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7. Trigonometric Ratios Identities and Equations Theory
7. Trigonometric Ratios Identities and Equations Theory
TRIGONOMETRIC
R AT I O S , I D E N T I T I E S
A N D E Q U AT I O N S
1. INTRODUCTION
The equations involving trigonometric functions of unknown angles are known as Trigonometric equations e.g.
cos
= θ 0,cos2 θ − 4 cos
= θ 1,sin2 θ + sin
= θ 2cos2 θ − 4 sin
= θ 1.
2 2
(c) 1
cosec A − co t A = X’ X
(d) sinA
= cosec A tanA
= cot A cos
= A sec A 1 III quadrant IV quadrant
MASTERJEE CONCEPTS
A crude way to remember the sign is “Add Sugar to Coffee”. This implies the 1st letter of each word gives
you the trigonometric functions with a +ve sign.
Eg. Add-1st word ⇒ 1st quadrant 1st letter=A ⇒ All are positive to-3rd word ⇒ 3rd quadrant 1st letter-t
⇒ tan θ (cot θ ) are positive.
Ravi Vooda (JEE 2009, AIR 71)
cos 1
6+ 2 10 + 2 5 3 5 +1
4 4 2 4
tan 0
2− 3 25 − 10 5 1
5−2 5
5 3
37º 45º 53º 60º 90º
sin ≈ 3/5 1 ≈ 4/5 1
3
2
2
2 (JEE MAIN)
1 + tan2 θ
1 − tan θ
(ii) =
1 + cot θ 1 − cot θ
2
Sol: (i) Simply by using Pythagorean and product identities, we can solve these problems.
1
(i) L.H.S. = (1 + tan2 A) + 1 + = sec A + (1 + cot A)
2 2
tan2 A
1 1 sin2 A + cos2 A
=sec2 A + cosec2=
A= + = sin2 θ + cos2 θ 1
cos2 A sin2 A sin2 A.cos2 A
M a them a tics | 7.3
1 1
= = = R.H.S. cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ
2
(
sin A 1 − sin A 2
) sin A − sin4 A
2
Hence proved.
1 + tan2 θ sec2 θ sin2 θ
(ii) L.H.S. = = = = tan2 θ … (i)
1 + cot θ cosec θ cos2 θ
2 2
2 2
2
2
1 − tan θ 1 − tan θ 1 − tan θ 1 − tan θ
Now, R.H.S. = = = = . tan θ = tan2 θ … (ii)
( )
1 − cot θ 1 − 1 tan θ − 1 − 1 − tan θ
tan θ tan θ
From (i) and (ii), clearly, L.H.S. = R.H.S. Proved.
(sin A ) + (cos A )
2 2
2 2
sin2 A
cos2 A sin4 A + cos4 A + 2sin2 A cos2 A − 2sin2 A.cos2 A
(i) += =
cos2 A sin2 A sin2 A cos2 A sin2 A cos2 A
(sin )
2
2
A + cos2 A − 2sin2 A cos2 A 1 − 2sin2 A cos2 A
= =
sin2 A cos2 A sin2 A cos2 A
1 2sin2 A cos2 A
= − = sec2 A cosec2 A – 2 = R.H.S. Proved.
2 2 2 2
sin A cos A sin A cos A
sin4 A
(ii) L.H.S. = sec4 A (1 – sin4 A) – 2 tan2 A = sec 4 A − − 2 tan2 A = sec 4 A − tan4 A − 2 tan2 A
4
cos A
( )
2
= 1 + tan2 A − tan4 A − 2 tan2 A = 1 + 2 tan2 A + tan4 A – tan4 A – 2 tan2 A = 1 = R.H.S. Proved.
1 + cos α 1 + sin α
(i) = cosecα + cot α (ii) = secα + tan α (JEE MAIN)
1 − cos α 1 − sin α
(1 + cos α )
2
1 + cos α 1 + cos α 1 + cos α
(i) L.H.S. = = × =
1 − cos α 1 − cos α 1 + cos α 1 − cos2 α
(1 + cos α=
)
2
1 + cos α 1 cos α
= = + = cosecα + cot
= α R.H.S. Proved.
sin α 2 sin α sin α sin α
1 + sin α 1 sin α
= = + = sec α + tan=
α R.H.S. Proved.
cos α cos α cos α
=
( ) ( )
sin2 A 1 − sin2 B − 1 − sin2 A sin2 B
=
sin2 A − sin2 A sin2 B − sin2 B + sin2 A sin2 B
=
sin2 A − sin2 B
= R.H.S. Proved.
cos2 A cos2 B cos2 A cos2 B cos2 A cos2 B
1 1 1 1
Illustration 5: Prove the following identities: − = − (JEE ADVANCED)
cosecθ − cot θ sin θ sin θ cosecθ + cot θ
1 1 2
Sol: By rearranging terms we will get + = , and then using Pythagorean identity
cosecθ − cot θ cosecθ + cot θ sin θ
we can solve this problem.
