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org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 7 July 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882

fofHké ns'k&Hkk"kkvksa esa jkedFkk lkfgR; dk ifjp;

MkW lR;ukjk;.k gsp ds

lgk;d fgUnh vkpk;Z

fgUnh foHkkx
enzkl laLd`r egkfo|ky;] eSykiqj] psUuS] Hkkjr

fofHké ns'k&Hkk"kkvksa esa jkedFkk lkfgR; dk ifjp;

dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa rd ekSf[kd :iesa ;k okd~&ijaijkls cgrk gqvk] fofHkUu ijaijkvksd
a s vk/kkjij fyf[kr:idks izkIr
jkek;.k Hkh vU; fodkl'khy egkdkO;ksd a h Hkk¡fr voLFkk&varj&cnykols izsfjr gksdj vius ewy&vkdkjls c<+d + j fo'kky
xzaFkdk :i ikdj vkt gekjs lkeus fo|eku gSA

okYehfd fyf[kr jkek;.kdks gh jkek;.kdh loZizFke d`fr ekuh tkrh gSA yxHkx 24]000 'yksdksd a k] lkr dk.Mksea sa
foHkDr ;g egkdkO; okYehfd rFkk ukjnds laoknds lkFk izkjaHk gksrk gSA njvly okYehfd jkek;.kdh
ewydFkk ;q)dk.Mds varesa lekIr gks tkrh gSA mRrjdk.M ijorhZ jpuk ekuh tkrh gSA blds rhu ikB miyC/k gSAa
rhuksa ikBksd
a h rqyuk djs rks dqN fHkérk vo'; fn[krh gSA bu ikBkUrjksda k eq[; dkj.k Mk0 dkfey cqYdsus ^^izkjafHkd
dkyesa okYehdh; jkek;.kds ekSf[kd :ils izpyu^^ crk;k gSA ;s rhu ikB Hksn gSa 1- nkf{k.kkR; 2- xkSMh; rFkk 3-
if'peksRrjh;A bldk jpukdky Mk0 cqYdsds vuqlkj 300&400 o"kZ bZlk iwoZ gSA ;kdksch rFkk foaVjfuRlus bldk
jpukdky bZlkdh nwljh lnh ekuk gSA okYehfd jkek;.k ij vxf.kr Vhdk,¡ gqb± gSa ftuesa ukxs'kHkÍdk jkek;.kfryd]
xksfoanjktdk jkek;.k Hkw"k.kk[;] f'kolgk;dh jkek;.k&f'kjksef.k O;k[;k] ekgs'ojrhFkZdh rhFkZO;k[;k ;k rRonhi tSlh
izkphu Vhdk,¡ izfl) gSaA

dfodqyxq: dkfynkl fojfpr mUuhl lxks± dk j?kqoa'k egkdkO; ewy okYehfd jkek;.kds vk/kkj ij gh gSA dqN
fo}kuksua s bldk jpukdky bZlkbZ iwoZ 400 ekuk gSA exj vHkhrd bldk dky fuf'pr ugha gqvk gSA blesa jkedh dFkk
ukSosa lxZls ysdj lksygok¡ lxZrd O;kIr gSA

okYehfd jkek;.kds vHkhrd izkIr gLrizfr;ksea sa lcls iqjkuh gLrizfr foØe laor~ 1076 ¼bZ -lu~ 1020½ dh ekuh
tkrh gSA ;g gLrizfr usokjh fyfiesa gS vkSj dkBeaMqds chj xzaFkky;esa lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA blesa lHkh dk.M gSaA exj
fdf"da/kkdk.Mdh lekfIr dsoy 'yksdk/kZesa gksdj lqna jdk.Mdk vkjaHk 'ks"k 'yksdk/kZesa gksrk gSA fdf"da/kkdk.Mesa fy[kk
x;k gS &^bls laor~ 1076 esa izfrfyfir fd;k x;k^A ;g izfrfyfi iVd fuoklh dk;LFk if.Mr Jh xksifr }kjk usiky
ns'kds Hkk.Mlkfyd vkuandsfy, dhx;h vkSj ml le; frjHkqfDrdk 'kklu egkjktkf/kjkt Jh xkax;nso dj jgsFksA vU;
dk.Mksadh izfrfyfi fdlus vkSj dc fd;k ;g ekywe ugha gSA

