sin x) = or –
2 2
 2  3
1 3
π  sin x = or sin x = (rejected)
  + n ± , n  2 2
3 π π
 sin x = sin x = n + (–1)n , nI
6 6
SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS BY
FACTORISING EXAMPLE 9
Find the general solution of the equation
EXAMPLE 6
sin3x(1 + cot x) + cos3x(1 + tan x) = cos 2x.
Solve (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2 x
SOLUTION
SOLUTION sin2x(cos x + sin x) + cos2x (cos x + sin x) = cos 2x
 (2 sin x – cos x) (1 + cos x) = sin2 x (cosx + sin x)(cos2x + sin2x) = (cos x + sin x)(cos x – sin x)
(2 sin x – cos x) (1+ cos x) – (1– cos x) (1 + cos x) = 0 (cos x + sin x)[cos x – sin x – 1)] = 0
(1 + cos x) (2 sin x – 1) = 0 either cos x + sin x = 0 ....(1)
1 + cos x = 0 or 2 sin x – 1 = 0 or cos x – sin x = 1 ....(2)
1 from (1)
 cos x = – 1 or sin x = tan x = – 1 or 1 – sin 2x = 1
2
 sin 2x = 0
π  π π
x = (2n + 1), n   or sin x = sin , n  If tan x = – 1 = tan  -   x = x = n – , n  I
6  4  4
π nπ
x + n(–1)n , n  If sin 2x = 0  2x = nx = this is to be rejected
6 2
Solution of given equation is (2n + 1) , n  because of the tan x or cot x will not be defined so
π  π
or n + (–1)n , n  x =  nπ - , nI
6  4

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 CHAPTER
3
SECTION - A : SINE LAW
SOLVED EXAMPLE
SINE LAW
In any triangle the sides are proportional to the sines of the EXAMPLE 1
opposite angles i.e.
 2 4
a b c If the angles of a ABC are , and and R is the
= = 7 7 7
sin A sin B sin C radius of the circumcircle then a2 + b2 + c2 has the value
1. Let the triangle ABC be acute-angled. equal to
From A draw AD perpendicular to the opposite side;
SOLUTION
then
AD = AB sin (ABD) = c sin B and AD = a2 + b2 + c2 = 4R2 (sin2A + sin2B + sin2C)
ACsin(ABCD) = b sin C
 2 4 8 
b c = 2R2 1  cos 7  1  cos 7  1  cos 7 
 
 b sin C = c sin B i.e. =
sin B sin C = 2R2 [3 – (cos + cos2 + cos4)]
where  = 2/7
A
now let S = cos + cos 2 + cos 3
(cos4 = cos 3)

c  3  5 3
b 2 sin S = sin – sin + sin – sin
2 2 2 2 2
7 5
+ sin – sin
2 2
C D a B
7 
2. Let the triangle ABC have an obtuse angle at B = sin – sin
2 2
Draw AD perpendicular to CB produced; then
AD = AC sin ACD = b sin C and  
= sin – sin = – sin ,
AD = AB sin ABD 2 2
= c sin (180º – B) = c sin B; 1
S=–
b c 2
 b sin C = c sin B i.e. =  a2 + b2 + c2 = 2R2 (3 + 1/2) = 7R2
sin B sin C

A EXAMPLE 2
b In a triangle ABC, A is twice that of show B. Whose that
c a2 = b(b + c).
SOLUTION
C a B D
First assume that in the triangle ABC, A = 2B.
In a similar manner it may be proved that either of Produce CA to D such that AD = AB, join BD.
a By construction, it is clear that ABD is an isosceles
these ratios is equal to triangle and so
sin A
ADB = ABD.
a b c
Thus = = . But ADB + ABD + BAC (the external angle)
sin A sin B sin C
3.2 Theory and Exercise Book