1 1 1 1
We have, − = −
cosecθ − cot θ sin θ sin θ cosecθ + cot θ
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
⇒ + = + ⇒ + =
cosecθ − cot θ cosecθ + cot θ sin θ sin θ cosecθ − cot θ cosecθ + cot θ sin θ
2cosecθ 2 1
= = = R.H.S. cosecθ = Proved.
1 sin θ sin θ
Alternative Method
R.H.S
=
1
−
1
= cosec θ −
( cosec θ − cot θ )
sin θ cosec θ + cot θ cosec2 θ − cot2 θ
= cosec θ − cosec θ + cot θ
= cot θ Proved.
M a them a tics | 7.5
(i)
(1 + cot A + tanA )( sinA − cos A ) = sin2 A.cos2 A
sec3 A − cosec3 A
sinA cos A
(ii) + 1
= (JEE ADVANCED)
sec A + tanA − 1 cosecA + cot A − 1
(i) L.H.S. =
(1 + cot A + tanA )( sinA − cos A )
sec3 A − cosec3 A
cos A sinA
1 + + ( sinA − cos A )
sinA cos A
=
( sec A − cosecA ) ( sec
( )
a3 − b3 = ( a − b ) a2 + ab + b2
2
A + sec A cosec A + cosec A 2
)
=
( sinA cos A + 1)( sec A − cosecA ) × sin2 A cos2 A sin2 θ + cos2 θ =1 = sin2 A cos2 A = R.H.S. Proved.
( sec A − cosecA )(1 + sinA cos A )
sinA cos A
(ii) L.H.S. = +
sec A + tanA − 1 cosec A + cot A − 1
sinA cosecA + sinA cot A − sinA + cos A sec A + cos A tanA − cos A
=
( sec A + tanA − 1)( cosecA + cot A − 1)
1 + cos A − sinA + 1 + sinA − cos A 2
= =
1 sinA 1 cos A 1 + sinA − cos A (1 + cos A − sinA )
+ − 1 + − 1
cos A cos A sinA sinA cos A sinA
2sinA cos A ( a + b )( a − b ) = a2 − b2
=
( 2 2
1 − sin A + cos A − 2sinA cos A )
1 1 2
L.H.S. = + sin θ.cos2 θ
sec2 θ − cos2 θ cosec2 − θ sec2 θ
1 1 cos2 θ sin2 θ 2
= + sin2 θ cos
= 2
θ + 2
sin θ cos θ
1 1 4 4
1 − cos θ 1 − sin θ
− cos2 θ − sin2 θ
cos2 θ sin2 θ
cos2 θ sin2 θ a2 − b2 = ( a − b )( a + b )
= + sin2 θ cos2 θ
( )(
1 + cos2 θ 1 − cos2 θ
) (
1 − sin2 θ 1 + sin2 θ )( )
cos2 θ sin2 θ
= + sin2 θ cos2 θ
( )
1 + cos2 θ sin2 θ cos2 θ 1 + sin2 θ
( )
=
cos4 θ
+
=
sin4 θ (
cos4 θ 1 + sin2 θ + sin4 θ 1 + cos2 θ
) ( )
2 2
1 + cos θ 1 + sin θ 2
1 + cos θ 1 + sin θ2
( )( )
=
cos4 θ + sin2 θ cos4 θ + sin4 θ + sin4 θ cos2 θ
=
(
sin4 θ + cos4 θ + sin2 θ cos2 θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ )
(1 + cos θ)(1 + sin θ)
2 2
(1 + cos θ)(1 + sin θ)
2 2
=
(1 + cos θ)(1 + sin θ)
2 2
=
(sin θ + cos θ) =
2 2
− sin θ cos θ 2 2
1 − sin θ cos θ
=
2 2
1 − sin2 θ cos2 θ
= R.H.S. Proved.