ejkBh izkd`r Hkk"kkdh izfl) vuwfnr ianzg lxhZ; d`fr ^lsrqca/k^ ;k ^jko.ko/k^ds jpf;rk gSa ik¡poha 'krkCnhds
odkVd jktk izojlsuA lkroha 'krkCnhds izFke pj.kesa egkdfo HkfÍus O;kdjf.kd fu;eksd a ks fu:fir djusdsfy, ckbZl
lxZokys ^jko.ko/k^dh jpuk dhA jkedFkk laca/kh egkdkO;ksd
a h ijEijkesa uohu ;qxdk izkjaHk lu~ 700&800 esa dqekjnklus

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www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 7 July 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882

fd;k ftUgksua s viuh ^tkudhgj.k^ d`fresa J`axkj jldks iz/kkurk nhFkhA bldk fgUnhesa vuqokn iafMr czteksguus fd;k
FkkA yxHkx 9oha lnhds iwokZ/kZesa vfHkuUnus 36 lxZokys ^jkepfjr^dh jpuk dhA

11oha lnhesa dk'ehjh dfo {ksesUnzus ^jkek;.k eatjh^ vkSj ^n'kkorkj pfjre~^dh jpuk dhA blds lkrosa lxZesa
jkekorkjdk cMk ljl o.kZu gSA blesa jkedks ,d vorkj ekuusdk iz;kl fd;kx;k gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu'kkL= rFkk
v/;kRefo|kdks laoknkRed :iesa crkusokyk xzaFk gS ^;ksxokfl"B&jkek;.k^A Mk0 jk?kouds vuqlkj bldk jpukdky lu~
1100&1225 ds chp gS vkSj ,e~ foaVjfuRl vkSj ,u-,u- nklxqIrkds vuqlkj 8oha lnh gSA blesa jkekorkjds pkj dkj.k
crk;s x;s gSa & 1- luRdqekj'kki 2- Hk`xq'kki 3- o`ank'kki vkSj 4- nso'kekZ czkã.k'kkiA 12oha 'krkCnhds iwokZ/kZesa /kuat; }kjk
^jk?koik.Moh;^ vkSj 'krkCnhds mRrjk/kZesa la/;kdjuUnh }kjk ^jkepfjr^dh jpuk,¡ gqb±A mlh 'krkCnhds mRrjk/kZesa dfojkt
if.Mrus ^jk?ko ik.Moh;^dh jpuk dhA blesa jkeds bZ'ojRodk o.kZu gSA mlds ckn 13oha lnhesa gfjnRrlwfjus ^jk?ko
uS"k/kh;^dh] 14oha lnhds e/;Hkkxesa dfo lkdY;eYyus ^mnkjjk?ko^dh jpuk,¡ dhA mlh 'krkCnhesa fdlh vKkr nk'kZfud
dfo }kjk ^v/;kRe jkek;.k^dh jpuk gqbZA

eqjkfjdk ^vu?kZjk?ko^] jkt’ks[kjdk ^ckyjkek;.k^] HkoHkwfrdk ^mRrjjkepfjr^] Hkkl dfodk ^izfrekukVda^a ,oa
^vfHk"ksdukVdaa^] t;nsod`r ^izlUujk?ko^] jkeHknz nhf{krdk ^tkudhifj.k;^] ;'kksoeZu~dk ^jkekH;qn;^ vkfn d`fr;k¡ jkedFkk
lEca/kh ukVd&lkfgR;dh izeq[k jpuk,¡ ekuh tkrh gSaA

