STS Course

Week 17-18: CLIMATE CHANGE and IMPACTS to SOCIETY

Second Semester, SY 2023-

2024
 • Dealing with Climate 4
Change

• Consequences/Effects of 3
Climate Change

2
• Causes of Climate Change

CONTENTS
1
• What is Climate Change

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LEARNING OUTCOMES:

❑ Explain climate change and

Identify its causes;

❑ Assess the adverse effects of

climate change on the
environment and society;

❑ Promote the significance of

disaster preparedness in the
face of natural disasters;

❑ Discuss the value of

conserving and preserving the
environment to address the
impacts of climate change on
society.
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WEATHER vs CLIMATE
WEATHER
⮚ reflects short term conditions of atmosphere
⮚ it can change from minute to minute, hour to hour, day to
day
and season to season
⮚ Weather events:
- rain
- snow
- wind
- hurricane
- tornado

CLIMATE
⮚ the average daily weather for an extended period of time at a
certain location (the average of weather over time and space)

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⮚ When we talk about climate change refers to long-term shifts in
temperatures and weather patterns 1 – WHAT is CLIMATE
⮚ refers to major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind
patterns lasting for decades or longer.
CHANGE?
⮚ The consequences or effects brought about by climate change to
the environment may be detrimental (cause harm or damage)
Consequences of Climate change:
changes in ocean current
melting of ice
temperature rise
precipitation change
sea level rise
flooding
intensified cyclones
abrupt frequency of events
ozone layer depletion,
biodiversity loss
vegetation change, and
drought

– almost all negative

impacts.
⮚ According to Working Group II of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC):
Climate change refers to any change in the climate over time, Your Logo or Name Here
whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity
 2 – CAUSES of Climate change, is caused by both natural events and human
(anthropogenic) activities. Scientists now agree that most of the global
CLIMATE CHANGE warming today have been caused by human activities.

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 2 – CAUSES of
CLIMATE CHANGE

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 GREENHOUSE GASES (GHGs)
Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
▪ gases in the earth's atmosphere that trap heat.
During the day, the sun shines through the atmosphere, warming the
earth's surface.
At night the earth's surface cools, releasing heat back into the air.
But some of the heat is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities
▪ strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate
change.
▪ Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil,
and natural gas.
▪ The largest emitters include coal in China and large oil
and gas companies.
HOW DO GHGs cause GLOBAL WARMING? ⮚ Since the industrial revolution began in 1750 human
As greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the activities have contributed substantially to climate
sun's heat – leading to global warming and climate change. change by adding CO2 and other heat trapping gases
The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded to the atmosphere. These greenhouses gas emissions
history. Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather have increased the greenhouse effect
Your Logo causing
or Name Here Earth’s
patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature surface temperature to rise
 GLOBAL WARMING
⮚ occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air
pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb
sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the
earth’s surface.
Normally this radiation would escape into space, but
these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in
the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to
get hotter.
⮚ the long-term heating of Earth's surface observed
since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and
1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel
burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse
gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.
⮚ ‘Global Warming’ is NOT interchangeable with the
term “Climate Change."

These heat-trapping pollutants—specifically

carbon dioxide,
methane,
nitrous oxide,
water vapor, and
synthetic fluorinated gases
—are known as greenhouse gases
(GHG)
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Their impact is called the greenhouse effect.
 CLIMATE CHANGE versus GLOBAL WARMING
GLOBAL WARMING:
The gradual increase in
the earth’s average
surface temperature
due to the increase of
greenhouse gas
emissions in the
atmosphere from
anthropogenic sources.

CLIMATE CHANGE:
a significant change in
the state of climate that
persists for an EXTENDED GLOBAL WARMING is one of the effect of
period…identified by
changes in the mean or CLIMATE CHANGE
variability of its
properties (e.g., ave.
temp and precipitation) “CLIMATE is what you expect; WEATHER is what you get!”
- Mark Twain Your Logo or Name Here
HUMAN (ANTHROPOGENIC) SOURCES OF GHGs

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GREENHOUSE GAS
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxides (N2O)
CF4Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
SOURCES OF GHGs
NATURAL SOURCES ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES
• Soils (biological ▪ Burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) for:
processes) - power/energy generation
• Ocean - manufacturing
- industrial processes
- fuel for transportation
▪ Land-use changes, deforestation
▪ Wetlands ▪ Flooded rice agriculture
▪ Termites ▪ Livestock production
▪ Ocean ▪ Waste management system (landfills, etc.)
• Tropical soils (wet ▪ Nitrogen-based fertilizers and chemicals
forests) ▪ Acid production processes, other
• Ocean industrial processes
▪ Combustion processes in vehicles
• NONE • Coolants
• Sealants
• Insulations
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 GHG EMISSION

Global Greenhouse
Gas Emissions:
1990-2021 and
Preliminary 2022
Estimates |
Rhodium Group

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https://rhg.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Figure-6.png
HOW DOES the GREENHOUSE EFFECT WORK?
Most greenhouses
look like a small glass
house. Greenhouses are
used to grow plants,
especially in the winter.
Greenhouses work by
trapping heat from the
sun. The glass panels of
the greenhouse let on
light but keep heat from
escaping. This causes the
greenhouse to heat up,
(like the inside of a car
parked in sunlight) and
keeps the plants warm
enough to live in the
cool seasons. Your Logo or Name Here
HOW DOES the GREENHOUSE EFFECT WORK?

- withoutthe greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface

temperature would be some 30°C colder or approximately -
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15°C and possibly not warm enough to sustain life.
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Earth’s temperature
depends on the balance
between energy entering
and leaving the planet’s
system.
When incoming energy
from the sun is absorbed
by the Earth system, earth
warms.

When the sun’s energy is

reflected back into space,
earth avoids warming.