1 + sin2 θ + cos2 θ + sin2 θ cos2 θ 1 + 1 + sin2 θ cos2 θ 2 + sin2 cos2 θ
3. TRANSFORMATIONS
Circular functions of the algebraic sum of two angles can be expressed as circular functions of separate angles.
sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B; cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
Circular functions of half of an angle can be expressed as circular functions of the complete angle.
sin ( −θ ) = − sin θ π
cos + θ = − sin θ
2
cos ( −θ
= ) cos θ π
tan + θ = − cot θ
2
tan ( −θ ) = − tan θ sin ( π − θ=
) sin θ
π
sin − θ=
cos θ cos ( π − θ ) = − cos θ
2
π
cos − θ=
sin θ tan ( π − θ ) = − tan θ
2
π
tan − θ=
cot θ sin ( π + θ ) = − sin θ
2
π
sin + θ=
cos θ cos ( π + θ ) = − cos θ
2
tan ( π + θ=
) tan θ
π π
C + −D C − +D
π 2 2
Note: sinC + cosD = sinC + sin − D = 2sin .cos
2 2 2
1 1
sinA.sinB
=
2
{ }
cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B ) ; cos A.cosB
=
2
{
cos ( A − B ) + cos ( A + B ) }
sin ( A + B ) .sin ( A − B=
) sin2 A − sin2 B ; cos ( A + B ) .cos ( A − =
B ) cos2 A − sin2 B
1 1
sin2=
A
2
(1 − cos2A ) cos2=
A
2
(1 + cos2A )
1 − cos2A 3sinA − sin3A 3cos A + cos3A
tan2 A = ; sin3 A = ; cos3 A =
1 + cos2A 4 4
7 . 8 | Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations
MASTERJEE CONCEPTS
2 3
sin2n A
• cos A.cos2A.cos2 .A cos2= A......cos2n−1 A if A ≠ nπ
2n sinA
1 if A= 2nπ
−1 if A = (2n+ 1)π
• sin
= ( A1 + A2 + .... + An ) cos A1 cos A2 ....cos An (S1 − S3 + S5 − S7 + .... )
• cos
= ( A1 + A2 + .... + An ) cos A1 cos A2 ....cos An (1 − S2 + S4 − S6 .... )
S − S3 + S5 − S7 + ....
• tan ( A1 + A2 + .... + An ) =1
1 − S2 + S 4 − S6 + ....
Where,
S1 = tan A1 + tan A2 + …. + tan An = The sum of the tangents of the separate angles.
S2 = tan A1 tan A2 + tan A1 tan A3 + …. = The sum of the tangents taken two at a time.
S3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ….. = Sum of tangents three at a time, and so on.
If A1 = A2 = ….. = An = A, then S1 = n tan A, S2 = nC2 tan2 A. S3 = nC3 tan3 A, …..
4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITY
A trigonometric equation is said to be an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or angles involved. A given
identity may be established by (i) Reducing either side to the other one, or (ii) Reducing each side to the same
expression, or (iii) Any convenient, modification of the methods given in (i) and (ii).
1. sin (B + C ) = − cos ( C + A )
sinA,cosB = 2. cos ( A + B ) = sin ( A + B )
− cosC,sinC =
A +B C C A +B
3. tan ( C + A ) = − cot (B + C )
− tanB,cot A = 4.=
cos sin
= ,cos sin
2 2 2 2
1
(i) sin ( 40º +θ ) cos (10º +θ ) − cos ( 40º +θ ) sin (10º +θ ) =
2
π π π π
sin ( θ + φ )
(ii) cos − θ cos − φ − sin − θ sin − φ= (JEE MAIN)
4 4 4 4
Sol: Use sum and difference formulae of sine and cosine functions.
(i) L.H.S. = sin ( 40º +θ ) cos (10º +θ ) − cos ( 40º +θ ) sin (10º +θ )
1
{ }
= sin ( 40º +θ ) − (10º +θ ) sin ( A
= − B ) sinA cosB − cos A sinB = sin30º
= = R.H.S.
2
Proved.
π π π π
(ii) L.H.S. = cos − θ cos − φ − sin − θ sin − φ
4 4 4 4
π π π
= cos − θ + − φ cos ( A= + B ) cos A cosB − sinA =
sinB cos − ( θ + φ )
4 4 2
π
= sin ( θ + φ ) =R.H.S. cos − θ= sin θ Proved
2
1 3π 5 π
Illustration 9: Find the value of tan ( α + β ) , given that cot α= , α ∈ π, and sec β = − , β ∈ , π .
2 2 3 2
(JEE MAIN)
tan α + tan β
Sol: As we know, tan ( α + β ) = , therefore by using product and Pythagorean identities we can obtain
1 − tan α. tan β
the values of tanα and tanβ .