vlfe;k jkek;.k % d+jhc bZ-lu~ 1400 ds vklikl vleds ukSxk¡oesa tUes ek/ko dUnyhds jkek;.kdks vlfe;k Hkk"kkdk
lcls igyk jkek;.k ekuk tkrk gSA iwjh rjg yksd&O;ogkjls Hkjk ;g jkek;.k okYehfd jkek;k.kdh la{ksi dFkk gSA
mUgksua s fdlh cjkgh jktk egkekf.kD;ds vuqjks/k ij ;g jkek;.k fy[kk FkkA ysfdu mlds dsoy 5 dk.M gh miyC/k gSa]
vkfn vkSj vUr miyC/k ugha gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd vleds Js"B HkDr lar 'kadjnsous Lo;a mRrjdk.M fy[kdj blesa
tksM fn;k vSj muds f'k"; ek/konsous vkfndk.M fy[kkA

caxyk jkek;.k % caxykds lcls iqjkus miyC/k jkek;.kds ys[kd gSa if.Mr d`fRrokl vks>k ftudk tUe yxHkx lu~
1450 esa Qqfy;k xk¡oesa gqvk FkkA bZLV bafM;k daiuhds deZpkfj;ksd
a ks ckaxyk fl[kkus dsfy, Jhjkeiqjds fe'kujh izslus
bl ckaxyk jkek;.kdk izFke laLdj.k 1802&03 esa izdkf'kr fd;kA

vksfM+;k jkek;.k % vksfM;kds efUnjksd

a h nhokjksia j jkedFkkds n`'; vafdr gSaA bZlkiwoZds ^jk.kh&xqaQk^ds ,d cM+s Qydij
ekjhp o/kdk n`'; gSA lu~ 1510 esa cyjkenklus vksfM+;k Hkk"kkesa jkek;.k fy[kkA

ejkBh jkek;.k % ejkBh Hkk"kkesa ^HkkokFkZ jkek;.k^dh jpuk lar ,dukFkus ¼lu~ 1533&1599½ dh FkhA ;q)dk.Mds dqN
Hkkxrd bUgksaus fy[kk] chpesa budh e`R;q gks tkusds dkj.k buds f'k"; xkockus bls iwjk fd;kA ;|fi egkjk"Vªdh
ijEijkesa oSfnd jkedkO; vkSj tSu jkek;.kksd a k izpkj cgqr igysls gS] exj jkeHkfDr lEiznk;dh 'kq#vkr ;gk¡ls gqbZ FkhA

eSfFkyh; jkek;.k % eSfFkyh Hkk"kkesa jkek;.kdh lcls iqjkuh ,d gLrizfr miyC/k gSA y{e.k laor~ 241 ¼bZ -lu~ 1360½
dh ;g gLrizfr nHkk±xk iSysl xzaFkky;esa gSA

xqtjkrh jkek;.k % xqtjkresa jkek;.kdh dFkk igysls gh izpkjesa Fkk] ysfdu jkek;.k fy[kusdh izFkk d`".kHkfDrds izpkjds
ckn vk;hA ;gk¡dk izfrfuf/k jkek;.k ^fxj/kj jkek;.k^ iafMr fxj/kj }kjk lu~ 1835 esa fy[kk x;k FkkA ;s oYyHk
lEiznk;ds FksA

iatkch jkek;.k % iatkcds xq# xksfoUn flagus ^jkekorkj^ uked dkO; fy[kk FkkA exj og cztHkk"kkesa gSA iatkch Hkk"kkdk
Qkjlh fyfiesa lu~ 1940&46 ds chp jkeyqHkk;k v.kn fny’kkn }kjk fyf[kr ^iatkch jkek;.k^dks fo'ocU/kqus ukxjh
fyfiesa izdkf'kr fd;k FkkA

rsyqxq jkek;.k % rsyqxqds ^f}in jkek;.k^dh jpuk 13oha 'krhesa xksu cq)k jsÏh }kjk nksgk tSls f}in NUnesa dhx;h FkhA
blesa ek= Ng dk.M gSaA

