Unit 1 – CHAPTER 2

VISUAL CONNECTION QUESTION

Answer
1. Carbon occurs naturally in three isotopes: carbon 12, which has 6 neutrons (plus
6 protons equals 12), carbon 13, which has 7 neutrons, and carbon 14, which
has 8 neutrons. Every element has its own number of isotopes. The addition of
even one neutron can dramatically change an isotope's properties.
Carbon-12: 6 Neutrons
Carbon-13: 7 Neutrons
2. Group 1 needs to lose 1 electron. Group 14 needs to gain 4 electrons. Group 17
needs to gain 1 electron.
3. C. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least three different atoms or
groups connected to a central carbon. Is False
4. A. 54
The atomic number (Z) of Xe is 54. The mass number of xenon is 108. The
number of neutrons of xenon Xe is calculated as shown below. Therefore, the
number of neutrons in xenon (Xe) is 54.
5. d. isotopes
Atoms of the same element that differ in their numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes. Many isotopes occur naturally. Usually, one or two isotopes of an
element are the most stable and common.
6. c. shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron.
It accurately represents the electron configuration of potassium (K), which has an
atomic number of 19. Therefore, the correct option is c: Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full,
and shell 4 has one electron.
7. a. hydrogen bond
The video then explains that the weakest bond is the hydrogen bond, which is a
weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms to slightly
negatively charged atoms in another molecule.
8. d. Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.
9. b. increase
10. c. base
In a solution, the kind of molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions is a base.
11. b. Acids and bases will neutralize each other.
12. d. four
Explanation: A carbon atom has four electrons in its outermost shell. Thus, to
complete its octate (which has 8 electrons) a carbon needs to form four bonds.
Thus, a carbon can bond with either 4 other atoms or molecules.
13. a. sodium
Sodium is not a functional group that can bond with carbon, it is a molecule.
14. Key Points. The two main types of chemical bonds are ionic and covalent bonds.
An ionic bond essentially donates an electron to the other atom
participating in the bond, while electrons in a covalent bond are shared
equally between the atoms. The only pure covalent bonds occur between
identical atoms.

Ionic bonds result when electrons are transferred between atoms. Covalent
bonds result when valence electrons are shared between atoms.

15. Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions form weak associations
between different molecules. They provide the structure and shape necessary
for proteins and DNA within cells so that they function properly. Hydrogen
bonds also give water its unique properties, which are necessary for life.

Hydrogen bonds are also responsible for zipping together the DNA double helix.
The van der Waals interactions—along with ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds
—contribute to the three-dimensional structure of the proteins in our cells that is
necessary for their proper function.

16. Discuss how buffers help prevent drastic swings in pH. Buffers absorb the free
hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions that result from chemical reactions.
Because they can bond these ions, they prevent increases or decreases in pH.
An example of a buffer system is the bicarbonate system in the human body.

They readily absorb excess H+ or OH-

17. Because they do not break the surface tension of the water.
18. Carbon is unique and found in all living things because it can form up to four
covalent bonds between atoms or molecules. These can be nonpolar covalent
bonds, and they allow for the formation of long chains of carbon molecules that
combine to form proteins and DNA.
19. Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated triglycerides. Saturated
triglycerides contain single bonds and are solid at room temperature, while
unsaturated triglycerides contain double bonds and are liquid at room
temperature.