1
Given, cot α = ⇒ tan α =2
2
5 25 4
Also, sec β = − . Then tan β = sec2 β − 1 =± − 1 =±
3 9 3
π 4
But β ∈ , π ⇒ tan β = − tan β is − ve in II quadrant
2 3
4 2
2 + − +
4 3 = 3 = + 2
Substituting tan α =2 and tan β = − in (1), we get tan ( α + β ) =
3 4 11 11
1 − (2) −
3 3
Illustration 10: Prove that: tan3A tan2A tanA = tan3A − tan2A − tanA (JEE MAIN)
tan α + tan β
Sol: Here we can write tan3A as tan ( 2A + A ) , and then by using tan ( α + β ) = we can solve this
problem. 1 − tan α tan β
tan2A + tanA
We have: 3A = 2A + A ⇒ tan3A = tan ( 2A + A ) ⇒ tan3A =
1 − tan2A tanA
7 . 1 0 | Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations
⇒ tan3A (1 − tan2A tanA ) =tan2A + tanA ⇒ tan3A − tan3A tan2A tanA = tan2A + tanA
= 2(1 + cos2
= θ) 2.2cos
= 2
θ 4 cos2 θ = 2cos θ = R.H.S. Proved.
m 1 π
Illustration 12: If tan A = and tan B = , prove that A – B = (JEE ADVANCED)
m−1 2m − 1 4
tanA − tanB
Sol: Simply using tan (A – B) = , we can prove above equation.
1 + tanA. tanB
m 1
We have, tan A = and tan B =
m−1 2m − 1
tanA − tanB
Now, tan (A – B) = ... (i)
1 + tanA. tanB
π π π
⇒ tan ( A − B ) =
tan tan = 1 ⇒ A − B = Proved.
4 4 4
nsin α cos α
Illustration 13: If tan β = ; prove that tan ( α − β =
) (1 − n) tan α (JEE ADVANCED)
1 − nsin2 α
tan α − tan β
Sol: Same as above problem tan ( α − β ) = , therefore by substituting
1 + tan α tan β
nsin α cos α
tan β = , we can prove given equation.
1 − nsin2 α
tan α − tan β
L.H.S. = tan ( α − β ) = ... (i)
1 + tan α tan β
sin α nsin α cos α
−
nsin α cos α cos α 1 − nsin2 α sin α
Substituting tan β = in (i), we get L.H.S. = tan α =
2
1 − nsin α sin α nsin α cos α cos α
1+ .
cos α 1 − nsin2 α
M a them a ti cs | 7.11
=
( )
sin α 1 − nsin2 α − nsin α cos2 α
=
3
sin α − nsin α − nsin α cos α 2
=
cos α cos α
k sin α sin α
Illustration 14: If θ + φ = α and sin=
θ k sin φ , prove
= that tan θ = ,tan φ (JEE ADVANCED)
1 + k cos α k + cos α
α + β α −β α + β + 2γ
= 2cos cos + cos
2 2 2
α − β α + β + 2γ α + β + 2γ α − β
+ −
α + β
2 2
2 2
= 2cos 2cos cos
2 2 2
7 . 1 2 | Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations
2π 4π
Illustration 16: If x cos
= θ y cos θ += z cos θ + , then show that xy + yz + zx = 0. (JEE ADVANCED)
3 3
2π 4π
Sol: Consider x cos
= θ y cos θ += z cos θ + = k , obtain the value of x , y and z in terms of k, and solve
L.H.S. of given equation. 3 3
2π 4π
Let x cos
= θ y cos θ += z cos θ + = k ... (i)
3 3
2π 4π
cos θ + cos θ +
1 cos θ 1 3 1 3
=
⇒ = , = ,
x k y k z k
xyz xyz xyz 1 1 1
Now, L.H.S. = xy + yz + zx = + + = xyz + +
z x y z x y
4π 2π
cos θ + cos θ +
3 + cos θ 3 xyz 4π 2π
= xyz + [Using
= (i)] cos θ + + cos θ + + cos θ
k k k k 3 3
xyz xyz
= − cos θ + cos θ = 0 = 0 ⇒ xy + zy + zx =
0 Proved.
k k
Sol: Multiply and divide L.H.S. by 2sinθ and apply sin ( 2θ=
) 2sin θ cos θ .
Here, we observe that each angle in L.H.S. is double of the preceding angle.
L.H.S. = cos θ cos2θ cos 4θ......cos2n−1 θ
=
1
2sin θ
(
( 2sin θ.cos θ ) cos2θ.cos 4θ.....cos2n−1 θ = 2 1 ( 2sin2θ.cos2θ ) cos 4θ......cos2n−1 θ
2 sin θ
)
1
= ( 2sin 4θ.cos 4θ ) cos8θ cos16θ......cos2n−1 θ sin=
2n θ 2 sin n θ cos n θ
23 sin θ
=
1
( 2sin8 θ.cos8 θ) cos16 θ......cos2n−1
θ =
1
2sin2n−1
θ cos2
=n−1
θ
( )
sin 2n θ
= R.H.S. Proved.