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déM jkek;.k % déM Hkk"kkesa 12oha 'krhesa ukxpUnzus ^iEi jkek;.k^dh jpuk dh FkhA ;g iwjh rjg tSu/keZls izHkkfor
gSA okYehfd ijEijkesa déMdk izFke jkek;.k dfo ujgfj }kjk 15&16ohsa 'krhesa fy[kk x;kA dfo fctkiqjds rksjos xk¡ods
jgusokys Fks] blfy, mudh jkek;.k d`frdk uke ^rksjos jkek;.k^ iMkA blesa mRrjdk.M ugha gSA blij oS".ko HkfDrdk
xgjk izHkko fn[krk gSA ;gk¡ jkedks vorkjiq#"k ekuk x;k gSA

rfey jkek;.k % rfeyukMweas jkedFkk dkO;dh 'kq#vkr dfopØorhZ dEcu~us dhA ;s ratkowjds jgusokys FksA budk dky
9oha 'krh crk;h tkrh gSA ;g 10]500 inksda k ,d fo'kky dkO; gSA ;g jkek;.k rRdkyhu jktk dqyksRrqax pksGu~ds
vuqjks/kij fy[kk x;kA Hkkjrds rhu Js"B jkedkO;ksea sa ;g Hkh ,d gSA vU; nks gSa jkepfjrekul vkSj rsyqxqdk jaxukFk
jkek;.kA

ey;kG jkek;.k % ey;kyedk izfl) jkek;.k gS ^v/;kRe jkek;.k^A egkdfo rqaprq jkekuqt ,GqRrPpu~ blds ys[kd
gSaA os 16oha 'krhesa ,d 'kwnz tkfresa iSnk gq, FksA if.Mrksd
a s ;qxesa ,d 'kwnz }kjk jkedkO; fy[kuk ,d ØkfUr gh FkhA
v/;kRe jkek;.k ^ef.kizoky 'kSyh^esa ¼laLd`r&ey;kye ;k laLd`r&rfey dh fefJr Hkk"kkdks ef.kizoky 'kSyh dgrs gSa½
fy[kh x;h d`fr gSA ey;kyedk vkSj ,d jkek;.k gS ^jkepfjr^A

usikyh jkek;.k % usikyds je/kk uked xk¡ods mik/;k; dqyesa lu~ 1814 esa tUes usikyh Hkk"kkds izFke ,oa Js"Bdfo ekus
tkusokys Jh HkkuqHkDrus viuh d`fr ^HkkuqHkDrdks jkek;.k^dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx tsyesa jgrs le; jpkA usikyds tuekulesa ;g
bruh lqizpkfjr gS fd fookgds le; blds NUn xk;s tkrs gSaA rqylh jkek;.k vkSj v/;kRe jkek;.kdk bl ij izHkko
fn[krk gSA dfodh e`R;q 1868 esa gqbZA

frCcrh jkek;.k % frCcrhdh 'kq#vkrh jkedFkkesa ^vukeda tkrde~^ vkSj ^n’kjFkdFkkue~^ uked ckS) xzaFkksd
a k izHkko jgkA
bldk dky lu~ 800&900 ds e/; crk;k tkrk gSA

ey; jkek;.k % ey;@ey;q jkek;.k ;k tkok jkek;.k ^fgdk;r lsjh jke^dh jpuk bZlkbZ 13 ls 17oha 'krkCnhds e/;
gqbZA blesa bLyke /keZdk jax vf/kd fn[krk gSA ey; jkek;.kdh vcrddh lcls iqjkuh gLrizfr czkMysbvu xzaFkky;esa
¼1633 esa j[kh x;h½ miyC/k gSA rc ey; lkfgR;esa bLykfed /keZdk pjedky FkkA ;g vjsfcd fyfiesa gSA ey;
Hkk"kkds d+j+ hc 25 jkek;.k laca/kh d`fr;ksea sa dsoy 3 gLrizfr;ksd
a ks gh fo}kuksua s v/;;u fd;k gS] 'ks"k gLrizfr;k¡ vHkhrd
vNwr gSaA izdkf'kr gLrizfr;k¡ gSa] 1- #nkZ oku ,flaxk ¼1843½] 2- 'ksYykfcvj ¼1915 esa izdkf'kr½ vkSj eSDlosyA ^jke
fDyax^] ^lsjr~ d.M^ vkfn Hkh ogk¡ds dqN vU; jkek;.k gSaA ^lsjr~ d.M^esa fgUnw] eqlyeku vkSj bZlkbZ nsork,¡ Hkh vkrh
gSaA