When absorbed energy is

released back into space,
earth cools.

Many factors both natural

and human can cause
changes in earth’s energy
balance.
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 I. Variations in the sun’s energy
FACTORS that
CAUSE EARTH’s reaching earth
CLIMATE to
CHANGE MANY I. Changes in the reflectivity of earth’s
TIMES atmosphere and surface

I. Changes in the amount of

greenhouse gases that changes the
current greenhouse effect, which
affects the amount of heat retained
by earth’s atmosphere.
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⮚ The sun’s radiation that strikes the Earth’s
atmosphere in the form of light:
Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)
✔ has a shorter wavelength
✔ higher energy level than
visible light
Infrared Radiation(IR)
✔ has a longer wavelength
✔ weaker energy level

⮚ 30 % of the radiation striking Earth's atmosphere is

immediately reflected back out to space by
clouds, ice, snow, sand and other reflective
surfaces. Your Logo or Name Here 23
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 By burning fossil fuels due to industrialization
HOW DO GREENHOUSE and to sustain our modern lifestyle, the level
GASES INFLUENCE of GHGs increase rapidly. The higher the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the
CLIMATE CHANGE atmosphere, the stronger the greenhouse
effect making it into enhanced greenhouse
effect.

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 3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

Global warming
EXPANSION of
GREENHOUSE
EFFECT

Changing Precipitation Patterns

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 3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE
-1-
EXPANSION of Burning fossil fuels produces huge
GREENHOUSE
EFFECT quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2)
which is a greenhouse gas. Carbon
dioxide along with other greenhouse
gasses such as methane, nitrous oxide
and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are
changing the composition of the
atmosphere and are adding to the
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greenhouse effect
 3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE
-2- Some areas will get more water, some areas
CHANGING will have greater droughts.
PRECIPITATION
PATTERNS Example: Hurricanes/Tropical Cyclones will likely get
stronger

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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE
-3- • Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared
radiation, in sufficient quantity, can force the
GLOBAL WARMING climate system. These type of gas molecules are
called greenhouse gases:
✔ Carbon dioxide (CO2),
✔ water vapor,
✔ methane,
✔ nitrous oxide (N2O), etc.

• The greenhouse gases act like a blanket, absorbing

IR radiation and preventing it from escaping into
outer space.

• The net effect is the gradual heating of Earth's

atmosphere and surface, a process known as
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GLOBAL WARMING.
3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE
-3-
✔ Increase in SEA LEVEL
GLOBAL WARMING - flooding
- erosion of coastal and
low-lying
areas
✔ EXTREME WEATHER
- flooding
- forest fires
- typhoons
- wildfires
- droughts Your Logo or Name Here
- heat waves
3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE
-3- ✔ Risk to HUMAN HEALTH
GLOBAL WARMING - increase in number of heat-
related and cold-related deaths
✔ Risk for WILDLIFE EXTINCTION
- loss of habitat and species
✔ Imposes HEAVY COST on society and
economy
- agriculture
- forestry
- fisheries
- tourism
- infrastructure
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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

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3 - CONSEQUENCES
of CLIMATE CHANGE

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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE
3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE
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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

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3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

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 3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

Coastal/Marine
Ecosystem Agriculture Human Health

• Coastal erosion Added heat stress, shifting monsoons, Increase in vector-

• Storm surges drier soils, water shortages/ irrigation borne diseases
• Coastal flooding demands Increase in cardio-
• Saltwater Decreased rice/crop vascular illnesses
• intrusion production Increase in upper
• Coral bleaching Impact on livestock production respiratory illnesses
• Ocean acidification Occurrence of weed infestation & Occurrence of infections
diseases diseases
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 3 - CONSEQUENCES of CLIMATE CHANGE

Water Resources
Forest/ Biodiversity Industry and Energy

• Impact on hydrological • Shift in feeding point and disruption • Changes in energy

cycle, changing in flight patterns for migratory supply and demand
evaporation, precipitation birds. • Impact on energy
and runoff patterns which • Extinction of some mountain plants infrastructure
could affect water and animals • Impact on industries
resources (freshwater • Changes in species distribution, such as wine, tourism,
quantity and quality) composition livestock, fishing,
• Impact on power • Invasion of weeds and alien species insurance, holiday
generation • Loss and migration of plant and resorts, mining, and
animal species others.
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4 – DEALING WITH
CLIMATE CHANGE

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4 – DEALING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
Relationship Between Mitigation and Adaptation

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 4 – DEALING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION PRACTICES

MITIGATION
▪ Locate/invent alternative fuels
to fossil fuels
▪ Increase efficiency of cars and
trucks
▪ Sequestering carbon before it
is emitted
▪ Plant and Maintain trees to
naturally sequester carbon
ADAPTATION
▪ Rising sea levels and coastal
populations
- Move inland
- Construct dikes and levees
▪ Adapt to shifting agricultural zones

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 4 – DEALING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
REDUCTION OF CARBON
EMISSIONS

⮚Burn less fossil fuel

⮚Plant Trees for shade and
CO2 uptake
⮚Insulate your house
⮚Replace old appliances
⮚Use compact
fluorescence light bulbs
⮚Use renewable energy
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SDG 13 is to limit and
adapt to climate change.
It is one of 17 SDGs
established by the UN
General Assembly in 2015.
Official mission statement:

"Take urgent action to

combat climate
change and its
impacts".

- strengthen resilience
and adaptive capacity
to climate-related
hazards and natural Your Logo or Name Here

disasters
Climate change is a major challenge to
manage.

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https://realityonfire.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/full_142901.jpg

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REFERENCES:
❑NASA Global Climate Change

❑European Commission Report

❑National Ocean Service, US Department of

Commerce

❑Livescience
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Thank You!