24 sin θ 2n sin θ 2n sin θ
acos φ + b θ a−b φ
Illustration 18: If cos θ = , prove that tan = tan (JEE ADVANCED)
a + bcos φ 2 a+b 2
θ φ
1 − tan2 1 − tan2
2 2 acos φ + b
Sol: Substitute cos θ = and cos φ = in given equation i.e. cos θ = .
2 θ 2 φ a + bcos φ
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
M a them a ti cs | 7.13
2 φ
1 − tan
a. 2 +b
θ
1 − tan2 1 + tan2 φ
acos φ + b
Now, cos θ = ⇒ 2 = 2 [Using (i)]
a + bcos φ θ 2 φ
1 + tan2 1 − tan
2 a + b 2
1 + tan φ
2
2
θ a 1 − tan2 φ + b 1 + tan2 φ φ φ
1 − tan2 2 2 a − atan2 + b + b tan2
⇒ 2 = = 2 2
θ φ φ 2 φ 2 φ
1 + tan2 a 1 + tan2 + b 1 − tan2 a + atan + b − b tan
2 2 2 2 2
θ φ φ
2 tan2
2
2atan2 − 2b tan2
2 2
( a − b ) tan2 2φ θ a−b φ
= ⇒ tan = tan Proved
2 2a + 2b a+b 2 a+b 2
X’ /6 /6 X
B
Y’
Figure 7.2
7 . 1 4 | Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations
By Graphical approach:
The graph clearly shows that sin θ =0 at
-1
MASTERJEE CONCEPTS
A trigonometric identity is satisfied by any value of an unknown angle while a trigonometric equation is
satisfied by certain values of the unknown.
Vaibhav Krishnan (JEE 2009, AIR 22)
1
Illustration 20: Principal value of cos θ = is: (JEE MAIN)
2
Sol: Here cos θ is ( + ) ve hence θ will lie in 1st or 4th quadrant.
cos θ is ( + ) ve ∴ θ will lie in the 1st or the 4th quadrant.
Y
B
For the 1st quadrant, we will select the anticlockwise direction and for the 4th quadrant,
we will select the clockwise direction.
3
π −π
As a result, in the first circle, two values and are found. X’
O
X
3 3 -
π π 3
Both and − have the same numerical value.
3 3
A
π
In such a case, will be selected as the principal value, as it has a positive sign. Y’
3
Figure 7.5
Illustration 21: Find the general solutions of the following equations:
3
(i) sin2θ =0 (ii) cos θ =0 (iii) tan2 2θ =0 (JEE MAIN)
2
Sol: By using above mentioned method of finding general solution we can solve these equation.
nπ
(i) We have, sin2θ = 0 ⇒ 2θ = nπ ⇒ θ = where, n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3......
2
nπ
Hence, the general solution of sin2θ =0 =
is θ ,n ∈ Z
2
6. PERIODIC FUNCTION
A function f (x) is said to be periodic if there exists T > 0 such that f (x + T) = f (x) for all x in the domain of definition
of f (x). If T is the smallest positive real number such that f (x + T) = f (x), then it is called the period of f (x).
( 2nπ + x ) sinx,cos=
We know that, sin= ( 2nπ + x ) cos x , =
tan (nπ + x ) tanx for all n ∈ Z
Therefore, sinx, cosx and tanx are periodic functions. The period of sinx and cosx is 2π and the period of tanx is π .
Function Period
tan ( ax + b ) , cot ( ax + b ) π / 2a
(a) Trigonometric equations can be solved by different methods. The form of solutions obtained in different
methods may be different. From these different forms of solutions, it is wrong to assume that the answer
obtained by one method is wrong and those obtained by another method are correct. The solutions obtained
by different methods may be shown to be equivalent by some supplementary transformations.
To test the equivalence of two solutions obtained from two different methods, the simplest way is to put
values of n = ……….. – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ……. etc. and then to find the angles in [0, 2π]. If all the angles in both
the solutions are same, the solutions are equivalent.
(b) While manipulating the trigonometric equation, avoid the danger of losing roots. Generally, some roots are
lost by cancelling a common factor from the two sides of an equation. For example, suppose we have the
equation tan x = 2 sin x. Here by dividing both sides by sin x, we get cos x = 1/2.
(c) While equating one of the factors to zero, we must take care to see that the other factor does not become
infinite. For example, if we have the equation sin x = 0, which can be written as cos x tan x = 0. Here we cannot
put cos x = 0, since for cos x = 0, tan x = sin x / cos x is infinite.
(d) Avoid squaring: When we square both sides of an equation, some extraneous roots appear. Hence it is
necessary to check all the solutions found by substituting them in the given equation and omit the solutions
that do not satisfy the given equation.
