INTRODUCTION OF BLOOD

Hematology 1 (Lecture)
BS Medical Laboratory Science | Abella, Pelis Florbien A. | SEM 1 2023-2024

WHAT IS BLOOD?
❖ Nutritive fluid.
❖ Participates in the physiologic and
pathologic activities of the body.
❖ 3 main types of blood cells:
1. RBC
2. WBC
3. Platelets
❖ Characteristics:
Blood Volume: 5 L
- Male: 5 - 6 L
- Female: 4 - 5 L
Blood pH: 7.35 - 7.45 ❖ Plasma (55%)
Blood Specific Gravity: 1.045 - - 90% water; 8% solutes
1.065 ❖ Buffy coat (<1%)
Salinity: 0.85 - 90 % - Thrombocytes
❖ Formed elements (45%)
Odor: Fish odor
- Erythrocytes
Temperature: 98.6 F - Leukocytes
More viscous than water ➢ Proteins
Red in color (due to 1. Albumin
Hemoglobin) - most abundant protein
- Arterial Blood: Bright in blood.
red 2. Alpha and Beta Globulins
- Venous Blood: Dark 3. Gamma Globulins
red 4. Fibrinogen
- Gas
- Electrolytes
BLOOD VOLUME
- Metabolic waste
❖ Hypovolemia: ↓ Blood volume - Hormones
- Loss of whole blood - Organic nutrients
- Loss of body fluid - dehydrated
- Loss of plasma
MORPHOLOGY
- Causes to ↑ heart rate
❖ Hypervolemia: ↑ Blood volume ❖ RBC
- Pregnancy - Anucleated, biconcave, discoid
- IV fluid ingestion cell filled with a reddish protein,
- Massive blood transfusion hemoglobin.
- Appear salmon pink
- 7 - 8 um
FUNCTION
- Discocytes (normal shape)
❖ Respiration - ⅓ Central pallor
❖ Nutrition ❖ WBC
❖ Excretion - Colorless
❖ Buffer - Dedicated to protecting the host
❖ Protection from infection and injury.
❖ Transports nutrients all throughout the
boyd
❖ Maintain body temperature & slight 2 DIVISIONS OF WBC
alkalinity of tissue ❖ Granulocytes
1. Neutrophil

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INTRODUCTION OF BLOOD
Hematology 1 (Lecture)
BS Medical Laboratory Science | Abella, Pelis Florbien A. | SEM 1 2023-2024

-
Reacts to both acidic
BASOPHIL
and basic.
2. Eosinophil ❖ Least common
- Reacts to acid. ❖ 10-14 um
3. Basophil ❖ Dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic
- Reacts to basic granules that obscure the nucleus
❖ Agranulocytes ❖ Bilobed
1. Monocyte ❖ 0-2%
2. Lymphocyte ❖ Allergic Reaction

NEUTROPHIL PLATELETS
❖ Phagocytic cells ❖ Fragment of the megakaryocyte
❖ 10-15 um cytoplasm
❖ Pink or lavender granules ❖ Control hemostasis, stop bleeding, seal
❖ 50-70% of circulating leukocytes wounds, repair vessel
❖ 3-5 lobes ❖ 2-4 um
❖ Bacterial infection
CBC PARAMETER
LYMPHOCYTE
❖ Host immunity
❖ S: 6-8 um RBC COUNT
❖ M-L: 8-12 um ❖ Normal range: 4.52 - 5.90 g/dL
❖ Round nuclei ❖ Detect anemia (↓) and polycythemia (↑)
❖ Cytoplasm: Generally stains a pale ❖ Performed when:
“robin’s egg” blue 1. Count exceeds the
❖ 18% and 42 % linearity of an
❖ Viral infection instrument.
2. Remote laboratories
MONOCYTE 3. Disaster situation