A Using sine rule we get

Hence ADB = ABD = = B. 2 sin A cos A + 2 sin B cos B + 2 sin C cos C
2
= sin A + sin B + sin C
In triangles ABC and BDC we have
ABC = BDC and C is
 sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
= sin A + sin B + sin C
D  4 sinA sin B sin C
A B C
= 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A A B C
 8 sin sin sin =1
b 2 2 2
c
 AB A  B C
 4 cos  cos sin =1
C  2 2  2
a
B C AB C
 4 sin2 – 4 cos sin +1 = 0.
2 2 2
common. So ABC is similar to BDC. Therefore
C
AC BC This is a quadratic equation in sin which must have real
= 2
BC DC
roots.
If follows that a2 = b(b + c)
Now we will prove the converse. Assume that AB
Hence 16 cos2 1
a2 = b(b + c). 2
We refer to the same figure. As before, in the AB
isosceles triangle ABD, we have  cos2  1.
2
ABD = ADB.
So each of these angles is equal to half of their sum AB
But cos2 1
2
A
which is A. Thus, in particular, ADB = AB
2  cos2 o =1 A = B
....(1) 2
On the other hand, in triangles ACB and BCD, Similarly it can be prove that B = C  A = B = C
we have, as a consequence of the assumption
AC BC SECTION - B : COSINE LAW
a2 = b(b + c), = ,
BC DC COSINE LAW
and C is common. So the two triangles are similar and To find an expression for one side (c) of a triangle in terms
CDB = CBA = B. ....(2) of other to sides and the included angle (C).
From (1) and (2), it follows that B = A/2, as desired. 1. Let C be an acute angle.
Aliter : We may use the Sine rule for a triangle to dispose of Draw BD perpendicular to AC ;
both the implications simultaneously. AB2 = BC2 + CA2 – 2AC . CD;
A = 2B  A – B = B  sin (A – B)  c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ba cos C
= sin B  sin (A – B) sin (A + B) = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.
= sin B sin C  sin2A – sin2B
B
= sin B sin C  (2R sinA)2 – (2R sin B)2
= (2R sin B) (2R sinC)
 a2 – b2 = bc  a2 a
c
= b(b + c)

EXAMPLE 3 A D b C
In a triangle ABC, a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = s. Prove 2. Let C be an obtuse angle.
that the triangle is equilateral. Draw BD perpendicular to AC
SOLUTION produced ;
The given result can be written as AB 2 = BC2 + CA2 + 2AC . CD ;
2a cos A + 2b cos B + 2c cos C = a + b + c
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 Solution Of Triangle 3.3

 c2 = a2 + b2 + 2ba cos BCD EXAMPLE 6

= a2 + b2 + 2ab cos (180º – C) In a ABC, prove that a (b cos C – c cos B) = b2 – c2
= a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
SOLUTION
Hence in each case, c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
 We have to prove a (b cos C – c cos B) = b2 – c2
A
 from cosine rule we know that
c
b a 2  b2  c 2 a 2  c2  b2
cos C = & cos B =
2ab 2ac
B a C D
Similarly it may be shown that   a 2 + b 2 - c 2   a 2 + c 2 - b 2  
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A and L.H.S.= a  b  2ab
-

c
 2ac


     
b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ac cos B
From the above formulae we obtain a 2  b2  c2 (a 2  c2  b 2 )
= –
2 2
b2  c2  a 2 c2  a 2  b 2 = (b2 – c2) = R.H.S.
cos A = ; cos B =
2bc 2ca

a 2  b2  c 2 EXAMPLE 7
; cos C =
2ab  a b
If in ABC, A = 60º then find the value of  1   
These results enable us to find the cosines of the angles when c c  
the numerical values of the sides are given.
 c a
1 + b - b  .
 