For example: Consider the equation, sin θ + cos θ =1 …. (i)
Squaring, we get 1 + sin2θ =1 or sin2θ =0 …. (ii)
This gives θ= 0, π / 2, π,3π / 2 ………
Verification shows that π and 3π / 2 do not satisfy the equation as sin π + cos π = −1, ≠ 1 and
sin3π / 2 + cos3π / 2 =−1, ≠ 1 .
The reason for this is simple.
The equation (ii) is not equivalent to (i) and (ii) contains two equations: sin θ + cos θ =1 and sin θ + cos θ = −1 .
Therefore, we get extra solutions.
Thus if squaring is a must, verify each of the solutions.
Some Necessary Restriction: If the equation involves tan x, sec x, take cos x ≠ 0. If cot x or cosec x appear, take
sin x ≠ 0. If log appears in the equation, then number > 0 and base of log > 0, ≠ 1.
Also note that f ( θ ) is always positive. For example, sin2 θ = sinθ , not ± sin θ .
Verification: Students are advised to check whether all the roots obtained by them satisfy the equation and lie in
the domain of the variable of the given equation.
M a them a ti cs | 7.17
If sin θ =0 θ = nπ
If tan θ =0 θ = nπ
If sin θ =1 θ= 2nπ + π / 2= ( 4n + 1) π / 2
If cos θ =1 θ= 2nπ
θ = nπ + ( −1 ) α where α ∈ −π / 2, π / 2
n
If sin θ
= sin α
If cos=
θ cos α θ= 2nπ ± α where α ∈ 0, π
If tan=
θ tan α θ = nπ + α where α ∈ −π / 2, π / 2
If sin2=
θ sin2 α θ = nπ ± α
2
If cos= θ cos2 α θ = nπ ± α
2
If tan= θ tan2 α θ = nπ ± α
If tan=
θ tan α θ= 2nπ + α
cos=
θ cos α
m−n m−n π
And cos θ =0 ⇒ cos θ =cos
2 2 2
m−n 2p + 1
⇒ =θ ( 2p + 1) 2π , p ∈ Z=
⇒θ π, … (ii)
2 m−n
2rπ 2p + 1
From (i) and (ii), we have θ = or
= θ π where, m,n ∈ Z
m+n m−1
Illustration 23: Solve: 4 sinx cos x + 2sinx + 2cos x + 1 =0 (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: Simply using algebra and method of finding general equation, we can solve above equation.
We have, 4 sinx cos x + 2sinx + 2cos x + 1 =0
⇒ 2sinx ( 2cos x + 1 ) + 1 ( 2cos x + 1 ) =
0 ⇒ ( 2sinx + 1 )( 2cos x + 1 ) =
0
1 1
⇒ 2sinx + 1 =0 or 2cos x + 1 =0 ⇒ sinx = − or cos x = −
2 2
1 π π
sinx = − = sin −
⇒ sinx ⇒ x= − The general solution of this is
2 6 6
−1 )
(
n+1
n π n+1 π
x = nπ + ( −1 ) − = nπ + ( −1 ) ⇒ x=
π n+ … (i)
6 6 6
1 π 2π 2π
and cos x = − ⇒ cos
= x cos π − = cos ⇒ x=
2 3 3 3
2π 1
The general solution of this is x= 2nπ ± i.e. x = 2π n ± ... (ii)
3 3
−1 )
(
n+1
From (1) and (2), we have π n + and 2π n ± 1 are the required solutions
6 3
8.1 Factorization
Trigonometric equations can be solved by use of factorization.
sin2 x
Illustration 24: Solve: ( 2sinx − cos x )(1 + cos x ) = (JEE MAIN)
Illustration 25: If sin 5x + sin 3x + sin x = 0 and 0 ≤ x ≤ π / 2 , then x is equal to. (JEE MAIN)
α+β α −β
Sol: By using sum to product formula i.e. sin α + sin β = 2sin cos .
2 2
0 ⇒ sin3x ( 2cos2x + 1 ) =
sin 5x + sinx = – sin 3x ⇒ 2sin3x cos2x + sin3x = 0
⇒ sin3x = −1 / 2 ⇒ x = nπ, x = nπ ± ( π / 3)
0,cos2x =
0
Illustration 26: Solve cos3x + sin2x − sin 4x = (JEE MAIN)
( 2n + 1) 6π ,n ∈ I x = nπ + ( −1 )
π
n
⇒ x= or ,n ∈ I
6
π n π
∴ Solution of given equation is ( 2n + 1 ) ,n ∈ I or nπ + ( −1 ) ,n ∈ I
6 6
Illustration 27: The number of solutions of the equation sin5x cos3x = sin6x cos2x, in the interval 0, π , is:
(JEE MAIN)
Sol: Simply by using product to sum method.