dEcksfM;u jkek;.k % dEcksfM;k ¼dEcqt@dEckst½dh egRoiw.kZ jkedFkk ^jkedsfrZ^ bZ- 15&16oha 'krhdh ekuh tkrh gSA
blij ckS)/keZdk dkQh izHkko gSA blesa ukjk;.k vkSj cksf/klRodks ,d gh crk;s x;s gSaA cq) gh jkedk vorkj ysdj
ouesa ckS) eqfu;ksl
a s feyrs gSaA ogk¡dh izkphu jkt/kkuh vaxdksjokV~ds 11&12oha 'krkCnhds efUnjksaeas jkek;.kdh dFkk,¡
fp='kSyhesa gSaA NBha 'krkCnhds dkEckstds f'kyk'kkluesa jkedFkkdh ,d izfrfyfidks f=Hkqous'oj Lokehds lEeq[k iBu
djusdh izFkkds ckjseas fy[kk x;k gSA lkroha lnhds dksEik f'kyk'kkluesa dgk x;k gS fd izdk'k/keZ uked jktkus ,d
nsoky;esa okYehfddh ewfrZ LFkkfir dh FkhA

b.Mksusf'k;kbZ jkek;.k % b.Mksusf'k;kds eq[; }hiksea sa tkok ¼;o½ Hkh ,d gSA laLd`r lkfgR;esa ;g lqo.kZ }hils [;kr gS
Þlqo.kZ:I;d}hia lqo.kkZdjef.Mre~ÞA okYehfd jkek;.kesa ^;o }hi^dk mYys[k gSA fdf"da/kkdk.Mds 40ok¡ lxZds 30osa
'yksdesa bldk o.kZu gS &
;RuoUrks ;o}hiaa lIrjkT;ksi'kksfHkre~A
lqo.kZ:I;d}hia lqo.kZdjef.Mre~AA
;o}hiefrØE; f'kf'kjks uke ioZr%A
fnoa Li`'fr J`axs.k nsonkuolsfor%AA
¼ok-fd-dk-30]31½
e/; tkokds tksx tdkrkZ uxjds ijeouu uked LFkkuij fLFkr 9oha lnhds ,d f'koefUnjdh nhokjksia j ewy
okYehfd jkek;.kdh dFkk,¡ fpf=r gSaA blh rjg iwohZ tkokds iurju uked LFkkuds f'koefUnjesa Hkh jkedFkk fpf=r
gSA bZlkbZ 898&930esa okYehfd jkek;.k vkSj HkfêdkO;dks vk/kkj cukdj jpk x;k tkok }hidk jkek;.k ^ddfou~^ ogk¡dk
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vf/kd`r jkek;.k dgyk;k tkrk gSA bls tkokdh izkphu yksdHkk"kkesa fy[kkx;k gSA blds ys[kd egkdfo Eiw&;ksxh'oj
ekusx;s gSaA 26 lxZokys bl jkek;.kesa dqy 2778 'yksd gSaA blesa x|:ih mRrjdk.M gS] bldk NUn eq[;:ils
laLd`rds vk;kZ] 'kknwZyfoØhfMr] ekfyuh] olUrfrydk] vuq"Vqi~] f'k[kfj.kh vkfn gSaA Þddfou~Þdh d+jhc ukS gtkj
rkMi=ksd
a h ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ tkokds mn;u fo'ofo|ky;esa laxzghr gSaA blds vfrfjDr yhMsu fo'ofo|ky; esa Hkh dqN
ik.Mqfyfi;ksd
a k laxzg gSA