EXAMPLE 4 SOLUTION
If the sides a, b, c of a ABC satisfy the relation, a4 + b4 + c4  A = 60º
= 2c2 (a2 + b2), find the possible values of the angle C.
 a b  c a
 1     1 + b - b 
SOLUTION  c c  

Solving as a quadratic equation in c we get,  ca b   b ca 

=   
2
c =a +b ± 2 2  c   b 
2 ab
or 2
a +b –c =± 2 2
2 ab (b  c)2  a 2 (b 2  c2  a 2 )  2bc
= =
bc bc
a 2  b2  c 2 1
= =± b 2  c2  a 2  b 2  c2  a 2 
2ab 2
= + 2 = 2 2bc
 +2
bc  
 3
 C= or = 2 cos A + 2 = 3
4 4
1
( A = 60º  cos A = )
EXAMPLE 5 2
Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle and  is its area. Prove  a b  c a 
 1    1    = 3
2 2 2
that a + b + c  4 2 . When does the equality hold ?  c c   b b
SOLUTION
SECTION - C
2 2 2 2 1 PROJECTION FORMULA
TPT : a + b + (a + b – 2ab cos C)  4 3 2
PROJECTION FORMULA
a b
sin C or +  3 sin C + cos C To express one side of a triangle in terms of the adjacent
b a
angles and the other two sides.
2
 a b 1. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle
    
  b a  + 2  2 sin  C  6  . Draw AD perpendicular to BC;
 
Min. value 2 Min. value 2 then BC = BD + CD
Equality occurs when a = b and C = /3 = AB cos ABD + AC cos ACD;

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3.4 Theory and Exercise Book

A A

c b
c b

B D a C c cos N b cos
B B  C C
i.e. a = c cos B + cos C
2. Let the triangle ABC have an obtuse angle C. D
Draw AD perpendicular to BC produced; then
BC = BD – CD a sin A sin(B  C)
= AB cos ABD – AC cos ACD ; = =
 sin B cos C cos B cos C
 a = cos B – b cos (180º – C)
sin Bcos C  cos Bsin C
= c cos B + b cos C =
cos B cos C
A
a
c = tan B + tanC ....(1)

b
b
B a C D similarly = tan C + tan A ....(2)

Thus in each each case a = b cos C + c cos B.
Similarly it may be shown that c
and = tan A + tan B ....(3)
b = c cos A + a cos C, and c = a cos B + b cos A 

a
EXAMPLE 8 adding  = 2  tan A = 2  tan A

In a ABC prove that (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b)
cos C = a + b + c EXAMPLE 10
SOLUTION C C
In any triangle ABC, (a + b)2 sin2 + (a – b)2 cos2 =
2 2
L.H.S. = (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + B) cosC
= b cos A + c cos A+ c cos B + a cos B + a cos C + b cos C SOLUTION
= (b cos A+ a cos B) + (c cos A+ a cos C) + (c cos B + b cos C)
= a + b + c = R.H.S.  2 C 2 C  2 C 2 C
a2  sin  cos  + b2  sin  cos  –
 2 2  2 2

EXAMPLE 9  2 C
2 C
In a ABC perpendiculars are drawn from angles A, B, C of 2ab  cos 2 - sin 2 
 
an acute angled triangle on the opposite sides and produced = a2 +b2 – 2ab cos C = c2
to meet the circumscribing circle. If these produced points
a b c
be ,  ,  respectively, show that + + = 2  tan A, SECTION - D
  
FORMULAE FOR HALF ANGLES
where  denotes the continued product.
SOLUTION FORMULAE FOR HALF ANGLES
Using the property of cyclic quadrilateral,
c sin B .  = bc cos B . cos C A (s  b)(s  c)
1. sin = ;
 b cos B.cos C 2 bc
=
a a sin B
B (s  c)(s  a) C (s  a)(s  b)
sin = ; sin =
sin B cos B.cos C co sB .cosC 2 ca 2 ab
= . =
sin A sin B sin A
A s(s  a)
2. cos = ;
2 bc