1
The given equation can be written as
2
( sin8x + sin2x )= 12 ( sin8x + sin 4x )
⇒ sin 2x – sin 4x = 0 ⇒ – 2 sin x cos 3x = 0
π
Hence sin x = 0 or cos 3x = 0. That is, x = nπ (n ∈ I ) , or 3x = kπ +
2
(k ∈ I ) .
π π 5π
Therefore, since x ∈ 0, π , the given equation is satisfied if x = 0, π, , or .
6 2 6
Hence, no. of solutions is 5.
7 . 2 0 | Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations
c
If c ≤ a2 + b2 , then put = cos α , so that cos ( θ − φ=
) cos α
a2 + b2
⇒ ( θ − φ )= 2nπ ± α ⇒ θ= 2nπ ± α + φ
2
Illustration 28: Solve: sinx + 3 cos x = (JEE MAIN)
3 1 2 1 π π
⇒ cos x + sinx = = ⇒ cos x − =
cos
2 2 2 2 6 4
π π π π 5π π
⇒ x − = 2nπ ± ⇒ x= 2nπ ± + ⇒ x= 2nπ + , 2nπ − where n ∈ I
6 4 4 6 12 12
Note: Trigonometric equations of the form a sin x + b cos x = c can also be solved by changing sin x and cos x into
their corresponding tangent of half the angle. i.e t=tan x/2. The following example gives you insight.
x x
1 − tan2 2 tan
Sol: As we know, cos x = 2 and sinx = 2 . Therefore by substituting these values and solving we
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan
will be get the result. 2 2
x 1 x 1 x −1 1
⇒ tan =⇒ tan = where, α tan ,n ∈ I
tan α , where tan α = ⇒ = nπ + α ⇒ x= 2nπ + 2α =
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 π π π π
⇒ sinx + cos x. =⇒ cos x − = cos ⇒ x − = 2nπ ±
2 2 2 4 4 4 4
π
If we take the positive sign, we get x = 2nπ + , n ∈ I
2
If we take the negative sign, we get x = 2nπ, n ∈ I
MASTERJEE CONCEPTS
(i) The answer should not contain such values of angles which make any of the terms undefined or
infinite.
(ii) Never cancel terms containing unknown terms on the two sides, which are in product. It may cause
loss of the general solution.
Suppose the equation is sin x = (tan x)/2. Now, cancelling sinx on both the sides, we get only
1
cos x = , sin x = 0 is not counted.
2
(iii) Check that the denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
(iv) While solving a trigonometric equation, squaring the equation at any step must be avoided if
possible. If squaring is necessary, check the solution for extraneous values.
Suppose the equation is sin x = – sin x. We know that the only solution of this is sin x = 0 but on squaring,
we get (sin x)2=(sin x)2 which is always true.
(v) Domain should not change, it if changes, necessary corrections must be made.
Shivam Agarwal (JEE 2009, AIR 27)
7 . 2 2 | Trigonometric Ratios, Identities and Equations
∴ Solution set is, x | x = nπ + ( −1)n − π ∩ x | x = nπ ± π
3 6 2
Note: Here, unlike all other problems, the solution set consists of the intersection of two solution sets and not the
union of the solution sets.
x x
Illustration 32: sinx cos − 2sinx + 1 + sin − 2cos x ( cos x ) =
0 . Find the general solution. (JEE ADVANCED)
4 4
Sol: Open all brackets of given equation and then by using sum to product formula and method of finding general
solution we will get the result.
x x
sinx cos − 2sin2 x + cos x + sin cos x − 2cos2 x =
0
4 4
x 5x 5x
sin x + + cos x =
2 ⇒ sin + cos x =2 ⇒ sin = 1 and cos x = 1
4 4 4
5x 5x π π
sin = 1 ⇒ = 2nπ + =
⇒ x 2 ( 4n + 1 ) ; cos x = 1 ⇒ x = 2mπ
4 4 2 5
⇒ x = 2π,10π,18π ……..AP (
⇒ x = 2π + m − 1 8 π )
(
⇒ x = 2π 4m − 3 ) m∈I
π
Illustration 33: Find the general solution of 2sin 3x + = 1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x (JEE ADVANCED)
4
Sol: First square on both side and then using sum and difference formula we can solve this illustration.