tkokdh vkSj ,d jpuk ^izaHkuu^esa Hkh jkedh dFkk feyrh gSA ^lsjr&dk.M^ b.Mksusf'k;kdh jkek;.k lEcU/kh 15oha
'krkCnhdh ,d jpuk gS tks bLyke /keZls iwjh rjg izHkkfor gSA 5 lfn;ksl a s bLyke /keZdks viuk;s b.Mksusf'k;kus 1971
esa ;wusLdksdh lgk;rkls izFke ^varj&jkf"Vª; jkek;.k^dk vk;kstu dj jkek;.kds ewyns'k Hkkjrdks ekr ns nh FkhA

tkikuh jkek;.k % tkikuesa 12oha 'krhesa fyf[kr ,d jkedFkk miyC/k gSA bl jkedFkkesa jkedks ^jktk 'kkD;eqfu^ crk;k
x;k gSA bldh ewydFkk ^vukeda tkrde~^ uked phuh dFkkls lEcfU/kr gSA

FkkbZyS.Mh; jkek;.k % FkkbZyS.M ¼';ke ns'k@v;q;k½dh jkedFkk ^jke&fd;su^ ¼jkedhfrZ ;k jkedhrZu½dh jpuk bZlkbZ
1798esa ogk¡ds jktk izFke jkeus dhFkhA ogk¡ds 'kkld vius ukeds lkFk jkedh mikf/k tksM+rs gSaA tSls 'kkld Hkwfecy
vrqY; nst uoe jkeA ogk¡dh jkt/kkuh cSadkdds laxzgky;ds ckgj jkedh 18 QhV Å¡ph dkaL; izfrekdh LFkkiuk dh
x;h gSA

rqfdZLrkuh; jkek;.k % iwohZ rqfdZLrku ¼[kksrkuh½dh jkedFkkdk dky fuf'pr ugha gqvk gSA [kksrkuh vkSj frCcrh
jkedFkkvksea sa ifjfLFkfro'k jkedks ouesa jguk iM+rk gS] lkSrsyh ek¡ds dkj.k ughaA [kksrkuesa lEifRrdk c¡Vokjk jksdus
dsfy, lHkh Hkkb;ksd a h ,d gh iRuh gqvk djrh FkhA ;g izFkk jkedFkkij Fkksi nhx;hgSA jkedks cksf/klRo dgk x;k gS
vkSj jko.k varesa jkels izk.k fHk{kk ek¡xdj ckS) cu tkrk gSA

phuh jkek;.k % 'kk;n ikfyHkk"kkls phuh Hkk"kkesa vuwfnr jkedFkk ^vukeda tkrde~^ vFkok ^vuke/ks; jktkdh dFkk^dh
jpuk bZlkbZ lu~ 251 esa dks&uks&bZ uked ,d phuh ckS) fo}ku~&eBk/kh'kus dhFkhA bldk Hkkjrh; ewyikB ¼jpukdky
100 bZlkbZ iwoZ½ miyC/k ugha gSA phuh f=fiVdesa 121 vonkuksd a k ,d laxzg ^n'kjFk dFkkue~^ vizkI; ewy Hkkjrh;xzaFk
¼jpukdky bZ- 2 'krh½dk lu~ 472dk vuqokn gSA

eaxksfy;kbZ jkek;.k % eaxksfy;kesa jkedFkkdk izpkj frCcrh; ykekvksd

a s }kjk gqvk gksxkA eaxksfy;kesa jkedh dFkk ^thoddk
dFkkud^ ukels tkuh tkrh gSA bldk dky yxHkx 18oha 'krh ekuh tkrh gSA eaxksfy;kesa 13oha 'krhds if.Mr
vkuUn/otus ,d ^lqHkkf"kr^ xzaFkdh jpuk dh vkSj cknesa mldh rhu Vhdk,¡ fy[kh x;haA Vhdkvksd a s vuqo kn eaxksfy;k
Hkk"kkesa fd;sx;s ftuesa jkedFkkdk laf{kIr:i miyC/k gSA