❖ Identify and phagocytize foreign

particles and assist the lymphocytes HEMOGLOBIN & HEMATOCRIT
❖ 12-20 um ❖ Hemoglobin
❖ Blue-gray cytoplasm with fine azure - Method: Cyanmethemoglobin
granules (Hemoglobincyanide)
❖ Ground glass appearance - Principle: Hemog (Fe2+) + KgFe
❖ Round, oval or kidney shape = (CN)6 → Methemoglobin (Fe3+)
Horseshoe shaped + KCN → Cyanmethemoglobin
❖ 2% - 11% - Normal range:
❖ Viral and Bacterial 1. Male: 13.5 - 18.0 g/dL
(135-180 g/L)
EOSINOPHILS 2. Female: 12.0 - 15.0
g/dL (120-150 g/L)
❖ Immune regulation
❖ 12-17 um HEMATOCRIT
❖ Bilobed nucleus ❖ Volume of packed RBC.
❖ Red-orange secondary granules ❖ Method: Microhematocrit
❖ 1-3 % ❖ Principle: Based on the measurement of
❖ Parasitic infection packed red cell volume of a centrifuged
whole blood
❖ Normal range:
1. Male: 40 - 54% (0.40--0.54 L/L)

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INTRODUCTION OF BLOOD
Hematology 1 (Lecture)
BS Medical Laboratory Science | Abella, Pelis Florbien A. | SEM 1 2023-2024

2. Female: 35 - 49% (0.35-0.49 3. Precursor

L/L)
ANEMIA
MEAN CELL VOLUME (MCV)
❖ Greek word “anaimia” = without blood
❖ Measures the average size of RBC ❖ ↓ 02 capacity of blood.
❖ Formula:
𝐻𝐶𝑇 𝑥 10
MCV = [𝑅𝐵𝐶] LEUKEMIA
❖ Interpretation:
❖ Greek word “leukos” = white; “haima” =
1. Macrocytic: >100 fL
blood.
2. Normocytic: 80-100 fL
❖ Rapid, clonal proliferation in the bone
3. Microcytic: <80 fL
marrow in myeloid blast.

MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN (MCH)

ARTERIAL BLOOD
❖ Average amount of hemoglobin in
❖ Oxygen-rich blood
each RBC.
❖ Bright red color
❖ Formula:
𝐻𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑛 (𝑔𝑚/𝑑𝑙) 𝑥 𝐼𝐷 ❖ Method collection:
MCH = 𝑅𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 / 𝑐𝑢 ⋅ 𝑚𝑚 - Collection using 1cc syringe
❖ Interpretation:
1. Hyperchromic: >32 pg
VENOUS BLOOD
2. Normochromic: 26-32 pg
3. Hypochromic: <26 pg ❖ Oxygen-poor
❖ Dark bluish red
❖ Method Collection:
MEAN CELL HEMOGLOBIN
- Syringe
CONCENTRATION (MCHC)
- ETS (most common)
❖ Average concentration of hemoglobin - Butterfly
in a given volume of packed RBC.
❖ Formula:
𝐻𝑏 (𝑔/𝑑𝐿) 𝑥 100
CAPILLARY BLOOD
MCHC = 𝐻𝐶𝑇
❖ Exchange of substances and gases
❖ Interpretation: ❖ Method collection:
1. Hyperchromic: >36 g/dL ❖ Capillary puncture
2. Normochromic: 32-36 g/dL
3. Hypochromic: <32 g/dL
WHOLE BLOOD
WBC COUNT ❖ RBC, WBC, Platelets suspended in a:
➢ Plasma
❖ Detect leukemia (↓) and infection (↑). - From anticoagulated
blood.
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT - Fibrinogen is present
➢ Serum
❖ Granulocytes - From
1. Neutrophil - Bacterial non-anticoagulated
NV: 50 - 70 % blood
2. Eosinophil - Parasitic and - Fibrinogen is absent
Allergic
NV: 1 - 3 %
3. Basophil - Allergic
NV: 0 - 2 %
❖ Agranulocytes
1. Monocyte: 2 - 11 %
2. Lymphocyte: 18 % ; 42 %