2 2
π sin3x cos3x
= 1 + 8 sin2x cos 2x
2
4 sin2 3x + = 1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x ⇒ 4 +
4 2 2
4 sin2 3x 4 cos2 3x
⇒ + 1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x
+ 4 sin3x cos3x =
2 2
⇒ 2sin2 3x + 2cos2 3x + 2sin6x =
1 + 8 sin2x cos2 2x
⇒ 1 + 2 sin 6x = 8 sin 2x cos2 2x ⇒ 1 + 2 sin 6x = 4 sin 4x cos 2x
⇒ 1 + 2 sin 6x = 2 (sin 6x + sin 2x) ⇒ 1 = 2 sin 2x ⇒ sin 2x = ½
π sin x cos4 x 1
4
⇒ x= + 2nπ x= + = n ∈ I
12 2 3 5
9. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Two equations are given and we have to find the value of variable θ which may satisfy both the given equations,
M a them a ti cs | 7.23
like cos=
θ cos α and sin θ= sin α
So, the common solution is θ= 2nπ + α , n ∈ I
Similarly, sin θ= sin α and tan=
θ tan α
So, the common solution is θ= 2nπ + α , n ∈ I
1
Illustration 34: The most general value of θ satisfying the equations cos θ = and tan θ = −1 is: (JEE MAIN)
2
Sol: As above mentioned method we can find out the general value of θ .
1 π
cos=
θ = cos
2 4
π 9π 7π
⇒ θ= 2nπ ± ; n ∈ I Put n = 1 θ = ,
4 4 4
−π 3π 7π
tan θ = −1 = tan ⇒ θ = nπ − π / 4 , n∈ I Put n = 1, θ = ; Put n= 2, θ=
4 4 4
7π
The common value which satisfies both these equation is .
4
7π
Hence, the general value is 2nπ + .
4
1
Illustration 35: The most general value of θ satisfying equations sin θ = − and tan θ =1 / 3 are: (JEE MAIN)
2
Sol: Similar to above illustration.
We shall first consider values of θ between 0 and 2π
1 π π
sin θ = − = − = sin π + or sin ( 2π − π / 6 )
2 6 6
∴ θ = 7π / 6,11π / 6 ; tan
= θ 1/ = 3 tan ( π /= 6 ) tan ( π + π / 6 )
∴ θ = π / 6,7π / 6
Thus, the value of θ between 0 and 2π which satisfies both the equations is 7π / 6 .
Hence, the general value of θ is 2nπ + 7π / 6 where n ∈ I
(d) If α is the least positive value of θ which satisfies two given trigonometric equations, then the general value
of θ will be 2nπ + α . For example, sin θ= sin α and cos= θ cos α , then, θ= 2nπ + α ,n ∈ I
sin (nπ + θ ) = ( −1) sin θ, n ∈ I
n
(i)
cos (nπ + θ ) = ( −1 ) cos θ, n ∈ I
n
(ii)
sin (nπ − θ ) = ( −1 ) sin θ, n ∈ I
n−1
(iii)
FORMULAE SHEET
Periodic Formulas
sin ( 2n π + θ=
) sin θ , cos ( 2n π + θ=
) cos θ , tan(n π + =
θ) tan θ ,
(If n is an integer)
θ) cot θ ,
cot(n π + = sec ( 2n π + θ=
) sec θ , cosec ( 2n π =
+ θ ) cosec θ
sin ( 2θ=
) 2sin θ cos θ , sin3
=θ 3sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
Double and Triple Angle
Formulas
cos ( 2=
θ ) cos2 θ − sin2 θ cos3
= θ 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ
π π π
Complementary angles sin ± θ=
cos θ , cos ±=θ sin θ , tan ±=θ cot θ ,
2 2 2
π π π
cot − θ=
tan θ , sec = − θ cosec θ , cosec − θ=
sec θ
2 2 2
1 1 1 − cos ( 2θ )
sin2=
θ 1 − cos ( 2θ ) , cos2=
θ 1 + cos ( 2θ ) , tan2 θ =
Half Angle 2 2 1 + cos ( 2θ )
sin ( α ± β=
) sin α cos β ± cos α sinβ ,
Sum and Difference
cos ( α ± β=
) cos α cos β sin α sinβ ,
tan α ± tan β
tan ( α ± β ) = ,
1 tan α tan β
M a them a ti cs | 7.25
1
sin α=
sin β cos ( α − β ) − cos ( α + β ) ,
Product to Sum 2
1
sin α =
cos β sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β ) ,
2
1
cos α=
cos β cos ( α − β ) + cos ( α + β ) ,
2
1
cos α=
sin β sin ( α + β ) − sin ( α − β ) ,
2
α+β α −β
Sum to Product sin α + sin β = 2sin cos ,
2 2
α +β α −β
sin α − sin β = 2cos sin
2 2
α+β α −β
cos α + cos β = 2cos cos
2 2
α +β α −β
cos α − cos β = −2sin sin
2 2