:lh jkek;.k % :lds lkbcsfj;k ¼f’kfoj½rd jkedFkk igq¡ph FkhA fgekPNkfnr cq;kZr izns'kesa jkedFkk dgh&lquh tkrh
gSA lksfo;r :ldh eq[; unh oksYxk rd jkedFkk QSyh gqbZ gSA gkfYed x.kjkT;esa jkedFkk yksddFkkds :iesa izpkfjr
gSA vk/kqfud :lesa jkepfjrekuldh dFkkdk dbZ :iksea sa izpkj gSA

ykvkslh jkek;.k % ykvksl ¼yons'k½dk Hkkjr ns'kls lEcU/k 2000 o"kZ iqjkuk gSA ogk¡ yoiqjh uked uxj Hkh gSA ykvkslesa
nks izdkjdh jkedFkkvksd
a k izpkj gS igyh gS Qkyd&Qkykedh dFkk ¼16oha 'krh½ vkSj nwljh FkkbZ yw dh jkek;.kA ogk¡ds
yksxksadk fo'okl gS fd tsrouesa ,d= gq, fHk{kqvksadks cq)us jkedFkk lquk;h FkhA

fQyhihUlh; jkek;.k % bl }hidh jkedFkk ^egkjkfn;k ykouk^ gS vkSj jpukdky 13&14oha 'krh ekuk tkrk gSA

cehZ; jkek;.k % czãns'k ¼cekZ ;k E;kUekj½esa jkedFkk bZlkiwoZ nwljh 'krhesa gh ekSf[kd :iesa izpfyr jgusdh ckr dgh
tkrh gSA ysfdu bldk x| lkfgfR;d :i 17oha 'krhesa ^jkecFFkq^ ukels izpfyr gqvkA ;gk¡ij cksf/klRo jkeds :iesa
vorkj ysrs gSaA 18&19oha 'krhdh jpuk ^fFkfj jkeukV^ x|&i| fefJr gS vkSj blesa ukjk;.k gh jkedk vorkj ysrs
gSaA ;g ckS) izHkkols eqDr gSA

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flagyh jkek;.k % flagyh; jkedFkkdh d`fr ^jkek;.k lUns'k^ ikyh Hkk"kkesa gSA bldk jpukdky bZlkbZ 1400&1500ds
chp ekukx;k gSA ysfdu ekSf[kd :iesa jkedFkkdk izpkj mlls dbZ lfn;ksa igysls gksusdh vans'kk dhtkrh gSA

blds vykok Qhth] Jhfot;}hi ¼lqek=k½] pEik ¼fo;Ruke½] xq;kuk] fVªfuMkWM] nf{k.k vkÝhdk] lwjhuke] ekjh’kl]
rqatqaxiqj ¼cksfuZ;kW½ vkfn ns'kksads jkek;.k Hkh izpfyr gSaA ysfdu ;gk¡ lcdk mYys[k&fooj.k iz Lrqr djuk esjs orZeku
iz;klls ckgj gSA bl rjg jkedFkkdk izpkj iwjs ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksaesa lfn;ksa igys gqvkA blds lkFklkFk if'peh ns'kksaesa Hkh
jkedFkkls lEcaf/kr dbZ lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡] vuwfnr d`fr;k¡ jph x;haA xaxks=hesa tUeysdj ikou xaxk izokfgr gksrh gqbZ
lkxj igq¡pusls igys dbZ ns'k&izns'kksadh feÎh] [kfutksd a ks viuseas lesVrh pyrh gSA mlhrjg jkedFkk Hkh dkykUrjesa
ns'k&fons'kksaeas blrjg cgx;h fd og ogk¡dh dyk] laLd`fr] vkpkj&fopkj] /keZ&fo'okl vkfndks vius vanj lesVrh
gqbZ ogk¡ds lkfgR;dk ,d vfoHkkT; vax cudj fodflr gksrk x;kA

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