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 CHAPTER
2
INTRODUCTION
–1 –1 –1
sin x, cos x, tan x etc. represents angles or numbers y
whose values of sine, cosine and tangent is ‘x’, provided
y=arcsinx
that the value in numerical form is smallest. These can be /2
written as arc sin x, arc cos x etc. If two angles whose
modulus is equal, in which one is positive and other is nega-
tive then we take positive sign. –1
x
0 1
SECTION - A
DOMAIN, RANGE
– / 2
y=arcsinx
DOMAIN & PRINCIPLE VALUE RANGE
OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS –1
f : [–1, 1]  [–/2, /2]
–1 –1
S.No. Function Domain Pr inciple value range (PVR)
f (x) = sin x
  
1. y  sin1 x x  [ 1, 1] y   , 
 2 2
2. y  cos 1 x x  [ 1, 1] y  [0, ] 2. f : [0, ]  [–1, 1]
3. y  tan 1 x x R
  
y  , 
f(x) = cos x
–1
 2 2 f : [–1, 1]  [0, ]
4. y  cot 1 x x R y  (0,  ) –1 –1
 
f (x) = cos x
5. y  sec 1 x x  (– ,  1]  [1,  ) y  [0, ]   
2
   y
6. y  cosec 1x x  (– ,  1]  [1,  ) y    ,   {0 } y=arc cosx

 2 2 y=x

GRAPH OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC / 2

FUNCTIONS 1
/ 2  x
–1 0 1
1. f : [–/2, /2]  [–1, 1] –1
y=cosx
f(x) = sin x
y y=x

y=x
y=arcsinx
/ 2
y
1 y=sinx

–  / 2 –1 x
0 1 / 2

/ 2
y=sinx –1

y=arcsinx
– / 2 1
y=x
x
–1 0 1

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2.2 Theory and Exercise Book

3. f : (–/2, /2)  R 5. f : [0, /2)  (/2, ]  (–, –1]  [1, )

f(x) = tan x f(x) = sec x
–1
f : (–, –1]  [1, )  [0, /2)  [/2, ]
–1 –1
y f (x) = sec x
 y=tanx y=x
y

/ 2
y=arc tanx
/ 2
x
– / 2 0 / 2 
y=arc tanx x
– / 2 –1 0 1

y=x
y=tanx –
6. f : [–/2, 0)  (0, /2]  (–, –1]  [1, )
f(x) = cosec x
–1 –1
f : R  (–/2, /2) f : (–, –1]  [1, )  [–/2, 0)  (0, /2]
–1 –1 –1 –1
f (x) = tan x f (x) = cosec x
y y

/ 2 /2
y=arc tanx

x
0
y=arc tanx
x
–1 0 1
–/ 2

4. f : (0, )  R –/ 2
f(x) = cot x
Basis on the above discussion we get following results
y 1. All inverse trigonometric functions shows angle.
y=x –1
2. If x  0 then all six trigonometric functions sin x,
 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1
cos x, tan x, sec x, cosec x, cot x shows
y=arc cotx
acute angle.
–1 –1 –1
/2 3. If x < 0 then sin x, tan x and cosec x, shows
y=arc cotx angle between – /2 to 0 (IV quadrant)
x
0 /2 
–1 –1 –1
4. If x < 0 then cos x, cot x and sec x shows
–/ 2 obtuse angle (II quadrant)

y=x 5. III quadrant never used in inverse trigonometric

– y=cotx
functions.

–1 EXAMPLE 1
f : R  (0, )
–1 –1 Find the domain of the following functions.
f (x) = cot x
1. sin–1 n x 2. cos–1 [x]
y 3. sin–1 {x}

y=arc cotx SOLUTION
1
/2
1. f(x) = sin–1 n x  –1  n x  1  xe
e
y=arc cotx 2. f(x) = cos–1 [x]  –1  [x]  1 [x] = –1, 0, 1
x
0   x  [–1, 0)  [0, 1)  [1, 2) x  [–1, 2)
3. f(x) = sin–1 {x}  –1  {x}  1  x  R

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